Index. (continued 2)

Spinning whorls, symbolic of rotary motion, in Troy, 498;

in Mexico, 504, 508.

Square form, associated with Earth in native American symbolism and architecture, 115, 260, 284;

in Egypt, 371.

Stadaconé, same as Canada, 197.

Stanley, Dean, 514, note.

Star symbol, a black dot, 35;

an eye, 36, note, 50, 116, 155, note, 269, 279;

suspended by thread, symbol of night (Egyptian), 387;

plain circle in Chinese symbolism, 391;

expressed numeral five in Egypt, 398

(see Polaris).

Star-cult

(see Polaris).

Star god, in Babylonia, Bel;

in Asia Minor, Ah-baal, identified with pole-star, 329

(see Polaris).

Star-map, Piazzi Smyth's, 20.

Star-names in Maya, 278.

Stelæ, purpose of erection, marked periods of time, 216;

at Copan and Quirigua, 219-240;

correspond with Ahua-ka-tun, the 20-year memorial stone, 221;

of Assyrian kings, having seven symbols, seven circles, etc., 337-360;

Esar-haddon of Sendschirli, 342, 359;

Bavian, 357, 358, 359;

of Sargon, 357, 359;

trilingual stela of Canopus, preserved at Gizeh, 378;

funeral stela at Bûlâk, 421;

at Quirigua and Copan memorial stones of high priest rulers, with title “Divine Four”;

built over hidden cruciform vaults, compared with the Egyptian “star of Horus,” 512, 513.

Stevenson, 150.

Stolpe, Hjalmar, 48, 121, 224.

Stoll, Otto, 79, 85, 164, 173.

Stomach, symbolized the Centre or Middle, in China, 296.

Stone, rough or worked, emblem of Earth mother, buried with the dead, 106.

Stone of Tizoc, compared with Altar K of Copan, 226.

Stone collar, from Porto Rico, analogous to stone yokes of Mexico, 118.

Stone figures, recumbent, bearing circular vessels, 93;

figured, 94

(see Recumbent stone figure).

Stone knives, flint knife in wrappings, Mexican and Maya symbol of Earth mother, 55, 56;

among California Indians, 105.

Stone monuments, of Peru (Tiahuanaco), 164-169;

Central America, 154, 218-233;

Yucatan, 234-244;

Mexico, 245-275.

Stone “seats,” found in Ecuador, analogous to vase or earth symbols, 107.

Stone tiger with human head and depression in back, found in Mexico and Yucatan, 95.

Stone tables, at Chichen Itza, 212;

Maya name for=Mayac-tun, 213;

used as drums in sacred ceremonies, 213.

Stone tablet at Sippar, 331, 332.

Stone vessels, found in Mexico and Yucatan, 213.

Stone “yokes,” compared with symbolic vase;

pertained to cult of earth-mother;

in use among Indians of Southern California, 104;

in connection with burial of priestesses of Below, 107.

Strabo, 329.

Strebel, Hermann, 104, 153, 156, 157, 165, 172.

Stübel, A., 167, 169.

Sturlesson, Snorri, 471.

Sumerians, inhabited the South=Sumer, 334.

Summary, of study of ancient American symbols,—cross, serpent, tree, flower, etc., 279-284;

use of human and animal figure in symbolism, 296;

of countries in which are found the “Quadruple Organization,” pole-star worship, etc., 480-494;

and Conclusions, 544-562;

and tables of words used in the Old and New World in connection with a certain culture based on pole star worship, Appendix I, 548; and Appendix III, 562.

Sun cult, Nahuatl word for sun applies equally to the stars;

day sun and night sun;

Ollin, symbol of, 13;

superseded by star cult, 22;

associated with star-cult, 53, 54;

Black Sun in B. N. MS.,

[pg 597]

myth concerning, 54, 55;

emblem of Montezuma, 72;

Montezuma, high priest of, 74;

mirror of polished pyrites, symbol of, 83;

rival of star-cult, 83;

sacrifices to, in Mexico, 117, 118;

in Peru, 134;

superseded by belief in Creator, among the Incas, 135;

temple of, at Cuzco, 138;

upper class maidens in Peru, dedicated to, 143, 145, 148, 149, 170;

among Muyscas of Bogota, 171;

astronomical attainments of priests of, 180;

“Virgins of the Sun” and sun-priests in Mexico and Peru, 194;

Sun-father of the Zuñi, 200, 201, 204, note;

on Copan sculpture, 222;

in Mexican calendar-stone, 249;

four movements of, 252;

golden effigy of, associated with Incas in Peru, 264;

Enclosure of, name of pyramid at Teotihua-Can, 264, 267;

tablet of the sun, in China, 285;

temple of, 286;

altars, 387;

sun-goddess of Japan, 311;

among the Hindu, 312;

in religion of Persia, 325;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 332;

in Egypt, 382;

king of Egypt associated with, 389, 424;

Egyptian goddess Hathor-Isis was called the female sun, 432;

development of cult in Egypt, 438;

Cæsar called son of the sun, 440.

Supreme being

(see Creator or Supreme Being).

Sut-staw-ra-tse, the leader of the “Kingdom of Hochelaga,” 197.

Swastika, in Mexican Calendar, 9, 18, 41;

origin of symbol;

formed by positions of Ursa Major, 15, 16, 18;

various forms of, illustrated, 17, 19;

geographical distribution of, 19;

date when first used as symbol, 20, 21;

sign for a year or cycle of time, 23;

suggests axial rotation, 24, note;

formed by four serpents in Codex Borgia, 27;

associated with triskelion, on spearhead from Brandenburg;

on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, 28;

formed by combination of star groups, 29, 30;

suggested by star-symbol on pottery from Nicaragua and Arizona, 51, 52;

origin of the idea of dividing everything into four parts, 76;

represented by Zuñi idol, 129;

rounded and square forms of, at Tiahuanaco, 166;

terminating in four puma heads, symbol of central ruler, 209;

“The Copan Swastika,” 222, 223, 224;

the pyramid, a later development of same idea, 274;

in different parts of the world, accompanied with pole-star worship, etc., 276-280;

in Mexico and Ohio valley, linked with serpent;

in Copan, with Middle and Four Quarters, 280;

Christian cross compared with, 305;

use of symbol in China, 309;

in Japan, 311;

meaning conveyed by figure of Buddha 315;

in Egypt, 409;

on Egyptian seal, 459;

on coin from island of Crete, 457;

on coin from Syracuse;

on coin from Corinth;

on vases from Troy, 459;

in Greece, 459, 460;

on Cyprian and Carian pottery;

on Greek vases found at Naukratis;

on Coptic grave cloths;

on mummy case from Hermopolis;

on whorls from Troy, 460;

date of its use as symbol, 461;

later development of the cross symbol, 461;

in Scandinavia, 474;

on image found in Troy, 496;

identical in significance in Old and New World, 510;

symbolized “Four in One,” and stable centre, 511;

in some parts of Germany and Bohemia is still the sign of the stone-mason's guild, 516;

or cross-symbol, same meaning in all countries, 534, 538;

summary and conclusions, 544.

Sweat house, Nahuatl name of, 124.

Symbolism, in central United States identical with that of Mexico and Yucatan, 48, 49, 50;

of Mexico influenced by migration from Yucatan, 67;

influenced by sound of word, among the Mayas and Mexicans, 110, 183, 185, 186, 284;

in China, 277;

showing linguistic affinities between Mayas, and early peoples of the Mississippi valley, 112;

same in Peru, Central America, Yucatan and Mexico, 170;

resemblances between Pueblo people and Mayas and Mexicans, 199, 200, 236;

same in Copan, 226;

in Palenque and Quirigua, 240;

on Calendar stone explained, 247;

symbols connected with Middle, etc., 277;

with Four Quarters, Above and Below, 278;

names of Mexican symbols often translations of Maya name, 278;

recapitulation of important native symbols, 279-284;

year symbols in Mexico and China, 291;

resemblances and differences, Chinese and American, 293-296;

summary of use of human and animal figure, 296;

explanations and illustrations of Egyptian symbols, 367-461;

Egyptian pyramid and mummy, 379-381;

of ancient Scandinavia, 474;

symbols denoting axial rotation, 494;

in architecture (see window, tau, pyramid, Greek fret, round form, square form, color, etc.);

of human form (see separate references under Human);

for special symbols, see separate references.

Syracuse, coins from, swastika with human head in centre, 459.

Tabasco, 211.

Tablet, containing ancient map of Babylonia

(note following Index).

Talon, of beast of prey, symbol of four lords of Below, 185.

Taouism, 298, 301, 306.

Tarahumari Indians, ceremonies typifying fecundity of earth, etc., compared with those of ancient Mexicans, 101.

Tartan design, 122, 123, 124.

Tau, double, shape of courtyard, 82, 86, 87;

signified union of Above and Below;

inverted, emblem of Above;

upright emblem of the Below, 118;

in American ceremonial rite;

among the cliff dwellers of Colorado;

among the Pueblo Indians;

in Scandinavia, called Thor's hammer;

in architecture of Central America, and Palenque;

in dance of Moqui Indians;

different forms of, figured and described, 119, 122;

in checker-board or tartan design, 123;

suggested by fire-drill, 280;

tau-shaped cross in Mesopotamia, 321;

tau-shaped altar in Egypt, 411.

Taylor, E. B., 297, note.

Taylor, W. C., 463, 468, 488, note.

Tecpan, Mexican council house;

meaning of word, 183.

Tecpatl, symbol of the North, 10, 34;

flint knife, 45, 46;

sacred producer of vital spark, 47;

myth concerning, 54;

figured as offspring of dual divinity, 55;

symbol of Fire, 56;

emblem of “supreme pontiffs,” 62;

one of the four year [pg 598] symbols, 76;

in Borgian Codex, 98;

on carved slab from Santa Lucia, 172;

possible origin of name, which means “to govern,” 183;

on Sacrificial Stone of Mexico, 258.

Teen-hwang-ta-tee, Chinese name for the pole-star, 284, 302.

Temistitan, ancient name for capital of Mexico, 542.

Temple of Mexico, 58, 80, 83, 90, 118.

Temples, of the “Tigers” at Chichen-Itza, 212;

“11,” at Copan, 222;

of “the Inscriptions” at Palenque, 235, 240;

of “the Sun,” 235, 239, 240;

of “Cross No. 2,” 235, 243;

of Ptah at Memphis, 367;

at Abydos, 386.

Tenayocan, name of Mexican town containing the affix “Can,” 263.

Tennessee, cult of Polaris indicated by emblems on shell-gorget, 44.

Tenochtitlan, 63;

hieroglyph in centre of ancient Maya and Mexican maps, 88.

Teo-Culhuacan, from Teotl, stars, sun, gods, something divine; and Culhua, something recurved, and can, the place of=name for Aztlan, 56.

Teotihuacan, pyramids of, 140, 199, 263, 264;

description of ruins, registry of death by small clay heads, 267;

Pyramids show knowledge of “Great Plan;”

great antiquity;

advanced stage of intellectual development, 268;

same civilization as builders of Pyramid of Cholula, 269;

two cults, two languages (Maya and Nahuatl) and dual rulership, 274, 529.

Teotl, represented by image of sun;

signifies something divine, 13, 65;

title of the upper class in Mexico, 102, 140;

meaning a divinity or divine lord and applied to all lords or rulers, 279.

Terra cotta heads and figures in Mexico and Peru, 139, 140.

Terrace form, rain symbol, 132.

Tet, Egyptian symbol of eternity, described and analyzed, 394.

Texcoco, 55, 163, 183.

Texoxoctli, stone placed with dead of lower class, 195.

Tezcatl, obsidian mirror, 10.

Tezcatlipoca, meaning of name;

identical with Mictlantecuhtli, 8;

surrounded by circle of footsteps;

myth concerning, 9;

symbols of, representations of;

fastened to symbol of the North, 10;

star-cult connected with, 11;

synonymous names, 11;

myth concerning, 12, 26, 44, 45;

associated with the Below, the female region, 42;

with black, 62;

title of, means “Heart of the Earth,” 72, note;

“Shining Mirror,” 79;

image of, beside the idol of Huitzilopochtli, in great temple of Mexico, 60, 82, 265;

lord of the Nocturnal Heaven, 82;

priests of, called “Sons of the Night,” connected with divination, 83;

honored jointly with Huitzilopochtli at Toxcatl festival, 97;

flint knife, emblem of, 103;

compared with Zuñi idol, 128, 129;

suggested by symbols at Tiahuanaco, 166;

tradition, 208;

fire-drill god, 505, 507.

Tezolotlan, termed the land of war, 172.

Tezozomoc, 11, 40, 60, 61, 79.

Themistius of Byzantium, 542.

Theodosius, 530.

Theophrastus, 519.

Thibet, astronomical science, 301;

Buddhist of, 315.

Thomas, Cyrus, 109.

Thor, Norse supreme god, 473.

Thor's hammer, 119.

Thucydides, 457.

Tiahuanaco, place of first appearance of Incas, 133;

monolithic doorway, 165;

swastika sacred symbol, 166;

ruins of, 167-169, 209.

Tiberius Claudius, 440.

Tien (Chinese), Heaven, also Supreme ruler, 301.

Tiger, in stone, with human head and hollow depression in back, found in Yucatan and Mexico, 95;

on sculpture from Mitla, 163;

“Tiger's arm,” title of prince in ancient Mexico, 163;

head, symbol on monolithic doorway at Tiahuanaco, Peru, 165;

heads, at end of swastika;

on sculptured doorway, 166;

in headdress on sculptures, 167;

warrior caste of Mexico;

temple of, at Chichen Itza, 212

(see Puma, Jaguar and Quadruped).

Tikal, 210;

classification of ruins, 215.

Timæus, 445.

Time, Egyptian sign, circle with dot, 387.

Tinamit, on Usumacinto river, 215.

Tionontaté or Tobacco Nation, 197.

Titicaca lake, as place of first appearance of Incas, 133, 539.

Tititl, name of Mexican feast, 79.

Tizoc, stone of, 9, 172, 212.

Tlacaxipehualiztli, ritual at festival of, 12.

Tlachtli, courtyard in shape of double tau, 87;

ancient Mexican game, 176.

Tlaloc, title of god of rain, 78, 99;

designated by surrounding his eyes with two blue rings, 81.

Tlatoque, literally, “The speaker” title of chief of clan, 178.

Tlaxcalla, republic of;

government of, army of, 75;

recumbent stone figures bearing circular vessels, found in, 93;

small republic of Mexico, name signifies bread;

hieroglyphic sign is maize-cake, 272.

Tloquenahuaque, title of “Creator” in texcoca, 163.

Tochtli, one of the four year symbols, 76;

rabbit, 78;

tochtli-gods, agents of Cihuacoatl, 78.

Tollan, abode of Quetzalcoatl, 217;

native name for Cholollan, 275.

Toltecas, representatives of high civilization of ancient Yucatan, 89;

master-builders, 234, 253, 254, 529.

Topiltzin, title of supreme pontiff, of Quetzalcoatl or divine twin, 77, 96.

Torquemada, 54, 55, 60, 67, 77, 95, 96, 150.

Tortoise, among the Iroquois, 197;

in Mexico, 279;

Maya word for ac, 281;

in Chinese symbolism, 296.

Totemism, North American Indian, 154, 197;

Peruvian, 157, 201;

Quiché, 164, note;

Zuñi, 201, 204;

Copan and Zuñi, 227;

and Quirigua, 233;

Fire people of Mexico,—the ocelot; Air people,—the bird, 254;

in relation to signs of zodiac and to the stars, 255;

in Babylonia, 348;

alligator totem in India and Mexico, 520;

among the Semites, 521, 522;

serpent totem among Semites, Mayas, Nahuas, and Peruvians, 522, 523.

Toxcatl festival, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli, jointly honored, 97.

Traditions (see “Myths and Traditions”).

[pg 599]

Tree symbolism, tree of life in Vienna Codex, 103;

in Dresden Codex, 110;

in ancient America, 186;

among the Incas, 186;

among the Mexicans, social organization represented by, 187;

Above and Below, 188;

serpent and Polaris, 189;

embodied male and female elements, 188;

shape of human figure, 189;

used to signify lord or governor, also ancestor, 189, 190;

sacred tree of the Mayas, 191;

among Peruvians, Mexicans and Mayas, image of social organization, 192;

in symbolic carving from Brazil or Guiana, 224;

symbol of tribe in America, 235, 236, 237, 242, 213, 507, note;

symbol of the year in Mexico, 241;

ché, Maya word for tree, zin-ché=cross, literally tree of life or of power, 278;

quahuitl, Nahuatl word for tree, symbol of Centre;

homonymous with quaitl, meaning head, 279;

recapitulation of meaning of symbol, 281;

compared with Chinese symbol of “wood,” 294;

in Buddhist religion, 321;

in Babylonia and Assyria, on bas-relief at Nimroud, 360;

as sacred symbol, 361;

tree worship, by Hebrews, Phœnicians, Assyrians, 362-364;

celestial tree of life in garden of Paradise, 365;

the ash-tree of the Norsemen on the summit of the Hill of Heaven, 472;

symbol of star-god, Polaris, 474;

tribal trees in India, Egypt, Mexico, Central America and Peru, 499;

the celestial tree of the Norsemen and Semites, 503;

in ancient America, 506, 507.

Tribute stone, Mexican “Sacrificial” stone, 259.

Triskelion, companion symbol to swastika;

formed by polar constellations at winter-solstice, 27;

not used in the South but with swastika in the North, 28;

on pottery from Arkansas;

on spearhead from Brandenburg;

on bronze brooch from Scandinavia, 28;

formed by combination of star groups, 30;

sign of winter solstice, 37.

Trocadero Museum, 104, 174, note.

Troncoso, Francisco del Paso y, 13, 82, 250, 252.

Troy, vases from, having swastika or cross symbol, 459.

Troy, spindle whorls with swastikas and allusion to pole-star god, Tur, 498.

Tschudi, 134.

Tuch-pan, name of capital of Maya colony, 125, 207.

Tula, 60;

city of, 95.

Tulapan, 210.

Tullan, 173;

name of culture hero's home, 68;

meaning of, in Maya language, 68;

identity not established;

beautiful land of the Aztecs, Mayas, Kiches and Cakchiquels;

Cakchiquel legend regarding;

Maya migration from, 88, 268.

Tullan Cholollan, ancient seat of civilization;

probable place where scheme of organization was evolved, and where traditions of destruction of earth originated, 268, 274, 275.

Turanian, originally a northern race, (see Phœnicians), 517.

Turtle, at Quirigua, 234;

in Egyptian symbolism, 398.

Tusayan, ceremonies, symbols and myths compared with those of Central America, 200.

Tuscaroras, 196.

Tutulxius, 211;

immigrants into Yucatan, tradition concerning, 210.

Twin, divine

(see Dual Divinity).

Twin serpents, on Mexican Calendar Stone, symbolizing dual forces of nature, and quadruplication, 257;

on dual statues, on summit of great Temple of Mexico, 266.

Tylor, E. B., 196, 363.

Tyre, destruction of, by the Greeks, 527.

Tzendals, culture hero of, 60, 71, 72;

calendar signs, 180;

social organization and numerical system, 181, 182.

Tzilan, ancient capital in Yucatan, 234.

Tzitzimi-Cihuatl, name of Quilaztli, 60.

Uhle, Max, 167-169.

Upsala, university of, 230, note.

Urhye, Chinese dictionary, 292.

Ursa Major, myths concerning, 8, 11, 12;

meaning of name in Nahuatl, 8, 9;

four positions of form swastika, 14-22;

nearer to pole-star in remote antiquity, 21;

rotary motion, 22;

positions of, scratched on rocks, beginning of astronomical records, 23;

Tezcatlipoca and ocelot associated with, 26;

in relation to sacred numbers, 29;

resembles s-shape, 34;

in relation to idea of Above and Below, 40;

ancient Mexicans claimed descent from Ursa Major and Minor, 57;

on calendar stone, 246, 250;

identified as star-god, “Youal-tecuhtli” mentioned by Sahagun, 279;

among the ancient Chinese, 284, 285, 291, 298, 302;

in Hindu religion, 319;

in Babylonia and Assyria, 358, note;

in Egypt, 378, 382, 384, 385, 397, 400, 410;

Akkadian title, Akanna=the Lord of Heaven, 394;

Greek name for Helice, 447;

as sailing guide in ancient Greece, 451, 452;

became circumpolar about B.C. 4000, time of adoption of swastika symbol, 461.

Ursa Minor, S-shaped figure sign of, 11, 29;

connected with Tezcatlipoca, 12;

rotation of, 18;

suavastika formed by, 19;

in relation to sacred number, 29, 33;

represented by recurved sceptre, 34;

represented by Maya glyph, Hun-Imix, 35;

in connection with Polaris, 36;

in relation to idea of Above and Below, 40;

symbol of;

s-shaped breads made in honor of, 46;

ancient Mexicans claimed descent from Ursa Major and Minor, 57;

in Copan swastika, 224;

in Egypt, 382;

in Babylonia-Assyria=Kakkabu, 400;

in ancient Greece as sailing guide, 451.

Usumacinto river, 235.

Uxmal, House of the Doves, symbolism of, 131;

symbolic hand on garment of chieftain, 184;

the serpent city of America, 214;

ruins in, 216.

Valentini, P. J. J., 256, note.

Valera, Padre Blas, 151.

Varuna, name of supreme god in India, 312.

Vase, or Bowl, symbol of earth mother, 100;

emblem of the rain priests or Octli gods, 102;

worn in nose as emblem;

meaning of, 103;

containing rabbit or flint knife, 104;

as conventionalized serpent jaw, resembles horseshoe-shaped stone “yoke,” 104;

considered sacred among Zuñi Indians, 105;

reason of vase decoration, 105, 106;

grave [pg 600] made in shape of;

buried with dead to propitiate earth-mother;

used as burial urn, 106;

stone “seats” indicate analogous cult of earth-mother south of Mexico, 107;

Maya day-sign, Caban, 107;

in Maya codices, 107, 108;

figured as day sign, ch'en, 110;

associated with seeds and germination, by Mayas and Mexicans, 111;

in Vienna Codex, 123, 124;

sacred bowl among Pueblo Indians, 132;

in hand of ruler on Copan sculpture, 222, 224, 225;

bowl of water, preceded use of obsidian mirror, in divination, 225;

Maya supreme priest called “Lord of the Vase or bowl,” 226;

on Tablet of the “Cross 2,” at Palenque, 236;

recapitulation of meaning of symbol, 283;

used for Astronomical purposes among pigmy races, and in Phœnicia, Assyria and Egypt, 339;

large terra-cotta jars found at Nippur, and in temple of Solomon, 344;

canopic vases in Egypt, 372;

same idea embodied in pyramid, 386;

in zodiac signs, 395;

symbol of god Amen-Ra, 408;

in cult of Egyptian goddess, Isis, 424.

Vedas, 312, 314, 452, note, 494, 496, 497, 499, 500, 505, 521, 522.

Vega, Garcilaso de la, 136, 137, 150, 151.

Vega, Nuñez de la, 180, 181, 182.

Venice, compared to Mexico, 84.

Venus, temple of Mexico dedicated to, planet of, 53;

on Calendar-stone, 252.

Vikings, cult of Polaris, 474.

Villavicencio, 150.

Virgins of the Sun, in Mexico and Peru, 194.

Vishnu, cult of, 314.

Volcanoes, as probable cause of traditions of destruction of earth, 270-275.

Von Herder, 449, note.

Von Luschan, 342, 358, note, 359, 360.

Von Schroeder, L., 484, 458, note.

Votan, culture hero of the Tzendals, title “the Master of the Sacred Drum,” 60, 71-72, note.

Vulture, totem of Quiché chieftain, 164;

in Egyptian symbolism, 398, 425, 426.

Wales, Druidic Celi Ced corresponds to Egyptian Amen-Ra;

dual power;

Central ruler;

numeral seven in Welsh legend, 471.

Wampum belts, Iroquois, 197-199.

Wan, Chinese word for swastika, 309.

Warburg, A., 119.

Waring, 459.

Warren, William F., 475, 566.

Water, sacred pool in temple of Mexico, 225;

in connection with star cult, 226;

associated with fire-drill and socket in Old and New World, 505.

Water era, one of the four eras of the world, 253.

Water goddess, called Chalchiutlycue, 91.

Water and air design, encircling the mitre of the Lord of the Above;

on mantles of Montezuma's predecessors, 125;

emblem of cult of Above, 126.

Weaving, art of among the Huaxtekans, 207-208, note.

West, Cihuatlampa (in Nahuatl)=place of the women, 38;

in Cosmos=Calli=house, yellow, earth, darkness, 42;

door of the Underworld, 54;

female region, 64.

Webster's Dictionary, 419.

Wheat, stalk of, year symbol in China, 291.

Wheel, emblem of the Deity and of rotation, among ancient Mexicans, 33;

represented by Mexican dance, 59;

the four-spoked wheel of Shamash in Babylonia and Assyria, 332, 356, 365;

symbol of axial rotation and time in Old World, 500;

associated with pole-star in Japan, 501;

use of, known in Japan and China from the earliest times, 501-502;

in Scandinavia, 502;

first religions and their royal symbol—possibly evolved from the stone fire socket, 503 (see Axial Rotation).

Wheelwright, E. M., 514, 515.

Whitney, J. D., 449 note, 452, note.

Wickersham, James, 288, 292.

Wiener, 132, 146.

Williams, 288.

Wilson, Sir Daniel, 540.

Wilson, Thomas, 19, 23, 28, 50, 318, 459, 460.

Wind-god, symbol of, 34.

Windows, symbolism of, in Mexico, Central America and elsewhere, 120, 121.

Winged disk, in Assyria, 356, 357.

Winter solstice, triskelion sign of, 27, 28.

Woman, origin of idea of inferiority, 65;

position of, in Peru and Mexico, 194;

“Corn Maidens” and “Mothers” in America, 276;

in China, 286, 287;

in Babylonia-Assyria, 341;

in Greece and Rome, 345 in Egypt, 426-436.

Writing, cursive and ikonomatic of the Old World;

picture writing adopted by Spanish missionaries to New World, 534-535, note;

Egyptian hieratic script, 535, note;

numerical value of letters in Greek alphabet;

Maya calculiform hieroglyphs;

geometrical figures used by Phœnicians, 536, note.

Wu, Chinese empress, 309.

Wylie, Alexander, 303, 335, 481, note.

Xicalango, 211.

Xilomaniztli, another name for the festival “Izcalli;”

meaning the birth or sprouting of the young maize, 241.

Xiuhtecuhtli, Mexican lord of the year or of fire;

emblem of, figured and described;

called the turquoise;

or grass-green pyramid, 129, 214, 223.

Xius, tribe of ancient Yucatan, 211.

Xonecuilli, native name for Ursa Minor (see Ursa Minor).

Xoxouhqui-ilhuicatl (Nahuatl)=the verdant or blue sky, a title of Huitzilo-pochtli, 72.

Yang and Yin, in Chinese religion;

belief of the modern Chinese concerning, 286.

Yaou, Chinese emperor who divided China into four provinces, 298.

Year symbols, in Mexican calendar, acatl, tecpatl, calli and tochtli, 76;

glyphs on Copan stela or katun, 220;

Maya name for=Ah-cuch-haab, 220;

in Mexican Calendar-stone, 253;

in Mexico, bunch of grass or maize shoots;

in China, stalk of wheat, 291.

Yoalticitl, mother of the gods in ancient Mexico, 123.

Yop-at, Maya name for “a mitre,” symbol of divine ruler, 118.

Yope or yopi, Mexican peaked headdress or cone 117.

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Yopico, name given to temple and monastery in courtyard of Great Temple of Mexico, 118.

Youal-tecuhtli, star-god mentioned by Sahagun, identified as Ursa Major, 279;

name signifies, “lord of the night,” also “Lord of the circle or wheel,” 279.

Yuoalahua=lord of the wheel, 71.

Yu, Chinese emperor;

divisions of China, 292, 299.

Yucatan, cult of Polaris, 44;

Mexican culture-hero, Quetzalcoatl, came from, 67;

social organization, older than that of Mexico, 67;

Twin-brothers personifying the Above and Below, 68;

serpent symbol, more ancient than in Mexico, 70;

ancient map of, 85-90;

early peoples of, in contact with those of Mississippi valley, 112;

traditions about Kukulcan's journey to Mexico, 206;

traditions of tribes who came from the south, 210-214;

meeting ground of Maya- and Nahuatl-speaking people, 214;

not cradle of Maya civilization, 214;

ancient monuments of, 216;

fourfold divisions, 218, 494;

Mayas compared with Maghas of India, 509, 519;

ancient civilization, 528;

ruder forms of culture alongside of the perfected social organization, 531;

period of warfare and pestilence, 539

(see Chichen Itza, Mayapan, etc.).

Yupanqui, founder of Cuzco, who introduced worship of the Creator, 135, 161, 186.

Zamorra, Fray Geronimo Roman y, 275.

Zarate, 150.

Zeller, Edward, 484.

Zenith, nepantla, 38.

Zigzag or undulated lines, symbol of water, 126.

Zikkurats of Babylonia, seven-staged towers, 327-331;

oriented to the four cardinal points, 332;

together with “Great basin of Apsu,” formed image of Cosmos, 361.

Zilan, Maya centre of female industry 208, note;

name signified “embroidery,” 210;

stone monoliths, 216;

ancient centre of culture in Yucatan, 217.

Zip, glyph on Copan altar, 227.

Zmigrodski, 19.

Zodiac composed of twenty day-signs, 255;

in Chinese calendar, 285.

Zumarraga, Bishop, 264.

Zuñi, conception of Cosmos, Above, Below, Centre and Four Quarters, 41, 100;

ceremonies typifying the fecundity of the earth, etc., 101;

vase used as emblem of earth-mother, 105;

cult of Above and Below;

swastika symbol in use among;

cult of Polaris;

Zuñi idol compared with Mexican lord of fire and lord of the under world, 128, 129, 130;

twin brothers, war-gods, compared with counterparts in Mexico and Yucatan, 130;

colors assigned to cardinal points, 192;

creation myth, 200, 223;

modern, ceremonies, symbols, etc., compared with those of Mexico, Central America and Peru, 200;

Sky-father and Earth-mother;

Macaw or winter people, and Raven or summer people, 201;

linguistic affinities with Nahuatl and Maya, 201;

myth about building the town at the stable middle of the earth, 202;

social organization, 203, 205;

symbol of seeds of life, compared with Mexico and Maya, 223;

numerical divisions, social organization, symbolism, etc., identical with that of Mexico, Yucatan, Copan, Guatemala, Peru, etc., 226, 493;

spider's web as image of numerical divisions;

colors assigned to four elements, compared with Mexico and China, 293;

use of quadruped to symbolize cardinal points and divisions of state compared with similar symbolism in Mexico and Central America, 295;

the pueblo represents a “seven in one,” a counterpart of archaic kingdoms in India, Persia, Babylonia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, etc., 529.