Volume 1 / Part 8 — INDEX.
Reading edition
A
Absorption, cause in soils, 119 determination, 287 of heat, by soils, 115 water, by soils, determination, 136–143
Acetic acid, solvent for soils, 344
Acid phenyl sulfate, reagent for nitric acid, 554, 555 soluble materials, extraction, 455
Adobe, analyses, 58 soils, 57
Aeolian rocks, 38
Air, absorption, 286 action, 51
Albuminoid ammonia, estimation, 572
Alkali salts, composition, 56
Alkalies and alkaline earths, estimation, 384
Alkaline soils, 53–55
Alumina, estimation, 354, 357, 362
Aluminum, 17 -mercury couple for nitric acid, 542 microchemical examination, 266
Ammonia, determination of free and albuminoid, 570–573 estimation, 448–452 formation in soils, 429 magnesia distillation process, 450 nitrification, 466 production, by microbes, 464
Ammonium chlorid, solvent for soils, 343
Apocrenic acid, 62
Apparatus for soil sampling, 82–86
Aqueous rocks, 32–38 vapor absorption, 283, 284
Armsby, soil absorption, 121
Assimilable phosphoric acid, method of Dyer, 410
Atomic masses, table, 3
Atwater, fish nitrogen, 14
Authorities cited in Part Eighth, 593 Fifth, 300 First, 63, 64 Fourth, 279–281 Second, 93, 94 Seventh, 573–575 Sixth, 456–458 Third, 169, 170
B
Bacteria, action, 50
Barium, 23 microchemical examination, 265
587Barus, theory of flocculation, 177–180
Beaker elutriation, comparison with Hilgard’s method, 239 method, comparison with Schloesing’s, 241
Belgian methods for soil extracts, 361–363
Bennigsen, method of silt analysis, 194
Berlin-Schöne method, 194
Bernard, calcimeter, 339
Berthelot and André, determination of residual water, 308 method of water determination, 305 nature of nitrogen in soils, 430–434 odoriferous matters in soils, 97 phosphoric acid in soils, 411
Bigelow, solubility of digestion vessels, 348
Boric acid, 580, 581
Boron, 17 estimation, 593
Boussingault and Lewey, method of determining absorption, 290 method for nitric acid, 524–526
Braun’s separating liquid, 271
Bréon’s method, 272
Brewer, chemical action, 177
Brögger’s apparatus, 276
Brucin, reagent for nitric acid, 557
Bulk analysis, 365–367
C
Calcium, 18 microchemical examination, 264
Caldwell, preliminary treatment of soil samples, 88
Capillary attraction, determination, 145 movement of water, 153
Carbazol, reagent for nitric acid, 548
Carbon, 5 comparison of methods for estimating, 321 dioxid, diffusion in soils, 297 estimation in water, 579 in soils, apparatus for estimating, 293 occurrence in soils, 289 solvent for soils, 343 estimation of organic, 315 oxidation with chromic acid, 316 permanganate, 318
Carbonates, Belgian method, 342 deficiency in soils, 340 estimation, 337
Carnot, method for manganese, 397 phosphoric acid, 403
Chabrier, method for nitrous acid, 565
Chemical analysis of soils, 301–575 order of examination, 302 preliminary considerations, 301 elements in soils, 2
Chevreul, ammonium phosphate in guanos, 7
Chile, nitrate deposits, 15, 16
Chlorin, 6 estimation, 422 in water, 577 588Mohr’s method, 424 Petermann’s method, 424 Wolff’s method, 423
Citric acid, solvent for soils, 344
Clarke, relative abundance of elements, 23
Classification of soils, 52
Clay, chemical nature, 232 colloidal, 231 mechanical determination, 242 properties, 223 separation, 230 suspension, 176
Clayey soils, effect of boiling on texture, 244–246 elutriation, 239
Cleavage of soil particles, 262
Coefficient of evaporation, determination, 144–146
Cohesion and adhesion of soils, 116, 117
Colloidal clay, estimation, 231
Color of rocks, 31 soil, determination, 97
Colorimetric comparison, delicacy, 548, 559
Compact soils, 90
Conductivity of soils, 115
Copper, estimation, 591 -zinc couple for nitric acid, 540, 542
Crenic acid, 61
Crum-Frankland process, 518
Crystal angles, measurement, 259
Culture media, composition, 468, 473, 474, 476, 479, 481, 483, 484, 486 solid, 479, 481
D
Darton, Florida phosphates, 9
Davidson, origin of Florida phosphates, 7
Decay of rocks, 43–52
Deherain, measurement of percolation, 167–169
Desiccator, drying, 309
Devarda’s method for nitric acid, 534 variation of Stoklassa, 535
Diffusion of gases, general conclusions, 299
Dietrich’s elutriator, 209
Digestion of soil, 456 vessels, 347
Dilution method, experiments, 483, 485
Diphenylimid, reagent for nitric acid, 549
Diphenylamin, reagent for nitric acid, 553
Distillation, prevention of bumping, 441
Dobeneck, method of determining absorption, 287–290
Drainage, influence on porosity, 132
Durham, clay suspension, 176
Dyer, citric acid solution, 344
Dyer, method for assimilable phosphoric acid, 410
E
Earth worms, action, 49
Eldridge, Florida phosphates, 10
589Elements, different, simultaneous estimation, 425 relative abundance, 23
Elutriating tube, 236
Eruptive rocks, 41, 42
Estimation of gases in soils, 282–299
F
Ferric oxid, estimation, 353, 356, 357, 362, 399, 401
Fine soil, capacity for holding water, 135
Fish as fertilizer, 14
Flocculation, 171 effect of chemical action, 177 theory, 177
Floccules, destruction, 175
Florida phosphates, origin, 7–12
Fluorin, 17–24
Forchhammer, agricultural value of fucoids, 13
Frear, method of determining soil temperatures, 111
Freezing and thawing, 44
Fuchs and De Launy, origin of potash deposits, 21
Fuelling, determination of water absorption, 139
G
Gases, collection, 291 methods of study, 283 passage through the soil, 149, 150 determination, 150 relation to soil composition, 282
Gasparin, method of silt analysis, 195
Gautier, occurrence of oldest phosphates, 7
Gelatin, culture, 471–473 mineral, 473, 474
Gembloux station, method of soil solution, 350
German experiment stations, method of soil solution, 349
Glaciers, action, 45
Glucinic acid, 62
Goessmann, analysis of sea-weeds, 13
Gooch and Gruener, method for nitric acid, 546 estimation of boric acid, 580
Goss, method for phosphoric acid, 416–418
Grandeau, method of estimating humus, 324
H
Hands, sterilization, 489
Hannén, diffusion of carbon dioxid in soils, 297
Harada’s apparatus, 275
Heinrich, determination of passage of gases through soils, 150 water absorption, 143 method of determining cohesion, 116, 117
Henrici, determination of water capacity of soils, 143
Hilgard, alkaline soils, 55 digestion vessels, 347 humus estimation, 324 hygroscopic coefficient, 284 influence of surface tension, 174 method for soil solution, 348 590of silt analysis, 225 methods of analysis of soil extract, 356–361 preliminary examination of soils, 87
Hilgard’s elutriator, 226 method, comparison with Osborne’s, 239
Hooker’s method for nitric acid, 548
Humic acid, 61, 62 estimation, 331
Humus, 60 combustion, 589 estimation, 324 German method, 333 method of Pasturel, 336 Raulin, 334 Van Bemmelén, 332 summary of results, 330 mineral contents, 589
Huston and McBride, humus estimation, 326 method of determining soil absorption, 128
Hydrochloric acid, solvent for soils, 344 strength, 345 time of digestion, 345 treatment of soil with cold, 350
Hydrofluoric acid, solvent for soils, 352
Hydrogen, 5 estimation of organic, 323
Hygroscopic coefficient, determination, 284
I
Ignition, loss, 307
Ilosvay, nessler reagent, 573
Indiana, lysimeter of agricultural experiment station, 165
Indigo method for nitric acid, 524–531
Insoluble residue, analysis, 363 Belgian method, 364 Wolff’s method, 363
Interstitial space, determination, 134
Inverse capillarity, 146
Iron, 22 and alumina, separation from phosphoric acid, 414 French method, 399, 400 method of Sachsse and Becker, 401–403 microchemical examination, 266
J
Jenkins, analysis of sea-weeds, 13
Johnson, method for nitric acid, 556
K
Kaolin, estimation, 426–428
Kedzie, digestion vessels, 347 influence of drainage, 132
King, apparatus for soil sampling, 82 capillary movement of water, 153 methods of water movement, 151
Knop, method of determining soil absorption, 128
591Knop’s silt cylinder, 189
Knorr, apparatus for carbon dioxid, 337
Kostytchoff, origin of humus, 60
Kühn’s silt cylinder, 189
L
Lateral capillary flow, 153
Latitude, effect on decay of rocks, 46
Lead, estimation, 592
Lime, assimilable, 392 estimation, 354, 357, 362, 365, 384, 386, 388–394 of active, 389 available, 390 French method, 386, 388 method of Halle station, 393, 394 Russian method, 391
Lithium, microchemical examination, 264
Logarithmic constants, 254
Loges, humus estimation, 333
Loose soils, 89
Loughridge, time of digestion, 345, 346
Lunge and Lwoff, method for nitrous acid, 563
Lunge’s nitrometer, 519 improved, 520–524
Lysimetry, 158, 165
Mc
McGowan’s method for nitric acid, 543
M
Magnesia, estimation, 354, 360, 362, 365, 384, 394, 396 method of Halle station, 396
Magnesium, 18 microchemical examination, 264
Magnet, separation of silt particles, 278
Manganese, 23 estimation, 354, 360, 396, 397 French method, 397–399
Marx, method for nitric acid, 526–528
Masure’s silt apparatus, 210
Matiére noire, 324
Mayer, determination of water absorption, 138
Mayer’s modification of Schöne’s method, 220
Mechanical analysis of soils, 171–179
Mercury and sulfuric acid method, Noyes’ modification, 519 Warington’s modification, 518
Metamorphic rocks, 39
Metaphenylenediamin, reagent for nitrous acid, 557, 559
Microchemical examination of silt, 262, 266
Microscopic apparatus, 495 examination of silt separates, 256
Microscopical structure of rocks, 28, 29
Mineralogical examination of silt separates, 254–278
Minerals, classification, 26 in rocks, 24–26 machine for making sections, 267
Möckern, reduction method, for nitric acid, 533
592Moissan, estimation of boric acid, 581
Moisture, effect on soil temperature, 102 estimation, 454
Moore, modification of silt analysis, 192
Muck soils, alcohol extract, 590 estimation of humus, 589 phosphoric acid, 588 sulfur, 587 ether extract, 590 organic carbon and hydrogen, 586 petroleum ether extract, 590 phosphoric acid, 415 sampling, 584 special treatment, 583 total volatile and organic matter, 586 water content, 585
Mulder, humic acid, 62
Müller, method of determining soil absorption, 126
Müntz and Marcano, origin of nitrate deposits, 14
N
Naphthylamin, reagent for nitrous acid, 560
Nessler’s process, 570 reagent, 570
Nitrate deposits, 14–16
Nitrates, estimation, 435
Nitric acid, classification of reduction methods, 531, 532 development in soils, 461 estimation by colorimetric comparison, 548–559 oxidation of a colored solution, 524–531 reduction to ammonia, 531–543 classification of methods, 496–498 in presence of nitrous acid, 557 extraction from soil, 498–500 ferrous salt process, 500–518 iodometric estimation, 543–548 mercury and sulfuric acid method, 518 methods, relative merit, 498 nitric oxid process, 500–524 reduction by electric current, 540–543 solvent for soils, 351 ferment, isolation, 471, 477, 481
Nitrification, apparatus and manipulation, 468 effect of potassium salts, 463 general conclusions, 496 necessary conditions, 461–463 preparation of seed, 468 progress, 469 statement of results, 478 test of commencement, 469
Nitrifying organisms, classification, 487 distribution, 470, 471 microscopic examination, 480, 484 occurrence, 467
Nitrites, destruction, 478, 558
Nitrogen, 12 active soil, 434 593Arnold and Wedemeyer’s method, 440 Dumas’ volumetric method, 446–448 economic value, 395 estimation in soils, 428–456 of amid, 451 volatile compounds, 452–454 Hilgard’s method, 436 Methods of Official Agricultural Chemists, 434 Müller’s method 438–440 soda-lime method, 445 nature in soils, 430–434 order of oxidation, 465 organic, in soils, 459–461 oxidized, estimation in soils, 459–570 soda-lime method, 441–444 in presence of nitrates, 444
Nitrous acid, development in soils, 461 estimation, by coloration of a ferrous salt, 567 colorimetric comparison, 559 potassium ferrocyanid, 567 classification of methods, 496–498 iodometric method, 564–567 ferment, isolation, 471, 477
Nöbel’s apparatus, 207
Nöllner, nitrate deposits, 16
Norwacki and Borchardt, auger for soil sampling, 83
O
Odoriferous matters, determination, 98 in soils, 97
Official Agricultural Chemists, latest methods, 454–456 method for reduction of nitric acid, 532, 533 of analysis of soil extract, 353–356 soil solution, 349
Organic matter, estimation, 314 influence on absorption, 124 total, 315
Origin of soils, 43
Orth, classification, 185
Osborne, Berlin-Schöne method, 224 method, comparison with Schloesing’s, 241 of silt analysis, 196 -Schöne method, 219 comparisons, 223
Oxygen, 3 absorption, 286 estimation of organic, 324
P
Packard, separation of silt particles, 273
Pasturel, estimation of humus, 336
Peligot, preliminary treatment of samples, 91
Percolation, measurement, 161 soils in situ, 164
Petermann, determination of water absorption, 138 method for phosphoric acid, 409 preliminary treatment of samples, 92
594Petrographic examination of silt particles, 266 microscope, 256
Pfaundler, specific heat method, 104–110
Phenylsulfuric acid, reagent for nitric acid, 554
Phosphoric acid, Carnot’s method, 403 estimation, 354, 362, 403–406, 409–416 French method, 406–409 Halle method, 404, 405 in muck soils, 415 method of Goss, 416–418 Hilgard, 413 Petermann’s method, 409 Russian method, 412 separation from iron and alumina, 414
Phosphorus, 6 microchemical examination, 266 state of existence in soils, 411
Piccini method for nitric acid, 558 nitrous acid, 567
Pillitz and Zalomanoff, method of determining soil absorption, 125
Pissis, nitrate deposits, 16
Polarized light, examination, 261
Porosity, 131 determination, 133
Potash, condition in soils, 367 estimation, 355, 358, 361, 365, 368, 370–372, 375–378, 381, 382 international method, 381 Italian method, 377 method of German experiment stations, 375 Tatlock and Dyer, 382 Russian method, 376 salts, deposits, 20 Smith’s method, 378–381 soluble in cold dilute acid, 370 concentrated acids, 368
Potassium, 18 microchemical examination, 263
Pratt, bowlder phosphates, 9
Q
Qualities of soils, 52, 53
R
Rain water, method of collecting, 569 preparation for analysis, 569
Raulin, method of estimating humus, 334 potash, 375
Reaction of a soil, 303
Refractive index, determination, 259
Rideal, method for nitric acid, 553
Rocks, aeolian, 38 aqueous, 32 chemical composition, 30 color, 31 composition, 43 decay, 43–52 eruptive, 41–42 595kinds, 32 metamorphic, 39 microscopical structure, 28 minerals, 24–26 sedimentary, 35 types, 28
Rohrbach’s solution, 271
Rowland, fall of particles in liquid, 180
S
Sachsse and Becker, method for iron, 401–403
Salts, preparation for absorption, 130
Samples for moisture, 74 permeability, 74 staple crops, 75 preparation, 454 for elutriation, 229
Sampling, general directions, 66 method of Caldwell, 71 German experiment stations, 69 Grandeau, 77 Hilgard, 67 Lawes, 80 Official Agricultural Chemists, 79 French Commission, 69, 80 Peligot, 72 Richards, 69 Royal Agricultural Society, 76 Wahnschaffe, 72, 81 Whitney, 68, 73 Wolff, 81
Sandstone, 35
Schaeffer and Deventer, method for nitrous acid, 567
Schloesing method, comparison with Beaker, 241 DeKonick’s modification, 514–516 for nitric acid, 500 French modification, 500–505 of collecting soil gases, 291 silt analysis, 200 Schmidt’s process, 516 Schulze-Tiemann modification, 510–514 Spiegel’s modification, 509 Warington’s modification, 505–508
Schmidt’s method for nitric acid, 539
Schöne’s elutriator, 212
Schulze-Tiemann method, 510–514
Sea-weeds, analysis, 13
Sedimentary rocks, classification, 35
Sediments, separation of fine, 233 weighing, 235
Seeding, method employed, 475
Selective absorption of soils, 122
Separation of silt particles, 272
Shaler, phosphatic limestones, 12
Sieve analysis, classification, 185 German experiment stations, 183 separation, 182
596Sievert’s method for nitric acid, 536
Sifting with water, 183
Silica, 4 direct estimation, 424 estimation, 356, 361, 365
Silt analyses, value, 279 analysis, Belgian method, 204 classification of results, 235, 236 interpretation, 251 Italian method, 195, 206 method of Hilgard, 225 Osborne, 196 Schöne, 212–220 methods, 185 Moore’s modification, 192 Schloesing’s method, 200 statement of results, 194 subsidence of soil particles, 186–188 Wolff’s method, 192 classes, illustrations, 258 particles, color and transparency, 278 examination, with polarized light, 261 forms and dimensions, 257 microchemical examination, 262–266 petrographic examination, 266 separation by specific gravity, 268–277 staining, 261 percentage in soils, 249 separates, microscopic examination, 256 Mineralogical examination, 254–278
Siphon silt cylinder, 190
Soda, estimation, 355, 358, 361, 365, 374, 384
Sodium, 22 amalgam process, 537–539 microchemical examination, 263
Soil absorption, importance, 124 method of determining, 125 analyses, special methods, 367–428 definition, 1 extracts, method of preparing, 158 gases, 149, 150 heat, sources, 102 ingredients, distribution, 247 moisture, 132 particles, number, 251–253 standard sizes, 181 surface area, 253 samples, air drying, 88 preliminary examination, 87–93 treatment in laboratory, 87 sampling, general principles, 65 solutions, analyses, 352–367 temperatures, method of determining, 111 thermometry, 111–116
Soils, absorptive power, 117–131 and subsoils, 62, 63 as a mass, 95 597carbon dioxid, 293 chemical elements, 2 classification; according to deposition, 52 cohesion and adhesion, 116, 117 color, 95 compact, 90 composition, relation to gases, 282 conductivity for heat, 115 deficient in carbonates, 340 digestion with solvents, 343–352 estimation of carbonates, 337 loose, 89 mechanical analysis, 171–179 method of estimating absorption of heat, 115 nitrifying power, 467 origin, 1, 43 preliminary treatment, 87–93 qualities, 52–53 reaction, 303 selective absorption, 122 specific gravity, 98 determination, 99 unusual constituents, 591–593 volume, 100 weight of one hectare, 102
Solar heat, absorption, 103
Specific gravity, 30 of soils, 98–110 apparent, 101 determination of apparent, 101 heat of soils, 102 determination, 104–110 variations, 110
Spencer, photomicrographs, 259
Squanto, manurial value of fish, 14
Staining organisms, method, 487 silt particles, 261
Stassfurt potash salts, 20
Sterilization, 489 by heat, 490 high pressure steam, 492
Sterilized soil, nitrification, 487, 488
Sterilizing apparatus, 490, 493 oven, 491
Stockbridge, composition of humus, 61 soil moisture, 132
Strontium, microchemical examination, 265
Stutzer’s method for nitric acid, 537
Subcultures, method, 479
Subsidence, physical explanation, 180
Sulfanilic acid, preparation, 562 reagent for nitrous acid, 560
Sulfur, 51 state of existence in soils, 419
Sulfuric acid, estimation, 355, 358, 361 French method, 419 Italian method, 422 598method of Berthelot and André, 419 Von Bemmelén, 420–422 Wolff, 422
Surface area, influence on absorption, 123 particles, effect of potential, 172 tension, influence, 174 method of estimating, 157 of fertilizers, 156
T
Thenard, humic acid, 62
Thermometry, general principles of soil, 111
Thermostats, 494
Thoulet’s solution, 268
U
Ulmic acid, 61
Ulsch’s method for nitric acid, 539
V
Von Bemmelén, determination of water, 310 method of humus estimation, 332
Vegetable life, action, 48 soils, 58–60
Volatile matter, estimation, 455
W
Wahnschaffe, preliminary treatment of samples, 91
Warington, absorption of potash and ammonia, 120 and Peake, oxidation of carbon, 316 experiments in nitrification, 468–470, 485–488 indigo method, 528–531 Schloesing method, 505–508
Water absorption by soils, determination, 136–143 capacity of soils, effect of pressure, 143 determination at 110°, 306 general conclusions, 313 estimation after air drying, 305 in water-free atmosphere, 149 in fresh samples, 304 soils, determination, 303–314 movement, causes, 155 in soils, 151–169 methods, 151 relative flow, 159 residual amount, dried at 110°, 308 solvent, action, 47 for soils, 343 special examination, 576–583 total solid matter, 576
Way, absorptive power of soils, 118, 120
Weight of soil, 102
Welitschowsky, measurement of percolation, 161–163
Wheeler and Hartwell, analysis of sea-weeds, 13
Whitney and Marvin, method of determining soil temperatures, 112–115 causes of water movement, 155 determination of interstitial space, 134 599effect of potential, 172 influence of surface area on absorption, 123 measurement of percolation, 163 relative flow of water, 159 surface tension of fertilizers, 156 theory of subsidence, 180
Williams, machine for mineral sections, 267 -Warington method for nitric acid, 540, 541
Winogradsky, experiments in nitrification, 471–483
Wolff and Wahnschaffe, method of determination of water absorption, 136 determination of coefficient of evaporation, 148 method for silt analysis, 192 preliminary treatment of soil samples, 88
Wollny, determination of water absorption, 142 occurrence of carbon dioxid, 282
Wülfing’s apparatus, 277
Wyatt, phosphate deposits, 8
X
Xylic acid, 62
Z
Zinc, estimation, 592
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
Silently corrected palpable typographical errors; retained non-standard spellings and dialect.
Corrected the items listed on p. viii.
Reindexed chapter footnotes using numbers and table footnotes using letters.