GENERAL INDEX. (continued 2)

K.

Κακία, derivation, iii. 301 n.

Kallikles, rhetor and politician, ii. 340.

Kallimachus, Plato’s works known to, i. 276, 296 n.; issued catalogue of Alexandrine library, 275.

Καλόν, τό, translated by beautiful, ii. 49 n.; defined, 327, 334; rejected, ib.; see Beautiful, Honourable.

Kant, his Noumenon agrees with Ens of Parmenides, i. 21.

Kapila, i. 378 n.; analogy to Plato, ii. 389 n.

Karneades, on justice, iv. 118 n.

Kepler, applied Pythagorean conception, i. 14 n.; devotion to mathematics, iii. 388 n.

King, see Monarch.

Kleitophon, fragmentary, i. 268, iii. 419, 424; authenticity, i. 305-7, 309, 315, iii. 419 n., 420, 426 n.; posthumous, 420; in Republic tetralogy, i. 406 n., iii. 419, 425; represents the point of view of many objectors, 424; scenery and persons, 413; Sokrates has power in awakening ardour for virtue, 415; but does not explain what virtue is, ib., 421-24; what is justice or virtue, 416; unsatisfactory replies of Sokrates’ friends, ib.; Kleitophon believes Sokrates knows but will not tell, 418; compared with Republic, 425; Apology, 421.

Know, Aristotle on equivocal meaning of, ii. 213 n.; to know and be known is action and passion, iii. 287 n.

Knowledge, claim to universal, common to ancient philosophers, iii. 219; kinds of, i. xii. n.; of like by like, 44, iv. 227; Demokritus’ theory, i. 72, 76, 80; Zeno, 98; Gorgias the Leontine, 104; Kyrenaics, 199, 204; false persuasion of, the natural state of human mind, Sokrates’ theory, 374, 414, ii. 166 n., 218, 243, 263; regarded as an ethical defect, iii. 177; Sokrates’ mission, i. 374, 376, ii. 24, 146, 419, iii. 422, iv. 219; search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, i. 396; per se interesting, 403; necessity of scrutiny, 398 n.; Mill on vagueness of common words, ii. 48 n.; omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84; different views of Plato, iii. 163, 164 n.; evolution of indwelling conceptions, i. 359 n., ii. 249, iii. 17; Sokrates’ mental obstetric, 112; attained only by dialectic, i. 396; its test, power of going through a Sokratic cross-examination, ib., ii. 64; genesis of, 391; reminiscence of the ideas, 237, iii. 13, 17; gods possess the Idea of, 67, 68 n.; philosophy the perpetual accumulation of, ii. 112; of good and evil, distinct from other sciences, 168; necessary to use of good things, 205; must include both making and right use205; no action contrary to, 291; virtue is, 239, 321, 67 n., 149; of what unsolved, 244; to hurt knowingly or wilfully better than unwillingly, 58; analogies from the arts, 59; evil done by good man with, by bad without, 61; as condition of human conduct, Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on, 67, 83; rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies epithets, 68; and moderation identical, having same contrary, 280; of self, Delphian maxim, 11, 25; from looking into other minds, is temperance, 12; opposed to divine inspiration, 136; no object of, distinct from knowledge itself, 156; of ens alone, iv. 49; all, relative to some object, ii. 157, 169; is sensible perception, iii. 111, 113, 154, 172 n.; erroneously identified with Homo Mensura, 113, 118, 120 n., 125, 162 n.; objections, sensible facts, different to different percipients, 153; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, ib.; lies in the mind’s comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, 164; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168; of good, identified with νοῦς, of other things with δόξα, ii. 30; relation to opinion, iii. 167 n., 172, 184 n.; are false opinions possible, 169; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, ib.; distinction of possessing and having actually in hand, 170; simile of pigeon-cage, 171; false opinion is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, ib.; distinguished from right opinion, ii. 253, 255 n., iii. 168; rhetor communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172; Plato’s compared with modern views, ii. 254; is true opinion plus rational explanation, iii. 173; analogy of elements and compounds, ib.; three meanings of rational explanation, 174; definition rejected, 175; antithesis of opinion and, not so marked in Politikus as Theætêtus, 256; opposite cognitions unlike each other, 336, 396; pleasures of, true, 356, 387 n.; good a mixture of pleasure and, 361; same principle of classification applied to pleasure as to, 382; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; its valuable principles, 395; see Relativity, Science, Self-knowledge.

Kosmos, the first topic of Greek speculation, i. ix.; primitive belief, 2; early explanation by Polytheism, ib.; Homer and Hesiod, ib.; Thales, 4; water once covered the earth, notices of the argument from prints of shells and fishes, 18; Anaximander, 5-7; Anaximenes, 7-8; Pythagoras, 12; Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14; Xenophanes, 18, 119 n.; Parmenides, 24, 90 n.; Herakleitus, 32; Empedokles, 39, 41; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; its Reason, different conceptions of Sokrates and Aristotle, ii. 402 n.; soul prior to and more powerful than body, iv. 386, 419, 421; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; all things full of gods, 388; soul of, iii. 265 n., iv. 421; its position and elements, 225; affinity of soul of, and human, iii. 366 n.; mythe in Politikus, 265 n.; divine steersman and dæmons, ib.; analogy of individual mind and cosmical process, i. 36 n.; comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, iii. 367; free from pleasure and pain, 389; forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391; idea of good rules the ideal, as sun the visible, iv. 64; simile of, absolute height and depth, 87; unchangeable essences of, rarely studied, iii. 361; aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 n.; no knowledge of, obtainable, 220; theory in Timæus acknowledged to be merely an εἰκὼς λόγος, 217; Demiurgus, ideas, chaos postulated, 220; Time began with the, 227; is a living being and a god, 220, 223; Demiurgus produces, by persuading Necessity, 220; process of demiurgic construction, 223; the copy of the Αὐτόζωον, ib., 227, 235 n., 264; product of joint action of reason and necessity, 238; body, spherical form, and rotations, i. 25 n., iv. 225, 229, 237, 252, 325 n., 388-9; to be studied for mental hygienic, 252; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; construction of man, 243; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with rational soul rotating within, 235; four elements not primitive, 238; action of Ideas on prime matter, 238; Forms of the elements, ib.; primordial chaos, 240; geometrical theory of the elements, ib.; borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 n.; Aristotle on, iv. 241 n.; varieties of each element, 242; contrast of Plato’s admiration, with degenerate realities, 262, 264; degeneracy originally intended, 263; recurrence of destructive agencies, 270, 307; change of view in Epinomis, 421, 424 n.

Krates, the “door-opener,” i. 173; Sokrates’ precepts fully carried out by Diogenes and, 160, 174.

Kratippus, the Peripatetic, i. 258 n.

Kratylus, purpose, iii. 302-8, 309 n., 321, 323, 325 n.; authenticity, i. 316; date, 306, 309, 310, 312; subject and personages, iii. 285; speaking and naming conducted according to fixed laws, 286; names distinguished by Plato as true or false, ib. n.; connected with doctrine of Ideas, 326 n.; the thing spoken of suffers, 287 n.; name, a didactic instrument, made by lawgiver on type of name-form, 287, 312, 329; Plato’s idéal, 325, 328 n., 329; compared with his views on social institutions, 327; natural rectitude of names, 289, 300 n., 305 n.; names vary in degree of aptitude, 319; aptitude consists in resemblance, 313; difficult to harmonise with facts, 323; forms of names and of things nameable, 289; lawgiver alone discerns essences of names, and assigns them correctly, 290; proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 n., 307 n.; not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 310 n., 314 n., 321, 323; the etymologies serious, 306-12, 317 n.; counter-theory, Homo Mensura, 291, 326 n.; objection, it levels all animals, 292; analogy of physical processes, unsuitable, 294; belief not dependent on will, 297; first imposer of names a Herakleitean, 301 n., 314-5, 320 n.; how names have become disguised, 312; changes hard to follow, 315; onomastic art, letters as well as things must be distinguished with their essential properties, 313; Herakleitean theory admitted, 317; some names not consistent with it, 319; things known only through names, not true, 320; Herakleitean flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, ib.; the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 324; compared with Politikus, 281, 329; Sophistês. 331; Timæus, ib.; various reading in, p. 429c, 317 n.

Krete, unlettered community, iv. 277; public training and mess, 279; its customs peculiar to itself and Sparta, 280 n.

Kritias, a fragment, i. 268, iv. 265; probably would have been an ethical epic in prose, 269; in Republic tetralogy, 215, 265; date, i. 309, 311-3, 315, 325; authenticity, 307, iv. 266 n.; subject, 266; citizens of Plato’s state identified with ancient Athenians, ib.; Solon and Egyptian priests, ib., 268; explanation of their learning, 271; island Atlantis and its kings, 268; address of Zeus, 269; corruption and wickedness of people, ib.; submergence, 270; mythe incomplete, iii. 409 n.; presented as matter of history, iv. 270; recurrence of destructive kosmical agencies, ib.

Kriton, rhetorical, not dialectical, i. 433; compared with Gorgias, ii. 362; general purpose, subject, and interlocutors, i. 425, 428; authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, 420, 435; Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 436; Sokrates’ answer to Kriton’s appeal to flee, 426; Sokrates’ principle, Never act unjustly, 427; this a cardinal point, though most men differ from him, ib.; character and disposition of Sokrates, differently set forth, 428; imaginary pleading of the Laws of Athens, ib.; agreement with Athenian democratic sentiment, 430, 432; Plato’s purpose in this, 428; attempts reconciliation of constitutional allegiance with Sokrates’ individuality, 432; Sokrates characteristics overlooked in the harangue, 431; maintained by his obedience from conviction, ib.

Kyrenaics, scheme of life, i. 188; ethical theory, 195; logical theory, 197; doctrine of relativity, ib., 204; Æthiops, Antipater, and Arêtê, 195; Theodorus on the gods, 202; see Aristippus, Hegesias.

L.

Labour, division of, iv. 138.

Lachês, authenticity, i. 305, ii. 151; date, i. 304, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331 n.; subject and interlocutors, ii. 138; dramatic contrast of Lachês and Sokrates, 150; should lessons be received from a master of arms, 138; Sokrates refers to a professional judge, 139; the judge must prove his competence, Sokrates confesses incompetence, 140; marks of the Expert, 141; education — virtue must first be known, 142; courage, 143; example instead of definition, ib.; not endurance, 144; intelligence of things terrible and not terrible, 145, iv. 138; such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148; but is an inseparable part of knowledge of good and evil generally, 149; intelligence of good and evil generally — too wide, 146; apparent tendency of Plato’s mind in looking for a solution, 147; compared with Theagês, 104; Charmidês, 168; Politikus, iii. 282-4; Republic, iv. 138.

Lactantius, the soul, ii. 425 n.

Land, division of, twelve tribes, iv. 329; perpetuity of lots of, 326, 360; Aristotle on, 326 n.; succession, 328, 404; distribution of annual produce, 361.

Language, natural rectitude of, ii. 89; origin of, iii. 326 n., 328 n., 329 n.; Leibnitz on a philosophical, 322 n.; see Names.

Lassalle, on Herakleitus, iii. 101 n., 159 n., 309 n., 324 n.; Homo Mensura, 297 n.; Kratylus, 306 n., 307 n.; Timæus, iv. 228 n.

Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii. 164 n.

Law, its various meanings, ii. 91, 92 n.; our idea of, less extensive than Nomos (q. v.), i. 380 n., 382 n., ii. 92 n.; and Nature, antithesis of, 333, 338, i. 197; also in Indian philosophy, 162; Sokrates’ disobedience of, 434 n.; the lawful is the profitable, ii. 36; the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city, social or civic opinion, 76; objection, discordance of, 78; is good opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, 77; real things are always accounted real, analogies, 79; of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90; to Plato only what ought to be law, is, 88-90, iii. 317 n.; reality found out by the Expert, ii. 87-88; fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. 73; all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii. 286; of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, 132 n.; no laws to limit scientific governor, 269; different view, iv. 319; government by fixed, the second-best, iii. 270; test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. 384; proëm to every important, 321; Cicero coincides, 322 n.; the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; to serve as type for poets, 323; proëm to laws against heresy, 383; of Zaleukus and Charondas, 323 n.

Law-administration, objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii. 270, iv. 408; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, 363 n., 374, 374 n., 403, 406, 430; many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411; penalties against contentious litigation, 410; oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; many details left to nomophylakes, 341; assisted by select Dikasts, 362; limited power of fining, 360; necessity of precision in terms of accusation, 413 n.; public and private causes, 339; public, three stages, 340, 415; criminal procedure, 362; distinction of damage and injury, 365; witnesses, 409; abuse of public trust, 412; evasion of military service, ib.; varieties of homicide, 370-2; penalties, 370; wounds and beating, 372, 374, 408; heresy, and ὕβρις to divine things or places, 375-386; neglect of parents, 399 n., 407; testaments, 404; divorce, 408; lunacy, 407; poison and sorcery, 407; libels, 409; fugitive slaves, 400; theft, 364, 409; property found, 398; fraudulent traders, 402; mendicants, 409; Benefit societies, 399; suretyship, 415; funerals, ib.

Laws the, see Leges.

Lectures, Plato’s revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable hypothesis, i. 401; differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, 402; of Protagoras, ii. 301; contrasted with cross-examination, 277, 303; dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i. 358; worthless for instruction, ii. 136, 233 n., iii. 33-5, 49, 52, 54, 337 n.; difference in Timæus and Kritias, 53.

Leges, authenticity, i. 304, 306, 338, iv. 325 n., 389 n., 429; date, i. 313, 315, 324, iv. 272, 413 n.; scene and persons, 272, 277; change in Plato’s circumstances and feelings, 273, 320; analogous to Euripides’ Bacchæ and Aristophanes’ Nubes, 277; Xenophon compared, i. 244; Plato’s purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. 369; no evidence of Plato’s study of practical working of different institutions, 397; large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic exhortation, 281; soul prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419; the good and the bad souls at work in universe, 386; all things full of gods, 388; Manichæanism in, 389 n.; good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, 292-297, 299-303; at least an useful fiction, 333; justice a good per se and from its consequences, 294; what constitutes injustice, 367-9; no man voluntarily wicked, 365, 367; three causes of misguided proceedings, 366; punishment, to deter or reform, ib., 408; threefold division of good, 428; virtue fourfold, 417; the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods, 428; unity of state’s end to be kept in view, 417; the end is the virtue of the citizens, ib.; Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, 416, 418, 425, 429; and enforce orthodox creed, 419; training of counsellors in Epinomis, 420, 424; basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282; Plato’s state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337; historical retrospect of society, 307-315; frequent destruction of communities, 307; difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to, 309; view of the lot, 310; imprudent to found government on any one title only, ib.; illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, ib.; Persia and Athens compared, 312; monarchy and democracy the mother-polities, ib.; bad training of king’s sons, ib.; the Magnetic community, origin of, 274 n.; its ὑπόθεσις, 328 n.; site and settlers, 320, 329, 336; circular form, unwalled, 344; defence of territory, rural police, 335; Spartan Kryptia compared, 336; test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, 284; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 363 n., 374, 374 n., 403, 406, 430; many of Plato’s laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411; state’s laws, with their proëms, 321; the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; Cicero on, ib. n.; to serve as type for poets, 323; training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo and Dionysus, 290, 347; endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, 285; drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286; citizens tested against pleasure, 285; Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, 289; elders require stimulus of wine, 297; precautions in electing minister of education, 338; age, and matter of teaching, 348, 350; the teaching simple and common to both sexes, 351; music and dancing, 291; three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, 296, 305; elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297; prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, 292, 337; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; importance of music in education, 305; musical and literary education, fixed type, 292, 338, 349; poets to conform to ethical creed, 292-7; change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, 313; this change began in music, 314; contrast in Demosthenes and Menexenus, 315 n., 318; dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon, 315; Plato’s aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; value of arithmetic, 330 n.; purpose of teaching astronomy, 354; planets, Plato’s idea of motions of, ib.; circular motion best, 388, 389; hunting, meaning of, 356; hunting, how far permitted, 355; for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, 325, 337; temples and priests, 337; number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357; only state worship allowed, 378; contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. 148; Milton on, iv. 379 n.; necessity of enforcing state religion, 378; ὕβρις to divine things or places, 375; proëm to laws against, 383; impiety, from one of three heresies, 376; punishment, 376-9; majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the three varieties, 381; first heresy confuted, 386; argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388; second confuted, 389; the third the worst, 384; confuted, 391; incongruity of Plato’s doctrine, 393; dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, 394; opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece, 395; general Greek belief, 392, 394; division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329; four classes, property qualification for magistracies and voters, 331; perpetuity of lots of land, 326, 360; Aristotle on, 326 n.; succession, 328; number of citizens, 326, 328; Aristotle on, 326 n.; syssitia, 344, 359; same duties and training for women as men, 195; family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of, 327; to be watched over by magistrates, 328; marriage, ib., 332, 342, 344, 359, 405, 406; board of Matrons, 345; divorce, 406; treatment of infants, 346; orphans, guardians, 404, 406; limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330; modes of acquiring property, 397; length of prescription for ownership, 415; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; slavery, 342, 400; Aristotle differs, 343 n.; distribution of annual produce, 361; each artisan only one trade, ib.; retailers, regulations about, ib., 401; punishment for fraud, 402; Benefit Societies, 399; Metics, 362; strangers and foreign travel of citizens, 414; electoral scheme, 333; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; assisted by select Dikasts, 362; many details left to, 341; the council, and other magistrates, 335; limited power of fining, 360; military commanders and council, 332; monthly military muster of whole population, 358; oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413; penal ties against contentious litigation, 410; judicial duties, public and private causes, 339; public, three stages, 340, 415; witnesses, 409; distinction of damage and injury, 365; sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, 363; abuse of public trust, 412; evasion of military service, 412; homicide, penalties, 370; varieties of, 370-2; wounds and beating, 372, 373, 408; poison and sorcery, 407; neglect of parents, ib.; lunacy, ib.; libels, 409; theft, 364, 409; suretyship, 415; mendicants, 409; funerals, 415; compared with earlier works, 275, 280; Cyropædia, 319; Protagoras, 301; Gorgias, ii. 362, iv. 301-2, 324; Phædrus, ib.; Philêbus, 301; Republic, 298 n., 302, 319, 327, 390, 429; Timæus, 389 n.

Lehrsch, iii. 308 n., 309 n.

Leibnitz, interdependence of nature, ii. 248 n.; agreement with Plato’s metaphysics, ib.; pre-existence of soul, ib.; natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. 313 n.; on a philosophical language, 322 n.

Lenormant, iii. 306 n.

Leukippus, i. 65, 66, iii. 243 n.

Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv. 355 n., 424 n.

Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv. 312.

Libraries, ancient, i. 270, 278 n., 280, 286; copying by librarii and private friends, 281 n., 284 n.; official MSS., ib.; see Alexandrine, Lykeum, Academy.

Lichtenstädt, iv. 256 n.

Light, Plato’s theory, iv. 236.

Like known by like, i. 354 n., ii. 359 n.; friend to like, 359.

Littré, the soul, iv. 257 n.; synthetic character of ancient medicine, 260 n.

Loans, disallowed, iii. 331.

Lobeck, iii. 304 n., 311 n., 312 n.

Locke, atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70; good identical with pleasure, ii. 306 n.

Logic, influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. 37; of a science, Plato’s different from Aristotelic and modern view, 358 n.; objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato’s ens, iii. 229, 231; concepts and percepts, relative, 75; in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. 455; position of Megarics in history of, 131 n.; negative, of Antisthenes’ school, 149; Kyrenaic theory, 197; elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato’s time, ii. 13, 34 n., 235, 319, iii. 190, 222, 229, 241; the dialogues of search are lessons in method, 177, 188; collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. 131; Aristotle first distinguished ὁμώνυμα, συνώνυμα, and κατ’ ἀναλογίαν, iii. 94 n.; generalisation and division, ii. 27; process of classification not much attended to, iii. 344; definition and division illustrated in Phædrus and Philêbus, 29, 344; names relative and non-relative, 232; connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and antecedents, ii. 242; logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i. 168 n.; logical and concrete aggregates, ii. 52, 53; concrete, its Greek equivalent, 52 n.; opposites, only one to each thing, 13 n.; contraries, the Pythagorean “principia of existing things,” i. 15 n.; Herakleitus’ theory, 30, 31; are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 n.; judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership with form non-ens, iii. 213-4; implied in every act of consciousness, 165 n.; Plato’s canon of belief, iv. 231; contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 n.; principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato’s time, iii. 99; logical maxim of, 239; function of copula, i. 170 n.; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 n., 251 n.; Plato’s view of causal reasoning, ii. 253; modern views on à priori reasonings, difference of Plato’s, 251; see Fallacies, Predication, Proposition.

Logographers, iii. 27 n., 36 n.

Lot, principle of the, iv. 309, 310 n.

Love, a moving force in Empedokles, i. 38; cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. 182; see Eros.

Lucian, worthlessness of geometry, i. 384 n.; on time wasted in philosophic training, 404 n.

Lucretius, on Anaxagorean homœomeries, i. 52 n.; origin of language, iii. 329 n.; on pleasure, 379 n., 387 n., i. 163 n.; on justice, iv. 130 n.; appearances of gods to men, 155 n.; theology of, 162 n.

Λυσιτέλουν, derivation, iii. 301 n.

Luther, on music, iv. 151 n.

Lykeum, Peripatetic school, i. 269; the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors, 279 n.; loss of library, 270.

Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i. 344 n.

Lysias, rhetorical powers, iii. 48 n.; Isokrates compared, 35, 37; unfairly treated in Phædrus, 47-8; rivalry with Plato, 408, 410 n., 411 n.; oration against Æschines, i. 112.

Lysis, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 184 n.; date, i. 308-10, 313, 326, ii. 184 n.; subject suited for dialogue of search, 185; problem of friendship too general, 186; debate partly real, partly verbal, 188; scenery and personages, 172; mode of talking with youth, 173; servitude of the ignorant, 176; lesson of humility, 177; illustrates Sokratic manner, ib.; what is a friend, 178; appeal to maxims of poets, 179; likeness and unlikeness, ib., 188 n.; the Indifferent, friend to Good, 180, 189; anxious to escape from felt evil, 180; illustrated by philosopher’s condition, 181, 190; the primum amabile, ib., 191; cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182; good akin, evil alien, to every one, 183; the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, 194; failure of enquiry, 184; compared with Cicero De Amicitia, 189 n.; Charmidês, 172, 184 n.

M.

Macaulay, Lord, Theology not a progressive science, ii. 428.

Mackintosh, Sir J., iv. 105 n.

Madness, Plato’s view, ii. 129; of philosophers, 383; varieties of, Eros one, iii. 11; see Inspiration.

Magic, Empedokles claims powers of, i. 47; Plato’s laws against, iv. 407.

Magnet, analogy to poetic inspiration, ii. 128, 129.

Magnetic colony, see Leges.

Maine, meaning of natural justice, ii. 342 n.; influence of Law in early societies, i. 382 n.

Making and doing, ii. 155.

Malebranche, ii. 404 n., iv. 233.

Mallet, on Sophistês, iii. 245 n.

Malthus, law of population, iv. 201; recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Man, Plato on antiquity of, iv. 307; construction of, 243; the cause of evil, 234; inconsistency ib. n.; see Body, Soul, Immortality.

Manichæanism of Leges, iv. 389 n.

Mansel, Dr., iii. 124 n.

Mantineia, i. 211.

Marathon, iii. 406.

Marbach, i. 132 n.

Mariandyni, iv. 343 n.

Marriage, temporary for guardians, iv. 43, 175-8; object, 198; Plato’s and modern sentiments, 192; Aristotle, 188, 198-201; laws in second idéal, 328, 332, 341, 344, 359, 405, 406; board of Matrons, 345; Malthus’ law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202; divorce, 406.

Martin on Timæus, iv. 218 n., 224 n., 233 n., 424 n.; Leges, 355 n.

Materialists, iii. 203, 223; meaning of ens, 231; argument against, 203, 224, 226, 228; reply open to, 224, 229.

Matter, Aristotle’s materia prima, i. 72, iii. 397 n.; τὸ δεκτικὸν of Timæus, ib.; four elements not primitive, iv. 238; prime, action of Ideas on, ib.; Voltaire on, i. 168 n.

Maximus Tyrius, on Plato’s reminiscence, ii. 250 n.; variety, iii. 400 n.

Measure, Plato’s conception, ii. 112, 117, iii. 260; τὸ μέτριον of Plato, 397 n.; Platonic idéal, undefined results, ii. 374; Pythagorean καιρός, iii. 397 n.; necessary, to choose pleasures rightly, ii. 293, 357 n., iii. 391; virtue a right estimate of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305; courage a just estimate of things terrible, 307; false estimates of pleasures habitual, iii. 353; true pleasures admit of, 357; directive sovereignty of, 391; how applied in Protagoras, ib.; how explained in Philêbus, 393.

Medical Art, analogy of rhetoric to, iii. 31; reducible to rule, ii. 372 n.; physician not bound by peremptory rules, iii. 269; no refined, allowed, iv. 28; Plato’s view of, 250; synthetic character of ancient, 260 n.

Megarics, transcendental, not ethical, i. 122; shared with Plato the eristic of Sokrates, 124, 126; logical position misrepresented by historians, 131; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, 371; not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; fallacies of, ii. 215, iii. 92; sophisms of Eubulides, i. 133; real character of, 135; alleged over-refinement in classification of, iii. 196 n.; not the idealists of Sophistês, 244; controversy with Aristotle about Power, i. 135; Aristotle’s arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 n.; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, ib.; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; sophism of Diodôrus Kronus, ib., 143; Stilpon, 147; Cicero on, 135 n.; Ritter, 129 n.; Prantl, ib., 132 n.; Zeller, 131 n.; Winckelmann, 132 n.; Marbach, ib.; Tiedemann, ib.; Stallbaum, ib.; Deycks, 136 n.; see Eukleides.

Melêtus, reply of Sokrates to, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456; Plato’s views coincide with, iv. 211, 230 n., 381, 385, 411, i. 113.

Melissus of Samos, i. 93.

Memory, difference of μνήμη and ἀνάμνησις, iii. 350 n.; see Association.

Ménage, on etymology, iii. 303 n.

Menedêmus the Eretrian, i. 148; disallowed negative predications, 170.

Menexenus, its authenticity, i. 316, 338, iii. 412 n.; date, i. 307, 309, 313, 324; anachronism, iii. 411; scenery and persons, 401; funeral harangues at Athens, ib., 404; Sokrates recites harangue learnt from Aspasia, 402; framed on the established type, 405; excited much admiration, 407; probable motives of Plato, ib., 410; contrast with Leges, iv. 315 n., 318; Gorgias, ii. 374, iii. 409.

Menon, date, i. 306-7, 308-10, 313, 315, 325 n., ii. 228 n., 246 n.; purpose, 235; gives points in common between Sokrates and Sophists, 257; scenery and persons, 232; is virtue teachable, ib., 239, iii. 330 n.; plurality of virtues, ii. 233; search for common property, 234; how is process of search useful, 237; Sokrates’ cross-examination like effect of torpedo, ib.; analogies, definitions of figure and colour, 235; Menon’s definition, refuted, 236; theory of reminiscence, 237; illustrated by questioning Menon’s slave, 238, 249 n., 251; metempsychosis, 249; little said of the Ideas, 253, 255 n.; virtue is knowledge, 239; and so teachable, 240; relation of opinion to knowledge, 241, 255 n., 392 n., iii. 172 n.; right opinion of good statesmen, from inspiration, ii. 242; highest virtue teachable, but all existing virtue is from inspiration, ib.; virtue itself remains unknown, ib., 245; Sokrates’ doctrine, universal desire of good, 243; compared with Phædrus and Phædon, 249; Protagoras, 244; Politikus, iii. 283; Timæus, Gorgias, Republic, ii. 254 n.

Mentiens, sophism, i. 128, 133.

Messênê, bad basis of government, iv. 310.

Metaphor, Herakleitus’ exposition by, i. 28, 30, 37 n.; Plato’s tendency to found arguments on, 343, 353, n., ii. 337 n., iii. 65 n., 173, 207, 351, 364; doctrine of Ideas derived its plausibility from, i. 343; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, iii. 169; pigeon-cage, 171; souls’ κνῆσις compared to children’s teething, 399 n.; the steersman, iv. 53; Idea of Good in intellectual, as sun in visible, 63; the cave, iii. 257 n., iv. 67-70; analogy of state and individual, 11, 20, 39, 79-84, 96; exaggerated, 115, 121, 124; kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87.

Metaphysics, see Ontology.

Meteorology, of Anaxagoras, i. 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; Sokrates avoided, 376.

Metempsychosis, included in all ancient speculations, ii. 390, 425 n.; belief of Empedokles, i. 46; included in Plato’s proof of soul’s immortality, ii. 414; theory of, 237, 247, iv. 234; of ordinary men only, ii. 390, 416, 425; mythe, iii. 12, 14 n.; general doctrine in Virgil, ii. 425 n.

Method, revolutionised by Sokrates, i. x; obstetric, 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; Aristotle’s Dialectic and Demonstrative, i. 363; see Dialectic, Negative, Inductive.

Metics, admission of, iv. 362; Xenophon on, i. 238.

Μέτριον, τό, of Plato, iii. 397 n.

Michelet, iv. 151 n.

Middle ages, disputations in the, i. 397 n.; views on causation, ii. 409 n.

Μίγμα, see Chaos.

Mill, Jas., on law of mental association, ii. 192 n.; transmission of established morality of a society, 275 n.; on the moral sense, iv. 128 n.; ethical end, 105 n.

Mill, J. S., on vague connotation of general terms, ii. 48 n.; evils of informal debate, 220 n., 222 n.; definition of fallacy, i. 129; heads of fallacies, ii. 218; fallacies of confusion, Descartes’ argument, iii. 297 n.; of Sufficient Reason, earliest example of, i. 6 n.; relativity of knowledge, iii. 128 n.; abstract names, 78 n.; simple objects undefinable, i. 172 n.; comparison of Form with particular phenomena, iii. 64 n.; necessity of Verification, 168 n.; antecedent, consequent, simultaneous, 165 n.; assumption in axioms of arithmetic, 396 n.; axioms of arithmetic and geometry, from induction, iv. 353 n.; ultimate laws of nature, iii. 132 n.; relation of art to science, 43 n.; the beautiful, ii. 50 n.; hostility to novel attempts at analysis of ethics, i. 387 n.; Liberty, 395 n., ii. 367 n.; Sokrates’ Utilitarianism, 310 n.; theory of syllogism, 255 n.; approximation to Plato and Aristotle as to ideal state of society, iv. 199 n.

Milton, on Plato’s intolerance, iv. 379 n.

Mind, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; identified with heat by Demokritus, 75; its seat in various parts of the body, Demokritus, 76; Sokrates’ theory of natural state of human, 373; elenchus the sovereign purifier of, iii. 197; Sokrates’ obstetric, 112; the self, ii. 11, 25; state of agent’s, as to knowledge, frequent enquiry in Plato, 83; Plato’s view, an assemblage of latent capacities, 164; knowledge is dominant agency in, 290; usefulness of negative result for training, 186; operation of pre-natal experience on, iii. 13; rhetoric should include a classification of minds and discourses, 32; idéal unattainable, 42, 45; compared to paper, 169, 351; of each individual, tripartite, iv. 37; analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; high development of body and, equally necessary, ii. 422 n.; relation to bodily organs, iii. 159, iv. 387 n.; diseases of, from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-8; preservative and healing agencies, 250; treatment of, by itself, 251; rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252; see Reason, Soul.

Minos, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 336, 337 n., ii. 82, 93; in Leges trilogy, 91; and Hipparchus analogous and inferior to other works, 82; subject the characteristic property connoted by law, 76, 86; discussed by historical Sokrates, ib.; its meanings, 91; three parts, objections, 76; is good opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, 77; real things always accounted real, analogies, 79; only what ought to be law, is, 80, 88-9, iii. 281 n., 317 n.; Expert finds out and certifies truth, ii. 87-9; laws of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90; Minos’ character variously represented, 81; what does the lawgiver prescribe for health of mind — unanswered, ib.; bad definitions of law, 86; Sokrates’ reasoning unsound but Platonic, 88.

Μνήμη, derivation, iii. 302 n.; difference of ἀνάμνησις, 350 n.

Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 n.

Μοῖραι, relation to Gods, iv. 221 n.

Monad, the Pythagorean, i. 11-12; Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 n.; see Number.

Monarchy, and democracy the mother-polities, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, ib. n.; monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266; true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273; no laws to limit scientific governor, 269; idéal attainable only in Saturnian period, 264, iv. 319; distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, 273; of Atlantis, iv. 268; bad education of kings’ son, 312.

Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 n.; on Ideas, 408 n.; mind and body, iv. 387 n.

Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 n.

Morality of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274; relation of art to, see Education, Poetry; Ethics.

More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii. 403 n.; metempsychosis, 427 n.; relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 n.

Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.

Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72; Zeno’s arguments, 97; not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102; form of, iii. 209-10, 232, 245 n.; varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 n.; circular, the best, 225, 388-9; Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145; Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146; and Hobbes, ib.; Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 n.

Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 n.

Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii. 326 n.; vague use of words, i. 398 n.

Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 n.

Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14; and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii. 340; Cynics’ contempt for, i. 151, 155; Platonic sense, iv. 149; disparaged, ii. 355; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; and dancing, effect on emotions, 347; excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of, in education, 305; Aristotle on, 151 n., 306; Xenophon, ib., i. 228; Luther, iv. 151 n.; gymnastic necessary to correct, 29; prizes at festivals, 292, 337, 358; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; only grave allowed, 32, 168, 298 n.; regulated by authority, 292-4, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297; change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 n., 318; dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.

Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 n.; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic theory, iii. 16.

Mythe, general character of Plato’s, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255 n.; disparaged, in Sophistês, iii. 265 n.; Plato’s resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 n.; Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 n.; probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 n.; of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267; value of, 276; of Hades in Gorgias, 361; of soul in Phædon, 415; of pre-existent soul, iii. 12, 14 n.; of the kosmos in Politikus, 265 n.; Timæus, 409 n.; Kritias, ib., iv. 268; of departed souls in Republic, 94; the choice of Herakles, i. 177; training by fictions, iv. 24, 154; Plato’s view of the purpose of, ib., 303-5; Plato’s and Homer’s fictions contrasted, 153 n.; retort open to poets, ib., 154 n.; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 160; poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155; type for narratives about men, 26; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.

Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv. 152 n.; Xenophanes’ censure of, i. 16; Herakleitus’, 26; Plato and the popular, 441 n., ii. 415, iii. 265 n., iv. 24, 155 n., 196, 238 n., 325, 328, 337, 398.

N.

Names, relative and non-relative, iii. 232 n.; Pythagorean theory, 304 n., 316 n.; mystic sanctity of, 323 n.; distinction of divine and human, 300 n.; natural rectitude of, ii. 89, iii. 286 n., 300 n., 306 n.; connected with doctrine of Ideas, 286 n., 327 n.; difficult to harmonise with facts, 323; the essence of things, 305 n.; things known only through names, not true, 320; the thing spoken of suffers, 287 n.; forms of names and of things nameable, 289; didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms, 287, 290, 313; onomastic art, ib.; proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 n., 307 n.; specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 n., 308 n., 309 n., 310 n., 311 n.; not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 306-12, 314 n., 317 n., 321, 324; Plato’s idéal, 325, 328 n., 330; compared with his views on social institutions, 327; Homo Mensura the counter theory of language, 326 n.; intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289; consists in resemblance, 313; vary in degree of aptitude, 318; first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 n., 314-7, 319 n.; how they have become disguised, 312; changes hard to follow, 315; Herakleitean theory admitted, 310; some names not consistent with it, 319; the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 325; see Language.

Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73, ib. n.; all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86; interdependence of, ii. 247; antithesis of law and, 333, 338, i. 197; also in Indian philosophy, 162; φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii. 294 n., iv. 309 n.; Aristotle, 387 n.; uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162; meaning of law of, ii. 341 n.; Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132; no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.

Necessary truth, iii. 253 n.

Necessity, means Freewill in Plato, iv. 221; kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.

Negative, Plato’s view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239; predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.

Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i. 123; preponderated in Plato’s age, ib.; erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387; the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates, 388; Sokrates and Plato its champions, vii, x, 372; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 n.; to social, political, ethical topics, 385; the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates, 126; Academics, 131 n.; negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420; the negative extreme in Parmenidês, iii. 71, i. 125; overlooked in Kriton, 433; well illustrated in Lysis, ii. 177; the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408; its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373, 387, 395 n., 421, ii. 186, i. 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 n., 284, 422; a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201; essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 n., i. 123; its difficulties never solved, iii. 51; see Dialectic.

Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 n.

Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 402 n.

Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 n.

Νόμιμον, equivocal use, ii. 38.

Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164; of Stilpon, 167.

Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 n., 382 n., ii. 92 n.; omnipotence of King, i. 378, 380, 392 n., 424, ii. 333; Sokrates an exception, ib.; Plato’s and Aristotle’s theory of politics to resist King, i. 393 n.; Plato appeals to, iv. 24 n.; Epiktêtus, i. 388 n.; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; no common End among established νόμιμα, iii. 282 n., iv. 204 n.; see Authority, Orthodoxy.

Non-ens, see Ens.

Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês’ ens, i. 21.

Nous, see Reason.

Number, the principle of Pythagoreans, i. 9-12, 14; differs from Plato’s Idea, 10; its modern application, ib. n., 14 n.; limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11 n.; the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 n.; mean proportionals, iv. 224 n.; see Arithmetic.

O.

Oaths, iv. 413.

Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, i. 451; dissent coincident with subjective unanimity, ib.; see Relativity.

Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73; nor acoustics, 74.

Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.

Odysseus, ii. 56.

Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 n.

Old Age, iv. 2.

Oligarchy, iv. 79; Plato’s second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.

Ὁμώνυμα, first distinguished from συνώνυμα by Aristotle, iii. 94 n.

Ὁμωνύμως, ii. 193.

One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407; difficulties about many and, iii. 339; see Idea.

Ontology and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 n.; the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22; reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, 23 n.; Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306; Aristotle’s substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 n.; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404 n.; see Ens, Philosophy.

Opinion, public, see Authority.

Opinion, Xenophanes’ doctrine, i. 18; Parmenides’, 20; Demokritus’, 72; embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30; right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242; compared with knowledge, 241, 253, 255 n., iii. 167 n., 181 n.; antithesis less marked in Theætêtus than Politikus, 257; Plato’s compared with modern views, ii. 254; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from sensation, 166; true, knowledge is, 168; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, ib.; if false, possible, 169, 181 n., 351; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169; false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171; wherein different from knowledge, 172; true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, ib.; true, plus rational explanation, is knowledge, 173; analogy of elements and compounds, ib.; rejected, 174; intercommunion of forms of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214; akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form non-ens, 214; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227; its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49; two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.

Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 n.

Optimism, ii. 393-6.

Orphans, iv. 406-7.

Orphic canon of life, iii. 390 n., iv. 15; coincidence of Timæus with, 255 n.

Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely enforced in Greece, iv. 396; less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126; Sophists conform to prevalent, 56; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv. 55; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; Plato on, i. xi, 342, 392 n., 424, iv. 69 n., 165; probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367; Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology, 421; inconsistently exacted in Plato’s state, iii. 277-8, iv. 24, 156, 160, 327, 379, 430; three varieties of heresy, 376; proëm to laws against, 383; first confuted, 386; argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388; second confuted, 389; contradicts Republic, 390; the third the worst, 384; confuted, 391; general Greek belief, 381, 391, 394; incongruity of Plato’s doctrine, 393; opposition to Plato’s doctrine in Greece, 395; Cicero, 379 n.; Milton, ib.; Bp. Butler, 166 n.; book-burning, 379 n.; see Authority.

Οὐσία, must be known before πάθη, ii. 243 n.

P.

Παιδεραστία, iii. 20 n., iv. 359.

Pain, see ἀλυπία, Pleasure.

Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377 n.

Panætius, style, i. 406 n.; on Phædon, 288, 334 n.; Plato’s immortality of the soul, ii. 423 n.; dialogues of Sokratici viri, i. 112 n.

Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i. 23 n., 89; the absolute, 19-24, iii. 104; Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37; ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19; ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, 24; ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, ib. n.; non-ens, iii. 243 n.; opposition to Homo Mensura, 113; phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 n.; mind, 26; theology, 19, 25; physics, 7 n., 90 n.; two physical principles, 24; doctrine defended by Zeno, 93, 99, iii. 58; relation of Demokritus to, i. 66; with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89; refutation of, in Sophistês, iii. 211, 223; summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 n.; and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.

Parmenidês, the, date, i. 309, 315, 316 n., 338 n., iii. 71 n., 244 n.; authenticity, i. 307-11, 320, 327, 338 n., 401 n., iii. 68 n., 69, 88 n., 185 n.; criticism of dialogue generally, 82; its character, 56; purpose negative, 71, 85 n., 85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68; attack not unnatural, 71; its dialectic, compared with Zeno’s, i. 100; scenery and personages, iii. 58; Sokrates impugns Zeno’s doctrine, 59; and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, ib.; objections, 60-7; no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 n.; ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; not merely conceptions, iii. 64, 74; “the third man,” 64 n.; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, ib., 72; cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66; which gods have, 67, 68 n.; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; exercises required from students, 79; provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced, ib.; nine demonstrations from unum est and unum non est, 81, 340; criticism of antinomies, 82, 85 n., 88 n., 99 n.; exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies, 91; more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92; these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94; different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97 n.; first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of Unum non multa, 96, 101; second, demonstrates Both of what the first demonstrated Neither, 98, 101; third mediates, 100, 101; but unsatisfactory, 102; Plato’s imagination of the Instantaneous, 100; found no favour, 102; the fourth and fifth, 101, 102; the sixth and seventh, 103; unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105; seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104; eighth and ninth, 106; conclusion compared to enigma in Republic, 108; compared with Sophistês and Politikus, 187 n., 259; Philêbus, 97 n., 340 n., 343; Republic, iv. 138; Euthydêmus, ii. 200.

Particulars, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 29; the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, 407; Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. 320; universals amidst, 257; and universals, different dialogues compared, ib.; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; no constant truth in, iv. 3 n.; fluctuate, 50; ordinary men discern only, 49, 51; see Phenomena.

Pascal, on King Nomos, i. 381 n.; Cartesian theory, ii. 401 n.; justice, i. 231 n.; authority, iv. 232.

Πάθη, must be known after οὐσία, ii. 243 n.

Pathology of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv. 260.

Pausanias, the gods jealousy, iv. 164 n.

Peloponnesian war, iii. 406.

Pentateuch, allegorical interpretation of, iv. 157 n.; relation to Greek schemes, 256.

Pentathlos, the, ii. 114; expert of Plato and Aristotle, 119 n.

Percept and concept, relative, iii. 75; prior to the percipient, 76 n.

Perception, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; Empedokles, 44; Theophrastus, 46 n.; Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 77; Plato, iii. 159; different views of Plato, 163; sensible, province wider in Politikus than Theætêtus, 256; knowledge is sensible, 111, 113, 154, 173 n.; identified with Homo Mensura, 123, 162 n.; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, ib.; knowledge lies in the mind’s comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato’s ens, 229, 231.

Pergamus, library of, i. 270 n., 280 n.

Periander, iv. 7.

Περιέχον of Herakleitus, i. 35 n.; compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, 56 n.

Perikles, upheld the claims of intellect, ii. 373; rhetorical power, 370, 371.

Peripatetic school at the Lykeum, i. 269; change after death of Theophrastus, 272; loss of library, 270; see Lykeum.

Persian and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. 8; and Athens compared, iv. 312; invasion, 311, 313; customs blended with Spartan in Cyropædia, i. 222; government, 235.

Phædon the Eretrian, i. 148.

Phædon, the, authenticity, i. 334 n.; first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, 288; date, 309-313, 315, ii. 377 n.; affirmative and expository, 377; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; purpose, ii. 382 n.; antithesis and complement of Symposion, iii. 22; scenery and interlocutors, ii. 377; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, 379; value of exposition, 398; no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, 384; life a struggle between soul and body, 386, 388, 422; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. 389; death emancipates, ii. 386, 388; yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, 415; philosophy gives partial emancipation, 387; purification of soul, 388, i. 159; inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. 38-9, 71.; pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, 375; pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense, ib.; courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different principles, ii. 308 n.; the soul a mixture, refuted, 390; soul’s pre-existence admitted, ib., iii. 122; soul is essentially living and therefore immortal, ii. 413; proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; depends on assumption of Ideas, 412; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, 387, 415, 425; Plato’s demonstration fails, iii. 16; not generally accepted, ii. 426; Sokrates’ intellectual development, 391; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; illustration of Comte’s three stages of progress, 407; Sokrates’ early study, 391; genesis of knowledge, ib.; first doctrine of Cause, rejected, ib., 399; second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, 393, 401, 403; doctrine laid down in Philêbus, 407 n.; Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, 394, 407; Anaxagoras’ nous, as understood by Sokrates, 402 n.; causes efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, 396, 403, 407, iv. 239 n.; multitude of ideas, ii. 410; the only causes, 396; truth resides in ideas, 411; discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct, 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, ib.; Sokrates’ equanimity before death, 416, 417; Sokrates’ soul — islands of the blest, 416; Sokrates’ last words and death, 417; burial, 416; compared with Apology, i. 422 n., ii. 419-21; Symposion, 382, iii. 16-19; Menon, ii. 249; Phædrus, ib., iii. 16-19; Politikus, 262, 265 n.; Republic, ii. 383, 412, 414 n.; Timæus, 383, 407 n., 411-12.

Phædrus, its date, i. 263, 304-10, 313-4, 315, 319, ib. n., 323, 326 n., 327, 330, ii. 227, 228 n., iii. 36 n., 38; ancient criticism on, i. 319 n.; considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, 302; assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, 319, 329 n.; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, 29; derivation of ἔρως, 308 n.; of μαντικὴ and οἰωνιστική, 310 n.; Eros, a variety of madness, 11; Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, ib.; mythe of pre-existent soul, 12, 14 n.; soul’s κνῆσις compared to children’s teething, 399 n.; reminiscence of the Ideas, 13, 17, iv. 239 n.; operation of pre-natal experience on man’s intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. 422, iii. 4, 14; debate on Rhetoric, 26; Sokrates’ theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, 28; writing and speaking, as art, 27; is it teachable by system, 28; Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, 29; Lysias unfairly treated in, 47-8, 408, 410 n., 411 n.; Sokrates’ reason for attachment to dialectic, 258 n.; the two processes of dialectic, 29, 39; exemplified in Sokrates’ discourses, 29; essential to genuine rhetoric, 30, 34; rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; books and lectures useless, 33, 34, 49, 51, 53-5; may remind, 33, 50; rhetorician must acquire real truth, 33, 34; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 38; rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, 33; dialectician alone can teach, 37; idéal, cannot be realised, 51; except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied, 40; Plato’s idéal a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, 45; unattainable, 42, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against rhetorical teachers not established, 47; compared with Republic, Gorgias, Euthydêmus, ii. 229; Menon, 249; Phædon, ib., 423, iii. 17-8, iv. 239 n.; Symposion, iii. 1, 11, 15, 17-19; Sophistês, 257; Politikus, ib., 265 n.; Philêbus, 398; Timæus and Kritias, 53; Leges, iv. 324.

Phenicians, iv. 330 n., 352; appetite predominant in, 38.

Phenomena, early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. 2; doctrine of Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 20, 24, 66; of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, 23 n.; of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, 24; doctrine of Zeno, 93; Leontine Gorgias, 104 n.; Herakleitus, 29; Anaxagoras, 59 n.; Demokritus, 68; Kyrenaics, 197; the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. 78; Aristotle, i. 24 n.; see Particulars.

Philêbus, authenticity, iii. 369 n.; date, i. 307-9, 311-3, 315, iii. 369 n.; peculiarity, 382; illustrates logical partition, 254, 344; merit as a didactic composition, 365, 368 n.; method contrasted with Theætêtus, 335 n.; recent editions, 365 n.; reading in p. 17a, 341 n.; subject and persons, 334; protest against Sokratic elenchus, 335; happiness and good used as correlative terms, ib.; good, object of universal desire, ib., 371, 392 n.; what mental condition will ensure happiness, 335; is it pleasure or wisdom, ib., 337; pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, 339; such a life conceivable, at least second-best, 349; Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, 372; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, 389; contrast with other dialogues, 398; good a tertium quid, 339, 361; pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, 347; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348, iv. 221; intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. 374; analogy of intelligence and pleasure, 360; intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, 348, 361; pain, disturbance of system’s fundamental harmony, pleasure the restoration, 348; pleasure pre-supposes pain, 349; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, ib.; desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, 350; true pleasures attached to true opinions, 351; can pleasure be true or false, 286 n., 351, 352, 356, 380, ib. n., 382; false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, 353, 369 n.; to Plato the absolute the only real, 385; true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, &c., 356; pure pleasures admit of measure, 357; directive sovereignty of measure, 391, 393; pleasure not identical with ἀλυπία, 353, 377; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; allusion in οἱ δυσχερεῖς, 389 n.; intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper, 355, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, 362; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 n.; Aristotle on, 376 n.; drama, feelings excited by — φθόνος, 355 n.; pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 n.; pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means. 373, 377 n.; Plato’s doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 n.; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, ib.; comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, 367; forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, 341; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; but feebly applies, 369; quadruple distribution of existences, 346; varieties of intelligence, classified, 358; dialectic the purest, 360; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; difference from other dialogues, 395; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, 359, 394; unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, 361; good a mixture, ib.; this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. 407 n., iii. 365; all cognitions included, 362; but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, ib.; five graduated constituents of good, 364, 397; Plato’s in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; blends ontology with ethics, ib.; does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, 371; compared with Euthydêmus, 374 n.; Protagoras, 379, 391; Gorgias, 379-81; Phædrus, 398; Symposion, 370 n., 398; Parmenidês, 97 n., 340 n., 343; Sophistês, 369 n.; Politikus, 263, 369 n.; Republic, 370, 373 n., 395; Timæus, 397 n.; Leges, iv. 301.

Philo, etymologies, iii. 308 n.; hypothetical propositions, i. 145 n.; allegorical interpretation, iv. 157 n.

Philolaus, i. 9.

Φίλον, πρώτον, see Amabile primum.

Philosophers, ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; charged with pride, i. 153 n.; secession from Athens, 111 n.; contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. 52, 145 n., iii. 183, 274, iv. 51-4; uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by citizens, 54; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. 224; forced seclusion of, iv. 59; require a community suitable, ib.; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, 54; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; divine men, iii. 187; the fully qualified practitioner, ii. 114, 116, 119; not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, 181; value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, 190; dissenters, upheld, 375; life, a struggle between soul and body, 386; ascetic life, 388, i. 158; exempted from metempsychosis, ii. 387, 416, 425; rewarded in Hades — mythe in Gorgias, 361; stages of intellectual development, 391; value of exposition, 398; Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. 4, 6; Sokrates as representative of Eros Philosophus, 15, 25; distinguished from ἰδιώτης, iv. 104 n.; not distinguishable from sophists, ii. 210, 211 n.; alone can teach, iii. 37, 40; as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds pre-occupied, 39; realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, 290 n.; test of, the synoptic view, iv. 76; compared with rhetors, iii. 178; masters of debates, 179; determine what forms admit of intercommunion, 208; live in region of ens, ib.; contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. 48; distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave, 67-70; distinctive marks of, 51; no object in nature mean to, iii. 61.

Philosophia prima of Aristotle, i. 358 n., iii. 230 n., 382.

Philosophy, is reasoned truth, i. vii-x; Ferrier on scope and purpose of, viii n.; necessarily polemical, viii; modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive results, direct proofs, 366; usually positive systems advocated, iii. 70; difference of ancient and modern problems, 52; chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. 409 n.; its beginning, i. 375 n., 382, ii. 404, 407 n.; free judgment the first condition for, i. 382, 395 n., ii. 368, iii. 152 n.; negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. 130; preponderated in Plato’s age, 123; early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, 384; brought down from heaven by Sokrates, x; Greek, in its purity, xiv; Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities, 84, 90, 340 n.; advantages, 90; contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, 384 n.; early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, xv n.; polytheism the first form of, 2; Aristotle contrasts “human wisdom” with primitive theology, 3 n.; Indian, 378 n.; compared with Pre-Sokratic, 107; analogy of Greek with Indian, 160 n., 162; difficulties of early, iii. 184 n.; opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. 86; common repugnance to its rationalistic element, 3, 59-60, 261 n., 279 n., 387 n., 388, 437, 441, iv. 57; encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. 219; new epoch, by Plato’s establishment of a school, i. 266; its march up to or down from principia, 403; the protracted study necessary, an advantage, ib.; definition first sought for in Erastæ, ii. 117; the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; a province by itself, 119; the supreme art, 120; to be studied by itself exclusively, 229; claim of locus standi for, 367; relation to politics, 224, 227, 229, 230 n.; comparative value of, and of practical (q.v.) life, 365 n., 368 n., ib., iii. 182, i. 204; antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. 365; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. 93, 152, 309; Aristotle on blending mythe with, 255 n.; gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. 386; analogy of Eros to, iii. 10, 11, 14; Eros the stimulus to, 18; different view, Phædon, Theætêtus, Sophistês, Republic, ib.; antithesis of emotion and science, 61; ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. 351; should not be taught at a very early age, iv. 60, 76; studies introductory to, 70-75; difference in Leges, 275 n.; Plato’s remarks on effect of, 207; Republic contradicts other dialogues, 207-11; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in Republic, 129, 131; difference between theorist and preceptor, ib.; Plato’s altered tone in regard to, in later life, 273.

Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83; value, xiv; form compared with the Indian, 107; studied in the third and second centuries B. C. , 92; importance of Aristotle’s information about, 85; Plato’s criticism on, 87 n.; relation of early schemes, 86; Aristotle’s relation to, 85; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87; Timæus resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 n.; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Ionians attended to material cause only, 88; defect of Ionic principles, 89; little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93; physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.

Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 n.

Φρόνησις, ii. 120 n., iii. 301 n., 370 n.

Φθόνος, meaning, iii. 356 n.

Φύσις, of Demokritus, i. 70 n.; in sense of γένεσις, denied by Empedokles, 38 n.; φύσει and κατὰ φύσιν, iii. 294 n., iv. 310 n.; see Nature.

Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 n.; creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, 52; aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 n., 397 n.; Thales, i. 4; Anaximander, 4-7; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagorean, 12; Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 24, 90 n.; his phenomena the object of modern, 23 n.; and ontology, radically distinct points of view, ib.; reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, ib.; Herakleitus, 27, 32; Empedokles, 38; attraction and repulsion illustrate his love and enmity, 40 n.; Anaxagoras, 49, 57; denied simple bodies, 52 n.; atomic doctrine, 65, 67; early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 n.; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Eudoxus, 255 n.; early study of Sokrates, ii. 391; Sokrates avoided, i. 376; Cynics’ contempt for, 151; and Aristippus’, 192; see Kosmos.

Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43; Theophrastus, 46 n.; Anaxagoras, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 n., 62; Demokritus, 76; of Timæus subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256; of Plato, see Body; compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.

Plants for man’s nutrition, iv. 248; soul of, ib.

Platæa, iii. 406.

Plato, life, little known, i. 246; birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 n.; early relations with Sokrates, 248; service as a citizen and soldier, 249; political life, 251; political changes in Greece during life, 1; travels alter death of Sokrates, 253; permanently established at Athens, 254; teaches at the Academy, ib.; received presents, not fees, iii. 218 n.; his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. 255; many subsequently politicians, 261 n.; Eudoxus, 255; Aristotle, 260; Demosthenes, 261 n.; visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 n.; relations with Dionysius, 255; disappointments, 280; varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 n., iii. 35; his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 n., 153 n.; alleged ill-nature, 117 n.; antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 n., 165; alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 n., iv. 146 n., 312 n.; rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 n., 411 n.; death, i. 200; Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, xiv; St. Jerome on, xv; criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 n.; relation to predecessors, 91; theories in circulation in his time, ib.; Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89; relation to Sokrates, 344 n., ii. 303; Pythagoreanism, i. 10 n., 15 n., 87, 344 n., 346 n., 347, 349 n., ii. 426 n., iii. 368, iv. 424 n.; Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30; Demokritus, i. 66 n., 82 n., iv. 355 n.; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. 87; physics retrograded with, 88 n.; analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 n.; resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 n., 256; little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339; personality only in his Epistles, 349; valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339 n.; his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265; scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, 346; lectures at the Academy, never published, 360; miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348; lectures, 347; De Bono, ib., 349; on principles of geometry, 349 n.; circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 n.; did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 n.; proofs, 327-334; variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 n., iii. 26 n., 54, 179 n., 259, 265 n., 400, 420; style, i. 405; prolixity, ii. 100 n., 276, iii. 259, 369 n., iv. 325 n.; poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153 n.; mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; comic vein, 410 n.; builds on metaphor, i. 353 n., iii. 65 n., 351, 364; rhetorical powers, 178 n., 392 n., 408, 409, 410; irony, ii. 208; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404 n.; both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342; his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 n., 403, 420; in old age the affirmative vein, 408; altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273, 320, 379, 424, i. 244; intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430; inconsistencies, i. xiii, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 n., iii. 17, 172 n., 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396; absence of system, i. xiii, 340 n., 344, 375; untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, xi, 360, 401; assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349, 357, ii. 56 n.; this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; a champion of the negative dialectic, 372; devoted to philosophy, 333; his aim, 406; is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 n.; search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246; combated commonplace, i. 398 n.; equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 n., iii. 411; colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 n., 369, iii. 46, iv. 311; probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 n.; acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 n.; relation to popular mythology, i. 441 n., ii. 416, iii. 265 n., iv. 24, 155 n., 196, 238 n., 325, 328, 337, 398; theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393; reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 n.; latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 n., 424 n.; agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 n.; see Canon, Dialogue, Epistles, &c.

Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 n.; pleasure a form of evil, ib.; erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 n.

Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45; inadmissible, 45-7; and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371; is it identical with good, 289.

Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 n.; meaning as the summum bonum, 338; Plato’s various doctrines compared, 385 n.; is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 n.; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293; virtue a right comparison of pain and, ib., 305; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; actions conducive to, are honourable, 295; Sokrates’ reasoning, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 n.; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; compared with Gorgias, 306 n., 345-6; Republic, 210, 350 n.; not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 n., iv. 62; Sokrates’ argument untenable, ii. 351; its elements depreciated, 355; arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357; Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347; science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357 n., iii. 357, 369 n., 376 n., 391, iv. 301; is it good, iii. 335, 337; pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, 349, 372; less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361; not identical with ἀλυπία, 338 n., 353, 377; is of the infinite, 347; is the indeterminate, 348; pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 n.; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, 349; is the restoration of the system’s harmony, 348; antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350; true, attached to true opinion, 351; same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, 382; can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 n., 382; false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; intense, not compatible with cognition, 363; Aristotle on, 376 n.; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 n.; intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; feelings excited by drama, φθόνος, 355 n.; true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, 356; of geometry, painless, ib., 387 n.; of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 n., 386 n., iv. 85, 89, 118; analogy of cognition and, iii. 360; true, admit of measure, 357, 369 n.; is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 n.; is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 n.; good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361; only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389; intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374; Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375; both ἀλυπία and pleasure included in Hedonists’ end, 377; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 n.; of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89; of φιλομάθεια superior to φιλοκέρδεια and φιλοτιμία, 85, 89, 118; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87; more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; citizens should be tested against, 285; Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288; good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299, 303; at least an useful fiction, ib.; a form of evil, Platonists’ doctrine, iii. 390 n.; Speusippus on, 386 n., 390 n.; Kyrenaic theory, i. 196; Antisthenes, iii. 390 n.; Cynics’ contempt for, i. 154; Aristotle, iii. 386 n.; Epikurus, ii. 355 n., iii. 387 n.; Lucretius, 387 n.; Cicero, 389 n.; Prof. Bain, 383 n.

Plotinus, i. 376 n., iii. 84 n.

Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26; Xenophanes, 16; the art is one, ii. 127; arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125; and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129; deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; the great teachers, 135; really know nothing, ib.; Strabo against, iv. 152 n.; appeal to maxims of, ii. 178; importance of knowledge of, 283; Plato’s forced interpretations of, 286, ib. n.; relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149; ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151; Plato’s feelings enlisted for, 93; Plato’s aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, ib. n.; change for worse at Athens began in, 313; censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 n.; their mischievous imitation of imitation, 91; retort open to, 153 n., 154 n.; mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349; only deceive their hearers, 91; credibility upheld by Plato, 161; must avoid variety of imitation, 26; orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; Plato’s expulsion of, censured, iii. 3; actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato’s idéal, iv. 149-53; mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. 16; poetic vein of Sokrates in Phædon contrasted with Apology, ii. 421; Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 n.

Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415; Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361; society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362; treated together by Plato, iv. 133; apart by Aristotle, 138; Plato’s and Aristotle’s new theory of, to resist King Nomos, i. 393; relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 n., 365 n., 368 n., ib., iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 n., 182; to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229; Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 n.; see Government, Monarchy, Ruler.

Politikus, authenticity, i. 307, 316 n., iii. 185 n., 265 n.; date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325; purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 n., 261; value, 190; relation to Theætêtus, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; province of sensible perception narrower in Theætêtus, 256; importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances, 255; the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260; necessity of declaring standard, 262; Plato’s views on mensuration, 260; Plato’s defence against critics, 262; the mythe of the kosmos, 265 n.; causes principal and auxiliary, 266; the king the principal cause, ib.; Plato does not admit received classification of governments, 267; three kinds of polity, 278; true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific, 268; unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, ib.; of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; true government, by the one scientific man, i. 273, iv. 280, 310 n.; counter-theory in Protagoras, iii. 275; government by fixed laws the second-best, 269; scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269; distinguished from general, &c., 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; maintains ethical standard, 273; natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, ib.; excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, ib.; courage and temperance assumed, 282; compared with Lachês, 282-4; Charmidês, ib.; Menon, 283; Protagoras, 262, 275; Phædon, 262, 265 n.; Phædrus, 257, 265 n.; Parmenidês, 259; Theætêtus, 184 n., 187, 256; Kratylus, 281, 329; Philêbus, 262, 369 n.; Republic, 257 n., 279.

Πολυπράγμων, ii. 362 n.

Polybius, on music, iv. 306.

Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2; believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3; hostile to philosophy, 86; substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402; Euripides’ Hippolytus illustrates popular Greek religious belief, iv. 163 n.

Population, Malthus’ law of, iv. 201; recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.

Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 n.

Poste, Mr., on Philêbus, iii. 365 n., 369 n., 381 n., 384 n., 390 n., 396 n., 397 n.; abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, ib.

Potential and actual, Aristotle’s distinction, iii. 134; ens equivalent to, 204.

Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135; Aristotle’s arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 n.; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, 143; Brown on, 138 n.

Practical life disparaged, ii. 355, iii. 329; and philosophy, ii. 365 n., 368 n., ib., iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 n., 182; uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by citizens, iv. 54; condition of success in, ii. 359; influence of belief on, i. 180 n.; Boissier on, 157 n.

Prantl, objection to Homo Mensura, iii. 151 n.; Timæus, iv. 255 n.; Megarics, i. 129 n., 132 n.

Praxiphanes, on Kritias, iv. 265 n.

Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12; Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17, 417, 419; Sokrates prays for undefined favours — premonitions, 28; Sokrates’ belief, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, ib.; Epikurus, 395; Aristotle, ib.

Predicables, iii. 77 n.

Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato’s analysis, iii. 235; only identical, legitimate, 223, 232 n., 251; coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 n.; analogous difficulty in Parmenidês, i. 169; error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241; misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 n.; arguments against, iii. 206, 212, 221; Aristotle on, i. 166, 170; after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169; Stilpon against accidental, 167; logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168 n.; Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170; see Proposition.

Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato’s proof of soul’s immortality, ii. 414.

Pre-Sokratic, see Philosophy.

Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 n.

Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403; of Thales, 4; Anaximander, 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14; Parmenides, 24; Herakleitos, 27; Empedokles, 38; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60; defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.

Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 n.

Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii. 304, 308 n.; less a sophist than Sokrates, 219; the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 n.

Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 n.; didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; to every important law, 321, 383; as type for poets, 323.

Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 n.; interpretation of Plato, xi; on Leges, iv. 355 n.; Kritias, 265 n.; Parmenidês, iii. 64 n., 80 n., 80, 90 n.; Kratylus, 294 n., 310 n., 323 n.; distinction of divine and human names, 300 n.; analysis of propositions, 237 n.

Promêtheus, mythe, ii. 267.

Property, private, an evil, iv. 327, 333; perpetuity of lots of land, 326; succession, 405; modes of acquiring, 397; length of prescription, 415; direct taxation according to, 331; qualification for magistracies and votes, ib., 333; limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; see Communism.

Prophesy, Plato’s theory of liver’s function, iv. 246; see Inspiration.

Proposition, analysis of, iii. 213; imperfect, 230, 235; intercommunion of forms of non-ens and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213-4; no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222; quality of, 235, 248; Plato’s view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239; Ideas τῶν ἀποφάσεων, 238 n.; are false possible, 232; Plato undertakes impossible task, 249; some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, ib.; hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145; Philo, ib. n.; contradictory, impossible, 166; the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168 n.; see Copula, Predication.

Protagoras, character of, ii. 265 n.; not represented in Euthydêmus, 202; less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219; not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 n., 290 n., 296 n., 303, 314; relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 n.; Homo Mensura, 113; see Relativity; combated by Demokritus, i. 82; taught by lectures, ii. 203, 301; Περὶ τοῦ ὄντος, iii. 153 n.; as a writer and critic, 304, 308 n.; treatise on eristic, i. 125 n.; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; on the gods, 233 n.

Protagoras, the, date, i. 304-7, 308, 77, 312, 315, 321, 327, 328, 331 n., ii. 228 n., 298 n.; purpose, 277, 278 n.; two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299; difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300; introduction illustrates Sokrates’ mission, 263; question unsolved, 297, 316; scenery and personages, 259; Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii. 217 n.; not noticed at the close, ii. 298; Sophists as teachers, 261; danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach, 262; visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264; Protagoras questioned, ib.; is virtue, teachable, 266; intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, ib.; Protagoras’ mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267; its value, 276; social art conferred by Zeus, 268, iii. 275; Protagoras’ discourse, ii. 269; its purpose, 274; prolix, 275; parodied by Sokrates, 283; mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a community, 274, iii. 274; justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, ii. 269; virtue taught by parents, &c., 272; quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, ib.; analogy of learning the vernacular, 273; theory of punishment, 270; combines the two modern theories, 270 n.; why genius not hereditary, 271, 272, 274; Sokrates analyses, 276; how far is justice like holiness, 278; intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary, 279; Sokrates’ reasons insufficient, ib.; Protagoras’ prolix reply, 280, 281, 284; Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287; dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282; Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284; Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta, 283; Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, ib.; interpretation of a song of Simonides, ib.; forced interpretation of poets, 285; poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, ib.; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304 n., iv. 283 n.; Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288; Aristotle on, 170 n.; courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307; the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313; knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290; no man does evil voluntarily, 292; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; pleasure the good, 289, 292, 305, 344-50; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii. 391; virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305; actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295; reasoning of Sokrates, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 n.; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350 n.; reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311; ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others, 312; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; compared with Menon, 245; Gorgias, 306 n., 345-8, 349-57, iii. 379; Politikus, 262, 275, 276; Philêbus, 380, 391; Republic, ii. 310, 350 n.; Timæus, 268 n.; Leges, iv. 301.

Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426; a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus’ doctrine, i. 197.

Psammetichus, iii. 289 n.

Ψεῦδος, derivation, iii. 301 n.

Ψυχή, meaning, iv. 387 n.; see Mind, Soul, Reason.

Psychology, defective in Gorgias, ii. 354; great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164; classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric, 32, 43.

Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 n., 285.

Punishment, theory of, ii. 270; combines the two modern theories, ib. n.; a relief to the wrongdoer, 326, 328, 335, iv. 366; consequences of theory, ii. 336; its incompleteness, 363; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; objects to deter or reform, iv. 408; corporal, 403.

Pyrrho the Sceptic, i. 154 n.

Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i. 8; metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89; censured by Herakleitus, 26; Demokritus on, 82 n.; antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 n.; see Pythagoreans.

Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i. 8, ii. 374; absence of individuality, i. 8; divergences of doctrine, 9 n., 14 n.; canon of life, iii. 390 n.; compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 n.; Number, differs from Plato’s Idea, 10, 348; modern application of the principle, 10 n.; fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 n.; Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 n.; number limited to ten, 11 n.; καιρός, the first cause of good, iii. 397 n.; music of the spheres, i. 14; harmonies, 16; geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in Timæus, 349 n.; vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 n.; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 n.; metempsychosis, 426 n.; Contraries, the principles of ὄντα, i. 15 n.; theory of vision, iv. 237 n.; not the idealists of Sophistês, iii. 245 n.; doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368; on etymology, 304 n., 316 n., 323 n.; doctrines in Plato, i. 11 n., 16 n., 88, 344 n., 346 n., 347, 349 n., ii. 426 n., iii. 368, iv. 424 n.; Platonists, iii. 390 n.

Q.

Qualities, primary and secondary, i. 70, iv. 243 n.; all are relative, ii. 157; no existence without the mind, iii. 73 n.; ἀλλοίωσις, 103 n.

Quality of propositions, iii. 235 n., 248.

Quintilian, iii. 311 n.

R.

Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 n.

Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.

Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34; is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; the individual, worthless, 34; of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54; alone pure and unmixed, 51; immaterial and impersonal, 56 n.; two attributive to move and to know, ib.; relation to the homœomeries, 55-7; originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50; exercised only a catalytic agency, 89; compared with Herakleitus’ περιέχον, 56 n.; not used as a cause, ii. 394; of Demokritus, produced by influx of atoms, i. 79; relation to sense, 68 n.; alone gives true knowledge, 72; worlds of sense and, distinct, 403; varieties of, classified, iii. 358; dialectic the purest, 360; two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66; relation to νοητόν, i. 354 n.; the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 n.; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226; kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237; in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39; temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11; belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 n., iv. 234, 235 n.; is the determining, iii. 348; a combining cause, 347; postulated by the Hedonists, 374; analogy of pleasure and, 360; more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361; is it happiness, 335, 337; is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372; pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 n.; all cognitions included in good, 362; good is not, iv. 62; implication of emotion and, iii. 374; knowledge of good identical with, of other things with δόξα, ii. 30; perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149; earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 n.

Reid, on Berkeley, iv. 243 n.; atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.

Relation, category of, iii. 128 n.

Relative and non-relative names, iii. 232 n.; and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 n.; antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54; the, of Xenophanes, i. 18; doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24, 66; alone knowable, Zeno, 98, 101; incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 n.; doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59 n.; Demokritus, 71, 80; alone knowable, iii. 63, 73; Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 n., i. 185; see Absolute, Relativity.

Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118, 123 n., 122 seq., 128-9, 287 n., i. 204 n.; true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient faculties of each individual, iii. 118; the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432, iii. 140 n., 147, 162 n.; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125, 227, 322 n., 337 n.; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; of some sensible facts, 126, 298, iv. 242; two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii. 127; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, ib.; the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject and object, 131; Homo Mensura, formula unpopular, 150; objected to as “Subjectivism,” 151; true meaning, ii. 341 n., iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297; its counter-proposition, 148; its value, 131, 164 n.; relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293; counter-theory of naming, 291, 326 n.; all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139; sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different with different men and ages, 296; belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of individual mind, 297; Homo Mensura, an objection to cognisability of Ideas, 72; identified with Herakleiteanism, 128; Demokritus on, i. 82, iii. 152; Plato’s arguments against, 135; identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible perception, 114 n., 118, 120 n., 125, 162 n.; Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137; the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292; analogy of physical processes, 294; not true in the sense meant, 141, 296; it annuls dialectic — not true, 146; the wise man alone a measure, 145; divergences of men, from mental and associative differences, 155; Aristotle on, 128 n., 131 n., 132 n., 149 n., 152; Kyrenaics, i. 197. 204; Hamilton, iii. 133 n.; Dugald Stewart, 156 n.; see Relative.

Religion, Greek, hostile to philosophy, i. 86; mysticism in Empedokles, 47 n.; Xenophanes, 16-18; loose meaning of ἄθεος, iv. 382 n.; Manichæanism of Leges, 389 n.; Plato’s relation to popular mythology, i. 441 n., ii. 416, iii. 265 n., iv. 24, 155 n., 195, 238 n., 325, 328, 337, 398; dissent from his country’s, 161, 163; fundamental dogmas, 419; doctrines had emanated from lawgivers, 160; temples and priests, regulations, 337; number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357; sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, 363; heresy, and ὕβρις to divine things, or places, 375-86; εὐφημία and βλασφημία, 350 n.; only state worship allowed, 24, 159, 337, 419, 430; Cicero, 379 n.; Delphi and Dodona to be consulted, 34, 137 n., 325, 337; Xenophon, i. 237; communications common in Plato’s age, ii. 130, 131 n., i. 225 n.; see Orthodoxy, Prayer, Polytheism, Sacrifice, Theology.

Reminiscence, theory of, ii. 237, 249, 252, iii. 13, 17; kindled by aspect of physical beauty, 14; not accepted, ii. 247; Bion and Straton on, 249 n.; purification of soul for, 389; necessary hypothesis for didactic idéal, iii. 52; not recognised in Symposion, 17; nor in Republic training, iv. 207.

Renan, on absence of system in ancient philosophy, i. 340 n.; influence of professorial lectures, 346 n.; Averroism, iii. 68 n.; Kratylus, 290 n.; origin of language, 326 n., 328 n., 329 n.; Almamuns’ dream, iv. 213 n.

Republic, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 324, ii. 318 n.; title only partially applicable, iv. 96; Kleitophon intended as first book, i. 406 n., iii. 419, 425; Hermokrates projected as last in tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273; Timæus and Kritias, sequel to, 215, 265; overleaps difficulties of other dialogues, 138; summarised, 1, 95; double purpose, ethical and political, 133, 138; polity and education combined, 185; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in, 129-31; scenery and persons, 2; Kephalus’ views about old age, ib.; preponderance of evil, 262 n.; tripartite division of goods, 12, 116; Good, not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; the four cardinal virtues assumed as an exhaustive classification, 135; as constituting all Virtue where each resides, 134; difference in other dialogues, 137; justice an equivocal word, 120, 123-6; Simonides’ definition of justice, rendering what is owing, 2; objections, 3; defective explanations, 4; definition rejected, 6; Thrasymachus’ definition, justice what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8; modified, 9; ruler qua ruler infallible, ib.; justice the good of another, 10; a good to society and individual, injustice a source of weakness, 11; justice a source of happiness, 12; a compromise, 13; recommended by fathers from its consequences, 15, 16, 99; the received view anterior to Plato, 100; Xenophon on, 114 n.; arguments compared, and question stated, 18; the real issue, 117; justice a good per se, 20, 40, 84, 90; not demonstrated, 116; is performing one’s own function, 36, 37; in individual, when each mental part performs its own function, 40; analogy to bodily health, ib.; distinction between temperance and justice effaced, 135; view peculiar to Plato, 99; happiness of just and unjust compared, 14; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure unknown to most men, iii. 387 n., iv. 87; simile of kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87; more pleasure from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, iii. 375 n., iv. 85, 89; the arguments do not establish the point aimed at, 118-20; a good per se, and from its consequences, 94, 121-3; all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102; inconsistent with actual facts, 103, 123; individual dependent on society, ib.; essential reciprocity in society, 109; the basis of Plato’s own theory of city’s genesis, 111; but incompletely stated, 112 n.; any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of obligation and right, 112; Plato’s affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125; orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account, 126, 131; Plato’s ethical basis imperfect, 127; his conception is self-regarding, 3 n., 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, ib.; each individual mind tripartite, ii. 384, iv. 37; the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, 149 n.; reason, energy, appetite, analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; analogy of city and individual, 20, 37, 79-84, 96; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124; unity of the city, every man does one thing well, 23, 33, 183; Xenophon on, 139 n.; perfection of state and individual, each part performing its own function, 97; happiness of entire state the end, 98, 139 n.; origin of society, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327 n., iv. 21, 111, 112 n., 133; ideal state — only an outline, 139; a military bureaucracy, 183; type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 151; Plato more anxious for good treatment of Demos, 183; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, ib.; Aristotle objects, it is two states, 185, 189; healthy city has few wants, enlargement of city’s wants, 22; war, from multiplied wants, ib.; good state possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34, 35; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158; this the introduction of a new religious creed, 156; class of soldiers or guardians, characteristics, 23, 25, 298 n.; division of guardians into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; maintenance of city dependent on guardians’ habits, character, education, 32, 34, 140, 170, 178; musical and gymnastical education necessary, 23; compared with that of modern soldiers, 148, 180; Xenophon compared, 141-8; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; music, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24, 154; ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry, 93, 151; Plato fights for philosophy, but his feelings enlisted for poetry, 93; poets censured, 91, 130 n.; Homer not educator of Greek world, 92; Herakleitus the Allegorist on, iii. 3 n.; actual place of poetry in Greek education compared with Plato’s idéal, iv. 150-2; poets’ mischievous appeal to emotions, 92, 152; their mischievous imitation of imitation, 91; retort open to poets, 153 n., 154 n.; censorship of mythology, 24; religion in connection with state, ib., 159; Delphian Apollo to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 n.; Sokrates of Republic compared with the real, 211; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161; poets must conform to orthodox standard, 24, 153, 155; must avoid variety of imitation, 20; gods cause good only, do not assume man’s form, 24; no repulsive fictions tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 159; type for narratives about men, 26; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; restrictions on music and poetry to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; gymnastic and music necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, ib.; bodily training simple, 28; no refined medical art allowed, ib.; συσσίτια of guardians, 32; their communism, ib., 44, 140, 169; its peculiarity, 179; Plato’s view of wealth, 199 n.; the guardians consist of men and women, 41, 46; both sexes to go together to battle, 46; best women equal by nature to second best men, 42, 171-4; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 77; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in Leges, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, ib.; no family ties, 32, 174; temporary marriages, 43, 175-8, 194 n.; Plato’s and modern sentiments, 192; in Platonic state, influence of Aphrodité very small, 197, 359 n.; infanticide, 43, 44, 177, 203; contrast of modern sentiment, ib.; number of guardians, 178; checks on population, 198-202; Malthus’ law recognised, 202; approximation in Mill, 199 n.; scheme practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; how to be realised, 78, 190 n.; of state and individual, four stages of degeneracy, 78-84; timocracy, 79; oligarchy, ib.; democracy, 80; despotism, 81; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; Plato’s state impossible, in what sense true, 189; its real impossibility, adverse established sentiments, 191; fails from no training for Demos, 186; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; philosophers true rulers, 310 n.; hated by the people, 57; whence pretenders, and forced seclusion of philosophers, 58, 90; distinctive marks of philosopher, 51; the philosopher contemplates unchangeable forms, 48; ens alone knowable, 49; opinion, of what is between ens and non-ens, iii. 184 n., iv. 49; two grades of opinion, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; and of intelligence, Nous and Dianoia, 66; ordinary men discern only particulars, 49, 51; particulars fluctuate, 50; simile of Cave, iii. 257 n., iv. 67-70; those who have contemplated forms reluctant to undertake active duties, 70; relation of philosopher to practical life, 51-4; simile of the steersman, 53; philosopher requires a community suitable to himself, 59; uselessness of philosopher in practical life, due to his not being called in by citizens, 54; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, ib.; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing orthodoxy, 55; perversion not due to Sophists, ib.; the Sophists conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; studies introductory to philosophy, 61, 70-5, 206; object, 69; no mention of Reminiscence, or of negative Elenchus, 207; age for studies, 76; dialectic and geometry, two modes of mind’s procedure applicable to ideal world, 65; geometry assumes diagrams, ib.; dialectic requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; awakening power of arithmetic, 71; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; astronomy must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73; geometry conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; exercises in dialectic, 76; effect of, 207; philosophy should not be taught to youths, 60, 76; opposition to other dialogues and Sokrates’ character, 208-12; dialectic the consummation of all the sciences, 75; the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, iii. 383 n.; the synoptic view the test of the dialectician, 290 n., iv. 76; Idea of Good compared to sun, 63, 64; known to the rulers alone, 212; what Good is, is unsolved, 213; mythe of Hades, 94; compared with Lachês, 138; Charmidês, 136, 138; Protagoras, ii. 310, 350 n.; Gorgias, 353, iii. 380 n.; Phædon, ii. 412, 414 n.; Phædrus, iii. 18; Parmenidês, 108, iv. 138; Sophistês, iii. 18, 242, 257; Politikus, 257, 279; Philêbus, 273, 277 n., 395; Kleitophon, 425; Timæus, iv. 38 n., 234 n., 252; Leges, 195, 275, 280, 298 n., 302, 318, 319, 327, 390, 428 n.