GENERAL INDEX. (continued 3)
Reading edition
Rest, form of, iii. 206, 209-10, 231, 245 n.
Rhapsodes, as a class, ii. 124; functions, 125, 132, 320; popularity, 126; and poet work by divine inspiration, 127; inspired through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134.
Rhetor, has no real power, ii. 324; aims at flattering the public, 357; practical value of instruction of, iii. 44; the genuine, must acquire real truth, 33, 34; is insufficiently rewarded, 33; guides methodically from error to truth, 40; compared with philosopher, ii. 52, iii. 178; auxiliary of true governor, 271; relation to poets, iv. 150; Plato’s desire for celebrity as dialectician, and, iii. 408; see Rhetoric.
Rhetoric, popularly preferred to dialectic, i. 451; how employed at Athens, ii. 373; ἀκριβολία distasteful to rhetors, 278 n.; antithesis of dialectic and, i. 433, ii. 70, 275, 365; deals with the concrete, dialectic with the abstract, 52, 53; difference of method illustrated in Protagoras, 300; superior to dialectic in usefulness and celebrity, iii. 360, 380; superiority of dialectic over, claimed, ii. 282, 285, iii. 337 n.; communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172; the artisan of persuasion, ii. 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; is of little use, 329, iii. 411; and dialectic, issue unsatisfactorily put, ii. 369; view stands or falls with idéal of good, 374; Sokrates’ view different in Xenophon, 371 n.; compared with Menexenus, iii. 409; and Leges, iv. 322, 324; Aristotle on, i. 133 n.; Aristeides, 243 n.; Sokrates’ theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, iii. 28; as art, 27; is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 39; is it teachable by system, 28; definition and division essential to genuine, 30, 35; should include a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; Plato’s idéal a philosophy, not an art, 46; involves impracticable conditions, 41-3, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against its teachers not established, 47; censure of forensic eloquence, iv. 410; rhetorical powers of Plato, i. 433, ii. 356 n., iii. 392 n., 408, 409, 411; see Rhetor.
Ritter, on Sophistês, iii. 244 n., 247 n.; Eukleides, i. 127 n.; Megarics, 129 n.
Rivales, see Erastæ.
Rose, Valentine, on the dates of Plato’s compositions, i. 326 n., 329 n.
Royer-Collard, iii. 165 n.
Ruler, of a superior breed in the Saturnian period, iii. 264, 266 n.; a principle cause, 266; scientific alone good, iv. 280; qua ruler infallible, 9; division of guardians into, and auxiliaries, 29; wisdom is seated in, 34; analogous to reason in individual, 39; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; alone know the Idea of Good, 212; see Government, Political Art.
S.
Sacrifice, Sokrates on, ii. 17, 417-9, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, ib.; Aristotle, 395; Epikurus, ib.; number determined by lawgiver, 357.
Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.
St.-Hilaire, Barthélemy, on Sankhya and Buddhism, i. 378 n.; metempsychosis, ii. 426 n.; fallacies, i. 133 n.
Salamis, iii. 406.
Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.
Sankhya, i. 378 n., ii. 389 n., 426 n.
Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 n.
Scepticism, of Xenophanes, i. 18; Plato, 342; Greek sceptics, iii. 293 n.
Schleiermacher, on Plato’s view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167 n.; theory of Platonic canon, i. 303; includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence, 318; proofs slender, 317, 325 n.; assumptions as to Phædrus inadmissible, 319, 329 n.; reasons internal, 319, 337, iv. 431; himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313; theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 n.; on relation of Euthyphron to Protagoras and Parmenidês, 443 n.; Menon, ii. 247 n.; Parmenidês, iii. 85 n.; Sophistês, 244 n., i. 127; Kratylus, iii. 303 n., 304 n.; 307 n., 310 n., 321, 321 n.; Philêbus, 334 n., 365 n., 369 n., 398 n.; Euthydêmus, i. 127; Menexenus, iii. 408; Kleitophon, 426 n.; Republic, iv. 38 n.; Leges, 430.
School, σχολή, i. 121 n., 127 n.; Plato’s establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266; of Plato fixed at Athens, 254; and transmitted to successors, 265; its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267; decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209; Peripatetic at Lykeum, ib.; of Isokrates, iii. 35; Eretrian, i. 121, 148; Megaric, 121.
Schöne, on the dates of Plato’s compositions, i. 326 n.
Schwegler, on Parmenidês, iii. 86 n.; Homo Mensura, 151 n.
Science, derivation of ἐπιστήμη, iii. 301 n.; scientia, 302 n.; logic of a, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern view, i. 358 n.; science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168; relation to art, iii. 43 n., 46, 263; antithesis of emotion and, 61, 195, 197 n.; dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true, 382; dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see Knowledge.
Self-knowledge, temperance is, ii. 155; what is the object known in, 156; in Charmidês declared impossible, elsewhere essential and inestimable, 167.
Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 n.
Sensation, Empedokles’ theory, i. 44; Theophrastus, 46 n.; theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles’, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 71, 76, 77, 80; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from opinion, 167; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.
Sense, derivation of αἴσθησις, iii. 308 n.; doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44; illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 n.; defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 n., 71; Zeno’s arguments, 93; Plato’s conception of, iii. 164 n.; worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403; organs of, iv. 236; principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238; hearing, i. 46, 62, 78; ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 n.; smell, i. 46; pleasures of, true, iii. 356; Homo Mensura, 122; relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154, 298; its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for accuracy, 155 n., 240; fundamental distinction of ens and fientia, iv. 219; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see Particulars, Phenomena, Sensation.
Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.
Sextus Empiricus, doctrine, iii. 292 n.; no definition of a general word, i. 168 n.; on poets, iv. 24 n.
Simonides, interpretation of a song of, ii. 283; definition of justice, iv. 2, 7.
Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150 n.
Sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Plato, iv. 237.
Smith, Adam, Moral Sentiments, iii. 333.
Socher, theory of Platonic canon, i. 306; Parmenidês, 338 n., iii. 88 n., 185 n.; Politikus, ib., 196 n., 265 n.; Sophistês, 185 n., 196 n., 243 n., 244; Philêbus, 369 n.; Kritias, iv. 266 n.
Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.
Society, ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; genesis of, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 21, 111, 112 n., 133; social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268; dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367 n.; frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307; historical retrospect of, 307-314; see State.
Sokrates, life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 n.; character unparalleled in history, vi; personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19; patience, 24 n.; courage and equanimity, 21 n.; compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 n.; proof against temptation, iii. 20, 22, 23, iv. 287, 288; sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 n.; as representative of Eros Philosophus, iii. 15, 25; income, i. 192 n.; procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv. 127; aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393; feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365; accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 n., 183 n.; Plato’s reply, magical influence ascribed to his conversation, ii. 23, iii. 19, 21 n., 24 n., 113 n., 388 n., iv. 412 n., i. 110; influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418; disobedience of the laws, 434 n.; imprisonment, 425; indictment, against, 412, 418 n., 437, iv. 230, i. 113; grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 n., 211, 381, 385; reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421 n.; opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375; trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426 n.; equanimity before death, ii. 417, 418; answer to Kriton’s appeal to fly, i. 426; last words and death, ii. 377, 418; general features of character in Apology confirmed, i. 419 n.; character and disposition, differently set forth in Kriton, 428, 431-2; of Apology and Phædon contrasted, ii. 421; the real compared with character in Republic, iv. 211; Plato’s early relations with, i. 248; of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199; Xenophon’s relations with, 206-10; uniform description of, in dialogues of viri Sokratici, 115; brought down philosophy from heaven, x; revolutionised method, ib.; progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C. , 111 n.; theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414; false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177; omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84; differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416; Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413; combated commonplace, 398 n.; in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376; mission, x, 374, 395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv. 219, 381; declared in Alkibiadês I. and Apology, ii. 24; imposed on him by the gods, i. 415; his dæmon, 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of it, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 105; a special revelation, 110, 130-1; variously alluded to, 106-11; determined to persevere in mission, i. 416; not a teacher, 417, ii. 140, 146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242; only stimulates, i. 449, iii. 415, 421-24, iv. 52 n.; his excuse, ii. 106; knows of no teacher, i. 417, ii. 225; a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern assumption, i. 419; incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420; his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26; obstetric, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; the Sokratic dialogue, i. x, xi; usefulness of, ii. 186, 207; effect like shock of torpedo, 237; diversified conversations, i. 182; humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21; manner well illustrated in Lysis, 177; asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 379; on Homo Mensura, i. 432, iii. 162 n.; his Eristic character, ii. 203; the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; followed by Plato and Megarics, ib., 126; resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280, iii. 198 n., 216, iv. 165, 412 n.; Menon gives points in common between Sophists and, ii. 257; the “sophistic art” peculiar to him, iii. 218; negative vein, i. viii, x, 370, 372, 373 n., 375, 387; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420; charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries, 371, 388; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 n.; to social, political, ethical topics, 376, 385; value and importance of Elenchus, 421; see Negative; introduced search for definitions, ii. 48; authority of public judgment nothing — of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; does not name, but himself acts as, Expert, ib.; early study, ii. 391; stages of intellectual development, ib.; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401; does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279; not always consistent, 29, 303; sophistry in Hippias Minor, 62; avoided physics, i. 376; the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 n.; distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451; proper study of mankind, 122; order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299; not observed by Xenophon, i. 230; and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of human conduct, ii. 67; fruits of virtue, i. 415; Utilitarianism, ii. 310 n., i. 185 n.; belief in the deity, 413, 414; disbelieves discord among gods, 440; principle of making oneself like the gods, ib.; on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454; on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17, 418-9, iv. 394; much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418 n., 420, iii. 351, iv. 395, i. 225 n.; on death, 422, 429 n.; and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54; companions of, i. 111; their proceedings after his death, 116; no Sokratic school, 117; Antisthenes constant friend of, 152; manner copied by Antisthenes, 150, 159 n.; precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174; and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118; discourse with Aristippus, 175; the choice of Heraklês, 177; the Good and Beautiful, 184.
Soldiers, class of, characteristics, iv. 23; division of guardians into rulers and, 29; Plato’s training compared with modern, 148; modern development of military profession, 180.
Solon, on despotism, i. 219 n.; unfinished poem of, subject of Kritias, iv. 266.
Σοφία and φρόνησις of Aristotle, ii. 120 n.; identical with σωφροσύνη, ii. 280.
Sophisms, a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131; discussion of popular at philosophers’ banquets, 134 n.; of Eubulides, 128, 133; Theophrastus on, 134 n.; Diodôrus Kronus, 141, 143; real character of, 135; of Stoics, 128 n., 138; see Fallacy.
Sophist, meaning of σοφιστής, i. 256 n., 391 n., ii. 261, iii. 27 n.; compared to an angler, 191; Plato’s definition, 191-4, 196 n.; a juggler, 198; imitator of the wise man, 216; Plato’s ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283; no real class, 210, 341 n., iii. 249 n., iv. 136 n., i. 178; Theopompus on profession of, 212 n.; usually depicted from opponents’ misrepresentations, 308 n., ii. 210; accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 n.; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371; did not first apply negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 n.; negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; dialectic contrasted with Sokrates’, ii. 197; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; Sokrates a, ii. 183 n., 185 n., 188, 199, iv. 165, 412 n.; Menon gives point in common between Sokrates and, ii. 257; in Euthydêmus, 196; not represented by Kallikles, 339; lives in region of non-ens, iii. 208; devoted to the production of falsehood, 215; is ἐναντιοποιολογικὸς and εἴρων, 216; those the characteristics of Sokrates, ib.; the “sophistic art” peculiar to Sokrates, 218; their alleged claim to universal knowledge — common to all philosophers then, 219; etymologies in Kratylus not caricatures of, 302, 310 n., 314 n., 317 n., 321, 323; no proof of their etymologising, 304; as teachers, ii. 261; motives of pupils, ib. n., 264 n.; as corruptors of public mind, 288 n.; jealousy of parents towards influential teachers, 265 n.; probably often used illustrative mythes, 267 n.; money-making, 210, ib. n., iii. 27 n., i. 212 n.; not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 n.; raised question of criterion of truth, 246; logical distinctions, 236 n.; did not invent fallacies, 217, i. 133 n.; abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199; did not deny natural justice, 341 n.; not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55; conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; relation to poets, 150; Demochares’ law against, i. 111 n.; Aristippus taught as a, 193.
Sophistês, date, i. 305-11, 313, 315, 324-5, iii. 369 n.; authenticity, i. 307, 316 n., iii. 185 n., 243 n.; purpose, 188, 190, 223, 253, 261, 267; relation to Theætêtus, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; definition of angler, 189; sophist compared to an angler, 192; defined, 191-5, 196 n.; a juggler, 198, 200; imitator of the wise man, 216; classification of imitators, 215; philosopher lives in region of ens, sophist, of non-ens, 208; bodily and mental evil, 197; the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, ib.; Elenchus the sovereign purifier, ib.; is false thought or speech possible, 172 n., 199, 249; falsehood possible, and object of sophists’ profession, 181 n., 214; imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238; view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239; theories of philosophers about ens, 201; non-ens inconceivable, 200; is ens one or many, 201; difficulties about ens and non-ens equally great, ib., 206; the materialists and the idealists, 203; argument against materialists, ib., 223, 226, 228; reply open to materialists, 224, 230; argument against idealists, 204, 225; their doctrine the same as Plato’s in Phædon, &c., 244, 246; no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390 n.; communion implies relativity, 125, 205; to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287 n.; motion and rest both agree in ens, which is therefore a tertium quid, 206; argument against “only identical predication legitimate,” ib., 212, 221, 251; Antisthenes meant, i. 163, 165; intercommunion of some Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246 n., 251 n.; analogy of letters and syllables, 207; what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208; of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; τὸ μὴ ὄν, meaning, 181 n.; five forms examined, 208, 231, 233; Plato’s view of non-ens unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242 n., 248 n.; an approximation to Aristotle’s view, 247; different from other dialogues, 242; compared with Phædon, 244, 246; Phædrus, 18, 257; Symposion, 19; Theætêtus, 182 n., 187, 242, 256, 332; Kratylus, ib.; Philêbus, 369 n.; Republic, 242, 257.
Sophokles, Antigone, compared with Apology, i. 429 n.; its popularity, ii. 135 n.; as a general, 135.
Σωφροσύνη, ii. 153 n.; see Temperance; derivation, iii. 301 n.; identical with σοφία, ii. 279; and αἰδώς, 269 n.
Sorites, i. 128, 133, 135 n.
Soul, derivation of ψυχή, iii. 301 n.; meaning, iv. 387 n.; prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419-20; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 n.; of the kosmos, iii. 265 n., iv. 220, 421; affinity to human, iii. 366 n.; of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225; of plants, 248; doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Empedokles, 44; Anaxagoras, 54; Demokritus, 75; Plato’s conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231; not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384; Hegel on Plato’s view, 414 n.; a mixture, refuted, 390; life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235 n.; partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386; purification of, 388; κνῆσις compared to children’s teething, iii. 399 n.; pre-existence admitted, ii. 390; mythe, iii. 12, 15 n.; Leibnitz on, ii. 248 n.; pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic idéal, iii. 52; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234; mythe of departed, in Republic, 94; state after emancipation from body, ii. 416; yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency, ib.; three constituent elements of, iii. 232 n.; Galen, iv. 258; are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243; no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division of, 149 n.; each part at once material and mental, 257; supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243; Demiurgus prepares for man’s construction, places a soul in each star, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within, ib.; mount cranium on a tall body, 236; seat of, 235-7, 243-7, 259 n.; Littré, 257 n.; abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259; seat of prophetic agency, 246; thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 n.; of spleen, 246; vision, sleep, dreams, 236; Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 n.; Monboddo, iv. 387 n.; see Body, Immortality, Mind, Reason.
Sound, Zeno’s arguments, i. 96; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Space, and time comprised in Parmenides’ ens, i. 19; Zeno’s reductiones ad absurdum, 94; contents of the idea of, 20 n.
Sparta, unlettered community, iv. 278; law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35; Hippias lectures at, 39; mixed government, iv. 310; kings eulogised, ii. 8; customs of, iii. 24 n.; peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 n.; blended with Persian in Cyropædia, i. 222; influence on philosopher’s theories, iv. 181; Xenophon’s idéal of character, 147, 148, 182; Plato’s in Leges, 276, 280 n., 403; basis of institutions too narrow, 282; endurance of pain in discipline of, 285; public training and mess, 279, 280 n., 285 n.; no training for women, censured, 188; infanticide, 203; number of citizens, 327 n.; drunkenness forbidden at, 286; kryptia, Plato’s agronomi compared, 336.
Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. 13.
Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; the thing spoken of suffers, 287 n.; Psammetichus’ experiment, 289 n.; and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, 340-3.
Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 n.
Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 n.; on pleasure, 386 n., 389 n.; on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.
Sphere, the earth a, early views, i. 25 n.; Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14; Sphærus of Empedokles, 39.
Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i. 307, 443 n.; Erastæ, ii. 121; Theagês, 100 n.; Euthydêmus, 202; Protagoras, 314, iv. 284 n.; Theætêtus, iii. 158 n.; Sophistês and Politikus, 196 n., 257 n.; Kratylus, 303 n., 305 n., 310 n., 321, 323 n.; Philêbus, 342 n., 343 n., 347 n., 356 n., 389 n., 398 n.; Menexenus, 408, 409; Republic iv. 106 n.; Timæus, 219 n.; Leges, 188 n., 272 n., 410 n., 431; theory of Ideas, iii. 69 n.; Sophists, ii. 209 n.; Megarics, i. 132 n.
Stars, iv. 229.
State, Lewis on idéals, iv. 139 n.; realisation of idéals, 190 n.; three ends of political constructor, 328 n.; influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181; no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of different institutions, 397; Aristeides on, i. 243 n.; citizens willing to be ruled, idéal of Plato and Xenophon, iv. 283 n.; Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 148, 182; its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and laws secondary, 284; religion in connection with, 24, 160; and education combined, 185; Plato’s ideal, compared with Athens, 430; the Spartan adopted in Leges, 276, 280 n., 403; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, 183; more anxious for good treatment of Demos, ib.; in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake active duties. 70; as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90; ideal, how to be realised, 78, 190 n.; admitted only partially realisable, 327; only an outline, 139; a military bureaucracy, 183; second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337; Aristotle objects to Plato’s ideal, it is two states, 185; objection valid against his own ideal, 186 n.; Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186; Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true, 189; from adverse established sentiments, 191; genesis, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 20, 111, 112 n., 133; historical retrospect of society, 307-314; analogy of individual and, 11, 21, 37, 79-84, 96; Hobbes on, ib.; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 123; its ὑπόθεσις, 328 n.; basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282; site, 320, 329, 336; circular form, unwalled, 344; influence of climate, 330 n.; wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34; justice and temperance in all classes, 35; class of guardians, characteristics, 23; divided into rulers and soldiers, 29; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77, 171-4; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; συσσίτια, 32, 345, 359; communism of guardians, ib., 140, 169; necessary to city’s safety, 32, 34, 44, 140, 170-179; peculiarity of Plato’s communism, 179; Plato’s view of wealth, 199 n.; no family ties, 41, 174, 178; temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8; Plato’s and modern sentiments, 192, 194; influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359; citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285; self-control tested by wine, 289; healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city’s wants, 22; from multiplied wants, war, ib.; perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97; one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361; unity of end to be kept in view, 417; end, happiness of entire state, 98, 139 n.; and virtue of the citizens, 417; three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in individual, 39; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; four stages of degeneracy, 79-84; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34; laws about marriage, 328, 331, 341, 344; Aristotle, 198-201; Malthus’ law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202; number of citizens, 178, 326, 328; limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201; Aristotle, 326 n.; approximation in Mill, 199 n.; rearing of children, 43, 44; infanticide, ib., 177; Aristotle, 202; contrast of modern sentiment, 203; citizens of Plato’s ideal, identified with ancient Athenians, 266; division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329; perpetuity of lots of land, 320, 360; Aristotle, 326 n.; succession, 328; orphans, guardians, 404, 406; limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; distribution of annual produce, 361; state importation of necessary articles, ib.; regulations for retailers, 21, 361, 401; admission of Metics, 362, i. 238; of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv. 414; slavery, 342; Aristotle differs, 344 n.; direct taxation, according to wealth, 331; four classes, property classification for magistracies and votes, ib.; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; military commanders and council, ib.; monthly military muster of whole population, 358; electoral scheme, 333; the council, and other magistrates, 335; Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425, 429; and enforce orthodox creed, 419; most important magistrate, minister of education, 338; defence of territory, rural police, 335; Spartan kryptia compared, 336; Xenophon’s ideal of an active citizen, i. 214; he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236; encouragement of metics, 238; training of citizens, 226; formation of treasury funds, 238; distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239; its purpose and principle, 240, 241 n.; see Government, Political Art, &c.
Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89; incompetent to teach. 100, 357, 360, 369; the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256; their right opinion, from inspiration, 242; defects of best Athenian, 360; considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362; Plato’s idéal, 363; relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273; definition of, 263.
Steersman, simile of, iv. 53.
Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309; τὸ ἐξαίφνης, iii. 103 n.; Parmenidês, 109 n., 245 n.; Theætêtus, 167 n.; Sophistês, 245 n.; Kratylus, 307 n.; Menexenus, 412 n.
Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 n.
Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii. 50 n.; relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 n.; Berkeley, iv. 243 n.
Stilpon, nominalism of, i. 167; only identical predication possible, 166, 168; of Megara, 148.
Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27, 34 n.; developed Antisthenes’ doctrines, 198; practical life preferable, 181 n.; πάντα αὑτοῦ ἕνεκα πράττειν, iv. 106 n.; all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in Republic, 102; fate, i. 143 n.; view of Dialectic, 371 n.; style of their works, 406; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 n.; notion of time, iii. 101 n.; natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 n.; etymologies, 308 n.; sophisms of, i. 128 n., 138; minute reasons of, 130 n.; Cicero on, 157.
Straton, theory of sensation, i. 63 n., iii. 166 n.; Plato’s doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 250 n.
Strümpell, on Parmenidês, iii. 71 n., 75 n.
Subject, independent object and, do not explain facts of consciousness, iii. 131; perpetually implicated with object, 118, 122 n., 123, 128; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; Hobbes on, 117 n.; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, 127; see Relativity.
Subjective, of Xenophanes, i. 18; and objective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, 451; unanimity coincident with objective dissent, ib.; Plato’s reference to objective and, iii. 134.
Subjectivism, an objection to Homo Mensura, iii. 151.
Suckow, on Menexenus, iii. 412 n.; Sophistês and Politikus, 185 n.; Leges, iv. 431, 432.
Suicide, Hegesias, the death-persuader, i. 202; Cynics, and Indian Gymnosophists, 161 n.
Συμφέρον, derivation, iii. 301 n.
Συνώνυμα and ὁμώνυμα first distinguished by Aristotle, iii. 94 n.; συνωνύμως, ii. 194.
Sydenham, on Aristippus and Eudoxus, i. 202 n.; seat of happiness, iii. 372 n.; Philêbus, 376 n.
Syllogistic and Inductive Dialectic, ii. 27.
Symposion, of Xenophon, i. 152; date, iii. 26 n.; compared with Plato’s, 22; of Epikurus, ib. n.
Symposion, the, date, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 324, iii. 26 n.; purpose, ii. 382 n., iii. 8; antithesis and complement of Phædon, 22; contains much transcendental assertion, 56; censured for erotic character, 3 n.; Idea of Beauty exclusively presented in, 18; Eros, views of interlocutors, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, ib.; but in Phædrus a powerful god, ib. n., 11 n.; amends empire of Necessity, iv. 222 n.; discourse of Sokrates, iii. 11; analogy of Eros to philosophy, 10, 11; the stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6; knowledge, by evolution of indwelling conceptions, 17; exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty in genere, 7; common desire for immortality, 6; attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, ib.; only metaphorical immortality recognised in, 17; Sokrates’ personal appearance and peculiar character, 19; proof against temptation, 20, iv. 287; concluding scene, iii. 19; compared with Xenophon, 22; Phædon, ii. 382, iii. 17-8, 22; Phædrus, 11 n., 11, 15, 16-8; Philêbus, 370 n., 399; reading in p. 201d, μαντικῆς, 8 n.
Syracuse, the Athenian expedition against, iii. 406.
T.
Taste, Empedokles, i. 46; Demokritus, 78.
Taxation, direct, according to wealth, iv. 331.
Teaching, denied in Menon, ii. 254 n.; διδαχὴ and πειθώ, distinct, ib., iii. 172 n.; knowledge to be elicited out of untutored mind, how far correct, ii. 249; dialectician alone can teach, iii. 37; idéal unrealisable, 51; books (q. v.) and lectures of little use, 34; proper use of dialectic and rhetoric, 40; of rhetoricians, practical value of, 45; Sokrates’ and Aristotle’s views, 53 n.; exercises for students, 79, 80 n., 90 n.; parents’ jealousy towards influential teachers, ii. 265 n.
Τεχνίτης, ii. 272 n.
Teleology, physiology of Timæus subordinated to ethical, iv. 257; see Ends.
Temperance, σωφροσύνη, ii. 153 n.; as treated by Plato and Aristotle, 170; is self-knowledge, 155; and with justice the condition of happiness and freedom, 12; the condition of virtue and happiness, 358; and intelligence identical, having same contrary, 279; a kind of sedateness, objections, 154; a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, ib.; doing one’s own business, refuted, 155; as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for our end, happiness, 159, 160; not the science of good and evil, and of little service, 161; undiscovered, but a good, 162; Charmidês, difficulties unnoticed in Politikus, iii. 282; in state, iv. 34-5; distinction effaced between justice and, 135; relation to rest of virtue, 425.
Tennemann, i. 302.
Thales, philosophy, i. 4; doctrine of eclipses, 6 n.; foretold eclipse, 4 n.; misrepresented by Cicero, ib.
Θαρράλεος, ii. 145 n.
Theætêtus, date, i. 307-10, 313, 315, 324, 325 n., ii. 228 n., iii. 111 n.; purpose, 167 n., 176; value, 177; great advance in analytical psychology, 164; negative result, 176; difficulties not solved in any other dialogue, 180; sophisms in, 158 n.; like Megarics, i. 134 n.; method contrasted with Philêbus, iii. 335 n.; scenery and personages, 110; Sokrates’ mental obstetric, 112; what is knowledge, 111; sensible perception, ib., 113, 154, 256; doctrine erroneously identified with Homo Mensura, 113, 118, 120 n., 122, 162 n.; Herakleitean flux, 114, 115, 126, 128; Empedokles’ doctrine, 114, 115; Plato’s exposition confused, 114; relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154; divergences of men, from mental and associative difference, 155; statesman and philosopher contrasted, 183; the genuine ruler a shepherd, iv. 10; relativity twofold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii. 127; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, ib.; no absolute ens, 129; arguments from dreams, &c., answered, 130; Plato’s reference to subjective and objective, 134; Homo Mensura, true meaning, 137, 164 n.; its counter-proposition, 148; Plato’s arguments against Homo Mensura, 135; he ignores the proper qualification, 137; the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292; not true in the sense meant, 141; the wise man alone a measure, 136; reply, 143; special knowledge required, where future consequences involved, 136; but Relativity does not imply that every man believes himself to be infallible, 145; it annuls dialectic — not true, 146; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, ib.; the mind sees not with but through the eyes, 159; the mind makes several judgments by itself, 160; knowledge lies in the mind’s comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; cognition is true opinion — objections, 168, 184 n.; are false opinions possible, 169, 181 n.; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169; distinction of possessing, and having actually in hand, knowledge, 170; simile of pigeon-cage, 171; false opinion impossible or a man may know what he does not know, 170; the confusions of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171; for rhetors communicate true opinion, not knowledge, 172; knowledge is true opinion plus rational explanation, 173; analogy of elements and compounds, ib.; rejected, 175; compared with Phædrus, 18; Symposion, ib.; Sophistês, 181 n., 187, 227, 242, 258, 332; Politikus, 185 n., 187, 256; Kratylus, 332; Philêbus, 335 n.
Theagês, authenticity, i. 306, 309, 319, ii. 98, 100 n., 107; prolixity, 100 n.; analogy with Lachês, 104; its peculiarity, the dæmon, ib.; explains eccentricity of Sokrates, 105; Theagês desires a teacher of wisdom, 99; incompetence of best statesmen for teaching, 100; Sokrates asked to teach — declares inability, 101; excuse, 105; sometimes useful — his experience of his dæmon, 102; Theagês anxious to be Sokrates’ companion, 103.
Thebans, iii. 24 n.
Themistius, i. 388 n.
Theodorus, i. 202.
Theology, not a progressive science, ii. 428; primitive, contrasted by Aristotle with “human wisdom,” i. 3 n.; see God, Religion.
Theophrastus, friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279; banished from Athens, ib. n.; change in Peripatetic school after death of, 272; physiology, 46 n.; combated Demokritus’ theory of vision, 78 n.; criticises Demokritean division of qualities, 80 n.; astronomy, 257 n.; Plato’s doctrine of earth’s position, iv. 424 n.; sophism, Mentiens, i. 134 n.; fate, 143 n.
Theopompus, view of dialectic, i. 450; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 n.; on profession of Sophist, i. 212 n.; authorship of Plato’s dialogues, 112 n., 115.
Theory, difference between precepts and, iv. 131.
Thomson, on Parmenidês, iii. 84 n.
Thracians, iv. 38.
Thrasyllus, on Platonic canon, i. 265; follows Aristophanes’ classification, 295, 299; not an internal sentiment, 298; trustworthiness, 299; acknowledged till 16th century, 301; more trustworthy than moderns, 335; classifies in Tetralogies works of Plato and Demokritus, 273 n.; not the order established by Plato, 335 n.; classification of Demokritus, 295 n.; Plato’s works — dramatic, philosophical, 289; his principle, 294 n.; incongruity, 294; of Search, of Exposition defective but useful, 361; erroneously applied, 364; coincides with Aristotle’s two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative, 362; sub-classes recognised, 366; the scheme, when principles correctly applied, 365; did not doubt Hipparchus, 297 n.; nor Erastæ, ii. 121; Kleitophon in Republic tetralogy, iii. 419.
Thrasymachus, iii. 419, iv. 7.
Thucydides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102; probably never read by Plato, iii. 411 n.; the gods’ jealousy, iv. 165 n.; speeches of Perikles, ii. 373 n., 373, iv. 148 n.; Melian dialogue, ii. 341 n., i. 180 n.
Θυμός, derivation, iii. 301 n.
Thurot, on Sophists, i. 389 n.
Tiedemann, i. 132 n.
Timæus, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 325, iii. 368 n.; sequel to Republic, iv. 215; is earliest physical theory extant in its author’s words, 216; how much mythical, 255 n.; relation to old Greek cosmogonies, i. 87, iv. 255 n.; coincidence with Orpheus, ib.; adopted by Alexandrine Jews as a parallel to Mosaic Genesis, 256; physiology subordinated to ethical teleology, 257; Plato’s theory, acknowledged to be merely an εἰκὼς λόγος, 217; contrast with Sokrates, Isokrates, Xenophon, ib.; subject and persons, 215; position and character of Pythagorean Timæus, 216; fundamental distinction of ens and fientia, 219; no knowledge of kosmos obtainable, 220; Demiurgus, Ideas, and Chaos postulated, ib., iii. 121; Demiurgus, how conceived by other philosophers of same century, iv. 254; kosmos a living being and a god, 220, 223; Time began with, 227; Demiurgus produces kosmos by persuading Necessity, 220, 238; process of demiurgic construction, iii. 409 n., iv. 223; copy of the Αὐτόζωον, 223, 227, 235 n., 263; body, form, and rotation of kosmos, 225, 229, 237, 252; change of view in Epinomis, 424 n.; position and elements of soul of kosmos, 225; affinity to human, iii. 366 n.; four elements not primitive, iv. 238; varieties of each element, 242; forms of the elements, 239; Ideas and Materia Prima, iii. 397 n., iv. 239; primordial chaos, 240; geometrical theory of the elements, ib.; borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 n.; Aristotle on, iv. 241 n.; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; Plato’s acquiescence in tradition, 230-3, 241 n.; address of Demiurgus to generated gods, 233; preparations for man’s construction, a soul placed in each star, 235; construction of man, 243; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with rational soul rotating within, 235; mount cranium on a tall body, 236; man the cause of evil, 234; inconsistency, ib. n.; organs of sense, 236; soul tripartite, compared with Phædon, ii. 384; the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, iv. 149 n.; each part at once material and mental, 257; seat of, 259 n.; thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 n.; abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259; seat of prophetic agency, 246; function of spleen, ib.; object of length of intestinal canal, 247; bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, 247; vision, sleep, dreams, 237; advantages of sight and hearing, ib.; mortal soul of plants, 248; plants for man’s nutrition, ib.; general survey of diseases, 249; Plato compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260; mental diseases arise from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, 249; preservative and healing agencies, 260; treatment of mind by itself, 251; rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252; contrast of Plato’s admiration, with degenerate realities, 262, 264; genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252; degeneracy originally intended, 263; poetical close, 264; compared with Protagoras, ii. 268 n.; Phædon, 383, 407 n., 411, 412, 422, iv. 239 n.; Phædrus, ib.; Theætêtus, iii. 163; Philêbus, 397 n.; Republic, iv. 38 n., 253 n.; Leges, 276, 389 n.; Epinomis, 424 n.
Time, contents of the idea of, i. 20 n.; and space comprised in Parmenides’ ens, 19; Herakleitus’ doctrine, iv. 228 n.; Plato’s imagination of momentary stoppages in, iii. 100, 102; Aristotle, 103; began with the kosmos, iv. 227; difficulties of Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145; Stoical belief, iii. 101 n.; Harris, i. 146 n.; calendar of ancients, iv. 325 n.
Timocracy, iv. 79.
Tracy, Destutt, Homo Mensura, iii. 292 n.; individualism, 139 n.; origin of language, 328 n.
Trade, see Commerce.
Tragedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 n.; Plato’s aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, ib. n.
Trendelenburg, on Platonic canon, i. 345 n.; Philêbus, iii. 398 n.; relativity of knowledge, 124 n.
Trent, Council of, i. 390 n.
Truth, and Good and Real, coalesce in Plato’s mind, ii. 88, iii. 391; obtainable by reason only, Demokritus’ doctrine, i. 72; the search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, 396; per se interesting, 403; modern search goes on silently, 369; philosophy is reasoned, vii-ix; its criterion, ii. 247; resides in universals, 411, 412, iv. 3 n.; necessary, iii. 253 n.; all persuasion founded on a knowledge of, 28; generating cause of error, 33; dialectic the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, 383; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; its valuable principles, 395; is falsehood possible? 199; is theoretically possible, and its production may be object of such a profession as Sophists, 214; lie for useful end, justifiable, ii. 347 n., iv. 3 n.; Aristotle on, iii. 386 n.; see Mythe.
Turgot, on etymology, iii. 303 n.; Existence, 135 n.; hopelessness of defining common and vague terms, ii. 186 n.
Tyndall, Prof., i. 373 n.
Type gives natural groups, definition classes, ii. 48, 193 n.
U.
Ueberweg, on Platonic canon, attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, i. 313; the Dialogues, 401 n.; Theætêtus, iii. 167 n.; Sophistês, 186 n., 253, 369 n.; Politikus, 186 n.; Philêbus, 368 n.; Timæus, ib., iv. 255 n.; Menexenus, iii. 412 n.; Ideas, iv. 239 n.
Universals, debates about meaning, iii. 76-7; different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76; definition of, the object of the Sokratic dialectic, i. 452; Sokrates sought the common characteristic, Plato found it in his Idea, 454; process of forming, ii. 27; truth resides in, 411-2, iv. 3 n.; amidst particulars, iii. 257; different dialogues compared, ib.; how is generic unity distributed among species and individuals, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; see Ideas, One.
Upton, sophism Κυριεύων, i. 141 n.
Useful, the Good, ii. 30; the Just or Good — general but not constant explanation in Plato, 38; the lawful is the, 36; not identical with the beautiful, 44, 50 n.
Utilitarianism, its standard, ii. 310 n.; doctrine of Sokrates, 349, 354 n.; theory in Protagoras, 308; Republic, iv. 3 n., 12, 14, 104.
V.
Vacherot, i. 376 n.
Varro, etymologies, iii. 311 n.
Veron, M., Relativity, iii. 144 n.
Virgil, general doctrine of metempsychosis in, ii. 425 n.
Virtue, identified with knowledge by Sokrates, ii. 67 n., 239, 240, 321; of what, unsolved, 244; Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions, 67-8, 83; its one sufficient condition, perfect state of the intelligence, 149; is it teachable, 232, 239, 240, 266, 275, iii. 330 n.; Xenophon on, i. 230; plurality of virtues, ii. 233; the highest, teachable, but all existing virtue is from inspiration, 242; problem unsolved, ib.; taught by citizens, 269, 272; quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, ib.; analogy of learning the vernacular, 273; is it in divisible, or of parts, homogeneous or heterogeneous, 277; no man does evil voluntarily, 292, iv. 249, 365-7; a right comparison of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305; temperance the condition of, 358; natural dissidence of the gentle and the energetic, iii. 272; excess of the energetic entail death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, 273; Sokrates’ power in awakening ardour for, 415; but he does not explain what it is, ib.; unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, 416; quadruple distribution in city, iv. 34; Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, ib.; four cardinal virtues assumed as constituting all virtue where each resides, 134; as an exhaustive classification, 135, 417; difference in other dialogues, 137; the four, source of all other goods, 428; the only common property of, 425; and of vice, 426; of the citizens, the end of the state, 417; Xenophon on motive to practice of, 101 n., 135 n.; Sokrates on its fruits, i. 415; all-sufficiency of, germ in Republic of Stoical doctrine, iv. 102; see Courage, Holiness, Justice, Temperance, Wisdom.
Vision, doctrine of Empedokles, i. 45; caused by images from objects, Demokritus, 78; Plato’s conception of the act of, iii. 129 n., 159; Plato’s theory, iv. 236; Aristotle on, 237 n.; ancient theories of, ib.; principal advantages of, 237.
Voltaire, iv. 233, i. 168 n.
W.
War, from city’s increased wants, iv. 22; class of soldiers, characteristics, 23; both sexes to go together to battle, 46; against Greek enemies to be carried on mildly, 47; Spartan institutions adapted to, 282; military commanders and council, 332; military training of youths, 349; Sokrates on qualities for, i. 133 n.
Water, the Chaos of Hesiod, i. 4 n.; principle of Thales, 4; originally covered the earth, according to Xenophanes, &c., 18; Empedokles, 38; discovery of the composition of, ii. 163 n.
Watt, discovery of composition of water, ii. 163 n.
Wedgwood, H., iii. 326 n.
Westermann, on Menexenus, iii. 408 n.
Whately, Abp., on Fallacies, ii. 217.
Whewell, Dr., ii. 48, 193 n.
Wholes, abstract and concrete, ii. 52, 53; generic and analogical, 48, 193 n., iii. 365.
Wilson, Dr. Geo., ii. 163 n.
Winckelmann, i. 132 n.
Wisdom, no positive knowledge of, i. 414, 416; in state, iv. 34-5; what it is, 421, 423; see Knowledge.
Wise, term applied when men know when and how far to use their accomplishments, ii. 15.
Wise Man, the Ideal, see Expert.
Women, position of Greek, iii. 1; genesis from degenerate man, iv. 252; inferiority to men, 234, 252; best, equal by nature to second-best men, 42, 171-4; not superior in weaving and cookery, 172 n.; temporary marriages, 43, 175-8; object, 198; Plato’s and modern sentiments, 192, 194 n.; influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic state, 197; both sexes to go together to battle, 46; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46; same duties and training as men, 77; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient legends, 196; contrast with Aristotle, 195.
Wordsworth, ii. 250 n.
Writing, see Books.
X.
Xanthippê, iii. 23 n.
Xanthus, i. 19 n.
Xenokrates, iv. 255.
Xenophanes, life, i. 16; doctrines, ib.; unsatisfactory, 18; held Non-Ens inadmissible, ib.; the relative and absolute, 19; infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes, ib.; censured by Herakleitus, 26; scepticism, 18; popular mythology censured, 16; religious element in, ib., 18; the Universe God, 119 n.
Xenophon, date of, i. 207; Sokratic element an accessory in, 206; essentially a man of action, ib.; personal history, 207-12, 215, 220; alleged enmity between Plato and, iii. 22 n., iv. 146 n., 312 n.; antipathy to Aristippus, i. 182 n.; enlarges the influence claimed by Sokrates, 418; Sokrates of Plato and, 178, 199; Sokrates on the Holy, different from Platonic Sokrates, 454; and Plato compared, on Sokrates’ reply to Melêtus, 456, ii. 420 n.; Sokrates’ character one-sided, iii. 423; discussion of law, ii. 86; the ideal the only real, 88 n.; Sokrates on friendship, 186; natural causes of friendship, 341 n.; view of Eros, iii. 25; παιδεραστία, 20 n.; Sokrates’ identification of Good with pleasure, ii. 305; Sokrates’ doctrine of good, iii. 365; motive to practice of virtue, iv. 99, 101 n., 135 n.; immortality of soul, ii. 420 n.; on filial ingratitude, iv. 399 n.; Sokrates on qualities for war, i. 133 n.; Sokrates’ view of rhetoric, ii. 371 n.; relation of mind to kosmos, iii. 368; the gods’ jealousy, iv. 165 n.; change in old age, Plato compared, i. 244; contrasted with Plato in Timæus, iv. 219; works, i. 213; analogy with Alkibiadês I. and II. , ii. 21; Sokrates’ order of problems not observed, i. 230; Symposion of, 152; date, iii. 26 n.; compared with Plato’s, 22; Memorabilia compared with Alkibiadês II. , ii. 29; debate of Sokrates and Hippias, 34, 37, 49, 66; Œkonomikus, ideal of an active citizen, i. 214; Hieron, contents, 216-20; Sokrates not introduced in Hieron and Cyropædia, 216; Hieron compared with Gorgias, 221; why Syracusan despot taken for subject, 220-2; interior life of despot, 218, 220; Sokratic ideal of government differently worked out by Plato, and, iii. 273; idéal, citizens willing to be ruled, iv. 283 n., i. 215, 218, 225; love of subjects obtainable by good government, 220; Cyropædia, a romance, blending Persian and Spartan customs, 222; compared with Leges, iv. 319; contents, i. 223-35; his experience of younger Cyrus, 222; education of Cyrus the Great, 223; scientific ruler best, 224; Cyropædia does not solve the problem, 225; Cyrus, of heroic genius, ib.; biography, 232; generous and amiable qualities, 234; scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, ib.; position of the Demos, iv. 183; ideal state wants unity, 186 n.; training of citizens, i. 226; Plato’s training of guardians compared, iv. 141-7; idéal of character is Spartan, Plato’s is Athenian, 147, 151, 182, 276, 280 n., 403; Persian training, 278 n.; details of education, i. 227; its good effects, 228; tuition in justice, 229; definition of justice unsatisfactory, 231; Sokrates on justice, iv. 3 n.; music omitted in education, 305, i. 229; theoretical and practical geometry, iii. 395; relation of sexes, iv. 194 n.; division of labour, 139 n.; inexperienced in finance and commerce, i. 236; admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, ib.; formation of treasury funds, 238; encouragement of Metics, ib.; distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239; its purpose and principle, 240, 241 n.; visionary anticipations, 241; financial scheme, Boeckh on, 242 n.; exhortation to peace, 243.
Xerxes, iv. 7.
Y.
Yxem, on Kleitophon, iii. 419 n.; Hipparchus, ii. 97; Erastæ, 121.
Z.
Zeller, on Plato, iii. 245 n.; Parmenidês, 84 n.; Leges, i. 338 n., iv. 274 n., 325 n., 389 n., 431-3; Ideas, i. 120 n.; Eukleides, 127 n.; Megarics, 131 n.; Sophists, 389 n.
Zeno of Elea, i. 93; contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105; modern critics on, 101; defended Parmenidean doctrine, 93, 98, iii. 8; the relative alone knowable, i. 98; two worlds, impugned by Sokrates, iii. 59; arguments in regard to space, i. 95; motion, 97; not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102; Sorites, 135 n.; reductiones ad absurdum, 94, 121 n.; not contradictions of data generalised from experience, 100; no systematic theory of scepticism, iii. 93; dialectic, 107; purpose and result, i. 98; carried out by Sokrates, 371; compared with Platonic Parmenidês, 100.
Zeno the Stoic, i. 160; attracted to Athens by perusal of Apology, 418; eclectic, 174; communism of wives, 189 n.
Zenodotus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 n.
Zeus conferred social art on men, ii. 268.