ANTIQUITY

A DESCRIPTION OF

ANCIENT LIFE:

THE

EMPLOYMENTS, AMUSEMENTS, CUSTOMS AND HABITS, THE CITIES, PALACES, MONUMENTS AND TOMBS, THE LITERATURE AND FINE ARTS OF 3,000 YEARS AGO.

BY

L.W. YAGGY, M.S., AND T.L. HAINES, A.M.,

AUTHORS OF THE "ROYAL PATH OF LIFE," "OUR HOME COUNSELOR," "LITTLE GEMS."

ILLUSTRATED.

MADISON, WIS.: J.B. FURMAN & CO. WESTERN PUBLISHING HOUSE, CHICAGO, ILL.

1884.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880 by L.W. Yaggy & T.L. Haines, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D.C.

PREFACE.

Egypt, Greece and Italy were the fountain heads of our civilization and the source of our knowledge; to them we can trace, link by link, the origin of all that is ornamental, graceful and beautiful. It is therefore a matter of greatest interest to get an intimate knowledge of the original state, and former perfection, the grandeur, magnificence and high civilization of these countries, as well as of the homes, the private and domestic life, the schools, churches, rites, ceremonies, &c.

The many recent excavations in Troy, Nineveh, Babylon and the uncovering of the City of Pompeii, with its innumerable treasures, the unfolding of the long-hoarded secrets, have revealed information for volumes of matter. But works that treat on the various subjects of antiquity are, for the most part, not only costly and hard to procure, but also far too voluminous. The object of this work is to condense into the smallest possible compass the essence of information which usually runs through many volumes, and place it into a practical form for the common reader. We hope, however, that this work will give the reader a greater longing to extend his inquiries into these most interesting subjects, so rich in everything that can refine the taste, enlarge the understanding and improve the heart. It has been our object, so far as possible, to avoid every expression of opinion, whether our own or that of any school of thinkers, and to supply first, facts, and secondly, careful references by which the citations of those facts, may be verified, and the inferences from them traced by the reader himself, to their legitimate result.

Before we close, we would tender our greatest obligations to the English and German authors, from whom we have drawn abundantly in preparing this work; also to the Directors of the British Museum of London, and the Society of Antiquarians of Berlin, and especially to the authorities of the excavated City of Pompeii and its treasures in the Museum of Naples, where we were furnished with an intelligent guide and permitted to spend days in our researches. To each and all of these, who have so kindly promoted our labor, our heartfelt thanks are cordially returned.

Many of the engravings are from drawings made on the spot, but a greater number are from photographs, and executed with the greatest fidelity by German and French artists.

Steel Plate Engravings.

PAGE

The Palace of the Cæsars, 1

House of the Tragic Poet—Sallust, 112

Egyptian Feast, 270

Approach to Karnac, 384

Temple of Karnac, 470

The Philae Islands, 656

School of the Vestal Virgins, 832

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pompeii.

The Glory of the City—Destruction—Excavation—Entering Pompeii (Page 21-25)—The Streets of the City—The Theatres of Pompeii—Villa of Julia Felix—Pavements and Sidewalks—Arrangement of Private Houses (Page 26-53)—Elegance of Domestic Architecture—Ground Plan of Roman House—Exterior Apartments—Interior Apartments—Dining Halls—The Triclinium—Materials and Construction—The Salve Lucru—Paintings and Decorations—The Drunken Hercules—Wall Decoration—The Peristyle—The House of Siricus—Political Inscriptions—Electioneering Advertisements—The Graffiti—Street of the Lupanar—Eighty Loaves of Bread Found—The House of the Balcony—Human Bodies Preserved—Discovered Bodies—House of Diomedes (Page 54-74)—Location of the Villa—Ground Plan of the Villa—Detail of Ground Plan—The Caldarium—Galleries and Halls—Porticoes and Terraces—Tomb and Family Sepulchre—The Villa Destroyed—Conclusive Evidence—Jewels and Ornaments—Pliny's Account of a Roman Garden—Stores and Eating Houses (Page 75-81)—Restaurant—Pompeian Bill of Fare—Circe, Daughter of the Sun—Houses of Pansa and Sallust (Page 82-102)—Curious Religious Painting—General View of House—Worship of the Lares—Domesticated Serpents—Discoveries Confirm Ancient Authors—Ornamentation and Draperies—Remarkable Mansions—House of the Vestals—Surgical and other Instruments—Shop of an Apothecary—House of Holconius (Page 103-112)—Decorations of the Bed-Chambers—Perseus and Andromeda—Epigraphs and Inscriptions—Ariadne Discovered by Bacchus—General Survey of the City (Page 113-118)—Wine Merchant's Sign—Sculptor's Laboratory— House of Emperor Joseph II 17-119

Amusements.

The Amphitheatre—Coliseum—84,000 Seats—The Bloody Entertainments—Examining the Wounded—Theatres—Roman Baths (Page 147-156)—Description of the Baths—Cold Baths—Warm Chambers—The Vapor Baths—Hot-Air Baths—Social Games and Sports (Page 157-162)—Domestic Games—Jugglers—Game of Cities—Gymnastic Arts—Social Entertainments (Page 163-180)—Characteristics of the Dance—Grace and Dress of the Dancers—Position at the Table—Vases and Ornaments—Food and Vegetables—Mode of Eating—Reminders of Mortality—Egyptian Music and Entertainments (Page 181-188)—Musical Instruments—Jewish Music—Beer, Palm Wine, Etc—Games and Sports of the Egyptians (Page 189-202)—Games with Dice—Games of Ball—Wrestling—Intellectual Capabilities—Hunting 120-202

Domestic Life.

Occupation of Women—Bathing—Wedding Ceremonies—Children's Toys—Writing Materials—Families, Schools and Marriages—Duties of Children—Dress, Toilet and Jewelry (Page 219-232)—The Chiton—Dress Materials—Styles of Wearing Hair—Head-Dress of Women—Hair-Pins—Sunshades—Crimes and Punishments; Contracts, Deeds, Etc. (Page 233-252)—Punishments—Laws Respecting Debt—Contracts—Superstition—Cure of Diseases—Houses, Villas, Farmyards, Orchards, Gardens, Etc. (Page 253-270)—Character of the People—Construction of Houses—Plans of Villas—Irrigation—Gardens—Egyptian Wealth (Page 271-280)—Gold and Silver—Worth of Gold—Treasures—Total Value of Gold 203-280

Domestic Utensils.

Writing Materials—Literature—Curious Lamps—The Candelabrum—Candelabra—Oil-Lamps—The Steelyard—Drinking Vessels—Colored Glass—Glass—Glass Vessels—Articles of Jewelry—Toilet-Boxes, Etc.—Furniture (Page 309-322)—Chairs and Stools—Bed-Room Furniture—Tables, Etc.—Pottery—Drawings on Vases—Vases (Page 323-342)—Greek Vases—Inscriptions on Vases—Historical Subjects on Vases—Uses of Vases—Vases Found in Tombs—Silver Vessels—Decorated Vases 281-342

Employment.

Colored Glass Vessels—Imitation Jewels—Potters—Carpenter's Tools—Professions—Husbandry—Rise of the Nile—Agricultural Implements—Agriculture—Baking, Dyeing and Painting (Page 363-384)—Flour Mills—Bread-Baking—Dyeing—Scouring and Dyeing—Coloring Substances—Mineral Used for Dyeing—Cost of Dyeing—Cloth Manufacture—Persian Costumes 343-384

Troy.

Ruins at Hissarlik—Settlement of Troy—First Settlers—Scæan Gate—Call of Menelaus—Houses at Troy—Objects Found in Houses—Silver Vases—Taking out the Treasure—Shield of the Treasure—Contents of the Treasure—Ear-Rings and Chains—Gold Buttons, Studs, Etc.—Silver Goblet and Vases—Weapons of Troy—Terra Cotta Mugs—Condition of the Roads—Lack of Inscriptions 385-422

Nineveh and Babylon.

Explorations of Niebuhr and Rich—Excavations at Kouyunjik Palace—Sennacherib's Conquests—Highly-Finished Sculptures—North Palace, Kouyunjik—Temple of Solomon—The Oracle—Description of the Palace—Modern Houses of Persia—Chambers in the Palace—The Walls—Grandeur of Babylon—Building Materials—History of Babylon—Karnac and Baalbec (Page 461-473)—Stupendous Remains—Temple of Luxor—Chambers of the Great Pyramid—The Great Temple—The Pantheon at Rome—Egyptian Obelisks—Obelisks 423-484

Religion or Mythology.

Mythology—Mythological Characters—The Pythian Apollo—Phœbus Apollo—Niobe and Leto—Daphne—Kyrene—Hermes—The Sorrow of Demeter—The Sleep of Endymion—Phaethon—Briareos—Dionysos—Pentheus—Asklepios—Ixion—Tantalos—The Toils of Herakles—Admetos—Epimetheus and Pandora—Io and Prometheus—Deukalion—Poseidon and Athene—Medusa—Danae—Perseus—Andromeda—Akrisios—Kephalos and Prokris—Skylla—Phrixos and Helle—Medeia—Theseus—Ariadne—Arethusa—Tyro—Narkissos—Orpheus and Eurydike—Kadmos and Europa—Bellerophon—Althaia and the Burning Brand—Iamos 485-642

Fine Arts.

Egyptian Sculpture—Etruscan Painting—Renowned Painters—Parrhasius—Colors Used—Sculpture Painting—Fresco Painting—Sculpturing (Page 667-694)—Sculpture in Greece and Egypt—Sculptures of Ancient Kings—Animal Sculpture—Modeling of the Human Figure—"The Sculptor of the Gods"—Grandeur of Style—Statues—Description of Statues—Work of Lysippus—The Macedonian Age—Roman Art—Copies of Ancient Gods—Mosaic (Page 695-702)—Mosaic Subjects—Battle Represented in Mosaics—Grandeur of Style 643-702

Literature.

Homer—Paris—Achilles—The Vengeance of Odysseus—Sophocles—Herodotus—The Crocodile—Artabanus Dissuades Xerxes—Socrates—Socrates and Aristodemus—Aristophanes—Plato—The Perfect Beauty—Last Hours of Socrates—Demosthenes—Philip and the Athenians—Measures to Resist Philip—Former Athenians Described—Oration on the Crown—Invective against Catiline—Expulsion of Catiline from Rome—The Tyrant Prætor Denounced—Immortality of the Soul—Julius Cæsar—The Germans—Battle of Pharsalia—Virgil—Employment of the Bee—Punishments in Hell—Horace—To Licinius—Happiness Founded on Wisdom—The Equality of Man—Plutarch—Proscription of Sylla—Demosthenes and Cicero Compared 703-832

Tombs and Catacombs.

Extent of the Tombs—An Acre and a quarter in a Tomb—Sculpturings—Painting—Burying According to Rank—Mummies—Mummy Cases and Sarcophagi—Roman Tombs—Inscriptions—The Catacombs (Page 873-910)—Inscriptions—Catacombs—Christian Inscriptions—Early Inscriptions—Catacombs, nearly 900 miles long—Utensils from the Catacombs—Paintings—S. Calixtus—Lord's Supper 833-910

Truth of the Bible.

The Assyrian and Babylonian Discoveries—1100 Christian Inscriptions—The use of the Bible for Excavators—Accordance with Ancient Writings—Frieze from the Arch of Titus—No Book produced by Chance—God the Author—Its Great Antiquity—The Pentateuch—Preservation of the Scripture—Its Important Discoveries—Its Peculiar Style—Its Harmony—Its Impartiality—Its Prophecies—Its Important Doctrines—Its Holy Tendency—Its Aims—Its Effects—Its General Reception—Persecuted but not Persecuting 911-944

ILLUSTRATIONS BY GERMAN ARTISTS.

Destruction of Pompeii 17

View of Pompeii. (From a Photograph) 23

Plan of a Roman House 28

Vestibule of a Pompeian House 30

Triclinium or Dining-room 33

Hercules Drunk. (From Pompeii) 37

Discovered Body at Pompeii 51

Ground Plan of the Suburban Villa of Diomedes 57

Wall Painting at Pompeii 69

Household Utensils 72

Restaurant. (From Wall Painting) 77

Bed and Table at Pompeii. (From Wall Painting) 78

Plan of a Triclinium 79

Head of Circe 81

Kitchen Furniture at Pompeii 84

Brooches of Gold found at Pompeii 98

Scales found at Pompeii 100

Wall Painting found at Pompeii 105

Gold Breastpins found at Pompeii 114

A Laboratory, as found in Pompeii 117

First Walls Discovered in Pompeii 118

View of the Amphitheatre at Pompeii 121

Coliseum of Rome 128

Examining the Wounded 133

Asking Pardon 135

Not Granted 135

Combats with Beasts 137

View of the Tepidarium 151

Ancient Bath Room. (As Discovered) 155

Egyptian Vases 173

Social Enjoyment of Women. (From an Ancient Painting) 205

Gold Pins 220

Shawl or Toga Pin 220

Pearl Set Pins 221

Stone Set Brooches 224

Hair Dress. (From Pompeii) 227

Toilet Articles found at Pompeii 231

Wreath of Oak. (Life Saving) 247

Tabulæ, Calamus, and Papyrus 283

Tabulæ, Stylus, and Papyrus 283

Tabulæ and Ink Stand 284

Libraries and Money 284

Gold Lamp. (Found at Pompeii) 287

Candelabrum, or Lamp Stand 289

Candelabra, or Lamp Stands 290

Standing Lamp 293

Ancient Lamps 293

Scales and Weights 295

Vessels. (From Pompeii) 296

Drinking Vessel 297

Glass Vessels. (From Pompeii) 302

Cups and Metals 304

Gold Jewelry. (From Pompeii) 305

Heavy Gold Pins 306

Brooches Inset with Stone 307

Safety Toga Pins 308

Plundering Corinth 317

Greek Vase 321

Etruscan Vase 324

Roman Vases 325

Vase Representing a Marriage. (Found at Pompeii) 328

Vase Representing Trojan War. (Found at Pompeii) 333

Vase. (Found at Pompeii) 334

Vase Representing Greek Sacrifice 336

Vase 2,000 Years Old 337

Silver Platter 339

Silver Cup. (Found at Hildesheim) 340

Vase of the First Century 341

Dish of the First Century 341

Ancient Glass Vessels 346

Glass Brooch 347

Imitation of Real Stone 348

Ancient Egyptian Pottery 350

Mill and Bakery at Pompeii 365

Bread Discovered in Pompeii 371

Metals and Beads 389

Terra-cotta Lamps 394

Bronze Lamps 394

Golden Cups of Priam. (Found at Troy) 396

Wonderful Vases of Terra-cotta from Palace of Priam 399

From Palace of Priam 400

Lids and Metals of Priam 401

Treasures of Priam. (Found at Troy) 404

Part of Machine of Priam 406

Jewelry of Gold and Stones 406

Vessel Found in the Palace of Priam 407

Shield of the Palace of Priam 408

Gold Necklace of Troy 409

Gold Tassels of Troy 409

Lamps found at Troy 409

Studs and Bracelets of Priam 411

Gold Pins with Set Gems 411

Gold Ear-rings of Troy 412

Spears, Lances, Ax and Chain 415

Shears, Knives and Spears 415

Lances Found at Palace of Priam, Troy 416

Coins or Metals 418

Elegant Brooch of Troy 421

Lamp found at Troy 422

Palace of Sennacherib 427

Discovered in the Palace 435

View of a Hall 445

Columns of Karnac 463

The Great Pyramids and Sphinx 469

Ruins of Baalbec 473

View of the Pantheon at Rome 475

Pantheon at Rome 477

Half Section of the Pantheon 478

Obelisk of Heliopolis 481

Jupiter. (or Zeus) 491

Apollo. (From an Ancient Sculpture) 495

Pluto and His Wife 503

Ceres. (or Demeter. From Pompeii Wall Painting) 512

Juno. (or Here) 516

Diana. (or Artemis) 520

Vulcan. (or Hephaistos) 526

Minerva. (or Pallas Athene. Found at Pompeii) 530

Ancient Sculpturing on Tantalos 537

Urania. (Muse of Astronomy) 538

Jupiter. (or Zeus with his Thunderbolt) 544

Thalia, the Muse 550

Laocoon, the False Priest 555

Grecian Altar. (3000 years old) 563

Themis. (Goddess of Law) 565

Euterpe. (Muse of Pleasure) 577

Thalia. (Muse of Comedy) 584

Numa Pompilius Visiting the Nymph Egeria 591

Polyhymnia. (Muse of Rhetoric) 603

Sphinx of Egypt 607

Calliope. (Muse of Heroic Verse) 614

The Origin of Man 617

Erate. (Muse of the Lute) 623

Terpsichore. (Muse of Dancing) 625

Ancient Sacrifice. (From Wall Painting of Pompeii) 631

Melpomene. (Muse of Tragedy) 639

Clio. (Muse of History) 642

Ancient Art and Literature 645

Painting. (2600 years old) 655

Dying Gladiator 689

Mosaic Floor 696

Mosaic Doves 697

Apollo Charming Nature 701

Ancient Authors 709

Library of Herculaneum 723

Trojan Heroes 735

Ancient Metal Engraving 745

Socrates Drinking the Poison 762

From Ancient Sculpturing 775

King Philip. (of Macedon) 784

Augustus Cæsar. (Found at Pompeii) 795

Julius Cæsar. (From an Ancient Sculpturing) 805

Virgil and Horace 813

Euclid 824

Alexander Severus 831

Egyptian Tomb 835

Sarcophagus, or Coffin. (With Noah's Ark Cut in Relief on the Outside) 841

Coffin of Alabaster. (Features of the Deceased Sculptured) 843

Discovered Tomb with its Treasures. (At Pompeii) 847

Articles Found in a Tomb 852

Hieroglyphics 857, 858, 859

Egyptian Pillar 862

Egyptian Column 867

Sections of the Catacombs with Chambers 874

Plan of the Catacombs at Rome 875

Stone Coffin 878

Stone Coffin with Open Side 879

Inside View of the Catacombs 881

Lamps Found in the Catacombs 884

Tomb Inscription 896

Painted Ceiling 906

Chamber of a Catacomb 909

Frieze from the Arch of Titus 916

Pentateuch, Written 3200 Years Ago 921

Shishak and His Captives on Sculptured Wall at Karnac 935

Portrait of Rehoboam 936