Book 10 — VOCABULARY

A.

A. , abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus.

ā, ab, abs (ā only before consonants or h, ab before vowels and consonants, abs usually only before t and q, especially frequent before te), prep. with abl., 1, of place, from, away from, out of; 2, of time, from, since, after; 3, of agency, by; 4, of separation, source, cause, from, through, because of.

abdūcō, see dūcō.

abeō, see eō.

aboleō, ēre, ēvī, itus [ab + oleō], to destroy, abolish, wipe out.

abrogō, see rogō.

absēns, sentis [orig. part. of absum], adj., absent, away.

absimilis, e [ab + similis], adj., unlike.

abstineō, see teneō.

absum, see sum.

abundantia, ae [abundō, to overflow; ab + unda], f., plenty, fullness, abundance.

ac, see atque.

accēdō, see cēdō.

accidō, see cadō.

accipiō, see capiō.

acclāmō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + clāmō, to shout], to shout loudly, exclaim.

ācer, ācris, ācre, comp. ācrior, sup. ācerrimus, adj., sharp, bitter; keen, vigorous, fierce.

acerbē [acerbus], adv., bitterly, cruelly, severely.

acerbitās, ātis [acerbus], f., harshness, severity, unkindness.

acerbus, a, um, adj., bitter, harsh, cruel.

Achaea, ae, f., a district in the Peloponnesus. Later the Roman province of Southern Greece.

Achillēs, is, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by Paris, the hero of the Iliad.

Achilleus, ī, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 A.D.

aciēs, ēī, f., the sharp point of a sword; battle line; battle.

Acilius, ī, m., see Glabriō.

Actium, ī, n., a town in Epirus; a promontory near the town.

āctuārius, ī, m., a secretary, shorthand writer.

āctus, a, um, see agō.

ad, prep. with accus., 1, of place, to, towards, to the house of, at, near; 2, of time, up to, towards, until, at; 3, of purpose, to, in order to, for, for the sake of.

addō, see dō.

addūcō, see dūcō.

adēmī, ademptus, see adimō.

adeō [ad + eō, adv.], adv., to this point, so, very, to such a degree.

adeptus, see adipīscor.

adfectātor, ōris [adfectō], m., one that strives for.

adfectō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + fectō, freq. of faciō], to strive after, aspire to.

adferō, see ferō.

adficiō, see faciō.

adfīnitās, ātis [ad + fīnis], f., relationship (by marriage).

adflīgō, see *flīgō.

Adherbal, alis, m., a Numidian prince, son of Macipsa, slain by Jugurtha.

adhortor, ārī, ātus sum [ad + hortor, to urge], to encourage, exhort, stimulate, urge.

adhūc [ad + hūc], adv., up to this time or place; still, although, yet.

Adiabēnī, ōrum, pl. m., the Adiabeni, a people living in the northern part of ancient Assyria.

Adiabēnicus, a, um, adj., a cognomen of the emperor Severus, a conqueror of the Adiabeni.

adimō, see emō.

adipīscor, ī, adeptus sum [ad + apīscor, to gain], to get, obtain, reach.

adicio, see *iaciō.

adiungo, see iungō.

adiūtor, ōris [adiūvō, to assist], m., a helper, assistant, confederate.

administrātiō, ōnis [administrō], f., management, government.

administrō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ministrō, to manage], to manage, govern, regulate, carry on (war).

admīrātiō, ōnis [admīror], f., admiration, wonderment, astonishment.

admīror, see mīror.

admittō, see mittō.

admodum [ad + modus], adv., up to the full limit, very, exceedingly.

adnītor, see nītor.

adnotō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + notō, to mark], to observe, remark.

adoleō, ēre, uī [ad + oleō, to emit a smell], to turn to vapor, burn.

adoptiō, ōnīs [adoptō], f., adoption.

adoptō, see optō.

adōrō, see ōrō.

adrigō, see regō.

adsentor, see sentiō.

adserō, see *serō.

adsertor, ōris [adserō], m., a claimant.

adsessor, ōris [adsideō, to sit by], m., an assistant, aid; legal adviser.

adspiciō, see *speciō.

adsurgo, ere, surrēxī, surrēctus [ad + surgō (sub + regō), to rise], to rise, arise.

adulēscēns, entis [adolēscō, to grow up], m., young; as substantive, a young man.

adventō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + ventō, intens. of veniō], to arrive.

adventus, ūs [adveniō, to arrive], m., arrival.

adversus, a, um [advertō, to turn to], adj., turned to or towards; opposed to, adverse.

adversus and adversum, prep. with accus., facing, in opposition to, against.

advocātus, ī [advocō, to call to aid], m., a pleader, advocate; aider, helper.

advolō, āre, āvī, ātus [ad + volō, to fly], to fly to, hurry on, rush.

aedificō, āre, āvī, ātus [aedis + faciō], to build.

aedīlīcius, ī [aedīlis, aedile, a Roman magistrate], m., one who has been an aedile.

aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick, feeble.

aegrē [aeger], adv., with difficulty, scarcely.

aegritūdō, inis [aeger], f., sickness, grief, vexation, mortification.

aegrōtō, āre, āvī [aeger], to be sick, languid, pine.

Aegyptus, ī, m., Egypt.

Aeliānus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.

Aelius, ī, m., see Hadriānus.

Aemiliānus, ī, m., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 A.D.

Aemilius, ī, m, the name of a Roman gens. 1. Lūcius Aemilius, consul 224 B.C. 2. Mārcus Aemilius (Mamercus), dictator. See Lepidus, Paulus.

aemula, ae [aemulus], f., a rival.

aemulor, ārī, ātus sum [aemulus], to rival, vie with, emulate.

aemulus, a, um, adj., striving earnestly after, emulating, rivaling; envious.

aēneüs, a, um [aes, copper], adj., of copper, bronze.

aequālis, e [aequus], adj., equal, like; as subst., a companion.

Aequī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aequi, a people dwelling in the upper valley of the Aniō, in the mountains forming the eastern boundary of Latium.

aequitās, ātis [aequus], f., evenness, fairness, justice.

aequō, āre, āvī, ātus [aequus], to make even, place on an equality.

aequus, a, um, adj., even, level; fair, just; aequō animō, impartially.

aerārium, ī [aes, copper], n., treasury, fund.

aestās, ātis, f., summer.

aetās, ātis, f., time of life, life; old age; period of time, time.

Aetōlī, ōrum, pl. m., the Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of Greece.

aevum, ī, n., period of life, life, age.

Āfer, Āfrī, m., an African, especially an inhabitant of Carthage.

Āfranius, ī, m., L. Afranius, a general of Pompey in Spain, killed in Africa, 46 B.C.

Āfrica, ae, f., Africa; often the northern part of the continent, especially the part near Carthage.

Āfricānus, ī, m., see Scīpiō.

ager, agrī, m., field, farm, estate; territory, land; the country.

aggredior, see *gradior.

āgnōscō, see nōscō.

agō, agere, ēgī, āctus, to set in motion, drive, lead; act, do, perform; treat, deal; spend, pass time; grātiās agere, to give thanks. con—cōgō, ere, coēgī, coāctus, to drive together, collect; force. ex—exigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive out; complete; pass, end. re—redigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive back; reduce; render, bring. sub—subigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to drive under, put down, conquer. trāns—trānsigō, ere, ēgī, āctus, to carry through, finish, settle, perform.

agrestis, e [ager], adj., of the fields, rustic; as subst., countryman.

Agrigentum, ī, n., a Greek colony in Sicily.

Agrippa, ae, m., M. (Vīpsānius) Agrippa, son-in-law of Atticus, minister of Augustus.

Agrippīna, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul.

āla, ae, f., a wing, flank.

Alamannī, ōrum, pl. m., the Alamanni, a name applied to a confederacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main.

Albānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Albānī, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in Latium; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea.

Albīnus, ī, m., a family name at Rome. 1. Clōdius Albīnus, governor of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and slain by Septimius Sevērus at Lugdūnum, 197 A.D. 2. Sp. Postumius (Albīnus), consul 344 and 321 B.C. 3. Aulus Postumius Albinus, consul 242 B.C. 4. L. Postumius Albīnus, consul 234 and 229 B.C. 5. Sp. Postumius Albinus, consul 186 B.C. 6. Sp. Postumius Albīnus, consul 110 B.C.

Albis, is, m., the river Elbe in Germany.

Alexander, drī, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the conqueror of Persia; B.C. 356-323.

Alexander, drī, m., see Aurēlius.

Alexandrīa, ae, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C.

Alexandrīnus, a, um, adj., Alexandrine, pertaining to Alexandrīa.

Algidus, ī, m., a mountain in Latium.

aliās [alius], adv., at another time, under other circumstances.

aliēnus, a, um [alius], adj., belonging to another, another’s.

aliquamdiū [aliquis + diū], adv., for a while, for some time.

aliquantus, a, um, adj., some, considerable.

aliquī, quae, quod [alius + quī], indef. pron. adj., some one or other, some, any.

aliquis, qua, quid [alius + quis], indef. pron., some one, something; any one, anything; some; as subst., aliquid, n., something, anything.

aliquot [alius + quot], indef. indecl. adj., some, several.

alius, alia, aliud, adj., another, other, different, else; alius … alius, one … one, another … another; pl., some … others; longē aliam (aliō) atque, very different from.

Allectus, ī, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain.

Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about 11 miles north of Rome.

Alma, ae, f., a mountain in Pannonia.

Alpēs, ium, f., the Alps.

alter, altera, alterum, pron. adj., one of two, the other, the second; alter … alter, the one … the other.

Altīnum, ī, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the mouth of the river Silis.

altitūdō, inis [altus, high], f., height, depth.

amābilis, e [amō, to love], adj., worthy of love, lovely, amiable.

Amandus, ī, m., a leader of an insurrection during the reign of Diocletian.

ambō, ae, ō, adj., both.

Ambrōnēs, um, pl. m., a Celtic people defeated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae in 102 B.C.

amīcitia, ae [amīcus], f., friendship.

amīcus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., friendly; as subst., amīcus, ī, m., a friend.

Amīsus, I, Gr. acc. Amīson, f., a coast city of Pontus, the residence of Mithradates the Great.

āmittō, see mittō.

amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream.

amoenitās, ātis [amoenus], f., pleasantness, agreeableness.

amoenus, a, um [amō, to love], adj., pleasing, charming.

amor, ōris [amō, to love], m., love; a beloved object, one’s love.

amphitheātrum, ī, n., amphitheater.

amplē [amplus], adv., largely.

amplificō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus + faciō], to increase, enlarge.

ampliō, āre, āvī, ātus [amplus], to enlarge, magnify.

amplius [amplus], comp. of amplē, more, further.

amplus, a, um, adj., great, large; noble, distinguished.

ancilla, ae, f., a maid-slave, maid.

Ancus, ī, m., see Mārcius.

Andriscus, ī, m., a Persian who pretended to be the natural son of Perseus and assumed the name of Philip.

angustia, ae [angustus, narrow], f., narrowness; pl., narrow places, a pass.

Anicius, ī, m., C. Anicius, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, 176-168 B.C.

Aniēn, ēnis or Aniō, ōnis, m., a small tributary of the Tiber.

animus, ī, m., soul, mind; disposition, feelings; courage, spirit.

Annius, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

annus, ī, m., a year.

annuus, a, um [annus], adj., annual; lasting a year.

ante, adv., of space, before, in front of; of time, before, previously, ago; prep. with accus., both of space and time, in front of, before.

anteā [ante], adv., before, formerly.

Antemnātēs, um, pl. m., the inhabitants of Antemnae, a Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber.

Anthemūsia, ae, f., a province of Mesopotamia.

Antiochēnsēs, ium, m., the inhabitants of Antioch.

Antiochīa, ae, f., the capital city of Syria on the river Orontes.

Antiochus, ī, m., kings of Syria. 1. Antiochus II., called Theos, 261-246 B.C. 2. Antiochus III., called the Great, 223-187 B.C. 3. Antiochus IV., called Epiphanes, 175-164 B.C.

antīquus, a, um [ante], adj., old, belonging to a former time.

Antōnīniānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to the Antonines.

Antōnīnus, ī, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. 1. T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius, 138-161 A.D. 2. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-180 A.D. 3. L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161-169 A.D. 4. L. Antōnīnus Commodus, 180-193 A.D. 5. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla, 211-217 A.D. 6. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, Heliogabalus, 218-222 A.D.

Antōnius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. C. Antōnius, consul 63 B.C. 2. L. Antōnius, consul 41 B.C. 3. M. Antōnius, the friend of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C.

Anullīnus, ī, m., a Roman senator.

ānulus, ī [dim. of ānus, a circle], m., a ring.

Aper, prī, m., Arrius Aper, praetorian praefect. He was put to death by Diocletian, 284 A.D.

āperiō, see *pariō.

Apollonia, ae, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus.

Apollōnius, ī, m., Apollōnius Chalcēdonius, called Dyscolus, “the ill-tempered.” A rhetorician.

apoplēxis, is, f., apoplexy.

apparātus, ūs, m., equipment, preparation; splendor, pomp.

appareō, see pareō.

appellō, see pellō.

appetō, see petō.

Appiōn, ōnis, m., Appiōn Ptolemaeus, king of Cyrene, 117-96 B.C.

Appius, ī, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens.

Appius, a, um, adj., Appian; especially the via Appia, the famous road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C.

appōnō, see pōnō.

apprīmē [prīmus], adv., most of all.

apud, prep. with acc., of place, near; of persons, with, among, in the presence of, at the house of; with the name of an author, in the works of.

Āpūlia, ae, f., a district in the southeastern part of Italy.

aqua, ae, f., water.

Aquilēia, ae, f., a city in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.

Aquīlius, ī, m., see Flōrus.

Aquītānia, ae, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees.

Arabēs, ūm, pl. m., the inhabitants of Arabia.

Arabia, ae, f., Arabia.

Arabicus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Arabia, cognomen of Septimius Severus.

arbitrium, ī [arbiter, judge], n., judgment; will; power.

*arceō, ēre, uī, —, to inclose; prohibit. con—coërceō, ēre, uī, itus, to shut in; restrain, check. ex—exerceō, ēre, uī, itus, to exercise, drill.

Archelāus, ī, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. (2) Called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 36 B.C.-14 A.D.

Ardea, ae, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteen miles south of Rome.

ārdeō, ēre, ārsī, ārsus, to be hot, burn; be eager, excited.

argenteus, a, um [argentum], adj., of silver.

Argentorātum, ī, n., a city in Belgic Gaul.

argentum, ī, n., silver; money.

Argī, ōrum, pl. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the Peloponnesus.

Ariarātus, ī, m., called Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-162 B.C.

Arīminum, ī, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea.

Ariobarzēnēs, is, m., king of Cappadocia, 93-63 B.C.

Aristarchus, ī, m., made king of Colchis by Pompey.

Aristō, ōnis, m., an Athenian philosopher who surrendered Athens to Mithradates, 87 B.C.

Aristobūlus, ī, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, 63 B.C.

Aristonīcus, ī, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus.

arma, ōrum, pl. n., weapons; warfare.

Armenēs, is, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta.

Armenia, ae, f., a country of Asia southeast of the Black Sea. Armenia Minor, the portion west of the Euphrates.

Armeniacus, a, um, adj., pertaining to or belonging to Armenia.

Armeniī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Armenia.

armō, āre, āvī, ātus [arma], to arm, equip; ārmatī, armed men, soldiers.

Armoricum, ī, n., the northern part of Celtic Gaul.

arō, āre, āvī, ātus, to plow.

ars, artis, f., skill, art, knowledge.

ārsī, see ārdeō.

Artacēs, is, m., a king of Hiberia, conquered by Pompey.

Artaxata, ae, f., the capital city of Armenia Māior.

Ārūns, ūntis, m., the son of Tarquinius Superbus.

Arvernī, ōrum, pl. m., an important tribe of Celtic Gaul.

Arzanēna, ae, f., a district of Armenia Maior, bounded on the south by the Tigris.

ascendō, see *scandō.

Asclēpiodotus, ī, m., a praetorian praefect during the reign of Diocletian.

Asia, ae, f., Asia; Asia Minor.

Asiāgenēs, is, m., a Greek term for the Latin Asiāticus; cognomen of L. Cornēlius Scīpiō, conqueror of Antiochus.

Asina, ae, m. (1) Cn. Cornēlius Asina, consul 260 B.C. (2) P. Cornēlius (Asina), consul 218 B.C.

Asinius, ī, m., Hierius Asinius, leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war, 90 B.C.

asper, aspera, asperum, adj., rough, bitter; violent, severe.

asperitās, ātis [asper], f., roughness, harshness.

aspis, idis, f., an asp, viper.

assiduus, a, um [adsideō, to sit by or near], adj., continually present, busied; diligent, persistent, faithful; continual, unceasing, unremitting.

Assyria, ae, f., a division of Asia between Media, Mesopotamia, and Babylon.

Ātella, ae, f., a small town in Campania.

Athēnae, ārum, pl. f., Athens, the chief city of Attica.

Athēniēnsis, e, adj., Athenian.

Atīlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Bulcus, Rēgulus.

atque, ac (the latter used only before consonants), conj., and, and especially, and even; than, as; simul ac, as soon as; idem ac, the same as; alius ac, other than; contrā atque, differently from what.

atrōx, ōcis, adj., savage, fierce, cruel, terrible.

Attalus, ī, m., kings of Pergamus. 1. Attalus I., 241-197 B.C. 2. Attalus Philadelphus, 159-138 B.C. 3. Attalus Philometor, 138-133 B.C.

Attalus, ī, m., king of Paphlagonia.

atterō, ere, trīvī, trītus [ad + terō, to rub], to rub against, rub away, wear; destroy, waste.

attingō, see *tangō.

attrītus, see atterō.

attulī, see adferō.

auctor, ōris [augeō], m., producer, originator, cause.

auctōritās, ātis [auctor], f., authority, power; influence, weight, dignity.

auctus, a, um, see augeō.

audāx, ācis [audeō], adj., bold, daring, audacious.

audeō, ēre, ausus sum, to dare, attempt.

audiō, īre, īvī, ītus, to hear, hear of, listen to. ob—oboediō, īre, īvī, ītus, to give ear to, hearken, listen; yield.

audītōrium, ī [audiō], n., a lecture hall.

auferō, see ferō.

Aufidius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Orestēs.

augeō, ēre, auxī, auctus, to increase, spread; praise, honor; enrich.

Augustus, ī, m., a title of honor given to Octavianus in 27 B.C., and after him to all the Roman emperors.

Aureliānus, ī, m., Lucius Domitius Aureliānus, Roman emperor, 270-275 A.D.

Aurēlius, a, um, adj., Aurelian; esp. via Aurēlia, the Aurelian road.

Aurēlius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. Aurēlius Alexander, Roman emperor, 222-235 A.D. See Antōnīnus, Cotta.

aureus, a, um [aurum], adj., golden, of gold; embroidered with gold.

Aureus mōns, m., a mountain in Upper Moesia.

aurum, ī, n., gold.

Aurunculēius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cotta.

auspicium, ī [avis + *speciō], n., divination by watching the flight, or noting the cries, of birds; an omen; auspices.

ausus, see audeō.

aut, conj., or; aut … aut, either … or.

autem, conj., always postpositive, but, however, moreover.

auxilium, ī [augeō], n., help, aid; pl., auxiliary troops (usually foreign and light armed).

avārē [avārus, greedy], adv., greedily.

avāritia, ae [avārus, greedy], f., greed, avarice.

Aventīnus, ī, m. (sc. mōns), the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome.

āvertō, see *vertō.

avidus, a, um, adj., comp. avidior, desirous, eager, greedy.

avis, is, f., bird.

avunculus, ī [dim. of avus], m., mother’s brother, uncle.

avus, ī, m., grandfather, ancestor.

B.

Babylōn, ōnis, f., capital city of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.

Bacaudae, ārum, pl. m., the name of the revolting peasants in Gaul in the reign of Diocletian.

Balbīnus, ī, m., (D. Caelius) Balbīnus was elected emperor by the Senate, but was slain by the soldiers at Rome, 238 A.D.

barbaria, ae [barbarus], f., a strange land, a foreign country (opposed to Greece and Italy).

barbaricus, a, um [barbarus], adj., foreign, strange; as subst., Barbaricum, ī, n., strange land.

barbarus, a, um, adj., foreign, barbarous, barbarian; as subst., barbarī, ōrum, pl. m., foreigners, barbarians.

Bassiānus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

Bassus, ī, m., L. (P.) Ventidius Bassus, a Roman general who gained several victories over the Parthians. Consul 43 B.C.

Basternae, ārum, pl. m., a warlike German people living near the mouth of the Danube.

beātus, a, um [beō, to bless], adj., blessed, happy, prosperous.

Bēdriacum, ī, n., a small town in Cisalpine Gaul.

Belgicus, a, um, adj., Belgic; Gallia Belgica, or absol. Belgica, the northern part of Gaul between the Rhine and the Seine.

bellicōsus, a, um [bellicus], adj., warlike, fond of war, fierce.

bellicus, a, um [bellum], adj., pertaining to war, military, martial.

bellō, āre, āvī, ātus [bellum], to wage war. re—rebellō, āre, āvī, ātus, to wage war again, rebel.

bellum, ī [for duellum, from duo], n., war, warfare.

bene [bonus], adv., comp. melius, sup. optimē; well, successfully.

Beneventum, ī, n., a city in Campania in Italy.

benīgnitās, ātis [benīgnus], f., good-will, kindness.

benīgnus, a, um, adj., kind, favorable.

Berenīcē, ēs, f., a city in Cyrenaica in Africa.

Bessī, ōrum, pl. m., a mountain tribe of Thrace.

Bēstia, ae, m., L. Calpurnius Bēstia, consul 111 B.C.

bēstia, ae, f., a beast, animal.

bibō, ere, bibī, —, to drink.

Bibulus, ī, m., L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus, consul with Caesar 59 B.C.

biennium, ī [bis + annus], n., two years’ time.

bīnī, ae, a [bis], dist. num. adj., two by two, two each.

bis [duis; cf. duo], num. adv., twice.

Bīthȳnia, ae, f., a country in Asia Minor, on the Propontis and Black Sea.

Bituītus, ī, m., a king of the Arverni in Gaul.

Blaesus, ī, m., C. Semprōnius Blaesus, consul 253 B.C.

blanditia, ae, f., flattery; in pl., blandishments, allurements.

blatteus, a, um [blatta, purple], adj., purple-colored.

blattinus, a, um [blatta, purple], adj., purple-colored.

Bocchus, ī, m., a king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.

Bōiōnius, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

bonitās, ātis [bonus], f., goodness.

Bononia, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul, now Boulogne.

Bonōsus, ī, m., a Spaniard who usurped the imperial title in Gaul in the reign of Probus, 281 A.D.

bonus, a, um, adj., comp. melior, sup. optimus; good, advantageous, friendly; bonō animō esse, to feel friendly; as subst., bonum, ī, n., profit; bonī, ōrum, pl. m., good men, loyal citizens; bona, ōrum, pl. n., goods.

Bosporānī, ōrum, pl. m., dwelling on the Cimmerian Bosporus.

Bosporus, ī, m. 1. Cimmerius Bosporus, the strait leading from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. 2. A city in the Crimea on the Cimmerian Bosporus.

bracchium, ī, n., an arm.

breviārium, ī [brevis], n., a summary, abridgment, epitome.

brevis, e, adj., short, brief.

brevitās, ātis [brevis], f., shortness.

Britannicus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Britain, British; as subst., Britannicus, ī, m., son of the emperor Claudius and Messalina.

Britannī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Britain, Britons.

Britannia, ae, f., Britain, England and Scotland; in the pl. includes Ireland.

Brundisīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of the city of Brundisium, in Calabria.

Bruttiī, ōrum, pl. m., a people in the southwestern part of Italy.

Brūtus, ī, m., a family name at Rome. 1. D. Iūnius Brūtus. He conquered the Callaeci and Lusitani, and won the name of Callaecus in consequence. Consul 138 B.C. 2. L. Iūnius Brūtus, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, consul with Collatinus 509 B.C. 3. (M. Iūnius) Brūtus, one of the murderers of Caesar.

Budalia, ae, f., a town in Lower Pannonia, the birthplace of the emperor Decius.

Bulcus, ī, m., C. Atīlius Bulcus, consul 237 B.C.

Burdigala, ae, f., a city in Aquitania, now Bordeaux.

Burziaonē, ēs, f., a city in the modern Bulgaria.

Bȳzantium, ī, n., a city on the Thracian Bosporus, later Constantinople.

C.

C., abbreviation of the praenomen Gaius.

C. ＝ centum, 100.

Cabīra, ōrum, pl. n., a city in Pontus, on the border of Armenia.

Cabylē, ēs, f., a town in Thrace.

cadāver, eris [cadō], n., a corpse.

cadō, ere, cecidī, casūrus, to fall, be killed, die; happen. ad—accidō, ere, cidī, —, to happen, befall, come to pass. con—concidō, ere, cidī, —, to fall, be slain, perish. in—incidō, ere, cidī, —, to fall, fall in with, meet; happen.

Caecilius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. Q. Caecilius, consul 206 B.C. See Metellus.

Caecus, ī, m., Appius Claudius (Caecus), consul 307 B.C.

caedēs, is [caedō], f., killing, slaughter, massacre.

caedo, ere, cecīdī, caesus, to cut, cut to pieces; kill, conquer, rout; virgīs caedere, flog. ex—excīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus, to cut out, cut down, cut off; demolish, lay waste. ob—occīdō, ere, cīdī, cīsus, to cut down, kill, slay.

Caelius, a, um, adj., Caelian; Caelius Mōns, the Caelian Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome.

caelum, ī, n., heaven, sky.

Caenīnēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Caenīna, a town of the Sabines.

Caenophrūrium, ī, n., a town in Thrace.

Caepiō, ōnis, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. Cn. Servīlius Caepiō, consul 253 B.C. 2. Q. (Cn.) Servīlius Caepiō, consul 140 B.C. 3. Q. (Servīlius) Caepiō, consul 106 B.C.

Caesar, aris, m., a family name in the Julian gens. 1. C. Iūlius Caesar, the famous dictator. See Notes, p. 144. 2. Sex. Iūlius Caesar, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 B.C. 3. C. Octāviānus, see Augustus, Octāviānus.

Caesarēa, ae, f., the name given to several cities founded in honor of the Caesars. 1. Caesarēa in Cappadocia. 2. Caesarēa in Mauretania. 3. Caesarēa in Palestine.

caesus, a, um, see caedō.

Calābria, ae, f., a division of southern Italy.

calamitās, ātis, f., a calamity, defeat.

calceāmentum, ī, n., a shoe.

calidus, a, um, adj., comp. calidior; warm, hot.

Caligula, ae, m., C. Caesar, surnamed Caligula, Roman emperor 37-41 A.D.

Callaecī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of the northern part of Spain.

Callatis, is, f., a town in Moesia, on the Black Sea.

callidē [callidus, shrewd], adv., keenly, shrewdly.

Callinīcum, ī, m., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates.

Calpurnius, ī, m., see Bēstia.

Calvīnus, ī, m., Sex. Domitius Calvīnus, consul 127 B.C.

calx, cis, f., limestone, lime; the goal of the race-course.

Camillus, ī, m., 1. (M.) Fūrius Camillus, a famous Roman hero. 2. L. Fūrius (Camillus), consul 349 B.C.

Campānia, ae, f., a district of Italy on the western side, south of Latium.

campus, ī, a plain; Campus Mārtius, the level space north of the Capitoline Hill at Rome; it was outside of the walls in the earliest times, and served as a place for exercise.

Canīna, ae, m., C. Claudius Canīna, consul 273 B.C.

Cannae, ārum, pl. f., a small town in Apulia, where one of the most important battles of the Second Punic War was fought, 216 B.C.

Cantabria, ae, f., a division in the northern part of Spain.

cantō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of canō, to sing], to produce melodious sounds, sing.

capiō, ere, cēpī, captus, to take, get, seize, capture, arrive at; consilium capere, to form a plan. ad—accipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to accept, receive; listen to, learn. dē—dēcipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take in, catch, deceive, cheat. ex—excipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take out, except, take up; intercept, capture; receive. prae—praecipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take beforehand, foresee; bid, order, direct, instruct. re—recipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take back, receive; admit; sē recipere, to retreat. sub—suscipiō, ere, cēpī, ceptus, to take up; admit, support; undertake, incur, undergo.

Capitōlium, ī, n., the chief temple of Jupiter in Rome; the hill on which this stood, the Mōns Capitōlīnus, the citadel as well as the chief sanctuary of Rome.

Cappadocia, ae, f., a province in Asia Minor.

Cappadox, ocis, m., a Cappadocian.

captīvus, a, um [capiō], adj., captive; as subst., captīvus, ī, m., captīva, ae, f., captive, prisoner of war.

captus, a, um, see capiō.

Capua, ae, f., a Greek city near Naples, in Campania.

caput, itis, n., the head; a person, man; mouth (of a river); life.

Caracalla, ae, m., see M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassiānus.

Carausius, ī, m., a commander of the fleet under Maximian. He revolted, and after some time was slain, 293 A.D.

Carbō, ōnis, m., 1. Cn. (Papīrius) Carbō, consul 113 B.C. 2. (Cn.) Papīrius Carbō, consul 82 B.C.

carcer, eris, m., prison.

Cardueni, ōrum, pl. m., a powerful and warlike people in the southeastern part of Armenia Māior.

careō, ēre, uī, itus, to be without, be free from, be destitute of; refrain from, abstain from.

Carīnās, ātis, m., C. Carīnās, a leader of the Marian party.

Carīnus, ī, m., the son of the emperor Carus. He was associated with his father in the government.

Carnuntum, ī, n., an ancient Celtic town in Upper Pannonia, on the Danube.

Carpī, ōrum, pl. m., a German people living between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube.

Carrae, ārum, pl. f., a city in Mesopotamia.

Carthalō, ōnis, m., a leader of the Carthaginians, slain by Q. Fabius Maximus.

Cārus, ī, m., (M. Aurēlius) Cārus, Roman emperor, 282-283 A.D.

Casca, ae, m., (P.) Servīlius Casca, consul 44 B.C.

Cassius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Longīnus, Viscellīnus.

castellum, ī [dim. from castrum], n., a stronghold, castle, fort.

castrum, ī, n., a fortified place, town; pl., castra, ōrum, pl. n., a camp; a campaign.

cāsus, ūs [cadō], m., that which befalls; event, chance, misfortune, death.

Catalaunī, ōrum, pl. m., a city in Belgic Gaul.

catēna, ae, f., a chain, fetter.

catēnō, āre, āvī, ātus [catēna], to bind with chains.

Catilīna, ae, m., L. Sergius Catiline, a conspirator during the consulship of Cicerō, 63 B.C.

Catinēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Catina, or Catana, in Sicily.

Catō, ōnis, m., a family name in the Porcian gens. 1. (M.) Porcius Catō, consul 89 B.C. 2. C. (Porcius) Catō, consul 114 B.C. 3. M. Porcius Catō, consul 118 B.C. 4. M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis.

Cattī, ōrum, pl. m., one of the most important nations in Germany, in Hesse, and Thuringia.

Catulus, ī, m., a family name at Rome. 1. C. Lutātius Catulus, consul 242 B.C. 2. Q. Lutātius (Catulus), consul 241 B.C. 3. Q. Lutātius Catulus, consul 202 B.C. 4. Q. (Lutātius) Catulus, consul 78 B.C.

Caudex, icis, m., Appius Claudius (Caudex), consul 264 B.C.

Caudīnus, a, um, adj., Caudine; Furculae Caudīnae, the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass in the Samnite mountains.

Caudium, ī, n., a town in Samnium.

causa, ae, f., reason, motive; pretext; case, state; causā, with gen. postpositive, for the sake of, on account of; causam dare, to occasion, cause.

causidicus, ī [causa + dīcō], m., a pleader, advocate, special pleader.

cecidī, see cadō.

cecīdī, see caedō.

cēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move, yield, retreat. ad—accēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to move towards, draw near; be added; agree to, enter into. con—concēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to withdraw, retire, depart; submit; allow, grant, concede. dē—dēcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to go away, withdraw, depart; to die (sc. vītā). in—incēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to advance, approach; march; move slowly. inter—intercēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to go between; intervene; occur. prae—praecēdō, ere, cessī, cessūrus, to go before. prō—prōcēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move forward, advance, make progress. re—recēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to move back, withdraw, retire, retreat. sub—succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus, to come up, advance; succeed, follow.

celeber, bris, bre, adj., famous.

celebrō, āre, āvī, ātus [celeber], to practice, repeat; celebrate.

celeritās, ātis [celer, swift], f., swiftness, speed, alertness.

celerō, āre, —, — [celer, swift], to hasten.

Celtiberia, ae, f., a mountainous country in the central part of Spain.

cēna, ae, f., dinner, the principal meal of the Romans, taken about three o’clock.

cēnō, āre, āvī, ātus [cēna], to dine, eat.

cēnsor, ōris [cēnseō, to value], m., censor, a Roman magistrate, elected every four years, to classify the citizens.

Cēnsōrīnus, ī, m., L. Mānlius Cēnsōrīnus, consul 149 B.C.

cēnsus, ūs [cēnseō, to value], m., the census, an enumeration and classification of the people according to wealth.

centēnī, ae a, a [centum], distrib. num. adj., a hundred each.

centēsimus, a, um [centum], num. adj., hundredth.

centum, indecl. num. adj., a hundred.

Centumalus, ī, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus, consul 229 B.C. 2. Cn. Fulvius (Centumalus), consul 211 B.C.

centuriō, ōnis [centum], m., a century, a division of the army or the people, containing a hundred men.

cēpī, see capiō.

cernō, ere, crēvī, certus, to separate; see, perceive; decide, determine. dē—dēcernō, ere, crēvī, crētus, to decide, determine; decree, vote, intrust (by a decree); contend, fight.

certāmen, inis [certō, to fight], n., a struggle, battle, engagement.

certātim [certō, to fight], adv., in rivalry, zealously.

certē [certus, certain], adv., certainly, surely.

cessī, see cēdō.

cessō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of cēdō], to be inactive, loiter, delay; come to an end, cease.

(cēterus), a, um [nom. sing. m. lacking], adj., the rest, the others, others.

Chaerōnēnsis, e, adj., belonging to Chaerōnēa, a town in Boeotia.

Chalcēdōn, ōnis, f., a Greek city in Bithynia.

Chalcēdōnius, a, um, adj., belonging to Chalcedon.

chlamys, ydis, f., a Grecian upper garment of wool, military cloak, state mantle.

Christiānus, a, um, adj., Christian; Christiāna religiō, Christianity.

Cibalae, ārum, pl. f., a town in Pannonia.

Cicerō, ōnis, m., M. Tullius Cicerō, the famous orator, consul 63 B.C.

Cilicia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea.

Cimbrī, ōrum, pl. m., a Germanic tribe which, together with the Teutones, invaded Italy, and was defeated by Marius, 101 B.C.

Cimbricus, a, um, adj., Cimbrian.

Cincinnātus, ī, m., a Roman family name. 1. L. Quīntius Cincinnātus, consul 460 B.C. 2. T. Quīntius Cincinnātus, conquered the Praenestini near the river Allia.

Cīneas, ae, m., the friend and minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.

cingō, ere, cīnxī, cīnctus, to encircle, surround; gird, gird on, equip; obsidiōne cingere, to blockade, besiege.

Cinna, ae, m., L. Cornelius Cinna, consul 87, 86 B.C.

circā, adv. and prep. with acc., around, round about, throughout.

Circēsium, ī, n., a city of Mesopotamia on the Euphrates.

circueō, see circumeō.

circuitus, ūs [circumeō], m., a going round, circuit, winding way.

circumdūcō, see dūcō.

circumeō, see eō.

circumferō, see ferō.

circumlātus, see circumferō.

circus, ī, m., a circle, inclosure for athletic sports, esp. chariot races; Circus Māximus, see Notes, p. 108.

citharoedicus, a, um, adj., of or pertaining to the citharoedī, those who play on the cithara, accompanying it with the voice.

*citō, āre, āvī, ātus [intens. of cieō, to cause to move], to rouse. con—concitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to arouse, urge, excite. ex—excitō, āre, āvī, ātus, to rouse forth, excite, stimulate.

cito, adv., quickly, speedily, soon.

cīvīlis, e [cīvis], adj., pertaining to a citizen; civil; polite, moderate.

cīvīlissimē, see cīvīliter.

cīvīlitās, ātis [cīvīlis], f., the art of government, politics; courteousness, politeness, affability.

cīvīliter [cīvīlis], adv., sup. cīvīlissimē; citizenlike, as becomes a private citizen.

cīvis, is, m., a citizen.

cīvitās, ātis, f., citizenship; state, community; city.

clārē [clārus], adv., clearly; loudly.

clārēscō, ere, clarui, — [incho. of clāreō, to be bright], to grow bright; become audible, sound clear; become illustrious, grow famous.

clārus, a, um, adj., bright; famous, renowned; of sound, clear, loud.

classis, is, f., a class or division of citizens; the navy; fleet.

Claudius, ī, m., the name of one of the oldest and most famous of the Roman gentes. 1. Claudius I., Tib. Claudius Drusus Nero, Roman emperor, 41-54 A.D. 2. Claudius II., M. Aurelius Claudius Gothicus, Roman emperor, 268-270 A.D. See Caecus, Canīna, Caudex, Crassus, Mārcellus, Nerō, Pulcher.

Claudius, a, um, adj., Claudian.

claudō, ere, clausī, clausus, to shut, close, inclose. con—conclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus, to shut up, confine. ex—exclūdō, ere, clūsī, clūsus, to shut out, cut off, exclude.

claustrum, ī [claudō], n., a barrier, hindrance; frontier, fortress, point of control.

clēmentia, ae [clēmēns, gentle], f., mercifulness, forbearance, kindness.

Cleopatra, ae, f., the famous queen of Egypt.

clībanārius, ī, m., a soldier clad in mail; a cuirassier.

clipeus, ī, m., a round shield, as distinguished from scutum, an oblong shield.

cloāca, ae, f., a sewer drain.

Clōdius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Albīnus.

Cluentius, ī, m., a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war.

Clypea, ae, f., a fortified town in the northern part of Africa, near Carthage.

Cn., abbreviation of the praenomen Gnaeus.

coāctus, see cōgō.

Cōchē, ēs, f., a city on the Tigris, near Ctesiphon.

coepī, isse, coeptus, defective verb, to begin.

coërceō, see *arceō.

coërcitor, ōris [coërceō], m., one who restrains, an enforcer.

cognitus, see cognōscō.

cognōmen, inis [con + (g)nōmen], n., a surname, a name added to the individual and clan names of a person, either as a title of honor, as Africānus, Māgnus, or as a nickname, as Cicerō. Cognōmina served to distinguish different families of the same gens.

cognōmentum, ī [cognōmen], n., a surname (rare).

cognōscō, see nōscō.

cōgō, see agō.

Colchī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Colchis, in Asia.

Collātīnus, ī, m., (L.) Tarquinius Collātīnus, the husband of Lucretia, and one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C.

collīnus, a, um, [collis, a hill], adj., pertaining to a hill, hilly; Porta Collīna, the Colline Gate.

collum, ī, m., neck.

colō, ere, uī, cultus, to till, cultivate; dwell in; practice, cherish; clothe, adorn; honor, esteem. in—incolō, ere, uī, —, to dwell, settle, inhabit.

colōnia, ae, [colō], f., a colony, settlement.

columna, ae, f., a column, pillar.

coma, ae, f., hair.

comes, itis [con + eō], m. and f., a companion, comrade; attendant, follower.

comētēs, ae, Gr. acc. comētēn, m., a comet.

Commāgēnē, ēs, f., a district in the northern part of Syria.

commemorō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + memor, mindful], to call to mind, mention, tell.

commendātiō, ōnīs [commendō], f., commending, recommendation.

commendō, see mandō.

committō, see mittō.

commodē [commodus], adv., fitly, easily, properly, rightly.

commodum, ī [commodus], n., convenience, advantage, utility.

Commodus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

commodus, a, um [con + modus], adj., in due measure, suitable, fit, convenient.

commoror, ārī, ātus sum [con + moror, to delay], to tarry, linger, abide, remain.

commoveō, see moveō.

commūnis, e [con + mūnus], adj., common; ordinary; public; rēs commūnis, the public interest.

compāreō, see pāreō.

comparō, see parō.

comparō, āre, āvī, ātus [compār, like], to compare.

compellō, see pellō.

comperiō, see *pariō.

compescō, ere, uī, —, to confine, hold in check, repress, curb, restrain.

compleō, see *pleō.

complexus, ūs [complector, to embrace], m., surrounding, embrace.

compōnō, see pōnō.

compulī, see compellō.

computātiō, ōnis [computō, to sum up], f., a reckoning.

concēdō, see cēdō.

concidō, see cadō.

concitō, see *citō.

concitor, ōris [concitō], m., he who arouses, a stirrer up.

conclūdō, see claudō.

Concordia, ae, f., a Roman colony founded in Venetia.

concubīna, ae, f., a concubine.

condiciō, ōnis [condīcō, to agree], f., a condition, state; terms, stipulation.

condiscipulus, ī [con + discipulus, a student], m., a fellow-student, schoolmate.

conditor, ōris [condō], m., a founder, inventor, writer.

condō, see dō.

cōnfectus, see cōnficiō.

cōnferō, see ferō.

cōnfestim, adv., immediately, at once.

cōnficiō, see faciō.

cōnfīgō, ere, fīxī, fīxus [con + fīgō, to fix], to fasten together, unite.

cōnfīrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + fīrmō, to make firm], to confirm, strengthen, encourage, affirm.

cōnflīgō, see *flīgō.

cōnfluō, see fluō.

cōnfodiō, ere, fōdī, fossus [con + fodiō, to dig], to dig; stab.

cōnfugiō, see fugiō.

cōnfundō, see fundō.

cōnfūsus, see cōnfundō.

congerō, see gerō.

congredior, see *gradior.

congregō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + grex, a herd], to collect, unite.

congressus, see congredior.

cōniciō, see *iaciō.

coniungō, see iungō.

coniūnx, coniugis [coniungō], m. and f., a husband, wife.

coniūrātiō, ōnis [coniūrō], f., a conspiracy, plot.

coniūrō, see iūrō.

conlātus, see conferō.

conlēga, ae [conligō], m., a colleague.

conligō, see legō.

conlocō, see locō.

conloquium, ī [con + loquor, to speak], n., an interview, conference.

cōnor, ārī, ātus sum, to attempt, try.

cōnscendō, see *scandō.

cōnsecrō, see *sacrō.

cōnsecūtus, see cōnsequor.

cōnsēdī, see cōnsīdō.

cōnsenēscō, see senēscō.

cōnsēnsī, see cōnsentiō.

cōnsēnsus, ūs [cōnsentiō], m., consent, assent, united opinion; ex commūnī cōnsēnsū, by common consent.

cōnsentio, see sentiō.

cōnsenuī, see cōnsenēscō.

cōnsequor, see sequor.

cōnserō, see *serō.

cōnsīdō, see sīdō.

cōnsilium, ī [cōnsulō], n., a plan, advice; counsel, wisdom; authority; council.

cōnsistō, see *sistō.

cōnsōbrīna, ae [con + soror], f., a cousin-german, first cousin.

cōnspectus, ūs [cōnspiciō], m., sight, presence.

cōnspiciō, see *speciō.

Cōnstāns, antis, m., the youngest of the three sons of Constantine the Great.

Cōnstantia, ae, f., daughter of Constantius Chlorus.

Cōnstantīnopolis, is, f., Constantinople, a city built on the site of Byzantium by Constantine the Great.

Cōnstantīnus, ī, m., 1. Cōnstantīnus, surnamed “the Great.” Roman emperor 306-337 A.D. 2. Cōnstantīnus, son of (1).

Cōnstantius, ī, m., 1. Cōnstantius Chlōrus, father of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 305-306 A.D. 2. Cōnstantius, third son of Constantine the Great. Roman emperor 337-361 A.D.

cōnstitī, see cōnsistō.

cōnstituō, see *statuō.

cōnsuētūdō, inis [cōnsuēscō, to become accustomed], f., habit, custom, manner.

cōnsul, ulis, m., a consul. The usual name of the two highest officials of the Roman republic. They were elected annually, and their names were used in place of a date.

cōnsulāris, e [cōnsul], adj., of a consul, of consular rank; as subst., an ex-consul.

cōnsulātus, ūs [cōnsul], m., consulate, consulship.

cōnsulō, ere, uī, tus, to consult, consider; counsel, give advice to; provide for; ask advice of.

cōnsultō [cōnsulō], adv., purposely.

cōnsultum, ī [cōnsulō], n., resolution, decree; senātūs cōnsultum, decree of the senate.

cōnsultus, a, um [cōnsulō], adj., experienced, learned; iūris cōnsultus, a lawyer.

cōnsūmō, see sūmō.

contāminō, āre, āvī, ātus [contāmen, touch], to bring into contact, mingle; corrupt, defile, pollute.

contemnō, ere, tempsī, temptus [con + temnō, to scorn], to despise, scorn.

contendō, see tendō.

contentiō, ōnis [contendō], f., exertion, struggle; contest, contention.

contentus, a, um [contineō], adj., content, satisfied.

contigī, see contingō.

contineō, see teneō.

contingō, see *tangō.

continuus, a, um [contineō], adj., successive, uninterrupted.

cōntiō, ōnis [contr. from conventiō, assembling], f., assembly; an address (to the assembly).

contrā, prep. with acc., against, opposite to, contrary to; adv., on the other hand; contrā atque, contrary to what.

contrāctus, a, um, see contrahō.

contrādīcō, see dīcō.

contrahō, see trahō.

contrōversia, ae [contrā + vertō], f., dispute, controversy.

contulī, see cōnferō.

conveniō, see veniō.

conventus, ūs [conveniō], m., a meeting, assembly.

conversus, see convertō.

convertō, see *vertō.

convīcium, ī [con + vocō], n., a loud noise, clamor, cry; insult.

convincō, see vincō.

convīvium, ī [con + vīvō], n., a feast.

cōpia, ae [co(n) + ops], f., abundance, supply; pl., troops, supplies; means, force, wealth.

cōpiōsus, a, um [cōpia], adj., abounding in, well supplied, rich.

Corinthiī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Corinth.

Corinthus, ī, f., a city in the Peloponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth, captured and destroyed by the Romans, 146 B.C.

Coriolānus, ī, m., the surname of Q. Marcius, the conqueror of Corioli, 493 B.C.

Coriolī, ōrum, pl. m., a town of the Volsci in Latium.

Cornēlius, ī, m., the name of a large and important gens at Rome. See Asina, Cinna, Dolābella, Faustus, Fuscus, Galbus, Lentulus, Rūfīnus, Scīpiō, Sulla.

cornū, ūs, n., a horn; trumpet; wing (of an army).

corpus, oris, n., a body.

corrēctor, ōris [corrigō], m., a corrector, improver; a land bailiff, governor.

corrēctus, see corrigō.

corrēxī, see corrigō.

corrigō, see regō.

corripiō, see rapiō.

corrumpō, see rumpō.

Corsica, ae, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy.

Corvīnus, ī, m., M. Valerius Corvīnus, twice dictator, six times consul.

corvus, ī, m., a raven.

Corycus, ī, m., a city in Cilicia.

Cosconius, ī, m., C. Cosconius, a praetor during the Social War, 89 B.C.

Cotta, ae, m., 1. M. Aurēlius Cotta, consul 78 (74) B.C. 2. (L.) Aurunculēius (Cotta), one of Caesar’s lieutenants in Gaul.

Cottius, ī, m., a king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps.

Cottius, a, um, adj., Cottian; Alpēs Cottiae, the Cottian Alps, between France and Italy, from Mt. Viso to Mt. Cenis.

Cotys, yis, m., a Thracian king.

Crassus, ī, m., a Roman family name. 1. Appius Claudius Crassus, decemvir. 2. M. Licinius Crassus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C. 3. P. Licinius Crassus, consul 171 B.C. 4. P. Licinius Crassus, called Dives Mucianus, consul 131 B.C.

crēber, bra, brum, adj., crowded, numerous, frequent.

crēdō, ere, crēdidī, crēditus, to believe, trust, think; intrust, commend to.

creō, āre, āvī, ātus, to create, make, beget; elect, declare elected.

crēscō, ere, crēvī, crētus, to grow, increase; become influential, prosper.

Crēta, ae, f., an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece; modern Candia.

Crēticus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Crete; Crēticum bellum, war against Crete.

crīmen, inis [cernō], n., accusation, slander; fault, crime, offense.

crīnītus, a, um [crīnis, hair], adj., covered with hair.

Crīnītus, ī, m., see Trāiānus.

Crixus, ī, m., one of the gladiators who revolted with Spartacus.

crūdēlitās, ātis [crūdēlis, cruel], f., cruelty.

crūdēliter [crūdēlis, cruel], adv., cruelly.

crūditās, ātis [crūdus, unripe], f., overloading of the stomach; indigestion.

cruentus, a, um [cruor], adj., blood-stained, bloody.

cruor, ōris, m., running blood, gore.

Crustumīnī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Crustumerium, a town in the territory of the Sabines, north of Rome.

crystallinus, a, um [crystallum, crystal], adj., of crystal.

Ctēsiphōn, ōntis, f., a city in Assyria, on the Tigris.

cubiculum, ī [cubō, to lie down], n., a bedchamber.

culpō, āre, āvī, ātus [culpa, fault], to find fault with, blame.

cultus, ūs [colō], m., cultivation, worship; culture, training; mode of life; dress, splendor.

cum, prep. with abl., with, together with.

cum, conj., of time, when, while, whenever; of cause, since; of concession, although; cum … tum, both … and, not only … but also.

cūnctus, a, um [coniunctus, con + iungo], adj., all together, all.

cupiditās, ātis [cupidus, desirous], f., desire, longing; greediness, avarice.

cūra, ae, f., care, anxiety.

Cūria, ae, f., the Roman senate house, either the Curia Hostilia, adjoining the Forum, or the Curia Pompeia, built by Pompey in the Campus Martius. In the latter Caesar was murdered.

Cūriō, ōnis, m., C. Scrībōnius, consul 76 B.C.

Curius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Dentātus.

currō, currere, cucurrī, cursus, to run. ob—occurro, currere, (cu)curri, cursus, to run to meet; meet with, encounter; withstand; occur.

currus, ūs [currō], m., a chariot.

Cursor, ōris, m., L. Papīrius Cursor, a celebrated general, six times consul, dictator twice.

cursus, ūs [currō], m., running, speed; course, voyage.

cūstōdia, ae [cūstōs, a guard], f., care, guard, custody.

Cȳrēnē, ēs, f., a Greek city on the coast of Africa, west of Egypt.

Cȳzicus, ī, f., a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor.

Cȳzicēnus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Cȳzicus.

D.

D., abbreviation of the praenomen Decimus.

D. ＝ 500.

Dācī, ōrum, pl. m., the Dacians, inhabitants of Dacia.

Dācia, ae, f., a country north of the Danube.

Dalmatae, ārum, pl. m., the Dalmatians, the inhabitants of Dalmatia.

Dalmatia, ae, f., a country bordering on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.

Dalmatius, ī, m., Dalmatius Caesar, a nephew of Constantine the Great.

damnō, āre, āvī, ātus [damnum, injury], to condemn, sentence; bind, compel; censure.

Dānuvius, ī, m., the Danube.

Daphnēnsēs, ium, pl. m., the inhabitants of Daphnē, a place near Antioch.

Dardanī, ōrum, pl. m., a people of Upper Moesia.

Dardania, ae, f., a district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont.

datus, see dō.

dē, prep. with abl., of place, from, down from, out of; of time, after, during; of cause, in consequence of, through; of relation, concerning, in respect to.

dēbeō, see habeō.

dēcēdō, see cēdō.

decem, indecl. num. adj., ten.

decemvir, ī [decem + vir], m., one of a commission of ten men, decemvir.

Decentius, ī, m., Māgnus Decentius, brother of Magnentius, by whom he was created Caesar, 351 A.D.

dēceptus, see dēcipiō.

dēcernō, see cernō.

dēcessī, see dēcēdō.

decet, ēre, uit, — (impers.), to be suitable, becoming.

Decibalus, ī, m., a celebrated king of the Dacians.

deciēs [decem], num. adv., ten times.

decimus, a, um [decem], num. adj., Tenth.

dēcipiō, see capiō.

Decius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. (Metius) Decius, Roman emperor 249-251 A.D. See Mūs.

decorō, āre, āvī, ātus [decus, honor], to decorate, distinguish.

dēcrēvī, see dēcernō.

dēdecus, ōris [dē + decus, honor], n., disgrace, dishonor.

dēdicātiō, ōnis [dēdicō, to dedicate], f., a dedication, consecration.

dēdidī, see dēdō.

dēditiō, ōnis [dēdō], f., a surrender.

dēditus, see dēdō.

dēdō, see do.

dēdūcō, see dūcō.

dēfēcī, see dēficiō.

dēfendō, ere, fendī, fēnsus, to ward off, repel; defend, protect.

dēfēnsor, ōris [dēfendō], m., a defender.

dēferō, see ferō.

dēficiō, see faciō.

dēfōrmō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + fōrma], to bring out of shape, deform, disfigure, spoil, mar.

dēfungor, fungī, fūnctus sum [dē + fungor, to perform], to perform, finish.

dēiciō, see *iaciō.

dein, see deinde.

deinceps [deinde + capiō], adv., one after the other, successively; next, moreover.

deinde or dein [dē + inde], adv., afterwards, next, then, thereafter.

Dēiotarus, ī, m., tetrarch of Galatia.

dēlectō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of dēliciō], to delight, please.

dēleō, ēre, ēvī, ētus, to destroy, overthrow, ruin.

dēliciae, ārum, pl. f., delights, pleasure, luxury.

dēmergō, see mergō.

Dēmētrius, ī, m., son of Philip V., king of Macedonia.

dēminuō, see minuō.

dēmum, adv., at last, finally; tum dēmum, then at last, not till then.

dēnique, adv., at last, finally; briefly, in fine.

Dentātus, ī, m., M. Curius Dentātus, consul 290 and 275 B.C.

dēnūntiō, see nūntiō.

dēpōnō, see pōnō.

dēpopulor, see populō.

dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + prāvus], to distort; pervert, seduce, corrupt, deprave.

dēprecātiō, ōnis [dēprecor], f., warding off by prayer; supplication, intercession.

dēprecor, ārī, ātus sum [dē + precor, to ask], to plead against, plead, avert by prayer; decline.

dēprehendō, see *prehendō.

dēscrībō, see scrībō.

dēserō, see *serō.

dēsinō, see sinō.

dēspērātiō, ōnis [dēspērō], f., despair, desperation.

dēspērō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + spērō, to hope], to give up hope, despair.

dēstituō, see *statuō.

dētegō, ere, tēxī, tēctus [dē + tegō, to cover], to uncover, disclose, betray.

dētergeō, ēre, tersī, tersus [dē + tergeō, to rub], to wipe off, remove, cleanse, empty.

dēterreō, ēre, uī, itus [dē + terreō, to terrify], to frighten away, deter.

dētestātiō, ōnis [dētestor], f., the invocation of a curse; deprecation.

dētestor, ārī, ātus sum [dē + testor, to cause to witness], to curse, execrate; avert, ward off, deprecate.

dētrahō, see trahō.

deus, ī, m., a god, divinity.

dēvincō, see vincō.

dexter, era, erum and tra, trum, adj., right; on the right hand.

diadēma, ātis, n., a royal head-dress, diadem.

Diadumenus, ī, m., son of the emperor Macrinus.

(diciō), ōnis, f., dominion, sovereignty, sway, rule.

dīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to say, speak, tell; assent, promise; appoint, call. contrā—contrādīcō, ere, dīxi, dictus, to contradict, oppose. in—indīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus, to proclaim, declare; appoint.

dictātor, ōris [dictō, to say often], m., a dictator, a magistrate with supreme power, chosen at times of supreme peril.

dictātūra, ae [dictātor], f., the office of dictator, dictatorship.

dictum, ī, [dīcō], n., a saying, remark, word; command.

dīdūcō, see dūcō.

diēs, ēī, m., and sometimes in the sing. f., day, time.

differō, see ferō.

difficiliter [dis + facilis, easy], adv., comp. difficilius; with difficulty.

diffīdō, ere, fīsus sum [dis + fīdō, to trust], to distrust, doubt.

diffugiō, see fugiō.

diffundō, see fundō.

dīgnitās, ātis [dīgnus], f., value, merit; rank, dignity.

dīgnor, ārī, ātus sum [dīgnus], to deem worthy, deign, condescend.

dīgnus, a, um, adj., worth, worthy, deserving.

dīligēns, tis [dīligō], adj., careful, diligent, attentive; sparing; fond of.

dīligentia, ae [dīligēns], f., diligence, activity, earnestness.

dīligō, see legō.

dīmicātiō, ōnis [dīmicō], f., a combat, struggle.

dīmicō, āre, āvi, ātus, to fight.

dīmidius, a, um [dis + medius], adj., half; as subst., dīmidium, ī, n., a half.

dīmittō, see mittō.

Dioclētiānus, ī, m., (Valerius) Dioclētiānus, emperor 284-305 A.D.

Diogenēs, is, m., son of Archelaus, slain in the siege of Athens.

dīripiō, see rapiō.

dīruō, ere, uī, utus [dis + ruō, to fall], to tear asunder, destroy.

dīs, dītis, adj., sup. dītissimus; rich.

disciplīna, ae [discō, to learn], f., learning, instruction, discipline; system.

dispertiō, īre, īvī, ītus [dis + partiō, to share], to distribute, divide.

displiceō, see placeō.

dispōnō, see pōnō.

dissimulātiō, ōnis [dissimulō, to make unlike], f., a disguising, dissembling, concealment.

dissolūtus, a, um [part. of dissolvō, to take apart], adj., lax, remiss, negligent, careless.

distrahō, see trahō.

distribuō, see tribuō.

dītō, āre, āvī, ātus [dīs], to make rich, enrich.

diū, adv., comp. diūtius, sup. diūtissimē; long, for a long time; quam diū, as long as.

diūturnitās, ātis [diūturnus], f., long continuance, length of time.

diūturnus, a, um [diū], adj., prolonged.

dīversus, a, um [part. of dīvertō, to turn aside], adj., scatter, separate; different; contrary, opposed to.

dīvidō, ere, vīsī, vīsus, to divide, separate.

dīvīnus, a, um [dīvus], adj., divine, sacred.

dīvīsor, ōris [dīvidō], m., one who distributes, an executor.

dīvitiae, ārum [dīves, rich], pl. f., wealth, riches.

dīvus, a, um, adj., divine, deified; as subst., Dīvus, ī, m., a god. An epithet given to the Roman emperors after death.

dō, dare, dedī, datus, to give, put, place; furnish, yield; dare negōtium, to commission, direct; dare in fugam, to put to flight; dare manūs, to yield; dare operam, to attend to, assist; dare poenās, to pay the penalty; dare verba, to deceive. ad—addō, dere, didī, ditus, to add, join to. con—condō, dere, didī, ditus, to put together, compose, build, found; conceal. dē—dēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give up, surrender; devote. ex—ēdō, dere, didī, ditus, to put forth, show, elevate; bear, produce. in—indō, dere, didī, ditus, to put into; confer, apply. per—perdō, dere, didī, ditus, to lose, destroy, ruin; waste. prō—prōdō, dere, didī, ditus, to give or put forth, make known; hand down; betray, surrender. re—redō, dere, didī, ditus, to give back, return; render. trāns—trādō, dere, didī, ditus, to give over, give up, deliver, surrender; intrust; transmit; trāditur, it is said.

doceō, ēre, uī, tus, to teach, point out.

docilitās, ātis [docilis, teachable], f., teachableness, docility.

documentum, ī [doceō], n., a lesson, example; evidence, proof.

Dolābella, ae, m., Cn. Cornēlius Dolābella, consul 159 B.C.

doleō, ēre, luī, litūrus, to feel pain; grieve.

dolor, ōris [doleō], m., pain, sorrow, distress, vexation.

dolus, ī, m., fraud, guile, stratagem.

domesticus, a, um [domus], adj., private, domestic; domesticum bellum, civil war.

dominus, ī [domō], m., a master, lord.

Domitiānus, ī, m., T. Flavius Domitiānus, Roman emperor 81-96 A.D.

Domitius, ī, m., a Roman family name. 1. Cn. Domitius, consul 32 B.C. 2. L. Domitius, a Roman general in the war with Sertorius. See Calvīnus.

domō, āre, uī, itus, to tame, conquer. per—perdomō, āre, uī, itus, to subdue, vanquish.

domus, ūs, f., a house, home; household; domī, loc., at home.

dōnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to give, present, confer.

dōnum, ī, n., a gift.

Drusus, ī, m., Nerō Claudius Drusus, son of Ti. Claudius Nero, and stepson of Augustus.

dubiē [dubius], adv., doubtfully, uncertainly.

dubietās, ātis [dubius], f., doubt, hesitation (late).

dubius, a, um, adj., doubtful, uncertain.

ducentī, ae, a [duo + centum], adj., two hundred.

dūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead; think, consider; protract, put off; uxōrem dūcere, to marry; vītam dūcere, to live.

ab—abdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead away, withdraw. ad—addūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead to, bring; induce, influence. circum—circumdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead around, draw around, surround. dē—dēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead, withdraw; induce; launch, disembark. dis—dīdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to draw apart, separate, relax. ex—ēdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead out. in—indūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead in; induce; put on, cover. prō—prōdūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead forward or out; prolong. re—redūcō, ere, dūxī, ductus, to lead back; draw back; remove.

ductus, ūs [dūcō], m., leadership.

Duilius, ī, m., C. Duilius, consul 260 B.C., commander of the Roman fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 B.C.

dum, conj., while, until.

duo, ae, o, num. adj., two.

duodecim [duo + decem], indecl. num. adj., twelve.

duodecimus, a, um [duo + decimus], num. adj., twelfth.

duplex, icis [duo + plicō, to fold], adj., twofold, double.

duplicō, āre, āvi, ātus [duplex], to double, repeat.

dūrus, a, um, adj., hard, harsh, difficult.

dux, ducis [dūcō], m., a leader, guide, commander.

E.

ē, see ex.

Eborācum, ī, n., a city in Britain, modern York.

Edessa, ae, f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia.

ēdictum, ī [ēdīcō, to make known], n., a proclamation, edict.

ēditiō, ōnis [ēdō], f., a statement, account.

ēdō, see dō.

ēdūcō, see dūcō.

efferō, see ferō.

efficiō, see faciō.

effringō, see frangō.

effugiō, see fugiō.

ego, meī, pers. pron., I; pl. nōs, we.

ēgredior, see *gradior.

ēgregiē [ēgregius], adv., excellently, exceedingly, strikingly.

ēgregius, a, um [ē + grex, herd], adj., select, distinguished, eminent.

ēiciō, see *iaciō.

ēlegāns, antis [ēlegō, for ēligō], adj., select, elegant, polite.

elementum, ī, n., a first principle, simple substance; rudiments.

elephantus, ī, m., elephant.

ēligō, see legō.

ēmineō, ēre, uī, —, to stand out, be conspicuous.

emō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take; buy, purchase; gain, acquire. ad—adimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take away, destroy, deprive of. inter—interimō, ere, ēmī ēmptus, to take from the midst of, kill. per—perimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to take away entirely; annihilate, destroy. re—redimō, ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to buy back, redeem, ransom.

ēmptor, ōris [emō], m., a buyer, purchaser.

enim, conj., always postpositive, namely, in fact, you know, for, because.

eō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go or come, march. ab—abeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go away, depart. circum—circumeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go around, surround. inter—intereō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to perish, die. ob—obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus, to go to meet; attend to, perform; die, perish. per—pereō, īre, īvi (iī), itūrus, to perish, disappear, die. re—redeō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go back, return. trāns—trānseō, īre, īvī (iī), itūrus, to go across, cross; pass through or by; desert.

eō [is], adv., for that reason, therefore; to that place, thither; to that degree, so far.

Ephesus, ī, f., a Greek city near the coast of Asia Minor.

Ēpīrus, ī, f., a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper.

epistola, ae, f., a letter.

epulae, ārum, pl. f., a banquet, feast.

eques, itis [equus], m., a horseman, knight; pl. cavalry; magister equitum, master of the horse, aid-de-camp of the dictator.

equitātus, ūs [equitō, to ride], m., cavalry.

equus, ī, m., a horse.

ērēctus, a, um [orig. part. of ērigō], adj., upright, erect.

ergō, adv., expressing an inference, now, then, therefore.

ēripiō, see rapiō.

errō, āre, āvī, ātus, to wander, stray, rove; be in error, err.

ērudiō, īre, īvī (iī), ītus [ē + rudis, rough], to polish, educate, train.

ērudītiō, ōnis [ērudiō], f., a polishing, training.

ērumpō, see rumpō.

Ēsquilīnus, ī, m. (sc. collis), the Esquiline, the largest of the seven hills of Rome.

et, conj., and, also, even, and yet; et … et, both … and.

etenim, conj., for, for truly, and indeed, because, since.

etiam [et + iam], conj., also, even.

Eumenēs, is, m., king of Pergamus, 197-159 B.C.

Eumenia, ae, f., a city in Phrygia.

Euphrātēs, is, dat. Euphrātae, p. 83, l. 22, m., the Euphrates, a river in Syria.

Eutropius, ī, m., see Life.

Eurōpa, ae, f., Europe.

ēvādō, see *vādō.

ēvehō, see vehō.

ēveniō, see veniō.

ēventus, ūs [ēveniō], m., outcome, result; occurrence, event.

ēvertō, see *vertō.

ēvocō, see vocō.

ex or ē (last never before vowels), prep. with abl.; of place, out of, from; of cause, in consequence of, because of; according to.

exanimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + anima], to put out of breath, kill; weaken.

exārdēscō, ere, ārsī, ārsus [ex + ārdēscō, to take fire], to take fire; be angry.

exauctōrō, āre, āvī, ātus, to discharge from service, release from the military oath.

excidium, ī, n., downfall, ruin.

excīdō, see caedō.

excipiō, see capiō.

excitō, see *citō.

exclūdō, see claudō.

exemplum, ī, n., a specimen, example.

exerceō, see *arceō.

exercitus, ūs [exerceō], m., an army.

exhauriō, see hauriō.

exhibeō, see habeō.

exigō, see agō.

exiguus, a, um [exigō], adj., small, scanty.

exīstimō, āre, āvī, ātus [ex + aestimō, to reckon], to compute, value, judge, think, estimate, believe, suppose, imagine.

exitiābilis, e [exitium], adj., destructive, deadly.

exitium, ī [exeō], n., destruction, ruin.

exitus, ūs [exeō], m., a going out, way of egress; result.

exōrdium, ī [ex + ōrdō], n., a beginning.

exōsus, a, um [part. of exodī], adj., hating, detesting.

expavēscō, ere, pāvī, — [ex + pavēscō, incho. of paveō, to become alarmed], to dread, fear greatly (rare).

expedītiō, ōnis [expediō, to set fire], f., an expedition, campaign.

expellō, see pellō.

experior, īrī, pertus sum, to test, try; await, undergo; find, learn.

expers, tis [ex + pars], adj., having no part in; destitute of, devoid of, free from, without.

expleō, see *pleō.

explōrātor, ōris [explōrō, to search out], m., a scout.

exportō, see *portō.

expūgnō, see pūgnō.

exsecrābilis, e [exsecror], adj., accursed.

exsecrātiō, ōnis [exsecror], f., an execration, malediction, curse.

exsecror, see *sacrō.

exsequiae, ārum [exsequor, to follow out], f., funeral procession, funeral.

exsilium, ī [exsul, a banished person], n., banishment, exile.

exsistō, see *sistō.

exspectātiō, ōnis [exspectō], f., expectation, anticipation.

exspectō, see spectō.

exstinguō, ere, stīnxī, stīnctus [ex + stinguō, to extinguish], to quench, kill, blot out, destroy, extinguish, put an end to.

exsulō, āre, āvī, ātus [exsul, a banished person], to be in exile.

externus, a, um [exter, outer], adj., external, foreign, strange.

extorqueō, ēre, torsī, tortus [ex + torqueō, to twist], to twist out, extort.

extrā [exter, outer], adv., on the outside, without; prep. with acc., outside of, beyond.

extrahō, see trahō.

extrīnsecus, adv., without, on the outside; ＝ praetereā, in addition.

F.

Fabius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. Fabia familia, the Fabian gens. C. Fabius, consul 477 B.C. Q. Fabius, the first Roman annalist. C. Fabius Pictor, consul 269 B.C. See Licinius, Māximus, Vibulānus.

Fābricius, ī, m., (C.) Fābricius (Luscinus), a Roman statesman and general, prominent in the war with Pyrrhus; consul 283 and 278 B.C.

facile [facilis, easy], adv., comp. facilius; easily; readily.

facilitās, ātis [facilis, easy], f., ease, kindliness, kindness, courtesy.

faciō, ere, fēcī, factus, to do, make, act, form; choose, appoint; pass. fīō, fierī, factus sum, to be done, occur, take place, happen; certiōrem facere, to inform.

ad—adficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do something to, influence; treat, visit with. con—cōnficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to do thoroughly, complete; wear out, exhaust; prepare, collect, furnish. dē—dēficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to fail, desert, be wanting; revolt. ex—efficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to form, effect; accomplish; render; build; produce. inter—interficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to slay, kill. prae—praeficiō, ere, fēcī, fectus, to place in command of, appoint.

factiō, ōnis [faciō], f., a party, political party, faction.

factum, ī [faciō], n., a deed, act.

fācundia, ae [fācundus], f., eloquence, oratory.

fācundus, a, um, adj., eloquent.

Faliscī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Falerium, a town in Etruria, near Mount Soracte.

falsō [falsus, false], adv., falsely.

fāma, ae [for, to speak], f., report, rumor; renown, honor.

Famea, ae, m., the surname of Hamilco, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry in the third Punic war.

famēs, is, f., hunger, starvation.

familia, ae [famulus, slave], f., the slaves in a household; family, household; race, estate, retinue; māter familiās (old gen.), mistress, matron.

familiāris, e [familia], adj., belonging to a family, private, intimate, friendly; as subst., an intimate friend; rēs familiārēs, property.

familiāritās, ātis [familiāris], f., intimacy, friendship.

famula, ae, f., a slave woman.

fastīgium, ī, n., top, height; slope, descent; rank, dignity.

fātāliter [fātālis, fatal], adv., fatally, according to fate.

fatīgātiō, ōnis [fatīgō], f., weariness, fatigue.

fatīgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to tire, vex; test.

fātum, ī [for, to speak], n., an utterance, prophetic declaration, oracle; fate, destiny.

Fausta, ae, f., Flavia Māximiāna, the daughter of Maximianus and wife of Constantine the Great.

Faustīna, ae, f., Galēria Faustīna (called Junior to distinguish her from her mother), the daughter of Amira Galeria Faustina. She was the wife of M. Aurelius.

Faustus, ī, m., L. Cornēlius Faustus, son of the dictator Sulla.

faveō, ēre, fāvī, fautūrus, to be favorable, favor, support, cherish.

favor, ōris [faveō], m., favor, good will, praise.

favōrābilis, e [favor], adj., favored, in favor; winning favor, pleasing.

Fēlīcissimus, ī, m., the name of the director of the mint under the emperor Aurelian.

fēlīcitās, ātis [fēlīx], f., good fortune, success.

fēlīciter [fēlīx], adv., comp. fēlicius, sup. fēlicissimē; luckily, happily.

fēlīx, īcis, adj., happy, successful, fortunate.

fēmina, ae, f., a woman, female.

fera, ae [ferus], f., a wild beast.

ferculum, ī [ferō], n., a means of carrying, a frame, barrow, litter.

ferē, adv., almost, nearly, for the most part, usually; about; with neg., hardly, scarcely.

fēriātus, a, um [fēriae, days of rest], adj., keeping holidays, idle; festive.

fermē [for ferimē, sup. of ferē], adv., almost, about (especially of numbers).

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear, lift; endure; bring, receive, report; drive, blow (of the wind); pass., to rush; enter; sīgna ferre, to advance; fertur, is said; ferre sententiam, to judge.

ab—auferō, ferre, abstulī, ablātus, to take or carry away, remove. ad—adferō, ferre, attulī, adlātus, to bring, present, produce, affirm; carry word. circum—circumferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to cast around, go around. con—cōnferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring together, collect; convey; impute; compare; sē cōnferre, betake one’s self, go. dē—dēferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bring down, bring; report, inform; assign, confer upon; offer; accuse; rem dēferre ad populum, to submit a matter to the people. dis—differō, ferre, distulī, dīlātus, to carry asunder, scatter; postpone; delay; differ. ex—efferō, ferre, extulī, ēlātus, to carry out or away; spread abroad; raise, elate; bury. in—īnferō, ferre, intulī, inlātus, to bring in or upon; introduce; throw; inflict; make, produce; inspire; bellum īnferre, to wage (offensive) war; sīgna īnferre, to advance against; sē īnferre, to betake one’s self. ob—offerō, ferre, obtulī, oblātus, to bring before, offer; promise; expose. per—perferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry through; convey, report; endure. prae—praeferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to carry before; put before, prefer. re—referō, ferre, rettulī, lātus, to bring back; report, relate; pedem referre, retreat; grātiam referre, make return, requite. trāns—trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus, to bear or take over or across; transport, transfer.

ferōcia, ae [ferōx, fierce], f., fierceness, courage, cruelty.

ferrātus, a, um [ferrum], adj., furnished with iron, ironed; mīlitēs ferrātī, cuirassiers.

ferrum, ī, n., iron; sword, spear.

ferus, a, um, adj., wild, barbarous, cruel.

festīnō, āre, āvī, ātus, to hasten.

fēstus, a, um, adj., festive; diēs fēstus, feast day.

fētor, ōris, m., an offensive smell.

fīctus, a, um [fingō, to form], adj., false, fictitious.

Fīdēnae, ārum, pl. f., an ancient town in the country of the Sabines, five miles north of Rome.

Fīdēnātēs, um, pl. m., the inhabitants of Fīdēnae.

fidēs, ēī, f., good faith, loyalty; promise; alliance; trust.

fīdus, a, um, adj., trusty, faithful.

fīlia, ae, f., daughter.

fīlius, ī, m., son.

fīniō, īre, īvī, ītus [fīnis], to bound, limit; end, finish.

fīnis, is, m., a limit, boundary; end, purpose; pl., territory, country.

finitimus, a, um [fīnis], adj., bordering, neighboring; as subst., fīnitimī, ōrum, pl. m., neighbors.

fīō, fierī, factus sum, see faciō.

fīrmus, a, um, adj., strong, powerful; trusty.

fiscus, ī, m., a purse; treasury.

Flaccus, ī, m., 1. (M.) Fulvius Flaccus, consul 264 B.C. 2. Q. Fulvius (Flaccus), consul 237 B.C.

flāgitiōsus, a, um [flagitium, a crime], adj., shameful, disgraceful, infamous.

Flāminīnus, i, m., T. Quīntius Flāminīnus, consul 123 B.C.

Flāminius, i, m., (C.) Flaminius (Nepos), consul 223 and 217 B.C.

fleō, ere, flēvī, flētus, to weep.

flētus, ūs [fleō], m., weeping, entreaties; tears.

*flīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to strike (ante-classical). ad—adflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to dash against, scatter, ruin. con—cōnflīgō, ere, flīxī, flīctus, to strike together; contend, fight. prō—prōflīgō, āre, āvī, ātus, to rout, overthrow.

flōreō, ēre, uī, —[flōs, a flower], to bloom, flourish, prosper.

Flōriānus, ī, m., (M. Annius) Floriānus, the brother of the emperor Tacitus, upon whose death he was proclaimed emperor at Rome, 276 A.D.

Flōrus, ī, m., C. Aquīlius Flōrus, consul with L. Scipio, 259 B.C.

flūmen, inis [fluō], n., a stream, river.

fluō, ere, fluxī, fluxus, to flow. con—cōnfluō, ere, fluxī, —, to run together, crowd, throng.

fluvius, ī [fluō], m., a river.

foedō, āre, āvī, ātus [foedus], to make foul, pollute; dishonor.

foedus, a, um, adj., foul, unseemly.

foedus, eris, n., a treaty, alliance, league.

forem, ēs, et, etc., see sum.

fōrma, ae, f., form, figure, beauty.

fortis, e, adj., brave, strong.

fortitūdō, inis [fortis], f., courage, bravery.

fortuītus, a, um [fors, chance], adj., causal, accidental (rare).

fortūna, ae [fors, chance], f., luck, fortune; state, property.

fortūnātus, a, um [fortūna], adj., lucky, fortunate.

forum, ī (cf. forīs, out of doors), n., an out of doors place, market, Forum; esp., the Forum Romanum between the Capitoline and the Palatine hills. It was the center of the political, religious, and business life of Rome.

fossa, ae [fodiō, to dig], f., a ditch, pit, moat.

Francī, ōrum, pl. m., the Francī, i.e. “the Freemen,” a confederacy of German tribes on the lower Rhine.

frangō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break; wreck, subdue, tire out. ex—effringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break off, break open. in—īnfringō, ere, frēgī, frāctus, to break off; subdue, overcome.

frāter, tris, m., a brother.

frāternus, a, um [frāter], adj., brother’s, brotherly.

fraus, fraudis, f., foul play; treachery.

frequēns, entis, adj., crowded, frequent; in great numbers.

frequenter [frequēns], adv., often.

frequentō, āre, āvī, ātus [frequēns], to visit repeatedly; frequent; throng.

frīgidus, a, um [frīgeō, to be cold], adj., cold.

frīgus, oris, n., cold.

Frontō, ōnis, m., (M. Cornēlius) Frontō, a celebrated teacher of rhetoric during the reign of Hadrian.

frūmentum, ī [fruor, to enjoy], n., grain, corn; pl., crops.

frūstrā, adv., in vain.

fuga, ae, f., flight.

fugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee; avoid, escape. con—cōnfugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, take refuge. dis—diffugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee apart, scatter. ex—effugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee from, escape. prō—profugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee, escape. re—refugiō, ere, fūgī, —, to flee back, escape.

fugō, āre, āvī, ātus [fugiō], to put to flight, rout.

fulgeō, ēre, fulsī, —, to flash, gleam.

fulmen, inis [fulgeō], n., lightning, thunderbolt.

Fulvius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Centumalus, Flaccus, Nōbiliōr.

fundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour, shed; rout, vanquish. con—cōnfundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to pour together, mingle, unite, confuse. dis—diffundō, ere, fūdī, fūsus, to spread out, extend, stretch.

fūnestus, a, um [fūnus], adj., causing death, deadly, destructive.

fūnis, is, f., a rope, cable.

fūnus, eris, n., burial, funeral rites; corpse.

furca, ae, f., a two pronged fork; yoke.

furcula, ae [furca], f., a forked prop; pl., a narrow pass.

Fūrius, ī, m., the name of a Roman gens. C. Fūrius Placidus, consul 251 B.C. See Camillus.

Fuscus, ī, m., Cornēlius Fuscus, one of the most active adherents of Vespasian in his contest for the empire.

futūrus, see sum.

G.

Gabiī, ōrum, pl. m., an ancient town in Latium, east of Rome.

Galatia, ae, f., a province of Asia Minor settled by Gallic tribes in the third century B.C.

Galba, ae, m., Servius (Sulpīcius) Galba, Roman emperor 68-69 A.D.

Gālerius, ī, m., see Māximiānus.

Gallia, ae, f., the country of the Gauls; modern France and the territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy was settled by Gauls, and was called Gallia Cisalpina; hence the pl. Galliae.

Galliēnus, ī, m. (P. Licinius Valeriānus Egnatius) Galliēnus, Roman emperor 260-268 A.D.

Gallus, ī, m., 1. C. (Cn.) Cornēlius Gallus, governor of Egypt under Augustus. 2. Gallus Hostīliānus, Roman emperor 251-253 A.D.

Gallus, a, um, adj., pertaining to Gaul; Gallī, ōrum, pl. m., the Gauls.

gaudium, ī [gaudeō, to rejoice], n., joy.

gaza, ae, f., treasure, riches.

geminus, a, um, adj., twin, twofold; as subst., geminī, ōrum, pl. m., the twins.

gemma, ae, f., a bud; gem, precious stone.

gener, erī, m., a son-in-law.

genitūra, ae, f., hour of birth; nativity.

gēns, gentis, f., a gens or clan; tribe, people, nation.

Gentius, ī, m., a king of the Illyrians.

Genucius, ī, m., L. Genucius, consul 365 B.C.

genus, generis, n., race, family, stock, birth; kind, class, sort.

Germānī, ōrum, pl. m., the Germans.

Germānia, ae, f., Germany.

Germāniciānus, a, um, adj., stationed or serving in Germany (late).

gerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bear, carry; perform, do, carry out; wage; sē gerere, to conduct one’s self, behave; rem pūblicam gerere, to administer the state; rēs gestae, exploits, history.

con—congerō, ere, gessī, gestus, to bring together, collect.

Geta, ae, m., Septimius Geta, brother of Caracalla, by whom he was assassinated, 212 A.D.

Glabriō, ōnis, m., M. Acilius Glabriō, consul 191 B.C.

gladiātor, ōris [gladius], m., a gladiator.

gladiātōrius, a, um [gladiātor], adj., pertaining to a gladiator, gladiatorial.

gladius, ī, m., a sword.

glōria, ae, f., glory, honor, fame.

glōriōsē [glōria], adv., gloriously.

Gordiānus, ī, m., (M. Antōnius) Gordiānus, the name of three Roman emperors, father, son, and grandson, 237-244 A.D. 1. Gordiānus, senior. 2. Gordiānus Augustus, son of (1). 3. Gordiānus Augustus, son of (2).

Gothī, ōrum, pl. m., the Goths, a Germanic people.

Gracchus, ī, m., a family name in the Sempronian gens at Rome. Ti. Semprōnius Gracchus, consul 218 B.C. See Notes, p. 124.

*gradior, gradī, gressus sum, to step, walk. ad—aggredior, gredī, gressus sum, to approach, attack, undertake. con—congredior, gredī, gressus sum, to come together, unite with, engage, attack. ē—ēgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to go out, leave, disembark; surpass. in—ingredior, gredī, gressus sum, to enter. prō—prōgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to advance, proceed. re—regredior, gredī, gressus sum, to step back, retreat, return. trāns—trānsgredior, gredī, gressus sum, to step over or across, cross.

Graecē, adv., in the Greek language, in Greek.

Graecia, ae, f., Greece.

Graecus, a, um, adj., Grecian, Greek; as subst., Graecī, ōrum, pl. m., the Greeks.

grandaevus, a, um [grandis + aevum, age], adj., aged.

grandis, e, adj., large, grand.

grātia, ae [grātus], f., favor, regard; return, acknowledge; friendship, love, popularity, influence; grātiae, ārum, pl. f., thanks; grātiā, with preceding gen., frequent in expressions of purpose, for the sake of.

grātus, a, um, adj., welcome, pleasing, grateful.

gravis, e, adj., heavy, hard, severe; important, grave; troublesome, grievous.

graviter [gravis], adv., comp. gravius, sup. gravissimē; weightily, vigorously, seriously, with dignity.

H.

habēna, ae [habeō], f., a holder, halter, rein; only in pl., the reins, direction, management, government.

habeō, ēre, uī, itus, to have, hold, possess, keep; regard, consider; render (honor); habēre sē, to be.

dē—dēbeō, ēre, uī, itus, to owe, ought; pass., be due; dēbet, dēbuit, inf., ought. ex—exhibeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold forth, show, display; furnish, procure. prae—praebeō, ēre, uī, itus, to hold in front, offer, furnish, exhibit.

habitō, āre, āvī, ātus [freq. of habeō], to dwell, inhabit, live.

habitus, ūs [habeō], m., state, condition; habit, manner; dress.

Hadriānus, ī, m., (P.) Aelius Hadriānus, Roman emperor 117-138 A.D.

Haemus, ī, m., a lofty range of mountains separating Thrace and Moesia.

Hamilcar, aris, m., a Carthaginian general in the first Punic war.

Hannibal, alis, m., the son of Hamilcar Barca, the great general of the Carthaginians in the second Punic war.

Hannō, ōnis, m., 1. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, taken captive in Sicily 210 B.C. 2. A Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, defeated by Scipio 203 B.C.

Hasdrubal, alis, m., 1. Surnamed Calvus, “the Bald,” commander of the Carthaginian expedition to Sardinia in the second Punic war 215 B.C. 2. Brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain at the battle of the Metaurus 207 B.C. 3. The leader of the Carthaginians in the third Punic war 149-146 B.C.

haud, adv., by no means, not at all, not.

hauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to drink. ex—exhauriō, īre, hausī, haustus, to take out, empty out, exhaust.

Helena, ae, f., the name of a Roman camp in Spain where Constans died.

Heliogabalus, ī, m., see Antōnīnus.

Helvētiī, ōrum, pl. m., a Celtic tribe living north of Lake Geneva in modern Switzerland.

Hēraclēa, ae, f., a city in Thrace on the Propontis.

Herculius, ī, m., a cognomen of Maximianus.

Hērennius, ī, m., T. Hērennius (Pontius), leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.

hērēs, ēdis, m., an heir.

Hibērī, ōrum, pl. m., the inhabitants of Hibēria.

Hibēria, ae, f., a country of Asia.

hīc, haec, hōc, dem. pron., this; he, she, it; the following; the latter.

hiems, hiemis, f., winter; storm.

Hiempsal, alis, m., son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, was murdered by Jugurtha.

Hierda, ae, m., king of Mauretania.

Hierius, ī, m., Hierius Asinius, leader of the Samnites in the Marsic war.

Hierō, ōnis, m., king of Syracuse, an ally of the Romans.

Hierosolyma, ōrum, pl. n., Jerusalem.

hinc [hīc], adv., from this place or time, hence.

Hīrtius, ī, m., (A.) Hirtius, friend of Caesar; consul 43 B.C.

Hirtulēius, ī, m., a distinguished general of Sertorius in Spain.

Hispānia, ae, f., Spain (including Portugal). It was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Ulterior; hence the pl. Hispaniae.

Hispānus, a, um, adj., Spanish; as subst., Hispānus, ī, m., a Spaniard.

historia, ae, f., history, account, story.

historicus, ī, m., an historian.