GENERAL INDEX.
Reading edition
A.
Absolute and relative, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 n.; of Xenophanes, 18; of Parmenides, 20-24, 66; agrees with Kant’s, 21; of Herakleitus, 29; and Parmenides opposed, 37; of Anaxagoras, homœomeries, 59 n.; of Demokritus, 71, 80; of Zeno, 93, 101; Gorgias the Leontine reasoned against, as ens or entia, 103; and relative, antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54; Plato’s argument against, iii. 204, 227; to Plato the only real, 385; an objective, impossible, 294 n., 298 n.; see Relative.
Abstract, dialectic deals with, rhetoric with concrete, ii. 52, 53; and concrete aggregates, ib.; terms, debates about meaning, iii. 76-78; different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76; and concrete, difference not conspicuous in Plato’s time, 229.
Academy, the, i. 254; decorations, 269 n.; Platonic school removed, 87 B.C. , 265 n.; library founded for use of inmates and special visitors, 278 n.; Cicero on negative vein of, 131 n.
Achilleus, and the tortoise, i. 97; preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, ii. 56.
Acoustics, to be studied by applying arithmetical relations and theories, iv. 74.
Actual and potential, Aristotle’s distinction, iii. 135 n., i. 139.
Ἀδικήματα, iv. 367, 368.
Ælian, ii. 85 n.
Æschines, Sokraticus, dialogues of, i. 112, 114 n., 115, 211 n.; Lysias’ oration against, 112.
Æsculapius, belief in, ii. 418 n.
Æthiops, i. 195.
Affirmative, see Negative.
Aggregate, see Whole.
Αἰδώς, meaning, ii. 269 n.
Αἴσθησις, relation to ἐπιστήμη, iii. 164 n.; conceptions of Aristotle and Plato compared, ib.; connected by Plato with ἀΐσσω, iv. 235 n.; see Sense.
Ἀκολασία, derivation, iii. 302 n.
Ἀλήθεια, derivation, iii. 302 n.
Alexander of Aphrodisias, on Chance, i. 143 n.
Alexandrian Museum founded as a copy of the Platonic and Aristotelic μουσεῖα at Athens, i. 277; date of foundation, 280; Demetrius Phalereus chief agent in its establishment, ib.; its contents, 275; rapid accumulation of books, ib.; under charge of Aristophanes, 273; contained Plato’s works before time of Aristophanes, 274; editions of Plato issued, 295; its authority followed by ancient critics, 297, 299.
Alexis, iii. 387 n.
Alkibiadês, when young, frequented Sokrates’ society, ii. 21; attachment of Sokrates to, iii. 8; fitness as ideal in Alkibiadês I. and II., ii. 22; see Alkibiadês I. and II. and Symposion.
Alkibiadês I. and II., different critical opinions, ii. 17; date, i. 306, 308-11, ii. 22; authenticity, i. 306-7, 309-10, ii. 2 n., 17; prolixity, 26; circumstances and interlocutors, 1; fitness of historical Alkibiadês for ideal, 22; no bearing on the historical Alkibiadês, 20 n.; the Platonic picture an ideal, 22; illustrates Sokratico-Platonic method in negative and positive aspect, 7; actual and anticipated effects of dialectic, 11; analogy with Xenophontic dialogues, 21, 29; Alkibiadês as Athenian adviser, 2; advises on war and peace, his standard the just and unjust, 3; whence knowledge of it, 4; from the multitude, their judgment worthless, 5; the expedient and inexpedient substituted, 6; the just identified with the good, honourable, expedient, 7; ignorance of Athenian statesmen, eulogy of Spartan and Persian kings, 8; Alkibiadês must become good — for what end and how, 8-10; confesses his ignorance, 10; will never leave Sokrates, 12; Delphian maxim — the mind the self, 11; self-knowledge, from looking into other minds is temperance, 11; situation in Second, 12; danger of prayer for mischievous gifts — most men unwise, ib.; instances of injurious gifts — mischiefs of ignorance, 14; depend on the subject-matter, ib.; few wise public counsellors, why called wise, 15; special accomplishments often hurtful, if no knowledge of the good, 16; Sokrates on prayer and sacrifice, ib.; Sokrates’ purpose, to humble presumptuous youths, 21; his mission against false persuasion of knowledge, 24; his positive solutions illusory, 26-7; opinion embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the good, 30; the good, how known — unsolved, 31.
Allegorical interpretation of poets, ii. 285; see Mythe.
Ἀλυπία, the Good, iii. 338 n.; not identical with pleasure, 353, 377; and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end, ib.; is a negative condition intermediate between pleasure and pain, iv. 86.
Amabile primum, ii. 181, 191; approximates to Idea of Good, 192; the Good, 194; compared with Aristotle’s prima amicitia, ib.
Ἁμαρτήματα, iv. 367, 368.
Amazons, iv. 196.
Ana of philosophers, i. 153 n.
Analogical and generic wholes, ii. 47, 193 n., iii. 365.
Analogy, Aristotle first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii. 94 n.; see Metaphor.
Ἀνάμνησις different from μνήμη, iii. 350 n.; see Reminiscence.
Ἀναθυμίασις, i. 35 n.
Anaxagoras, chiefly physical, i. 48; physics, 49; homœomeries, 48, 52 n., 53, 55-6, 58 n.; essential intermixture of Demokritean atoms analogous, 79 n.; denied generation and destruction, 48; and simple bodies, 52 n.; chaos, 50, 50 n., 54; Nous, relation to the homœomeries, 54-57; originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50; exercised only a catalytic agency, 55; alone pure and unmixed, 50; immaterial and impersonal, 56 n.; its two attributes, to move and to know, ib.; compared with Herakleitus’ περιέχον, ib.; Plato’s Idea of Good, ii. 412; represented later as a god, i. 54; his own view of it. ib.; theory as understood by Sokrates, ii. 393, 400, 402 n.; Hegel on, 403 n.; erroneously charged with inconsistency, i. 56, ii. 394, 407; animal bodies purer than air or earth, i. 51; suggested partly by the phenomenon of animal nutrition, 53; air and fire, 52, 56 n.; astronomy, 57; his geology, meteorology, and physiology, 58; his heresy, Sokrates on, 413; threatened prosecution for impiety, 59; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401; opposed Empedokles’ theory of sensation, i. 58; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; illusions of sense, i. 59 n.; compared with Empedokles, 52; relation to Anaximander, 54; agreement with Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; influence on Aristotle, 89.
Anaximander, philosophy, i. 5; Infinite reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54; relation to Empedokles, ib.
Anaximenes, i. 7.
Angler, definition of, iii. 189.
Animal bodies purer than air or earth, i. 51; generation, Empedokles on, 42; Demokritus’ researches in, 75; kosmos the copy of the Αὐτόζωον, iv. 223, 235 n., 263; genesis of inferior from degenerate man, 252; genesis of, 421.
Annikeris, i. 202.
Ἀνόητα, meaning, iii. 65 n.
Antalkidas, peace of, iii. 404.
Anterastæ, see Erastæ.
Antipater, i. 195.
Antisthenes, works, i. 111, 115, 163 n.; constant friend of Sokrates, 152; copied manner of Sokrates in plainness and rigour, 150, 158 n.; ethical, not transcendental, 122, 149; and ascetic, 151, 160; did not borrow from the Veda, 159 n.; only identical predication possible, iii. 221, 223, 232 n., 252, i. 165; coincidence with Plato, ii. 47 n.; refutation of, in Sophistês, iii. 223, 390 n., i. 163, 165; misconceived the function of the copula, iii. 221; errors due to the then imperfect logic, 241; fallacies of, ii. 215; not caricatured in Kratylus, iii. 304 n., 322 n.; on pleasure, 389 n.; compared with Aristippus, i. 190; antipathy to Plato, 151, 152 n., 165; opposed Platonic ideas, 164; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, ib.; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 n.; distinction of simple and complex objects, i. 171; simple undefinable, ib.; Aristotle on, 172; Plato, ib.; Mill, ib. n.; Aristotle on school of, 115; doctrines developed by Stoics, 198.
Antoninus, Marcus, view of death, i. 422 n.; etymologies, iii. 308 n.; Pius, compared to Sokrates, ii. 382 n., iii. 21 n.
Anytus, hostility to Sophists, ii. 240; and philosophy generally, 255.
Ἄπειρον, see Infinite.
Aphorisms of Herakleitus and the Pythagoreans, i. 106.
Ἀφροσύνη, equivoque, ii. 279.
Apollo, to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137 n., 325, 337; Xenophon on, i. 237; consulted by Xenophon under Sokrates’ advice, 208.
Apology, naturally the first dialogue for review, i. 411; authenticity, 304, 306, 410, 422 n., ii. 421 n.; date, i. 306-8, 311, 313, 330; Zeno, the Stoic, attracted to Athens by perusal of, 418; its general character, 412; is Sokrates’ real defence not intentionally altered 410; testimony to truth of general features of Sokrates’ character in, 419 n.; differently set forth in Kriton, 428; Sokrates’ mission, to combat false persuasion of knowledge, 374, ii. 24; influence of public beliefs, generated without any ostensible author, i. 424; Sokrates’ judgment on poets, expanded, ii. 129; compared with Gorgias, 362 n., 368; Phædon, 419; Kleitophon, iii. 421; Antigone of Sophokles, i. 429 n.
Appetite subordinated by Plato and Aristotle to reason and duty, iv. 204; soul, 245; analogous to craftsmen in state, 39.
À priori, Plato’s dogmas are, i. 399; reasonings, Plato differs from moderns, ii. 251; element of cognition, iii. 118.
Archelaus of Macedonia, ii. 325, 333 n., 334, 336.
Archilochus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.
Ἀρετή, derivation, iii. 301 n.
Arêtê, i. 195.
Argos, bad basis of government, iv. 310.
Argumenta ad Hominem, i. 98.
Aristeides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102; reply to Gorgias, 371 n., i. 243 n.; belief in dreams, iii. 146 n.
Aristippus, works, i. 111, 116; ethical, not transcendental, 122; discourse of Sokrates with, 175; the choice of Herakles, 177; Sokrates on the Good and Beautiful, 184; good is relative to human beings and wants, 185; relativity of knowledge, iii. 126 n., i. 198, 204; the just and honourable, by law, not nature, 197; prudence, a good from its consequent pleasures, ib.; acted on Sokrates’ advice, 187, 199, 201; aspiration for self-mastery, 188; ethical theory, 195, 200 n.; compared with Diogenes and Antisthenes, 190; developed by Epikurus, 198; scheme of life, 181, 188; Horace’s analogous, 192 n.; pleasure a generation, iii. 378 n.; communism of wives, i. 189 n.; contempt for geometry and physics, 186, 192; taught as a Sophist, 193; intercourse with Dionysius, ib.; antipathy to Xenophon, 182 n.
Aristogeiton, iii. 4 n.
Aristophanes, the Euthyphron a retort against, i. 442; connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166; Sokrates in the Nubes, 230 n.; function of poet, 306 n.; Nubes analogous to Plato’s Leges, 277; Vespæ, 298 n.; Aves, 329 n.
Aristophanes γραμματικός, librarian at Alexandria, i. 273; labours, ib. n.; first to arrange Platonic canon, 286; catalogue of Plato trustworthy, 285; division of Plato into trilogies, 273; principle followed by Thrasyllus, 295, 299.
Aristotle and Plato represent pure Hellenic philosophy, i. xiv; St. Jerome on, xv; MSS., 270, 283; Arabic translation, iv. 213 n.; zoological works, iii. 62 n.; lost Dialogues, i. 262 n.; different in form from Plato’s, 356 n.; style, 405; no uniform consistency, 340 n.; relation to predecessors, 85, 91; importance of his information about early Greek philosophy, 85; as historian, misled by his own conceptions, 24 n.; contrasts “human wisdom” with primitive theology, 3 n.; treatment of his predecessors compared by Bacon to conduct of a Sultan, 85 n.; blames Ionic philosophy for attending to material cause alone, 87; abstractions of, compared with Ionians, ib.; erroneously identified heat with Parmenides’ ens, 24 n.; on Zeno’s arguments, 93; on Anaxagorean homœomeries, 52 n.; charges Anaxagoras with inconsistency, 56; relation to Empedokles and Anaxagoras, 89; approves of fundamental tenet of Diogenes of Apollonia, 61 n.; Demokritus often mentioned in, iv. 355 n.; blames Demokritus for omitting final causes, i. 73 n.; on flux of Herakleitus, iii. 154 n.; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 n.; cause, difference from Plato, 407; controversy with Megarics about Power, i. 135; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; Megarics defended by Hobbes, 143; Aristotle’s arguments not valid, 136-9; himself concedes the doctrine, 139 n.; distinction of actual and potential, iii. 135 n., i. 139; graduation of causes, 142; motion, coincides nearly with Diodôrus Kronus, 146; and Hobbes, ib.; chance, 142; physics retrograded with, 89 n.; sphericity of kosmos, 25 n., iv. 225 n.; Demiurgus little noticed in, 255; Plato’s geometrical theory of the elements, 241 n.; espoused and enlarged astronomical theory of Eudoxus, i. 257 n.; reason of the kosmos, different from Sokrates’ conception, ii. 402 n.; on Eudoxus, iii. 375 n., 379 n.; time, 103; friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279; pupil of Plato, 260; opposition during Plato’s lifetime, 360 n.; mode of alluding to Plato, iii. 186 n.; on Plato’s lectures, i. 347; on poetical vein in Plato, 343, iv. 255 n.; Plato’s tendency to found arguments on metaphor, ii. 337 n.; ontology substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 n.; philosophia prima, 358 n., iii. 230 n., 382; materia prima, i. 72; view of logic of a science, different from Plato’s, 358 n.; on Plato’s ideas, 348, 360 n., ii. 192, 194 n., 410 n., iii. 64 n., 65 n., 66 n., 67 n., 77 n., 78, 245, 367 n., iv. 214 n., i. 120 n.; generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 193, iii. 365 n.; Sophistês an approximation to Aristotle’s view, 247; definition of ens, 230 n., 242 n.; on the different, 238 n.; partly successful in fitting on the ideas to facts of sense, 78; percept prior to the percipient, 76 n.; conception of αἴσθησις, 165 n.; Plato’s theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; Plato’s doctrine of naming, iii. 286 n., 294 n., 325 n.; etymologies, 301 n., 307 n., 308 n.; no analysis or classification of propositions before, 222; propositions, some true, others false, assumed, 249; definition of simple objects, i. 172; on only identical predication possible, 166, 171; more careful than Plato in distinguishing equivoques, ii. 170, 279 n.; equivocal meaning of know, 213 n.; indeterminate predicates Ens, Unum, Idem, &c., iii. 94; first to attempt classification of fallacies, ii. 212; De Sophisticis Elenchis, 222; first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii. 94 n.; two methods, coincide with Thrasyllus’ classification, i. 303; basis of dialectic, 133 n.; negative method, its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 372 n.; distinct aptitudes required for dialectic, ii. 54; on dissecting function of dialectic, 70 n.; distinction of dialectic and eristic, 221 n.; precepts for debate, iii. 91 n.; Rhetoric, 43; on Menexenus, 409 n., 412 n.; distinction of ends, 374 n.; good the object of universal desire, 372 n.; threefold division of good, iv. 428 n.; no common end among established νόμιμα, iii. 282 n.; combats Sokrates’ thesis in Memorabilia and Hippias Minor, ii. 67; lying not justifiable, iii. 386 n.; meanings of justice, iv. 102; meaning of φύσει, iii. 294 n.; on opposition of natural and legal justice, ii. 340 n.; nature, iv. 387 n.; on Law, ii. 92 n.; theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 392; on virtue is knowledge, ii. 67 n., 290 n.; divine inspiration, 131 n.; σοφία and φρόνησις, 120 n.; on τὸ ἀδικεῖν βέλτιον τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι, 333 n.; treatment of courage and temperance, compared with Plato’s, 170; derivation of σωφροσύνη, iii. 301 n.; on pleasure, 383 n., 386 n.; pleasure not a generation, 378 n.; painless pleasures of geometry, 357, 388 n.; on intense pleasures, 376 n.; on Antisthenes, 253 n.; school of Antisthenes, i. 115; on friendship, ii. 186; prima amicitia, compared with Sokrates’ amabile primum, 194; on Plato’s reminiscence, 250 n.; immortality of soul, 420 n.; relation of body to soul, iii. 389 n.; on function of lungs, iv. 245 n.; liver, 258 n.; Plato’s physiology and pathology compared with, 260; definition of sophist, ii. 210; equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; on Homo mensura, 120 n., 128 n., 131 n., 132 n., 149 n., 152; cites from the Protagoras, ii. 290 n.; category of relation, iii. 128 n.; the Axioms of Mathematics, i. 358 n.; ethics and politics treated apart, iv. 138; three ends of political constructor, 328 n.; education combined with polity, 142, 184; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187, 189 n.; training of Spartan women, 188; views on teaching, iii. 53 n.; chorus of elders only criticise, iv. 297 n.; importance of music in education, 151 n., 305; ethical and emotional effects conveyed by sense of hearing, 307 n.; implication of intelligence and emotion, iii. 374 n.; view of tragic poetry, iv. 317 n.; Plato’s ideal state, 139 n.; it is two states, 185; objection valid against his own ideal, 186 n.; the Demos adjuncts, not members of state, 184; Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true, 189; democracy and monarchy not mother-polities, 312 n.; oligarchical character of Plato’s second idéal, 334 n.; idéal of character, different from Spartan, 182; differs from Plato on slavery, 344 n.; land of citizens, 327 n.; number of citizens limited, 198-201, 326 n.; communism, 180 n.; Plato’s family restrictions, 329 n.; on marriage, 189, 198-202; on infanticide, 202; recognised Malthus’ law of population, ib.; allusions to Leges, 272 n., 432; prayer and sacrifice, 394.
Arithmetic, Pythagorean, i. 15; modern application of their principle, 10 n.; subject of Plato’s lectures, 349 n.; twofold, iii. 359, 394; to be studied, iv. 423; awakening power of, 71, 72; value of, 329 n., 352; acoustics to be studied by relations and theories of, 74; proportionals, 224 n., 423; its axioms from induction, 353 n.; Mill on assumption in axioms of, iii. 396 n.
Art, the supreme, is philosophy, ii. 119, 120; disparaged by Plato, 355; relation to science, iii. 43 n., 45, 155, 263; relation to morality, see Education, Poets.
Ascetic life of philosopher, ii. 386; Pythagoreans, iii. 390 n.; Orphics, ib.; Cynics, i. 151, 157; Diogenes compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, 157, 159 n., 163 n.; Indian Gynmosophists, antiquity of, 159 n.; Selli, 163 n.
Aspasia, iii. 402, i. 112, 211 n.
Association of Ideas, i. 423 n.; Plato’s statement of general law of, ii. 191; Aristotle, ib. n.; Straton on, iii. 166 n.
Ast, theory of Platonic canon, i. 304; admits only fourteen, 305; on Apology, 422 n.; Lachês, ii. 151; Hippias Major, 33 n.; Kratylus, iii. 310 n.; Menexenus, 412 n.; Timæus, iv. 255 n.; Leges, 431, 434.
Astronomy, ancient, i. 3; of Anaxagoras, 57; modern, doctrine of aerolithes anticipated by Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 n.; first systematic Greek hypothesis propounded by Eudoxus, 255; Planets, meaning in Plato’s age, iv. 354 n., 422; Demokritus’ idea of motions of, 355 n.; Plato’s idea of motions of, ib.; Sokrates avoided, i. 376; Plato’s relation to theory of Eudoxus, 257 n.; theological view of, iv. 421; advantages of this view, 422; object of instruction in, 354; must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73.
Athenians, proceedings of Sokrates repugnant to, i. 387; statesmen, ignorance of, ii. 8, 360; characteristics of, 118; customs of, iii. 24 n.; intellect predominant in, iv. 38; Plato’s idéal of character, 147, 151; ancient, citizens of Plato’s state identified with, 266; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 364, 374 n., 403, 406, 430; taxes of, i. 242 n.
Athens, less intolerance at, than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 396; lauded, iii. 405, 409 n.; by Xenophon, i. 238; funeral harangues at, iii. 401-5; hatred to βάρβαροι, 406 n.; and Persia compared, iv. 312; excess of liberty at, ib.; change for worse at, after Persian invasion, 313; contrast in Demosthenes and Menexenus, 315 n., 318; Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry at, 316; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, ib. n.; Plato’s ideal compared with, 430; secession of philosophers from, i. 111 n.
Atlantic, unnavigable, the belief in Plato’s age, iv. 270.
Atlantis, iv. 215; description of, 268; corruption and wickedness of people, 269; address of Zeus, ib.; submergence, 270.
Atoms, atomic theory, i. 65; relation to Eleatics, 66; of Demokritus, differ, only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69; generate qualities by movements and combinations, ib., 70; possess inherent force, 73; not really objects of sense, 72 n.; essentially separate from each other, 71; yet analogous to the homœomeries of Anaxagoras, 79 n.; different from Platonic Idea and Aristotle’s materia prima, 72; mental, 75; thought produced by influx of, 79.
Augustine, St., iii. 303 n.
Austin, meaning of law, ii. 92 n.
Authority, early appearance in Greece of a few freethinkers, i. 384; multiplicity of individual authorities characteristic of Greek philosophy, 84; distinguished them from contemporary nations, 90; advantages, ib.; influence of, on most men, 378-82, 392, 424, ii. 333, iv. 351; Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, 166; freedom of thought essential to philosophy, i. 383, 394 n., ii. 368, iii. 151 n.; the basis of dialectic, 147, 297, 337 n.; all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139; belief on, relation to Homo mensura, 142, 143, 293; Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 233; individual reason authoritative to each, i. 432; Plato on difficulty of resisting, 392 n.; combated by Plato, 398 n.; Plato’s dissent from established religious doctrine, iv. 161, 163; danger of one who dissents from the public, ii. 359, 364, 366; dignity and independence of philosophic dissenter, upheld, 375; individual reason worthless, Herakleitus, i. 34; of public judgment, nothing, of expert, everything, 426, 435; different view, 446 n.; Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 435; appeal to, suppressed in Academic sect, 368 n.; Epiktetus on, 388 n.; Cicero, 369, 384 n.; Bishop Huet, ib.; Council of Trent, 390 n.; Dr. Vaughan, iv. 380 n.; see Orthodoxy.
Averroism, iii. 68 n.
Axiomata media, iii. 52, 369.
Axioms of Mathematics, Aristotle’s view, i. 358 n.; of Arithmetic and Geometry, from induction, iii. 396 n., iv. 353 n.
B.
Bacon, importance of negative method, i. 373 n., 386; on doubt, 394 n.; misrepresents Aristotle’s treatment of his predecessors, 85 n.; contrasts Plato and Aristotle with Pre-Sokratic philosophy, 88 n.; Idola, ii. 218; anticipation of nature, 219 n.; relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 n.; axiomata media, 52, 369.
Badham, Dr., on Philêbus, iii. 365 n., 381 n., 389 n., 392 n., 396 n.
Bain, Prof., on the Beautiful, ii. 50 n.; the Tender Emotion, 188 n.; law of mental association, 192 n.; analysis of Belief, 218; reciprocity of regard indispensable to society, 312 n.; relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 n.; on pleasures, 383 n.
Bayle, iv. 233.
Beautiful, the, as translation of τὸ καλόν, ii. 49 n.; Hippias’ lectures at Sparta on, 39; what is, ib.; instances given, 40; gold makes all things beautiful, 41; not the becoming or the profitable, 43, 50 n.; a variety of the pleasurable, 45; inadmissible, ib.; Dugald Stewart, Mill, and Bain on, 50 n.; Plato’s antithesis of relative and absolute, 54; difference of Sokrates and Plato, 55; as object of attachment, 194; aspect of physical, awakens reminiscence of Ideas, 422, iii. 4, 14; Greek sentiment towards youths, 1; stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6, 18; different view, Phædon, Theætêtus, Sophistês, Republic, 18 ib.; exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty in genere, 7, 16; love of, excited by musical training, iv. 27; and the good, iii. 5 n.; Idea of, exclusively presented in Symposion, 18; discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 184.
Belief, Prof. Bain’s analysis, ii. 218; causes of, variable, iii. 150; always relative to the believer’s mind, 292, 297; sentiments of disbelief and, common, but grounds different with different men and ages, 296; and conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67; Plato’s canon of, 231.
Bentham, meaning of Law, ii. 92 n.
Berkeley, theory of, iv. 243 n.; implication of subject and object, iii. 123 n.; his use of sensation, 165 n.
Bion, on Plato’s doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 249 n.
Body, animal bodies purer than air or earth, Anaxagoras doctrine, i. 51; Plato’s antithesis of soul to, ii. 384; soul prior to and more powerful than, iv. 386,419, 421; relation of mind to organs of, iii. 159; Aristotle, 389 n.; Monboddo, iv. 387 n.; discredit of, in Phædon, ii. 422; life a struggle between soul and, 386, 388, iv. 233, 235 n.; derivation of σῶμα, iii. 301 n.; alone reflects beauty of ideal world, ii. 422, iii. 4, 14; Ideas gained through bodily senses, ii. 422; of kosmos, iv. 225; genesis of, 421; Demiurgus prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star, 235; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within, 235; generated gods mount cranium on a tall body, 236; genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252; this degeneracy originally intended, 263; organs of sense, 236; vision, sleep, dreams, ib.; sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; principal advantages of sight and hearing, iv. 237; each part of the soul is at once material and mental, 257; thoracic soul, function of heart and lungs, 245; Empedokles’ belief as to the movement of the blood, i. 43; Empedokles illustrated respiration by klepsydra, 44 n.; abdominal soul, function of liver, iv. 245, 258; seat of prophetic agency, 246; function of spleen, ib.; object of length of intestinal canal, 247; bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, ib.; general survey of diseases, 249; diseases of mind from, ib.; intense pleasures belong to distempered, iii. 355, 391; preservative and healing agencies, iv. 250; training should be simple, 28.
Boeckh, on Minos and Hipparchus, i. 337 n., ii. 93; Kleitophon, iii. 419 n.; Timæus, iv. 224 n., 226 n., 227 n., 241 n.; Leges, 273 n., 355 n.; Epinomis, 424 n.; Xenophon’s financial schemes, i. 242 n.
Boethius, on Plato’s reminiscence, ii. 250 n.
Böhme, lingua Adamica, iii. 322 n.
Boissier, Gaston, on Varro’s etymologies, iii. 311 n.; influence of belief on practice, i. 157 n.
Bonitz, on Theætêtus, iii. 184 n.
Books, writing as an art, iii. 27; is it teachable by system? 28; worthless for teaching, ii. 136, 233 n., iii. 33-35, 49, 52, 54, 337 n.; may remind, 50, 53; censorship, iv. 379 n.; ancient bookselling, i. 278 n., 281 n.; ancient libraries, official MSS., 284 n.; making copies, ib. n.; forgeries of books, 287 n.
Brandis, on Parmenidês, iii. 88 n.
Brown, on power, i. 138 n.
Bryson, dialogues, i. 112 n.
Buddhism, i. 378 n.
C.
Cabanis, i. 168 n.
Campbell, Dr. George, iii. 391 n.
Campbell, Prof. Lewis, on Theætêtus, iii. 111 n., 112 n., 146 n., 158 n.; advance of modern experimental science, 155 n.
Canon of Plato, ancient discussions, i. 264; works in Alexandrine library at the time of Kallimachus, 276; probability of being in Alexandrine library at formation, 283; editions from Alexandrine library, 295; spurious works possibly in other libraries, 286; Aristophanes, the grammarian, first arranged Platonic canon, ib.; in trilogies, 273; indicated by Plato himself, 325; catalogue by Aristophanes trustworthy, 285; ten dialogues rejected by all ancient critics, following Alexandrine authorities, 297; Thrasyllus follows Aristophanes’ classification, 295, 299; Tetralogies, 273 n.; not the order established by Plato, 335 n.; his classification, 289; its principle, 295 n.; division into dramatic and diegematic, 288; incongruity of divisions, 294; classification, defective but useful — dialogues of Search, of Exposition, 361; erroneously applied, 364; the scheme, when its principles correctly applied, 365; sub-classes recognised, 366; coincides with Aristotle’s two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative, 363; Thrasyllus did not doubt Hipparchus, 297 n.; authority acknowledged till 16th century, 301; more trustworthy than modern critics, 299 n., 335; Diogenes Laertius, 291 n., 294; Serranus, 302; Phædrus considered by Tennemann keynote of series, 303; Schleiermacher, ib.; proofs slender, 317, 324; includes a preconceived scheme and an order of interdependence, 318; assumptions as to Phædrus inadmissible, 319; his reasons internal, ib., 337, iv. 431; Phædon, the first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, i. 288; considered spurious by Panætius the Stoic, ib.; no internal theory yet established, 319; Ast, 304; admits only fourteen, 305; Socher, 306; Stallbaum, 307; K. F. Hermann, ib.; coincides with Susemihl, 310; principle reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher’s, 324; Ueberweg attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, 313; Steinhart rejects several, 309; Munk, 311; next to Schleiermacher’s in ambition, 320; Trendelenburg, 345 n.; other critics, 316; the problem incapable of solution, 317; few certainties or reasonable presumptions for fixing date or order of dialogues, 324; positive date of any dialogue unknown, 326; age of Sokrates in a dialogue, of no moment, 320; no sequence or interdependence of the dialogues provable, 322, 407; circumstances of Plato’s intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 n.; Plato did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 n.; proofs, 327-334; unsafe ground of modern theories, 336; shown by Schleiermacher, 337; a true theory must recognise Plato’s varieties and be based on all the works in the canon, 339; dialogues may be grouped, 361; inconsistency no proof of spuriousness, xiii., 344, 375, 400 n., ii. 299, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 182 n., 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; see Dialogues, Epistles.
Category of relation, iii. 128 n.
Cause, Aristotle blames Demokritus for omitting final, i. 73 n.; only the material attended to by Ionic philosophy, 88; designing cause, 74 n.; Sokrates’ intellectual development turned on different views as to a true, ii. 398; first doctrine, rejected, 391, 399; second principle, optimistic, renounced, 395, 403; efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third doctrine, assumption of ideas as separate entia, 396, 403; ideas the only true, 396; substitution of physical for mental, Anaxagoras, Sokrates, Aristotle, Descartes, Newton, 401; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real, 404 n.; no common idea of, 405, 407, 410 n.; but common search for, 406; Aristotle and Plato differ, 407; Plato’s formal and final, 408 n.; principal and auxiliary, iii. 266; controversy of Megarics and Aristotle, i. 135-141; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; potential as distinguished from actual, 139; meaning of, Hobbes, ib. n., 144; regular and irregular, ii. 408; no regular sequence of antecedent on consequent, doctrine of Sokrates, Plato, Aristotle, i. 142; Aristotle’s graduation of, ib.; Aristotle’s notion of Chance, ib.; Stoics, 143 n.; Aristotle’s four, in middle ages, ii. 409 n.; More’s Emanative, 403 n.; modern inductive theory, 408; chief point of divergence of modern schools, 409 n.
Cave, simile of, iv. 67-70.
Cavendish, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 n.
Chance, of Demokritus and the Epikureans, i. 73 n.; Aristotle’s notion of, 142; Theophrastus, 143 n.; Stoics, ib.
Chaos, Hesiod, i. 4 n.; Empedokles, 39, 54; Anaxagoras, 50, ib. n.; postulated in Timæus, iv. 220, 240.
Charmidês, authenticity, i. 306-7, ii. 171; date, i. 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331; excellent specimen of dialogues of search, ii. 163; scene and interlocutors, 153; temperance, a kind of sedateness, objections, 154; a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, ib.; doing one’s own business, refuted, 155, iv. 136, 137; distinction of making and doing, ii. 155; self-knowledge, ib.; is impossible, 167; no object of knowledge distinct from the knowledge itself, 156; knowledge of knowledge impossible, analogies, ib.; all properties relative, 157; all knowledge relative to some object, ib.; if cognition of cognition possible, yet cognition of non-cognition impossible, 158; temperance as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for happiness, 159, 161; knowledge of good and evil contributes most to happiness, 160; different from other sciences, 168; temperance not the science of good and evil, 161; temperance undiscovered, but a good, 162; compared with Lachês, 168; Lysis, 172, 184 n.; Politikus, iii. 282; Republic, iv. 137, 138.
Chinese compared with Pythagorean philosophers, i. 159 n.
Chrysippus, sophisms, i. 128 n., 141; communism of wives, 189 n.
Cicero, on freedom of thought, i. 384 n.; state religion alone allowed, iv. 379 n.; De Amicitia compared with Lysis, ii. 189 n.; Plato’s reminiscence, 250 n.; immortality of the soul, 423 n.; pleasure, iii. 389 n.; Menexenus, 407 n.; Sokrates, concitatio, 423 n.; proëms to laws, iv. 322 n.; Stoics, i. 130 n., 157 n.; Academics, 131 n.; Megarics, 135 n.
Classes, fiction as to origin of, iv. 30; see Demos, State.
Classification, emotional and scientific contrasted, iii. 61, 195, 196 n.; conscious and unconscious, 345; the feeling of Plato’s age respecting, 192 n., 344; dialogues of search a lesson in, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; all particulars of equal value, 195; tendency to omit sub-classes, 255, 342; well illustrated in Philêbus, 254, 344; but feebly applied, 369; importance of founding it on sensible resemblances, 255; Plato’s doctrine not necessarily connected with that of Ideas, 345; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; same principle of, applied to cognitions and pleasures in Philêbus, 382, 394; its valuable principles, 395; of sciences as more or less true, dialectic the standard, 382; of Megarics, over-refined, 196 n.
Colenso, Bp., iii. 303 n.
Collard, Royer, iii. 165 n.
Colour, Demokritean theory, i. 77; defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Comedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited, iii. 355 n.; Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv. 316; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, ib. n.
Commerce, each artisan only one trade, iv. 361; importation, by magistrates, of what is imperatively necessary only, ib.; Benefit Societies, 399; retailers, 21, 361, 401; punishment for fraud, 492; Attic law compared, 403; Xenophon inexperienced in, i. 236; admired by Xenophon, ib.; Metics, iv. 362; Xenophon on encouragement of, i. 238.
Communism of guardians, iv. 140, 169, 198; necessary to maintenance of state, 170, 178; peculiarity of Plato’s, 179; Aristotle on, 189 n.; acknowledged impracticable, 327; of wives, opinions of Aristippus, Diogenes, Zeno, and Chrysippus, i. 189, ib. n.
Comte, three stages of progress, ii. 407.
Concrete, its Greek equivalent, ii. 52 n.; see Abstract.
Connotation, or essence, to be known before accidents and antecedents, ii. 242.
Consciousness, judgment implied in every act of, iii. 165 n.; the facts of, not explicable by independent Subject and Object, 131.
Contradiction, principle of, in Plato, iii. 99 n.; logical maxim of, 239; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 149 n., 150; contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 n.
Contraries, ten pairs of opposing, Pythagorean, i. 15; the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,” ib. n.; Herakleitus, 29, 31; excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 n.
Copula, logical function of, i. 169; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 n., 251 n., ii. 47 n.
Cornutus, i. 128, 133.
Council, Nocturnal, to conserve the original scheme of State, iv. 416, 418; to comprehend and carry out the end of the State, ib., 425, 429; training in Epinomis, 420, 424.
Courage, what is, ii. 143; not endurance, 144; is knowledge, 288; a right estimate of terrible things, 144, 296, 307, iv. 138; such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148; the intelligence of good and evil generally, too wide, 146; relation to rest of virtue, 288, 304 n., iv. 426, 283 n.; of philosopher and ordinary citizen, different principles, ii. 308 n.; in state, iv. 34-5; imparted by gymnastic, 29; Lachês difficulties ignored in Politikus, iii. 282; Plato and Aristotle compared, ii. 170.
Creation out of nothing denied by all ancient physical philosophers, i. 52; see Body, Kosmos.
Crime, distinction of damage and injury, iv. 365, 367-9; three causes of misguided proceedings, 366; purpose of punishment, to heal criminals’ distemper or deter, ib., 408; sacrilege and high treason the gravest, 363; see Law-administration.
Criticism, value of, ii. 118.
Cudworth, entities, iii. 74 n.
Cynics, origin of name, i. 150 n.; a αἵρεσις, 160 n.; asceticism, 157; Sokrates’ precepts fullest carried out by, 160; suicide, 161 n.; coincidence of Hegesias with, 203; an order of mendicant friars, 163; connection with Christian monks, ib. n.; the decorous and the indecorous, iii. 390 n.
Cyrus, iv. 312, i. 223.
D.
Dæmon, of Sokrates, i. 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 104; variously alluded to in Plato — its character and working impenetrable, 107, 108; in Theagês and Theætêtus, 107; a special revelation, 108, 131 n.; privileged communications common, 130, 131 n.; see Inspiration; belief of Empedokles, i. 47; etymology, iii. 301 n.; Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9; subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 n.; intermediate, iv. 421.
Damon, a teacher of μουσική, ii. 139 n.; dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.
Dancing to be regulated by authority, iv. 292; laws, 291; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; and music, effect on emotions, 347; comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 n.
Darius, iv. 312.
Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 n.; Herakleitus, 34; Sokrates, 422, 430 n.; emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234, 235 n.; guardians must not fear, 25; see Immortality.
Debate of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief of, ii. 242; see Dialectic.
Definition gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193 n.; Sokrates introduced search for, 47; frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii. 143; dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; importance in Plato’s time of bringing forward logical subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235; tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 n.; of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 n.; Aristotle on, 234 n.; none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, n.; none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171; Plato on, 172; Aristotle, ib.; Mill, ib. n.; and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; necessity for, 29; conditions of a good, ii. 318.
Degérando, M., iii. 140 n., 152 n.
Δεινός, meaning, ii. 145 n.
Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.
Δεκτικόν, τό, see Matter.
Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i. 413; maxim, Know thyself, ii. 11, 25; to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137 n., 325.
Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 n.; chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280; history and character, 279; Apology, 111 n.
Demiurgus, opposed to ἰδιώτης, ii. 272 n.; of kosmos, iii. 265 n.; postulated, iv. 220; is not a creator, ib.; produces kosmos, by persuading Necessity, ib., 222; on pattern of ideas, 227; evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240; addresses generated gods, 233; prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star, ib.; conjoins three souls and one body, 234; how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254; little noticed in Aristotle, 255; degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.
Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 n.
Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 80; monarchy and, the mother-polities, 312; dissent of Aristotle, ib. n.; Plato’s second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333, 337.
Demokritus, life and travels, i. 65; Plato’s antipathy to, 66 n., 82 n., ii. 118, iv. 355 n.; often mentioned in Aristotle, ib.; opinions of ancients on, i. 82 n.; his universality, 82; relation to Parmenidean theory, 66; plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 n.; his absolute and relative, i. 71, 80; atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69; different from Plato’s Idea, and Aristotle’s materia prima, 72; not really objects of sense, ib. n.; inherent force, 73; his ultimatum, the course of nature, ib.; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 n.; air, i. 76, 78; theory of colour, 77; theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 n.; hearing and taste, 78; motions of planets, iv. 355 n.; blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 n.; chance, ib.; φύσις, 70 n.; mind is heat throughout nature, 75; parts of the soul, 76; on its immortality, ii. 425 n.; truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72; thought produced by influx of atoms, 79; on Homo mensura, 82, iii. 152; knowledge is obscure, or sensation, and genuine, or thought, i. 80; the gods, 81; ethical views, 82; treatise on Pythagoras, ib. n.; researches in zoology and animal generation, 75; influence on growth of dialectic, 82; works of, 65; in Alexandrine library, 276; divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 n., 295 n.
Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39; Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and Aristotle, 183; in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; Plato’s scheme fails from no training for, 186; see State.
Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i. 261 n.; rhetorical powers, iii. 408 n.; teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 n.; adv. Leptinem contrasted with Leges, 315 n.
Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i. 404 n.; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 n.; argument for being of God, a “fallacy of confusion,” iii. 297 n.; on criticism by report, i. 118 n.
Desire for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii. 182; good, object of universal, 243, iii. 335, 371, 392 n.; largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344; belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, iii. 350; exception, 351 n., 387 n.
Despot, has no real power, ii. 324; worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 81; excess of despotism in Persia, 312; Solon on, i. 219 n.; Xenophon on interior life of, 218, 220; Xenophon’s scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234.
Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11; the, iii. 346; it is intelligence, 348.
Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 n.
Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 n., 136 n.
Dialectic, little or none in earliest theorists, i. 93; Demokritus’ influence on its growth, 82; of Zeno the Eleate, 93; iii. 107; its purpose and result, i. 98; compared with Parmenidês, 100; early physics discredited by growth of, 91; its introduction changes the character of philosophy, 105, 107; repugnant to Herakleiteans, 106 n.; influence of Drama and Dikastery, 385; debate common in Sokratic age, 370, ii. 284; died out in later philosophy, i. 394 n.; disputations in the Middle Ages, 397 n.; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; process per se interesting to Plato, 403, 406; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; its importance, 91, 354, 372, ii. 167, 221; debate a generating cause of friendship, 188 n.; and Eristic, 210, 221 n.; of Sokrates, x; contrasted with Sophists’, 197, i. 124; Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 n.; to social, political, ethical, topics, 385; necessity of negative vein, 91, 371, 373, 386, 394 n., 421, 444, 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 n., 284, 422; see Negative Method; procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i. 387, ii. 305; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386; Sokrates’ reason for attachment to, iii. 258 n.; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii. 379; stimulates, i. 420, 449, iv. 52 n.; as stimulating, not noticed in Republic training, 208; its negative and positive aspect, illustrated in Alkibiadês I. and II. , ii. 7; indiscriminate, not insisted on in Gorgias, 367; protest against, iii. 335; Euthydemus popular among enemies of, ii. 222; common want of scrutiny, i. 398 n.; value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii. 221; its actual and anticipated effects, 11; Sokrates’ positive solutions illusory, 26; its ethical basis, iii. 113; autonomy of the individual mind, 147, 297, 298; contrast with the Leges, 148; Aristotle on, i. 133 n.; obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed, 368; the respondent makes the discoveries for himself, 367; assumptions necessary in, iii. 251; precepts for, 91 n.; long answers inadmissible, ii. 281; brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii. 57, 89; the sovereign purifier, 197; its result, Knowledge, i. 396; contrasted with lectures, ii. 277, iii. 337 n.; alone useful for teaching, 34, 49, 53; a test of the expository process, i. 358, 396; attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose of Sophistês and Politikus, iii. 261; antithesis of rhetoric and, i. 433, ii. 52-3,70, 277, 278 n., 282, 303; difference of method, illustrated in Protagoras, 300; superiority over rhetoric, claimed, 282; issue unsatisfactorily put, 369; rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii. 30, 34; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; Plato’s desire for celebrity in rhetoric and, 408; its object, definition, i. 452, ii. 318; its two processes, definition and division, iii. 29, 39; testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv. 7 n.; Inductive and Syllogistic, ii. 27; and Demonstrative, Aristotle’s two intellectual methods, 363; the purest of all cognitions, iii. 360; and geometry, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation of the ideas, 75; one of the manifestations τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν, 150 n.; standard for classifying sciences, iii. 382-3, 394; valuable principle, 395; exercises in, iv. 76; Republic contradicts other dialogues, 207-212; difference of Aristotle’s and Plato’s view, i. 363; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii. 54; Aristotle on its dissecting function, 70 n.; Stoic View, i. 371 n.; Theopompus, 450.
Dialogues, the Sokratic, i. x, xi; the lost, of Aristotle, 262 n., 356 n.; of Sokratici viri, 111, 114; of Plato, give little information about him personally, 262; different in form from Aristotle’s, 356 n.; vary in value, ii. 19; variety of Plato, i. 344; dramatic pictures, not historical, 419 n., ii. 33 n., 150, 155 n., 163, 172, 195, 199, 203, 265 n., iii. 9 n., 19, 25; of common form — Plato never speaks in his own name, i. 344; reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility, 350, 352, 355, 361 n.; may have published under the name of others, 360; his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name, 402; Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 350, 355, ii. 56 n., 64; assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process, 358; of Search predominate, 366; a necessary preliminary to those of Exposition, ii. 201; their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of knowledge is universal, i. 367, 393; illustrated by Hippias and Charmidês, ii. 64, 163; appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i. 368; debate common in the Sokratic age, 370; process per se interesting to Plato, 403; the obstetric method — lead of the respondent followed, 368; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii. 177, 188, 284; novelty and value of this, 190; process of generalisation always kept in view in, i. 406; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 402, 420; often no ulterior affirmative end, 375; but Plato presumes the search will be renewed, 395; value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii. 69; untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few, i. xii, 360, 401; no assignable interdependence, 407; each has its end in itself, xii, 344, 375, 400 n., ii. 300 n., iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 184 n., 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; of Exposition, pedagogic tone, iii. 368 n.; Plato’s change in old age, iv. 273, 320, 380, 424, i. 244; Xenophon compared, ib.; order for review, i. 408; see Canon.
Dianoia, Nous and, two grades of intelligence, iv. 66.
Dikæarchus, ii. 425 n.
Dikasts, opposition of feeling between Sokrates and, i. 375; influence of dikastery on growth of Dialectic, 385.
Diodorus Kronus, doctrine of Power, i. 140; defended by Hobbes, 143; hypothetical propositions, 145; time, difficulties of Now, ib.; motion, 146; Aristotle nearly coincides with, ib.; and Hobbes, ib.; his death, 147.
Diogenes of Apollonia, life and doctrines, i. 60; air his primordial element, 61; many properties of, ib.; physiology, 60 n., 62; cosmology and meteorology, 64; often followed Herakleitus, ib. n.; anticipated modern doctrine of aerolithes, ib.; Agreement with Anaxagoras, 65; fundamental tenet, agreement with Aristotle and Demokritus, 69 n.; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.
Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 152; works, 155; doctrines, 154; Sokrates’ precepts fullest carried out by, 160; asceticism, 157; compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, ib., 160 n., 163 n.; with Aristippus, 190; Communism of wives, 189 n.; opposed Platonic ideas, 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164.
Diogenes Laertius, i. 291 n., 294.
Dion Chrysostom, i. 112 n.
Dionysius, the elder, Aristippus’ intercourse with, i. 193; visited by Plato, 351; the younger, visited by Plato, 258, 355; expedition of Dion against, 259.
Dionysius Hal., on Apology, i. 411 n.; rhetorical powers of Plato and Demosthenes, iii. 407 n.; rivalry of Plato and Lysias, 411 n.; contrasts Plato’s with Σωκρατικοὶ διάλογοι, i. 110 n.; Plato’s jealousy and love of supremacy, 117 n.
Diotima, iii. 8 n., 9.
Disease, general survey of, iv. 249; preservative and healing agencies, 250.
Dittrich on Kratylus, iii. 303 n.
Diversum, iv. 226; form of, pervades all others, iii. 209, 232; Aristotle on, 238 n.
Division, logical, ii. 27; and definition, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; dialogues of search illustrate process, 29, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, ii. 235, iii. 190; by dichotomy, 254; importance of founding on sensible resemblances, 255; sub-classes often overlooked, 341; well illustrated in Philêbus, 344; but feebly applied, 369; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368.
Divorce, iv. 406.
Dodona, oracle to be consulted, iv. 325; Xenophon, i. 237.
Doing and making, ii. 155; use of εὖ ζῆν and εὖ πράττειν in Charmidês, 216 n.
Drama, influence on growth of Dialectic, i. 385; mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 n.; Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, ib. n.; see Poetry.
Dreams, doctrine of Demokritus, caused by images from objects, i. 81; Plato’s theory of, iv. 237; as affecting doctrine Homo mensura, iii. 130; belief of rhetor Aristeides in, 146 n.
Drunkenness, Sokrates proof against, iii. 21, 23, iv. 287; is test of self-control, iii. 21 n., iv. 289, 298; forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286; chorus of elders require, 297; unbecoming the guardians, 298 n.
E.
Eberhard, ii. 300 n.
Eclipse, foretold by Thales, i. 4 n.; Anaximander’s doctrine, 6 n.; Pythagoras’, 14 n.; Herakleitus’, 32.
Education, who is to judge what constitutes, ii. 142; combined with polity by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, iv. 142, 185, 337; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 186; precautions in electing Minister of, 338; of men compared by Sokrates with training of inferior animals, iii. 62 n.; bad, of kings’ sons, iv. 312; training of boys and girls, 348; by music and gymnastic, 23; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of music, 305; views of Xenophon, Polybius, Aristotle, ib.; music, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24; actual place of poetry in Greek, compared with Plato’s ideal, 149-153; type for narratives about men, 26; songs, music, and dancing to be regulated, 25, 289, 291, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; prizes at festivals, 292, 337; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; music and gymnastic necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, ib.; training to ascend to the idea of good, 61; purpose, 69; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-74, 206; difference in Leges, 275 n.; arithmetic, 423; awakening power, 70; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; geometry, 423; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; value of arithmetic and geometry, 352; by concrete method, 353 n.; particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423; astronomy, 422; object of teaching, 354; by ideal figures, not observation, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; exercises in dialectic, 76; Plato’s remarks on effect of, 207; age for studies, 76, 350; philosophy should not be taught at a very early age, 60, 76; Republic contradicts other dialogues, 207-211; same training for men and women, 77; maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; public training at Sparta and Krete, 279; Plato’s scheme fails from no training for Demos, 186; Xenophon’s scheme, i. 226-31; geometry and physics, Aristippus’ contempt for, 186, 192.
Egger, i. 376 n.
Ego, and Mecum or non-ego, antithesis of, iii. 132 n., 144 n.
Egyptians, iv. 330 n., 352, 353 n., 415 n.; priests, historical knowledge of, 266, 268; causes, 271; Plato’s reverence for regulations of, 267 n.
Εἰρωνεία, characteristic of Sokrates and Sophists, iii. 217 n.
Eleatic philosophy, i. 16-26, 93-103; Leukippus, 65; relation to atomic theory, ib.; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; compared with Hindoo philosophers, i. 160 n.
Eleians, iii. 24 n.
Elements, the four, not primitive, iv. 238; varieties of each, 242; forms of the, 238; geometrical theory of, 240; Aristotle on, 241 n.; a fifth added, ib. n., 421.
Emotions, appealed to in the Kriton, i. 433; Bain on the Tender, ii. 188 n.; a degenerate appendage of human nature, 126, iii. 389; implication of intelligence and, 374; antithesis of science and, 61, 195, 196 n.; the tender and aesthetic, no place for, in tripartite division of soul, iv. 149 n.; poet’s appeal to, disturbs the rational government of the mind, 92, 152, 349; restrictions on music and poetry, to keep emotions in a proper state, 169, 347; similitude of, in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 n.
Empedokles, of universal pretensions, i. 47; doctrines, 38; four principles, ib.; dissents from Ionic School and Herakleitus, ib., 48; denies φύσις (in sense of γένεσις), 38 n.; compared with Anaxagoras, 52; Anaximander, 54; the moving forces, Love and Enmity, 39; modern attraction and repulsion, 40 n.; physics, 38; predestined cycle, 39; Chaos, ib., 54; was aware of effect of pressure of air, 44 n.; movements of the blood, 43; illustrated respiration by Klepsydra, 44 n.; perception, 44, iv. 235 n.; contrary to Anaxagoras, i. 58; knowledge of like by like, 44; God, 40 n., 42; dæmons, 47; religious mysticism in, 47 n.; claims magical powers, 47; sacredness of life, metempsychosis, 46; friendship, ii. 179; deplores impossibility of finding out truth from shortness of life, i. 47; influence on Aristotle, 91; doctrines identified by Plato with Homo Mensura, iii. 114, 115.
Ends, science of, postulated, ii. 32, 169; dimly indicated by Plato, 148; correlation with the unknown Wise Man, 149; distinction of, iii. 374 n.; no common, among established νόμιμα, 282 n.
Energy, analogous to guardians in state, iv. 39; Aristotle’s ἐνέργεια, ii. 355.
Ens, of Xenophanes, i. 17; of Parmenides, 66, iii. 58; combines extension and duration, i. 19; and Non-Ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 20; alone contains truth — phenomena, probability, 24; erroneously identified by Aristotle with Heat, ib. n.; Zeno, 93; Gorgias the Leontine, 103-4; Demokritus, 67; contraries the Pythagorean principles of, 15 n.; an intermediate predicate, iii. 94; theories of philosophers about, 200, 231; materialists and idealists, 202; of Plato, comprehends objects of perception and of conception, 229, 231; is ens one or many, 201; difficulties about non-ens and ens equally great, ib., 206; is equivalent to potentiality, 204; includes both the unchangeable and the changeable, 205; a tertium quid, distinct from motion and rest, 206; philosopher lives in region of ens, — Sophist, of non-ens, 208; non-ens, 331; different views about, 243 n.; its different meanings in Plato, 181 n.; non-ens inconceivable, 200; five forms examined, 208, 231-5; a real form, not contrary to, but different from, ens, 211, 233; inter-communion of forms of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; non-ens in Sophistês different from other dialogues, 242; Plato’s view of non-ens, ib. n., 249 n.; unsatisfactory, ib. n.; alone knowable, non-ens unknowable, iv. 49; what is between ens and non-ens, the object of opinion, ib.; fundamental distinction of ens from fientia, 219; see Relativity, Ontology.
Entities, quadruple distribution of, iii. 346; Cudworth’s immutable, 74 n.
Epicharmus, i. 9.
Epiktêtus, on authority, i. 388 n.; objective and subjective, 451 n.; φιλόσοφος and ἰδιώτης, iv. 104 n.; scheme conformable to nature, i. 162 n.
Epikurus, garden, i. 255 n.; school and library, 269 n.; Symposion of, iii. 22 n.; developed Aristippus’ doctrines, i. 198; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 n., 355 n., iii. 374, 377 n., 387 n., iv. 301; scheme conformable to nature, i. 163 n.; on justice, iv. 130 n.; antithesis of speculative and political life, ii. 368 n.; immortality of the soul, 425 n.; against repulsive pictures of Hades, iv. 155 n.; prayer and sacrifice, 395; agreement with Demokritean doctrine of chance, i. 73 n.; Plato’s theology compared with, iv. 161.
Epimêtheus, ii. 268.
Epinomis, its authorship, i. 299 n., 306, 307, 309; represents Plato’s latest opinions, iv. 421 n., 424 n.; gives education of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; soul prior to and more powerful than body, 421; genesis of kosmos, ib.; five elements, 240 n., 421; wisdom, ib.; theological view of astronomy, ib.; arithmetic and geometry, proportionals, 423; particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423.
Ἐπιστήμη, relation to αἴσθησις, iii. 164 n.; see Science.
Epistles, Plato’s, i. 333 n.; genuineness, 306-7, 309, 349 n.; written when old, 262; valuable illustrations of his character, 339 n.; intentional obscurity as to philosophical doctrine, 350, 353 n.
Ἐπιθυμία, derivation, iii. 302 n.
Equivoques, ii. 8 n., 214, iii. 29; Sokrates does not distinguish, ii. 279; Aristotle more careful than Plato, 170, 279 n.; fallacies of equivocation, 212, 352 n.; gain, 82; know, 213 n.; εὖ ζῆν and εὖ πράττειν, 216 n., 352 n.; Nature, 341 n., iv. 194; Cause, ii. 404, 409, 410 n.; Good, 406, iii. 370; Ens, 231; Unum, Ens, Idem, Diversum, &c., 94; Pleasure, 379 n.; Justice, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125.
Erastæ, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 315, ii. 121; subject and interlocutors, 111; vivacity, 116; philosophy the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; how to fix the quantity, 113; philosophy not multiplication of learned acquirements, 114; special art for discriminating bad and good, 115, 119; supreme, 120; the philosopher its regular practitioner, 115; the philosopher, second best in several arts, 114; Aristotle’s σοφία and φρόνησις, 120 n.; relation of second-best man to regular practitioner, 113, 115, 118; supposed to point at Demokritus, ib.; humiliation of literary erastes, 116.
Eretrian school, transcendental, not ethical, i. 121; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 n.; Phædon, i. 148; Menedêmus, ib., 149.
Eristic and dialectic, ii. 221 n.; Aristotle’s definition, 210.
Eros, differently understood, necessity for definition, iii. 29; derivation, 308 n.; contrast of Hellenic and modern sentiment, 1; erotic dialogues, Phædrus and Symposion, ib.; as conceived by Plato, ib., 4, 11; inconsistent with expulsion of poets, 3 n.; purpose of Symposion, to contrast Plato’s with other views, 8; views of interlocutors in Symposion, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, 9; but in Phædrus a powerful god, ib. n., 11 n.; the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, 4, 6, 18; Phædon, Theætêtus, Sophistês, Republic, ib.; exaltation of, in a few, love of Beauty in genere, 7, 15; analogy to philosophy, 10, 11, 14; disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates in Phædrus, 11; a variety of madness, ib.; Sokrates as representative of Eros Philosophus, 15, 25; Xenophon’s view, ib.
Ethics, diversity of beliefs, noticed by the ancients, i. 378, iii. 282 n.; hostility to novel attempts at analysis, i. 387 n.; Sokrates distinguished objective and subjective views, 451; subjective unanimity coincident with objective dissent, ib.; Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166; the matter of ethical sentiment variable, the form permanent, 203; Pascal on, i. 231 n.; with political and social life, topic of Sokrates, 376, ii. 362, iii. 113; self-regarding doctrine of Sokrates, ii. 349, 354 n.; order of problems as conceived by Sokrates, 299; to do, worse than to suffer, evil, 326, 332, 338, 359; no man voluntarily does, iv. 249, 365-7; ἁμαρτήματα and ἀδικήματα distinguished, 365, 367; and politics treated together by Plato, 133; apart by Aristotle, 138; Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions, ii. 67, 83; rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies epithets, 68; Plato blends ontology with, iii. 365; forced conjunction of kosmology and, 391; physiology of Timæus subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 257; different points of view in Plato, ii. 167; modern theories, intuition, 348; moral sense, not recognised in Gorgias and Protagoras, ib.; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; τὰ ἀνθρώπινα, iv. 302 n.; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; τὸ ἕνεκά του confused with τὸ διά τι, 182 n.; basis in Republic imperfect, iv. 127-32; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in the Republic, 131, 132; purpose in Leges, to remedy all misconduct, 369; of Demokritus, i. 82; see Cynics, Kyrenaics, Epikurus, &c.
Etymology, see Name.
Eubulides, sophisms of, i. 128, 133.
Eudemus, iv. 255; Proklus borrowed from, i. 85 n.
Eudoxus, i. 255; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 n., iii. 375 n., 379 n.
Eukleides, i. 116; enlarged summum genus of Parmenides, iii. 196 n.; blended Parmenides with Sokrates, i. 118; Good, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 n.; nearly Plato’s last view, 120.
Εὐπραγία, equivoque, ii. 8 n., 352 n.
Euripides, Bacchæ analogous to Leges, iv. 277, 304 n.; Hippolytus illustrates popular Greek religious belief, 163 n.
Euthydêmus, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 195; date, i. 308-11, 312, 315, 320, 325 n., ii. 227 n., iii. 36 n.; scenery and personages, ii. 195; dramatic and comic exuberance, ib.; purpose, i. 309 n., ii. 198, 204 n., 211, i. 128; Euthydêmus and Dionysodorus do not represent Protagoras and Gorgias, ii. 202; ironical admiration of Sophists, 208; earliest known attempt to expose fallacies, 216; the result of habits of formal debate, 221; character drawn of Sokrates suitable to its purpose, 203; possession of good things, without intelligence, useless, 204; intelligence must include making and use, 205; fallacies of equivocation, 212, iii. 238 n.; à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, ii. 213, 214; extra dictionem, 215; involving deeper logical principles, ib.; its popularity among enemies of dialectic, 222; the epilogue to obviate this inference, 223; Euthydêmus the representative of dialectic and philosophy, 226; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; Plato’s view untenable, 229; is Isokrates meant? 227, iii. 38 n.; no teacher can be indicated, ii. 225; compared with Parmenidês, 200; Republic, Philêbus, Protagoras, 208, iii. 373 n.
Euthyphron, date of, i. 457 n.; its Sokratic spirit, 449; gives Platonic Sokrates’ reply to Melêtus, Xenophontic compared, 441, 455; a retort against Aristophanes, 442; interlocutors, 437; Euthyphron indicts his father for homicide, 438, ii. 329 n.; as warranted by piety, i. 439; acts on Sokratic principle of making oneself like the gods, 440; Holiness, 439; answer by a particular example, 444; not what pleases the gods, 445, 448, 454; Sokrates disbelieves discord among gods, 440; why gods love the Holy, 446; not a branch of justice, 447; for gods gain nothing, 448; holiness not a right traffic between men and gods, ib.; dialogue useful as showing the subordination of logical terms, 455.
Evil, to do, worse than to suffer, ii. 326, 332, 338, 359; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331; the greatest, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, iii. 197; great preponderance of, iv. 25, 262 n., 390; gods not the cause of, 24; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; man the cause of, 234; inconsistency, ib., n.; diseases of mind arise from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, ii. 292, iv. 249, 365-7; done by the good man wilfully, by the bad unwillingly, ii. 61; three causes of misguided proceedings, iv. 366; see Good, Virtue, Body.
Ἕξις, Aristotelic, ii. 355.
Existence, notion of, iii. 135 n., 205, 226, 229, 231.
Experience, Zeno’s arguments not contradictions of data generalized from, i. 100; Plato’s theory of pre-natal, ii. 252; operation of pre-natal on man’s intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence of pre-natal knowledge gained by, 17; post-natal not ascertained and measured by him, ii. 252; no appeal to observation or, in studying astronomy and acoustics, iv. 73, 74; see Sense.
Expert, authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; opposition to Homo mensura, iii. 135, 143; different view, i. 446 n.; correlation with undiscovered science of ends, ii. 149; is never seen or identified, 117, 142; how known, 141; Sokrates himself acts as, i. 436; the pentathlos of Erastæ, ii. 119 n.; finds out and certifies truth and reality, 87, 88; badness of all reality, iii. 330; required to discriminate pleasures, ii. 345; as dialectician and rhetorician, iii. 39; impracticable, 42; true government by, 268; postulated for names in Kratylus, 329.
F.
Faith and Conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67.
Fallacies, Sophists abused, ii. 199; did not invent, 217, i. 133 n.; inherent liabilities to error in ordinary process of thinking, ii. 217, i. 129; corrected by formal debate, ii. 217, 220 n., 221; exposure of, by multiplication of particular examples, 211; by conclusion shown aliunde to be false, 216; Plato enumerates, Aristotle tries to classify, 212; Euthydêmus, earliest known attempt to expose, 216; Bacon’s Idola, 218; Mill’s complete enumeration of heads of, 218; of sufficient Reason, i. 6 n.; of equivocation, ii. 212, 352 n.; extra dictionem, 214; à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter, 213, 214; Plato and Aristotle fall into, iii. 138, 158; of confusion, 297 n.; arguing in a circle, ii. 428 n.; of Ratiocination, 213, 219; of Megarics and Antisthenes, 215; see Sophisms, Equivoques.
Family, Greek views of, iii. 1 n.; restrictions at Thebes, iv. 329 n.; no separate families for guardians, 41, 174, 178; ties mischievous, but can not practically be got rid of, 327; to be watched over by magistrates, 328; treatment of infants, 346; see Education, Communism, Woman, Infanticide.
Farrar, F. W., iii. 326 n.
Ferrier, on scope and purpose of philosophy, i. viii, n.; relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 n.; antithesis of Ego and Mecum, 132 n.; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 148.
Ficinus, interpretation of Plato, i. xi; followed Thrasyllean classification, 301; on Good and Beauty, iii. 5 n.; on Parmenidês, 84 n.; mystic sanctity of names, 323 n.
Figure, defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Finance, see Xenophon.
Finite, Zeno’s reductiones ad Absurdum, i. 93; natural coalescence of infinite and, iii. 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; insufficient, 343.
Fire, doctrine of Anaximander, i. 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoras, 13; Herakleitus, 27, 30 n., 32; soul compared to, 34; Empedokles, 38; Anaxagoras, 50, 52, 56 n.; identified with mind by Demokritus, 75.
Fischer, Kuno, iii. 84 n.
Freewill, the Necessity of Plato, iv. 221.
Friendship, a moving force, in Empedokles, i. 38; problem in Lysis too general, ii. 186; causes of enmity and, exist by nature, 341 n.; colloquial debate as a generating cause, 188 n.; desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182; not likeness and unlikeness, 179, 180, 359; physical analogy 188 n.; the Indifferent friend to Good, 180, 189; illustrated by philosopher, 181; the primum amabile, ib., 192; prima amicitia of Aristotle, compared, 194; Xenophontic Sokrates and Aristotle, 186.
G.
Gain, double meaning of, ii. 82; no tenable definition found, ib., 83; see Hipparchus.
Galen, relation to Plato, iv. 258; soul threefold, ib.; a κρᾶσις of bodily elements, ii. 391 n.; immortal, 423 n., 427; on Philêbus, iii. 365 n.; belief in legends, iv. 153 n.; Plato’s theory of vision, 237 n.; structure of apes, 257 n.
Galuppi, Pascal, iii. 118.
General maxims readily laid down by pre-Sokratic philosophers, i. 69 n.; terms vaguely understood, 398 n., 452 n., ii. 49 n., 166, 242, 279 n., 279, 341 n.; Mill on, 48 n.; hopelessness of defining, 186 n.
Generals, Greek, no professional experience, ii. 134.
Generic and specific terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. 13; and analogical wholes, 48, 193 n., iii. 365; unity, how distributed among species and individuals, 339, 346.
Genius, why not hereditary, ii. 271, 272, 274.
Geometry, Pythagorean, i. 12; modern application, 10 n.; subject of Plato’s lectures, 349 n.; value of, iv. 352, 423; Lucian against, i. 385 n.; successive stages of its teaching illustrate Platonic doctrine, 353; twofold, iii. 359, 395; pure and applied mathematics, 396 n.; Aristotle’s view of axioms of, i. 358 n.; from induction, iv. 353 n.; painless pleasures of, iii. 356, 388 n.; and dialectic, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; geometry, assumes diagrams, ib.; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; uselessness of written treatises, ii. 136; proportionals, iv. 224 n., 241 n., 423; geometrical theory of the elements, i. 349 n., iv. 240; Aristotle on, 241 n.; Kyrenaic and Cynic contempt for, i. 155, 186, 192.
Gods, derivation of θεοί, iii. 300 n.; Xenophanes, i. 16, 119 n.; Parmenides, 19, 24; Empedokles, 40 n., 42, 47; Anaxagorean Nous represented later as a god, 54; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 n.; Demokritus, 81; Sokrates, 414, 440, ii. 28; Plato’s proofs of existence of, iv. 385, 389, 419; locality assigned to, 230 n.; fabricated men and animals, ii. 268; possess the Idea of cognition, iii. 66, 67 n.; free from pleasure and pain, 389; do not assume man’s form, iv. 25, 154 n.; Lucretius on, ib.; cause good only, 24; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about, 25, 154; Dodona and Delphi to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 n., 325, 337; τὰ θεῖα, 302 n.; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; Plato’s dissent from established religious doctrine, 161, 163; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161, 395; Plato’s view of popular theology, 238 n., 328, 337; popular Greek belief, well illustrated in Euripides’ Hippolytus, 163 n.; God’s φθόνος, 164 n.; Aristotle, 395; see Demiurgus, Religion, Inspiration.
Gold, makes all things beautiful, ii. 41.
Good, Demokritus’ theory, i. 82; the Pythagorean καιρός, first cause of, iii. 397 n.; an equivoque, 370; and pleasurable, as conceived by the Athenians, ii. 371; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331, 335; universal desire of, 243, 324, iii. 5, 335, 371, 392 n.; akin, evil alien, to every one, ii. 183; alone caused by gods, iv. 24; its three varieties, ii. 306 n., 350 n., iv. 12, 116, 428; Eros one, iii. 5; as object of attachment, ii. 194; the four virtues the highest, and source of all other goods, iv. 428; is the just, honourable, expedient, ii. 7; not knowledge, 29; is gain, 72-6; True and Real coalesce in Plato’s mind, 88; Campbell on erroneous identification of truth and, iii. 391 n.; the primum amabile, ii. 181, 191; approximation to Idea, 192; Indifferent friend to, 180, 189; pleasure is, 289, 306 n., 347 n.; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-202; meaning of pleasure as the summum bonum, iii. 338; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; Sokrates’ reasoning, 307; too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; not Utilitarianism, 310 n.; not ironical, 314; compared with Republic, 310; Protagoras, 345; coincidence of Republic and Protagoras, 350 n.; inconsistent with Gorgias, 306, 345; argument in Gorgias untenable, 351; Platonic idéal, view of Order, undefined results, 374; Plato’s view of rhetoric dependent on his idéal of, 374; is ἀλυπία, iii. 338 n.; is maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, iv. 293-97, 299-303; at least an useful fiction, 303; not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; and happiness, correlative terms in Philêbus, iii. 335; is it intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, ib.; intelligence more cognate than pleasure to, 347, 361; pleasure a generation, therefore not an end, nor the good, 357; a tertium quid, 339, 361; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348; a mixture, 361; five constituents, 362; the answer as to, does not satisfy the tests Plato lays down, 371; has not the unity of an idea, 365; Plato’s in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; special accomplishments oftener hurtful, if no knowledge of the good, ii. 16; man who has knowledge of, can alone do evil wilfully, 61; knowledge of, identified with νοῦς, 30; postulated under different titles, 31; special art for discriminating, 115; how known, undetermined, 31, 206; only distinct answer in Protagoras, 208, 308, 347; the profitable, general but not constant explanation of Plato, 38; is essentially relative, iv. 213 n., i. 185; Idea of, rules the world of Ideas, as sun the visible, iv. 63, 64; Aristotle on, 214 n.; Anaxagoras’ nous, ii. 412; training to ascend to Idea, iv. 62; dialectic gives the contemplation of, 75; rulers alone know, 212; Idea of, left unknown, 213; changes in Plato’s views, i. 119; Eukleides, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 n.; nearly same as Plato’s last doctrine, 120; discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, 184, 185; Xenophontic Sokrates, iii. 366.
Gorgias the Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens or Entia, i. 103; Ens incogitable and unknowable, 104; contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105; not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii. 202; celebrity, 317; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.
Gorgias, the date, i. 305-7, 308-10, 312, 315, ii. 228 n., 318 n., 367; its general character, discrediting the actualities of life, 355; reply to, by Aristeides, 371 n.; upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter, 375; scenery and person ages, 317; rhetoric the artisan of persuasion, 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; citation of four statesmen, 358, 362; true and counterfeit arts, 322; multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure, 357; despots and rhetors have no real power, 324; description of rhetors, untrue, 369; rhetoric is of little use, 329, iii. 410; Sokrates’ view different in Xenophon, ii. 371 n.; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; view stands or falls with idéal of Good, 374; all men wish for Good, 324; illustration from Archelaus, 325, 333 n., 334, 336, i. 179; Plato’s peculiar view of Good, ii. 331, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; καλὸν and αἰσχρὸν defined, 327, 334; definition untenable, 334; to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong, 326, 359; inconsistent with description of Archelaus, 333; reciprocity of regard indispensable, ib.; opposition of Law and Nature, ib., 338; no allusion to Sophists, 339; uncertainty of referring to nature, 340; punishment a relief to the wrong-doer, 327, 328, 335; the only cure for criminals’ mental distemper, 328; consequences of theory, 336; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; its incompleteness, 363; are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good, 344; good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians, 371; good and pleasurable not identical, 345, iii. 380 n.; argument untenable, ii. 351; expert required to discriminate pleasures, 345, 347; idéal of measure, view of order, undefined results, 374; permanent and transient elements of human agency 353-5; psychology defective, 354; temperance the condition of virtue and happiness, 358; Sokrates resolves on scheme of life, 360; agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 200 n.; Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii. 361-2; condition of success in life, 359; danger of dissenter, ib.; Sokrates as a dissenter, 364; claim of locus standi for philosophy, 367; but indiscriminate cross-examination given up, 368; mythe respecting Hades, 361; compared with Protagoras, 270 n., 306 n., 345-8, 349-55, iii. 379; Philêbus, ib., 380; Apology, Kriton, Republic, ii. 362; Leges, ib., iv. 301, 302, 324; Menexenus, 409; Xenophontic Sokrates, i. 178, 221.
Government, natural rectitude of, ii. 89; Plato does not admit the received classification, iii. 267; true classification, scientific or unscientific, 268; monarchy and democracy the mother-polities, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, ib. n.; seven distinct natural titles to, 309; illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, 310; imprudent to found on any one title only, ib.; five types of, 78-84; three constituents of good, 312; Plato’s idéal, ii. 363; unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii. 268; genuine, by the one scientific man, ib., 273, iv. 280; counter-theory in Protagoras, ii. 268, iii. 275; distinguished from general, &c., 271; no laws, 269; practicable only in golden age, iv. 319; by fixed laws the second best, iii. 270; excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of gentle, slavery, 273; true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained, 273; of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; a bad government no government, 281 n.; timocracy, iv. 79; oligarchy, ib.; democracy, 80; despot, 81; education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, 142; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, iii. 273; Xenophon’s idéal, citizen willing to be ruled, i. 215, 218, 219; and scientific ruler, 224; Xenophon’s scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234; see State.
Gräfenhahn, iii. 312 n.
Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato’s time, ii. 34 n., iii. 222.
Greece, political changes in, during Plato’s life, i. 1; Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv. 47.
Grimm, iii. 314 n., 329 n.
Guardians, characteristics, iv. 23, 25; drunkenness unbecoming, 298 n.; consist of men and women, 41, 46; syssitia, 359; communism of, ib., 44, 140, 169; maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character, education, 32, 34, 139, 170, 178; no family ties, 41, 174-8; temporary marriages, 44, 175; object, 198; number limited, Plato and Aristotle, 178, 198-200; age for studies, 76; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-4; courage seated in, 35; analogous to reason and energy in individuals, 39; divided into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; compared with modern soldiers, 148, 180.
Gymnastic, art reducible to rule, ii. 372 n.; measured quantity alone good, 112; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; should be simple, 28; imparts courage, 29; prizes at festivals, 338; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; music necessary to correct, 29.
H.
Hades, no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv. 25, 154; mythe of, in Republic, 94; in Gorgias, ii. 361.
Hamilton, Sir Wm., doctrines inconsistent, i. xiii. n.; Plato’s reasonings on the soul, ii. 250 n., 428 n.; Reid and Berkeley, iii. 165 n.; Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness, 166 n.; relativity of knowledge, 133 n.; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 n.
Happiness, relation to knowledge, ii. 159, 160; Plato’s peculiar view of, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; its elements depreciated, 353; temperance the condition of, 358; all men love Good as means to, iii. 5; and good, correlative terms in Philêbus, 335; Sydenham on seat of, 372 n.; the end of the state and individual, iv. 98; flowing from justice, 20, 84, 90; see Good, Pleasure.
Harmodius, iii. 4 n.
Harris, James, on Homo Mensura, iii. 139 n.; Plato’s etymologies, 302 n.; on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv. 106 n.; on sophism Κυριεύων, i. 141 n.; time, 146 n.
Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv. 259.
Hebrew studies, their effect on classical scholarship, i. xv. n.; uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek philosophy, 384 n.; allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii. 286 n.; writers, Plato’s resemblance to, iv. 160 n., 256.
Hedonists, doctrine, iii. 374; included ἀλυπία in end, 377; did not set aside all idea of limit, 392 n.; basis adopted in Plato’s argument, 375, 387 n.; enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures, 378; see Pleasure.
Hegel, origin of philosophy, i. 382 n.; ideal expert, ib.; Plato’s view of the soul, ii. 414 n.; Anaxagoras’ nous, 403 n.
Hegesias, the “death-persuader,” i. 202; coincidence with Cynics, 203; doctrine of relativity, 204.
Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.
Herakleitus, works and obscure style, i. 26; dogmatism and censure of his predecessors, ib.; metaphysical, 27; physics, ib., 32; did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars, iii. 309 n.; Fieri his principle, i. 28; Parmenides’ opposed, 37; the law of Fieri alone permanent, 29; no substratum, 30; identified with Homo Mensura, iii. 114, 115, 126, 128; rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i. 37 n., iii. 126 n., 154 n.; exposition by metaphors, i. 28, 30; fire and air, 27, 31; fire a symbol for the universal force or law, 30 n.; distinction of ideal and elementary fire, 32 n.; doctrine of contraries, 30, 31, iii. 101 n.; the soul an effluence of the Universal, i. 34; individual reason worthless, ib.; Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; περιέχον compared with Anaxagorean Nous, 56 n.; sleep, 34; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; time, 228 n.; paradoxes, i. 37 n.; Πολυμαθίη νόον οὐ διδάσκει, 26; reappears in Plato, ii. 30; enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii. 159 n.; their repugnance to dialectic, i. 106 n.; names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii. 301 n., 314-7; names the essence of things, 324 n., 325; theory admitted, 316; some names not consistent with it, 318; the theory uncertain, 321; flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, 320; antipathy to Pythagoras, 316 n.; influence on the development of logic, i. 37; on Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 n.; Protagoras, iii. 159 n.; Plato, i. 27; Stoics, 27, 34 n.
Hêraklês, the choice of, ii. 267 n., i. 177.
Heresy, see Orthodoxy.
Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii. 300 n.
Hermann, K. F., theory of Platonic canon, i. 307; Susemihl coincides, 310; principle of arrangement reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher’s, 324; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with, 313; on Hippias Major, ii. 34 n.; Kratylus, iii. 309 n.; Republic, 244 n.; Leges, iv. 274 n., 328 n., 369 n., 374 n.
Hermokrates, intended as last in Republic tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273.
Herodotus, infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes, i. 19 n.; Psammetichus’ experiment, iii. 289 n.; the gods’ jealousy, iv. 164 n.; sacrifice and prayer, 394, ib. n.
Hesiod, cosmology, i. 2-3, 4 n.; censured by Xenophanes, 16; by Herakleitus, 26.
Hetæræ, iv. 359, i. 188-90.
Hindoos, Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii. 150 n.; philosophers compared with Eleatics, i. 159 n.
Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i. 173.
Hipparchus, authenticity, i. 297 n., 307, 309, 337 n., ii. 82, 93; and Minos analogous and inferior to other works, 82; purpose, 84; subject — definition of lover of gain, 71; double meaning of gain, 82; first definition, rejected, 71; character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of Sokrates, 73; Gain is good — apparent contradiction, ib.; gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good, 75; some gain is good, some evil, 74; objections, ib.; no tenable definition of gain found, 82, 83.
Hippias Major, authenticity, i. 306, 315, ii. 33 n.; date, i. 307, 308-10, 313; situation and interlocutors, ii. 33; Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the honourable, 35, 39; no success at Sparta — law forbids, 35; the lawful is the profitable, 36; comparison with Xenophon, 34, 37; the beautiful? 39; instances, 40; Gold makes all things beautiful, 41; complaint of vulgar analogies, 42; answer fails of universal application, ib.; the becoming, and the useful — objections, 43-4; a variety of the pleasurable, 45; inadmissible, ib.; Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept, 47, 193 n., iii. 365; analogy of Sokrates’ explanations in Memorabilia, ii. 49; and Minor illustrate general theory of the dialogues of Search, 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70.
Hippias Minor, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 55 n., 57 n.; date, i. 306, 308-10, 310, 315; and Major illustrate general theory of dialogues of Search, ii. 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70; polemical and philosophical purpose, 63; its thesis maintained by Sokrates in Memorabilia, 66; combated by Aristotle, 67; characters and situation, 55; Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to mendacity, 56, 58; contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same, 57; to hurt wilfully better than to do so unwillingly, 58; Hippias dissents, 60; good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates’ perplexity, 61; critics on the sophistry of Sokrates, 62.
Hippokrates, iv. 260.
Hobbes on similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 n.; exercises for students, iii. 80 n., 90 n.; subject and object, 117 n.; analogy of state to individual, iv. 96; cause, i. 139 n., 144; Diodorus’ doctrine defended, 143; coincides with Aristotle on motion, 146.
Holiness, what is? i. 439; not what gods love, 445, 448, 454; why the gods love it, 446; how far like justice, ii. 278; not a branch of justice, i. 447; not a right traffic between men and gods, 448; is it holy? ii. 278; the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic, Sokrates, i. 454.
Homer, cosmology, i. 2; censured by Xenophanes, 16; Herakleitus, 26; considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii. 126; and poets, the great teachers, 135; picture in Republic, as really knowing nothing ib., iv. 92; Strabo on, 152 n.; Herakleitus the allegorist, iii. 3 n., iv. 157 n.; Plato’s fictions contrasted with, 153 n.; diversity of subjects, ii. 132; inspired by gods, 128; analogy of Magnet, ib.; on friendship, 179; identified by Plato with Homo Mensura, iii. 114.
Homo Mensura, see Relativity.
Homœomeries, see Anaxagoras.
Homicide, varieties of, iv. 370-4; penalties, 370; Plato follows peculiar Attic view, 374.
Honourable, the, Hippias’ lectures at Sparta on, ii. 39; identified with the just, good, expedient, 7; actions conducive to pleasure are, 295; by law, not nature, Aristippus’ doctrine, i. 197.
Horace, scheme of life, i. 191 n., 192 n.
Huet, Bp., i. 384 n.
Humboldt, Wm. Von, origin of language, iii. 326 n.
Hume, Athenian taxation, i. 242 n.
Hunting, meaning of, iv. 356; how far permitted, 355.
Hypothesis, discussion of, distinct from discussion of its consequences, ii. 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, ib.; in Republic, only a stepping-stone to the first principle, 412; provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for students, iii. 79; illustration, 81.
I.
Ideas, Plato’s, differ from Pythagorean Number, i. 10; identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols, 348, iii. 71 n., 368; differ from Demokritean atoms, i. 72; the definitions Sokrates sought for, 453; Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the word itself, ib.; doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors, 343; soul’s immortality rests on assumption of, ii. 412; reminiscence of the, iii. 13; as Forms, ii. 412; the only causes, 396; formal, 408 n.; logical phantoms as real causes, 404 n.; truth resides in, 411; alone exclude contrary, 7 n.; unchangeable, iii. 246 n., iv. 50; Herakleitean flux not true of, iii. 320; partly changeable and partly unchangeable, 228; disguised in particulars, iv. 3 n.; fundamental distinction of particulars, and, 219; alone knowable, 49; opinion, of what is between ens and non-ens, ib.; assumption of, as separate entia, ii. 396, 403; great multitude of, 410; characteristics of world of, iii. 63; Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, 59; objections, 60-7; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, 68; none of some objects, 60; how participable by objects, 63, 65, 72, iv. 138; not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii. 78; Aristotle partly successful in attempt, 76.; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; “the third man,” iii. 64 n.; not merely conceptions, 64, 73; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, ib., 72; gods have Idea of cognition, 67, 68 n.; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; intercommunion of some forms, 207, 250 n.; analogy of letters and syllables, 208; what forms, determined by philosopher, ib.; of non-ens, and proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214; of Diversum pervades all others, 209; τῶν ἀποφάσεων, 238 n.; of Animal, iv. 223, 235 n., 263; kosmos on pattern of, 223; action on Materia Prima, 238; of the elements, 239; of insects, &c., iii. 195 n.; of names and things nameable, 286 n., 289, 326 n.; names fabricated by lawgiver on type of, 287, 290, 325; names the essence of things, 324 n.; doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with, 345; of Beauty exclusively presented in Symposion, 18; of Good, approximation of primum amabile, ii. 192; training to ascend to the idea of good, iv. 61, 66; comparison of idea of good to sun, 63, 64; of Good, in Phædon, Anaxagoras’ nous, ii. 412; known to the rulers alone, iv. 212; left unsolved, 213; the contemplation of, by dialectic, 75; reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have contemplated, 70; philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens, iii. 208, iv. 48; little said of, in Menon, ii. 253, 254 n.; postulated in Timæus, iv. 220; discrepancy of Sophistês and other dialogues, iii. 244; the idealists’ doctrine the same as Plato’s in Phædon, &c., ib., 246; Phædrus, Phædon, and Timæus compared, iv. 239 n.; Plato’s various views, ii. 404, i. 119; the last, 120; Aristotle on, 360 n., ii. 192, 193 n., 410 n., iii. 76, 245, 365 n., 367, iv. 214 n., i. 120 n.; Sophistês approximates to Aristotle’s view, iii. 247; generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 48, 193 n., iii. 365; Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i. 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164; see Particulars, Phenomena, Universal.
Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii. 89.
Idealists, iii. 201; meaning of ens, 231; argument against, 204, 225, 244; doctrine of, the same as Plato’s in Phædon, &c., ib., 246.
Identity, personal, ii. 11, 25, iii. 6; and contradiction, principle of, 101.
Ignorance, mischiefs of, ii. 12; depend on the subject-matter, 14; to hurt knowingly, better than ignorantly, 58, 59; evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully, 61; not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii. 197; see Knowledge.
Imitator, logical classification of, iii. 215; of the wise man, sophist is, 216; poets’ mischievous imitation of imitation, iv. 91.
Immortality, beliefs as to partial, ii. 385 n.; popular Greek belief, 427; metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines, 425 n.; of rational soul only, iv. 243; of all three parts of soul? ii. 385; Plato’s demonstration rests on assumption of ideas, 412; includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; fails, 423, 428, iii. 15; leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence, ii. 424; was not generally accepted, 426; Xenophon’s doctrine, 420 n.; Aristotle’s, ib.; common desire for, iii. 6; attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, ib.; only metaphorical in Symposion, 17.
Indeterminate, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11; pleasure the, iii. 348; see Infinite.
Indian philosophy, compared with Greek, i. 107, 378 n., 160 n., 162; analogy of Plato’s doctrine of the soul, ii. 389 n., 426 n.; Gymnosophists, compared with Diogenes, i. 157, 160 n.; antiquity of, 159 n.; suicide, 162 n.; Antisthenes did not borrow from, 159 n.; antithesis of law and nature, 162.
Indifferent, the, ii. 180, 189.
Individual, analogy to kosmical process, i. 36 n.; tripartite division of mind, iv. 37; analogous to three classes in state, 39; analogy to state, 11, 20, 37, 79-84, 96; Hobbes on, ib.; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124; dependent on society, 21, 121, 123; four stages of degeneracy, 79-84; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; happiness of, through justice, 20, 84, 90; one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 97, 98, 183; Xenophon on, 139 n.
Individualism, see Authority.
Inductive and syllogistic dialectic, ii. 27; process of, always kept in view in dialogues of search, i. 406; illustrated in history of science, ii. 163; trial and error the natural process of the human mind, 165; length of Plato’s process, 100 n.; usefulness of negative result, 186; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.
Infanticide, iv. 43, 44, 177; Aristotle on, 202; contrast of modern sentiment, 203.
Infinite, of Anaximander, i. 5; reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54; Zeno’s reductiones ad Absurdum, 93; natural coalescence of finite and, iii. 340, 346, 348 n.; illustration from speech and music, 341; explanation insufficient, 343; see Indeterminate.
Ingratitude, iv. 399.
Inspiration, special, a familiar fact in Greek life, ii. 130, iii. 352, iv. 15; in rhapsode and poet, ii. 127; of rhapsode through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134; of philosopher, 383; see Dæmon; Plato’s view, 131; the reason temporarily withdrawn, 132, iii. 11, 309 n.; opposed to knowledge, ii. 136; right opinion of good statesmen from, 241; all existing virtue is from, 242.
Instantaneous, Plato’s imagination of the, iii. 100; found no favour, 102.
Interest, forbidden, iv. 331.
Ion, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 124; date, i. 307, 308-9, 311, 312, 315; interlocutors, ii. 124; Ion as a rhapsode, 126; devoted himself to Homer, 127; the poetic art is one, ib.; inspiration of rhapsodes and poets, ib.; inspiration of Ion through Homer, 128; analogy of magnet, ib., 129; Plato’s contrast of systematic with unsystematic procedure, ib.; Ion does not admit his own inspiration, 132; province of rhapsode, ib.; the rhapsode the best general, 133; exposition through divine inspiration, 134.
Ionic philosophy compared with the abstractions of Plato and Aristotle, i. 87; defect of, 88; attended to material cause only, ib.; see Philosophy — Pre-Sokratic.
Islands of the Blest, ii. 416.
Isokrates, probably the half-philosopher, half-politician of Euthydêmus, ii. 227, iii. 35; variable feeling between, and Plato, ii. 228, 331 n., iii. 36; praised in Phædrus, 35; compared with Lysias, ib.38; his school at Athens, 36; teaching of, iv. 150 n.; as Sophist, i. 212 n.; teachableness of virtue, ii. 240 n.; age for dialectic exercises, iv. 211 n.; criticism on other philosophers, iii. 38 n.; on aspersions of rivals, 408 n.; on the poets, iv. 157 n.; contrasted with Plato in Timæus, 217; on Leges, 432; oratio panegyrica, iii. 406 n.; great age of, i. 245.
J.
Jamblichus on metempsychosis, ii. 426 n.
Jason, of Pheræ, iii. 388 n.
Jerome, St., on Plato and Aristotle, i. xv.
Jouffroy, à priori element of cognition, iii. 119 n.
Judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form non-ens, iii. 213-4; implied in every act of consciousness, 165 n.
Just, the holy a branch of the, i. 447; and unjust, standard of the better, ii. 3; whence knowledge of it, 4; identified with the good, honourable, expedient, 7; or Good is the profitable — general, but not constant, explanation of Plato, 38; the just, by law, not nature, Aristippus’ doctrine, i. 197.
Justice, is it just, ii. 278; varieties of meaning, i. 452 n., iv. 102, 120, 123, 125; derivation of δικαιοσύνη, iii. 301 n.; of δίκαιον, 308 n.; with temperance, the condition of happiness and freedom, ii. 12; and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, 269; how far like holiness, i. 447, ii. 278; opposition of natural and legal, 338, i. 197; what is, iii. 416; unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, ib.; is rendering what is owing, iv. 2; rejected, 6; is what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8; modified, 9; is the good of another, 10; necessary to society and individual, injustice a source of weakness, 11; is a source of happiness, 12, 14, 18; is a compromise, 13; good only from consequences, 15, 16, 99; Xenophon on, 114 n.; the received view anterior to Plato, 100; a good per se, 20, 40, 84, 90, 116; and from its consequences, 94, 121, 123, 294; proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, 84; proof fails, 116, 118-21; all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102; inconsistent with actual facts, 106; incorrect, for individual dependent on society, ib., 123; Plato’s affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125; orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account, 126, 131; in state, 34; is in all classes, 36; is performing one’s own function, ib., 37, 39; analogy to bodily health, 40; what constitutes injustice, 367-9; no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-7; distinction of damage and injury, 366; relation to rest of virtue, 428; distinction effaced between temperance and, 135; ethical basis imperfect, 127; view peculiar to Plato, 99; Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, ib.; essential reciprocity in society, ii. 312, 333, iv. 100, 133; the basis of Plato’s own theory of city’s genesis, 111; incompletely stated, 112 n.; any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of obligation and right, 112; Xenophon’s definition unsatisfactory, i. 231; Karneades, iv. 118 n.; Epikurus, 130 n.; Lucretius, ib.; Pascal, i. 231 n.