Index

A

Aaron, high priest, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.

countenances idolatry, 1, 14.

meets Moses on Horeb, 1, 15.

descendants of. See Aaronides.

Aaron de la Papa. See Papa, Aaron de la.

Aaron of York, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.

sums paid to Henry III by, 3, 591.

Aaron ben Asher, Massoret, criticised by Saadiah, 3, 196, 207.

corrects Bible manuscripts, 3, 207.

as a poet, 3, 223.

Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi (1300–1369), Karaite philosopher, 4, 95.

Aaron (I) ben Joseph, the Elder (1270–1300), Karaite physician, disciple of Nachmani, 3, 607; 4, 71.

fixes the Karaite prayer book, 4, 71.

Aaron ben Meshullam (1170–1210), scholar, 3, 396.

Maimunist, attacks Meïr Abulafia, 3, 524.

Aaron ben Zerach, martyr, 4, 144.

Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni, physician at Alexandria, 3, 340.

Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu (943–960), opponent of Saadiah, 3, 194, 195, 196, 200.

reconciled with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.

Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 202.

death of, 3, 207–8.

in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

Aaron Cohen, of Narbonne, elegy by, 4, 49.

Aaron Halevi (1235–1300), Talmudist, 3, 621.

Aaronides, the, oppose idolatry under Manasseh, 1, 283.

dismissed for not participating in idolatrous worship, 1, 284.

massacred at the first fall of Jerusalem, 1, 314.

return with Zerubbabel, 1, 352.

rejected by Nehemiah, 1, 378.

provided for, under Ezra, 1, 382.

exiled by Nehemiah, 1, 386.

officiate on Gerizim, 1, 390.

honor Judah I’s remains, 2, 467.

in charge of Judah II’s remains, 2, 487.

in Arabia, 3, 55.

make Abraham ben David’s grave, 3, 490.

See also High priests, the; Priests, the.

Ab, the Ninth of, celebration of, by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152, 159.

Abaka (Abagha), Tartar king in Persia, 3, 638.

Abayi Nachmani (280–338), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.

disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575, 580, 583.

principal of the Pumbeditha Academy, 2, 583.

youth of, 2, 583–4.

integrity of, 2, 584.

decrease of students under, 2, 584–5.

dialectics of, 2, 585.

death of, 2, 585.

rebukes Raba bar Joseph, 2, 586.

Abba of Accho, ordination of, 2, 540.

modesty of, 2, 541.

Abba bar Abba, Amora, father of Mar-Samuel, 2, 511.

Abba-Areka (Rab), Amora, authorized to teach in Babylon, 2, 454, 479, 511.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

opposed to the purchase of oil from heathens, 2, 484.

reception of, in Babylonia, 2, 512.

made Agora-nomos, 2, 512.

introduces excommunication into Babylonia, 2, 517.

compared with Hillel, 2, 517.

wife of, 2, 517.

modesty of, 2, 517–18.

descendants of, 2, 518, 544.

opposes Persian innovations, 2, 521.

yields to Magian demands, 2, 526.

influence of, on Jewish Babylonia, 2, 544.

Abba-Mari ben Isaac, sheriff of St. Gilles, 3, 399.

Abba-Mari ben Moses (Don Astruc En-Duran), follower of Nachmanides, 4, 27–8.

appeals to Ben Adret, 4, 28, 29.

fails to win Jacob ben Machir’s aid, 4, 31.

aggressive anti-Maimunist, 4, 32.

adherents of, 4, 33–4.

secures the support of Asheri, 4, 38.

draws up the ban against the study of science, 4, 38, 39.

opposed by the Tibbonides, 4, 41–2.

in Perpignan, 4, 50.

Abba Saul, a Tanaite, 2, 330.

Abbadides, the, in Seville, 3, 315.

Abbahu, a Palestinian Amora, 2, 531.

and the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.

secular culture of, 2, 537–8.

education of the daughter of, 2, 537.

and Diocletian, 2, 538.

Hebrew style of, 2, 538.

attacks Christian dogmas, 2, 539–40.

modesty and generosity of, 2, 540–1.

on the Greek theatre, 2, 542.

makes Cæsarea an academic city, 2, 543.

sons of, 2, 543.

Abbasside Caliphate (Caliphate of the East, Bagdad Caliphate), the, weakness of, in the twelfth century, 3, 431.

conquered by Hulagu, 3, 606.

Abbasside Caliphate, the, the Jews of, in the ninth century, 3, 145–6, 176–80.

under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.

in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.

Abbassides, the, opponents of the Ommiyyades, 3, 125.

Ab-beth-din, president of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.

deputy of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 360, 404.

office of, ceases, 2, 453.

Abdallah Ibn-Allah, vizir, prevents the forced conversion of Jews to Islam, 3, 312.

Abdallah Ibn-Hakam, murders the king of Saragossa, 3, 266.

Abdallah Ibn-Sabâ, partisan of Ali, 3, 90.

Abdallah Ibn-Salâm, Jewish disciple of Mahomet, 3, 73.

Abdallah Ibn-Tumart, incites the Moors against the Almoravides, 3, 357–8.

founds the Almohades, 3, 358.

Abdallah Ibn-Ubey, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 75.

protects the Benu-Kainukaa, 3, 77.

promises aid to the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.

Abdallah, son of Saura, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.

Abdallah Almamun (813–833), son of Haroun Alrashid, at war with his brother, 3, 145.

prosperity of the Abbasside Caliphate under, 3, 146.

adopts the Mutazilist theology, 3, 147.

appealed to by rival parties in the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.

the last of the tolerant caliphs of the East, 3, 176.

reduces the power of the Exilarchs, 3, 177.

Abdel-latif, Mahometan physician, on Maimonides, 3, 473, 488.

Abdon, judge, 1, 66.

Abdul-Malik, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.

Abdul Meg’id, sultan of Turkey, 5, 634.

emancipates the Jews, 5, 641, 664.

orders a revision of the Rhodes trial, 5, 647.

secures the Turkish Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 662.

Abdulmumen, Almohade ruler of northern Africa, tries to force Islam upon his subjects, 3, 358–60, 451.

Abdul-Rahman III, Ommiyyade caliph, appealed to in behalf of Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10.

Moslem culture under, 3, 214.

appoints Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut interpreter, 3, 216.

death of, 3, 222.

Abel, Psychic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Abel. See Abel-Bethmaachah.

Abel-Bethmaachah, refuge of Sheba, 1, 149–50.

the region of, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

Abelè-Zion, ascetic Karaites in Jerusalem, 3, 182. See also “Mourners of Zion,” the.

Abenacar, Isaac (Manuel Pimentel), first Jew buried at Ouderkerk, 4, 672.

Abendana, Jacob, rabbi of London, 5, 214.

Abenhuacar. See Samuel Ibn-Wakar.

Abensur, Daniel, millionaire in Hamburg, 5, 205.

Abia, king of Arabia, at war with Izates of Adiabene, 2, 217–18.

Abiathar, the family of, under David’s protection, 1, 100.

partisan of David, 1, 107, 112.

made high priest, 1, 120.

on the persecution of the Gibeonites, 1, 123.

against Absalom, 1, 141.

urges the recall of David, 1, 146.

supports Adonijah, 1, 152.

of the priestly house of Ithamar, 1, 155.

deposed, 1, 160.

Abi-Ezri. See Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.

Abigail, wife of David, 1, 134.

Abijah, son of Samuel, judge, 1, 79.

Abijam, son of Rehoboam, king of Judah, 1, 189.

Abilene, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

Abimaï, son of Abbahu, 2, 543.

Abimelech, judge, 1, 63.

Abin, Amora, emigrates from Judæa, 2, 567.

Abinadab, guards the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 119.

Abinadab, son of Saul, death of, 1, 103.

Abinerglus (Abennerig), father-in-law of Izates, 2, 216.

Abishag, wife of David, and Adonijah, 1, 160.

Abishai, brother of Joab, kills Abner, 1, 111.

saves David, 1, 117.

commander in the Ammonite war, 1, 127.

conducts the Idumæan war, 1, 128–9.

against Absalom, 1, 141, 144.

conducts the war against Sheba, 1, 149.

Ablaat, astronomer, friend of Mar-Samuel, 2, 521.

Abner, cousin of Saul, qualities of, 1, 84–5.

frees Israel from the Philistines, 1, 108.

makes Ishbosheth Saul’s successor, 1, 108.

actual founder of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes, 1, 108.

jealous of Joab, 1, 109.

power of, 1, 109.

kills Asahel, 1, 110.

accused of coveting Rizpah, 1, 110.

joins David, 1, 110–11.

murdered, 1, 111–12.

Abner of Burgos. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Aboab, Immanuel, defends Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 55.

Aboab, Isaac, rabbi of Toledo, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.

negotiates for the settlement of Spanish exiles in Portugal, 4, 352, 365.

death of, 4, 366.

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca (1606–1693), rabbi at Amsterdam, instructs at the Talmud Torah, 4, 681.

member of the first Rabbinical college, 4, 682.

as a preacher, 4, 682–3.

vacillating character of, 4, 683.

goes to Brazil, 4, 693.

on the war in Brazil, 4, 694.

devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 52.

translates Kabbalistic works, 5, 54, 88.

and Spinoza, 5, 92.

Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.

Aboab, Samuel, rabbi at Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 240.

Aboda Zara, Mishnic treatise on idolaters, 2, 477.

Abodah, the, Day of Atonement Temple service, poem on, 3, 114–15.

Aboget, alleged poisoner of wells, 4, 102.

Abrabanel. See Dormido; Isaac ben Judah; Isaac II, son of Isaac; Isaac III, son of Judah Leon; Judah Leon; Samuel I; Samuel II.

Abrabanel family, the, descended from David, 3, 43.

Abrabanela. See Benvenida.

Abradhi, caliph of the East, vizir of, favors Saadiah, 3, 200.

Abraham, disciple of Meïr of Rothenburg, 4, 74.

Abraham, monk, convert to Judaism, 3, 21.

Abraham, patriarch, acquires Machpelah, 1, 4.

monotheist, 1, 5.

virtues of, 1, 6.

revered by the Israelites, 1, 6–7.

impresses Mahomet, 3, 71.

in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Abraham of Aragon, oculist, 3, 583.

Abraham de Balmes, physician and grammarian, 4, 411.

instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.

Abraham de Beya, traveler in Portuguese employ, 4, 368.

Abraham of Granada, Kabbalist, 4, 196–7.

Abraham de Herrera. See Herrera, Abraham de.

Abraham ben Chasdaï, Maimunist, as poet, 3, 388, 560.

denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.

epigram by, 3, 544.

Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni (1065–1136), astronomer, 3, 313; 4, 120.

Abraham ben David of Posquières (Rabed II, 1125–1198), Talmudist, as a controversialist, 3, 389, 399.

disciple of Abraham ben Isaac, 3, 392.

friend of Judah Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 397.

writes a Mishna commentary, 3, 399.

criticises Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, 3, 490.

death of, 3, 490.

alleged founder of the Kabbala, 3, 547.

Abraham ben Isaac, head of the college of Narbonne, 3, 392.

son-in-law of, 3, 399.

Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra (1088–1167), personality of, 3, 366–7, 381.

attitude of, towards the Karaites, 3, 366.

and Jehuda Halevi and Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

poetry of, 3, 367–8.

as an exegete, 3, 368, 370–1, 371–3.

poverty of, 3, 368–9.

in the East, 3, 369.

in Rome, 3, 369–71.

as a grammarian, 3, 371, 374.

adheres to the Massora, 3, 371.

at Mantua and Lucca, 3, 371.

in southern France, 3, 373.

poem on, by Jacob Tam, 3, 373, 376.

in London, 3, 373–4.

as philosopher, 3, 373.

defends the Sabbath eve, 3, 374.

last years of, 3, 374–5.

son of, 3, 375.

influence of, on Italian Jews, 3, 423.

attacked by Nachmani, 3, 534, 608.

the works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.

admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 43.

the works of, studied in the fourteenth century, 4, 143–4.

the Pentateuch commentary by, commented upon, 4, 144.

commentary on the works of, 4, 191.

exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

commentary by, in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (1240–1291), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 11, 622.

youth and ideals of, 4, 4–5, 19.

system of, 5, 5–6, 14.

disciples of, 4, 6, 8, 10.

in Italy, 4, 6.

imprisoned, 4, 7.

Messianic claims of, 4, 7–8.

works of, 4, 8.

declared a heretic, 4, 625.

Abraham ben Sherira. See Mar-Abraham.

Abraham Ibn-Alfachar (1160–1223), favorite of Alfonso III of Castile, 3, 384–5.

ambassador to Morocco, 3, 385.

encourages Talmud study, 3, 386.

Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi (1110–1180), physician, philosopher, and historian, 3, 363–6.

parentage of, 3, 364.

attainments of, 3, 364.

as an historian, 3, 364, 365–6.

as a scientist, 3, 364.

as a philosopher, 3, 364–5.

style of, 3, 366.

death of, 3, 386.

the work of, consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.

Abraham Ibn-Shoshan, scholar, Spanish exile in Egypt, 4, 393.

Abraham Ibn-Zarzal, physician and astrologer, 4, 116.

Abraham, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 4, 150.

Abraham Bedaresi, poet, elegy by, 3, 579.

compared with his son, 4, 42.

Abraham Benveniste Senior, dignitary at the court of Juan II of Castile, 4, 228.

frames the law of Avila, 4, 229.

promotes the marriage of Isabella of Castile, 4, 280.

friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 341.

accepts baptism, 4, 351.

See also Coronel.

Abraham Bibago, favorite of John II of Aragon, 4, 275.

Abraham Farissol (1451–1525), Bible commentator and geographer, 4, 411–12.

protegé of Hercules d’Este I, 4, 412–13.

polemic writings of, 4, 413.

Abraham Israel, excommunicates Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 264.

Abraham Klausner, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

Abraham Levi, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Abraham (Abulmeni) Maimuni (1185–1254), son of Maimonides, his successor, 3, 493.

Talmudist and philosopher, 3, 495.

visited by rabbis emigrating to Palestine, 3, 505.

and the attacks upon his father, 3, 525–6, 545.

Abraham Maimuni II, great-grandson of Maimonides, converts Karaites to Rabbanism, 4, 71–2.

Abraham Menz, director of the Padua college, 4, 410.

Abraham Saba, Kabbalist, leaves Portugal, 4, 381.

Abraham Yizchaki, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 220–1.

Abraham Zacuto, disciple of Isaac Aboab, pronounces his funeral oration, 4, 366.

author of an astronomical calendar, 4, 367, 372.

escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.

at Tunis, 4, 391.

writes the Sefer Yochasin, 4, 391.

flees to Turkey, 4, 392.

compared with Elias Kapsali, 4, 407.

chronicle of, published, 4, 608, 629.

great-grandson of, 4, 678.

Abraham Zacuto Lusitano (1576–1642), physician, honor paid to, 4, 678.

Abrianim, transgressors of the Law, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.

Absalom, son of David, instigates the murder of Amnon, 1, 134.

seeks refuge with Talmai of Geshur, 1, 134–5.

pardoned, 1, 136.

plots with Ahithophel, 1, 136, 138–44.

description of, 1, 137.

hailed as king in Hebron, 1, 139.

in Jerusalem, 1, 142–3.

accepts Hushai’s advice, 1, 143.

killed, 1, 144–5.

mourned by David, 1, 145.

monument of, 1, 145.

children of, 1, 145.

Absalom, son of John Hyrcanus, 2, 34.

in Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.

Abt, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 303.

Abtalion (Pollion), head of the Synhedrion, 2, 71–2.

maxims of, 2, 72; 3, 573.

disciples of, 2, 72, 96.

opposed to Antigonus, 2, 85–6.

counsels submission to Herod, 2, 88.

spared by Herod, 2, 89.

death of, 2, 90.

Abu-Abdullah Mahomet Alnasir, Almohade caliph, invades Andalusia, 3, 506–7.

decrees Jew badges, 3, 512.

Abu-Afak, poet, opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.

Abu Amr Joseph ben Chasdaï. See Joseph ben Chasdaï.

Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik (1080–1148), philosopher, 3, 314–15.

as a poet, 3, 315.

death of, 3, 361.

Abu-Amran Moses, founder of a Karaite sect, 3, 157–8.

Abu-Amranites, Karaite sectaries, 3, 158.

Abu-Amrun Musa ben Maimun Obaid Allah, Arabic name of Maimonides, 3, 447.

Abu Ayub (Solomon Ibn-Almuallem), poet and physician, 3, 312.

Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Abu-Bekr, Mahomet’s general, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.

Abudiente, Abraham Gideon, Sabbatian, 5, 155.

Abu Fadhl Chasdaï (1040), Arabic Jewish poet, vizir to the king of Saragossa, 3, 280.

Abuhajaj Joseph Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.

son of, 3, 361.

Abu Hussain Joseph Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela.

Abu-Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus (Yizchaki, 982–1057), physician and philosopher, 3, 273.

Abu-Isa. See Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak.

Abu Ishak al-Elviri, Mahometan poet, enemy of the Jews of Granada, 3, 278.

Abu Ishak Ibn-Mohajar, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

Abu Jacob Yussuff Almostansir, Almohade ruler of Morocco, 3, 385.

Abu-Jafar Ibn-Aljezzar, Mahometan disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.

Abu Jafar Almansur, caliph, imprisons Anan ben David, 3, 129–30.

Abu-Kariba Assad Toban, king of Yemen, besieges Yathrib, 3, 62.

convert to Judaism, 3, 63.

end of, 3, 63.

sons of, 3, 64.

Abulafia. See Abraham ben Samuel; Abulafia, Moses; Joseph ben Todros; Levi ben Todros; Meïr ben Todros Halevi; Samuel ben Meïr Allavi; Todros ben Joseph.

Abulafia, Marrano, agent of Ferdinand and Isabella, opposes the Inquisition, 4, 313.

burnt at the stake, 4, 317.

Abulafia, Moses, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.

tortured, 5, 636–7.

turns Mahometan, 5, 638.

Abulafia family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236; 4, 116.

members of, perish during the Black Death, 4, 113.

Abul-Ala, Arabic poet, 3, 199.

Abul Arab Ibn-Moïsha, Mahometan theologian and poet, friend of Maimonides, 3, 456.

accuses Maimonides of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.

Abul-Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka. See Nathaniel.

Abulhassan, king of Morocco, at war with Castile, 4, 84.

Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial, physician, vizir to the Almoravide Ali, 3, 312.

patron of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi (Ibn-Allevi). See Jehuda Halevi.

Abulhassan Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, brother of Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 318.

Abulkasim Ibn-Alarif, vizir of Habus, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.

Abulkassim Mahomet. See Al-Mutamed.

Abulmeni Abraham Maimuni. See Abraham Maimuni.

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, propagandist for Karaism, 3, 203–5.

as controversialist, 3, 204–5.

Hebrew style of, 3, 204, 206.

Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach. See Jonah Marinus.

Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, Nagid, invites Jehuda Halevi to Cairo, 3, 340–1.

successor of, 3, 443.

Abumelik, leads a Moorish army against Castile, 4, 84.

killed, 4, 85.

Abunassar Azaria, son of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, flees to Lucena, 3, 279.

death of, 3, 284.

Abu-Sahal Ali (835–853), medical writer, 3, 146.

Abusahal Dunash ben Tamim. See Dunash ben Tamim.

Abu Said ben Chalfon Halevi, friend of Jehuda Halevi, 3, 340.

Abu-Yussuf Chasdaï ben Isaac Ibn-Shaprut. See Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut.

Abu-Yussuff Almansur, Almohade prince, introduces a garb for apostate Jews, 3, 511–12.

Abuzurj-Mihir, inventor of chess, 3, 7.

Abydos, Sabbataï Zevi imprisoned at, 5, 148, 151.

enriched by the Sabbatians, 5, 149.

Academies, the Babylonian, authority of the principals of, 2, 547.

closed under Kobad, 3, 4.

re-opened, 3, 5.

work of, 3, 6.

give religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

principals of, deposed by the Exilarchs, 3, 91.

independent of each other in internal affairs, 3, 96.

organization of, under the caliphs, 3, 96–7.

office of the president of, not hereditary, 3, 96.

meetings of, in Adar and Elul, 3, 97.

income of, 3, 97–8.

prayers for the departed at, 3, 101.

the heads of, excommunicate Anan ben David, 3, 134.

the Karaites on, 3, 134–5.

and the election of the Exilarch, 3, 137.

hold aloof from Islam theology, 3, 148.

respect paid to, in the ninth century, 3, 160.

See also under Pumbeditha and Sora.

Academies, the Babylonian, list of:

Firuz-Shabur,

Machuza,

Nahardea,

Nares,

Nisibis,

Pumbeditha,

Shekan-Zib,

Silhi,

Sora.

Academies, the Palestinian, origin of, 2, 324.

established by the disciples of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 335.

frequented by Babylonian students, 2, 511, 531.

decline of, 2, 543, 548, 560.

method of, 2, 557–8.

See under Acbara; Bekiin; Cæsarea; Emmaus; Jamnia; Lydda; Sepphoris; Tiberias; Schools.

Academy at Jerusalem, founded by the Vegas, 5, 126.

Academy of Sciences at Berlin, prize of, won by Mendelssohn, 5, 303–4.

Mendelssohn proposed as member of, 5, 308.

Acbara, seat of Jannaï’s academy, 2, 470.

Accho (Acco; Acre; Ptolemais; St. Jean d’Acre), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.

surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.

Jonathan Haphus meets Demetrius at, 1, 496.

Jonathan Haphus taken prisoner at, 1, 499.

surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.

Vespasian prepares for his Judæan campaign at, 2, 285.

Talmudists in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Maimonides at, 3, 456.

Nachmani at, 3, 605.

Kabbalist center, 3, 626.

Kabbalists of, burn the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 631.

Maimonides’ tomb at, desecrated, 3, 631.

Maimunists in, 3, 631.

David Maimuni at, 3, 632–3.

the Jews of, blotted out, 3, 650.

Acha of Diphta, proposed as principal of the Sora academy, 2, 627.

Acha ben Jacob, on Chama of Nahardea, 2, 595.

Achaï bar Huna, Amora, compiler of the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 631.

Achaia, Paul establishes Christian communities in, 2, 227.

Achbâr, teacher of the Law among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.

Acher. See Elisha ben Abuya.

Achiab, prevents Herod from committing suicide, 2, 116.

Achish, Philistine king, in friendly relations with David, 1, 101–2.

acknowledges David king, 1, 108.

Achitub, grandson of Eli, high priest at Nob, 1, 79.

Achiya, first Exilarch known, 2, 509.

Achiya. See also Chiya.

Achmed I, sultan, Jewish women under, 4, 629, 630.

Achmed Shaitan, viceroy of Egypt, treachery of, 4, 395.

avenges himself on the Jews of Cairo, 4, 395–6.

Achunaï. See Chananya.

Acosta, Uriel (Gabriel). See Costa, Uriel da.

Acra, the, a part of Jerusalem, burnt by Titus, 2, 308.

Acra (Acrapolis; Baris; Birah), the, the Temple citadel, built by Nehemiah, 1, 382, 524.

garrisoned by Scopas, 1, 433.

Greek games taught in, 1, 445.

refuge of the Hellenists, 1, 454.

occupied by Menelaus, 1, 470, 478.

besieged by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 478.

Hellenists leave, 1, 480.

reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

besieged by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

surrenders to Simon Tharsi, 1, 523.

the towers of, taken down, 1, 524.

called Birah, 1, 524–5.

wife and children of Aristobulus II imprisoned in, 2, 58.

called Antonia, 2, 106.

See Antonia.

Acrabatene, the Samaritans of, slaughtered by the Zealots, 2, 243.

Acrabattine, the Idumæans driven out of, by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

invested by Simon bar Giora, 2, 293.

Acrapolis, the. See Acra, the.

Acre. See Accho.

Actian games, the, introduced into Jerusalem, 2, 105.

Actium, the battle of, won by Octavius, 2, 96.

Ada, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 579.

Adalbert, bishop of Prague, and the slave-trade of Jews, 3, 305.

Adam, the book of, Sibylline chronicle, quoted, 2, 462.

Adam Kadmon, Kabbalistic term, the original man, 5, 121, 143.

Adamantius, apostate Jew in Alexandria, 2, 619.

Adams, Hannah, history of the Jews by, 5, 593.

Adarsa, the battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 485.

Adath Jeshurun, the body of advanced Jews in Amsterdam, innovations of, 5, 457.

Aden, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.

Adher-Baijan (Aserbeidsan), Samuel Ibn-Abbas in, 3, 442.

Adher-Baijan, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 430–33.

urged to join David Alrui, 3, 431.

followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.

Adiabene, description of, 2, 216.

the nobles of, conspire against Izates, 2, 217–18.

the people of, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 219.

in alliance with the Zealots, 2, 256.

the royal house of, aids Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

the princes of, the only Judæan insurgents spared by Rome, 2, 311.

conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.

laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.

Adido, Simon Tharsi assembles his forces at, 1, 500.

Adiya, father of the poet Samuel, 3, 68.

Adnan, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61.

Adolph of Nassau, emperor, refuses to surrender Meïr of Rothenburg’s body, 4, 35.

war of, with Albrecht, 4, 35.

death of, 4, 36.

Adonijah, son of David, opposes Absalom, 1, 135.

rebels, 1, 151–4.

supporters of, 1, 152.

royal display of, 1, 152.

Nathan opposed to, 1, 153.

acknowledged king, 1, 153.

pays homage to Solomon, 1, 154.

killed, 1, 160.

Adonim. See Dunash ben Labrat.

Adoniram, superintendent of the building of the first Temple, 1, 163, 172.

accompanies Rehoboam to Shechem, 1, 181.

killed, 1, 182.

Adonis, Baal of the Phœnicians, 1, 54.

statue of, worshiped at Bethlehem, 2, 422.

Adora, Idumæan fortress, demolished by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.

Adoyot, the oldest Mishna compilation, 2, 343, 460.

Adraat, chief town of Batanæa, 3, 77.

Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Adrammelech, son of Sennacherib, murders him, 1, 280.

Adramyttium, treasure-house in, for the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 53.

Adrianople, Karaites move to, 4, 269.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 557.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 154–66.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 158–9, 161.

Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Sabbatians in, 5, 210.

Adrianople, the Jews of, divided into national groups, 4, 478.

consider trading with Pesaro, 4, 579.

Adullam, David at, 1, 116.

Adultery, ritual for suspected cases of, abolished, 2, 238.

laws against, inviolate, 2, 424.

“Advice to the Representatives of the People,” by Van Swieden, against the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 453–4.

Ælia Capitolina, name of Jerusalem under Hadrian, 2, 421–2.

Ælius Hadrian. See Hadrian.

Afia, Aaron, scientist in Salonica, 4, 405.

Africa (northern), Karaites influential in, in the tenth century, 3, 207.

Jewish captives transported to, 3, 213.

students from, at the Cordova Talmud school, 3, 228.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.

Talmud authorities of, in the eleventh century, 3, 248–9.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

asylum for persecuted Jews in the fifteenth century, 4, 197–8.

the Sephardic liturgy adopted in, 4, 198.

Portuguese conquests on the coast of, 4, 218.

Marranos flee to, 4, 318.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 352, 358, 361–2, 389–96.

descendants of Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 381.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 389.

emigration of Portuguese Marranos to, forbidden, 4, 508.

Africa (northern), the Jews of, conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.

aid Tarik, 3, 109.

persecuted, 3, 357–60, 451.

Africa, Visigothic, the Jews of, enjoy civil and political equality, 3, 45.

Agada, the, popular exposition of the Prophets and historical writings, 2, 328–9.

of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 329.

used by R. Meïr, 2, 440.

the study of, preferred in Judæa, 2, 540.

cultivated by the brothers of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575–6.

cultivated under Theodosius II, 2, 623.

in the synagogue forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 14.

manifests the spirit of Judaism, 3, 15.

frequent use of, in the synagogues of the East, 3, 16.

cultivated among the Arabic Jews, 3, 59.

replaced by neo-Hebraic poetry, 3, 116.

cultivated by Eleazar ben Kalir, 3, 117.

studied by French and Italian Jews in the ninth century, 3, 160.

used by Rashi, 3, 288.

used by the Tossafists, 3, 345.

effect of, on Asiatic Jews, 3, 440.

contains philosophical doctrines according to Maimonides, 3, 479.

reconciled with philosophy by Abraham Maimuni, 3, 495.

rejected by Maimonides, 3, 523, 533.

accepted literally by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527–8.

view of, held by Nachmani, 3, 533, 535, 599–600.

in the Kabbala, 3, 549, 552.

used by Pablo Christiani, 3, 599.

rationalized by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.

used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

authority of, 4, 214.

declared without authority by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

quoted, 4, 242.

reviled by Aaron Margalita, 5, 194.

used by Mannheimer, 5, 581.

Agag, Amalekite king, defeated by Saul, 1, 91–2.

killed, 1, 93.

Agape, the meal of the Nazarenes, 2, 223.

Agen, meeting-place of the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.

Agobard, bishop of Lyons, incites rebellion again Louis the Pious, 3, 164.

refuses to restore a runaway slave to a Lyons Jew, 3, 164.

tries to set Louis the Pious against the Jews, 3, 165–8.

joins the conspiracy against the empress, 3, 168.

successor to, 3, 170.

Agora-nomos, inspector of markets, Abba-Areka appointed as, 2, 512.

choice of, left to the Jews, 2, 616.

Agriculture, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.

occupation of the Jews of Crissa, 3, 424.

Jews restricted to, by Frederick II, 3, 569.

occupation of the immigrants in Palestine, 4, 74.

See also Real estate.

Agrigentum, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Agrippa I (10 B. C. E.–44 C. E.), grandson of Mariamne, distinguished by Caligula, 2, 175.

educated with the son of Tiberius, 2, 175.

appointed to an office in Tiberias, 2, 175.

courtier of the governor of Syria, 2, 175.

supplanted by his brother, 2, 175.

assisted by Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 175–6.

kindly treated by Tiberius, 2, 176.

imprisoned, 2, 176.

released, 2, 177.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 177.

accuses Herod Antipas of treachery to Caligula, 2, 177.

ruler of Galilee and Peræa, 2, 177.

rouses the resentment of the Alexandrian Greeks, 2, 181–182.

and Caligula’s edict concerning images, 2, 188–9.

king of all Palestine, 2, 190.

coins in honor of, 2, 190, 194.

change in the character of, 2, 191.

popularity of, 2, 191–2.

piety of, 2, 192.

sends gifts to Athens, 2, 193.

favors Cæsarea and Sebaste, 2, 194.

plans of, for Judæa, 2, 194–5.

hampered by Vibius Marsus, 2, 195.

allied with Eastern princes, 2, 195–6.

death of, 2, 196.

memory of, insulted, 2, 196–7.

Agrippa II (27–92), son of Agrippa I, proposed as king of Judæa, 2, 196.

introduces Judæan envoys to Claudius, 2, 198.

prince of Chalcis, 2, 235.

and his sister, 2, 235.

titular king of Judæa, 2, 236.

king of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 245.

given four towns and Tiberias, 2, 245–6.

accused of encroaching upon the privileges of the Temple authorities, 2, 247–8.

bribed to make Joshua ben Gamala high priest, 2, 249.

summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

opposed to revolutionary measures, 2, 257–8.

flees from Jerusalem, 2, 258.

sends troops to Jerusalem, 2, 259.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

sends a contingent to the Roman army, 2, 264–5.

Tiberias under, 2, 273.

Varus, representative of, 2, 274–5.

the inhabitants of Gamala revolt against, 2, 275.

relation of, to Josephus, 2, 278.

meets Vespasian, 2, 285.

lacks patriotism, 2, 288–9.

pays homage to Galba, 2, 299.

helps Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.

spectator at the death of Judæans in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.

fall of, 2, 317.

and Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.

alleviates the burdens of the conquered Jews, 2, 332, 333.

Galilee given to, 2, 333.

treatment of, by Titus, 2, 388.

death of, 2, 388.

Agrippina, wife of Claudius, favorable to the Herodians, 2, 245.

Aguilar, Baron de, saves the Jews of Moravia from exorbitant taxes, 5, 252.

intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

Aguilar, de, governor of Palma, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282.

Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’, Sabbatian, 5, 139, 160.

Aguilar, the Jews of, destroyed, 4, 125.

Ahab, son of Omri, wife of, 1, 194, 196–7.

ascends the throne of Israel, 1, 196.

character of, 1, 196.

builds an ivory palace, 1, 201–2.

reproved by Elijah, 1, 202–3.

a famine announced to, 1, 203.

summons the priests of Baal to Carmel, 1, 203–4.

stops the persecution of the prophets, 1, 204.

imprisons Michaiah, 1, 205.

ally of Ben-hadad II, 1, 205.

ally of Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.

death of, 1, 206.

destruction of the house of, 1, 211–12.

Ahasuerus. See Xerxes.

Ahaz, king of Judah, character of, 1, 257.

ally of Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 258.

warned by Isaiah, 1, 258–9.

introduces Assyrian idolatry into Judah, 1, 260–1.

not buried in the royal mausoleum, 1, 267.

Ahaziah, son of Ahab, reign of, over Israel, 1, 206–7.

Ahaziah, son of Joram, king of Judah, killed by Jehu’s followers, 1, 211.

Ahijah, of Shiloh, prophet, at the consecration of the Temple, 1, 167.

rebukes Solomon, 1, 175.

prophesies success to Jeroboam, 1, 175.

prophesies the end of Jeroboam’s line, 1, 188.

Ahikam, father of Gedaliah, 1, 319.

Ahikam, son of Shaphan, saves Jeremiah, 1, 303.

Ahimaaz, messenger from Hushai to David, 1, 143.

Ahinoam, wife of Saul, 1, 95.

Ahishar, Solomon’s major-domo, 1, 172.

Ahithophel, councilor of David, 1, 122–3.

grandfather of Bathsheba, 1, 133.

opposed to Solomon’s succession, 1, 135.

plots with Absalom, 1, 136, 138–43.

with Absalom in Jerusalem, 1, 142.

advice of, rejected by Absalom, 1, 143.

suicide of, 1, 143.

Ahmed, khan of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.

Ahmed Coprili, Turkish grand vizir, orders the arrest of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 146.

imprisons Sabbataï at Abydos, 5, 148.

Ahriman. See Angro-Mainyus.

Ahunai, teacher of the Law, during Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.

Ahura-Mazda, Persian god of light, influence of the conception of, on Judaism, 1, 402.

Ai, attacked by the Israelites, 1, 33.

Aibu, father of Abba-Areka, 2, 511.

Aibu, son of Abba-Areka, 2, 518.

Aidug, Arab king, defeats Zorah Yussuf, 3, 64.

Ain-tab, the new-moon announced at, 2, 458.

Airvi (Eravi), king of Cranganor, and the Jews of India, 3, 630.

Aix-la-Chapelle, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

the Congress of, the emancipation of the Jews discussed by, 5, 525–7.

Ajubides, the, make Egypt the Islam center, 3, 457.

Akbara, Karaite center, 3, 157.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 429.

Akbarites, the, a Karaite sect, 3, 157.

Akiba ben Joseph, teacher of the Law, suggested as successor to Gamaliel II, 2, 342.

effects the re-instatement of Gamaliel II, 2, 345.

informs Eliezer ben Hyrcanus of his excommunication, 2, 347.

legends concerning the youth of, 2, 350–1.

intellectual development of, 2, 351–2.

system of, 2, 352–3.

arranges the Halachas in groups, 2, 353.

disciples and wife of, 2, 354–5.

in the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 355.

and Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 355–6.

theosophist, 2, 381.

saying of, 2, 381.

opposes Gnostic influences, 2, 382.

disciples of, proselytes, 2, 384.

and Akylas, 2, 385.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.

influences Nerva, 2, 392.

opposes reckless charity, 2, 405.

prepares for the revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408; 5, 724–5.

attracted to Bar-Cochba, 2, 409.

at Lydda, 2, 423.

evades Roman spies, 2, 424.

martyrdom of, 2, 428–9.

disciples of, ordained, 2, 429.

disciples of, return to Judæa, 2, 433.

favorite disciple of, 2, 436.

dialectics of, adopted by Meïr, 2, 438–40.

first compiler of the Mishna, 2, 460.

position of, compared with Rabba bar Nachmani’s, 2, 579.

Akko. See Accho.

Akra di Coche, a Babylonian fortification, 2, 507.

Akrabattine. See Acrabattine.

Akrish. See Isaac ben Abraham Akrish.

Akylas (Aquila), convert to Judaism, translates the Scriptures into Greek, 2, 385.

superintends the rebuilding of Jerusalem, 2, 401.

mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.

Akylas, translation of the Scriptures by, literal, 2, 386.

used by Jews and Ebionites, 2, 387.

used by Origen, 2, 489.

Targum Onkelos based on, 2, 581.

recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, 3, 14.

Alabarch (Arabarch, Ethnarch), the, prince of the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 507, 510.

office of, confirmed by Cæsar, 2, 76.

controls the Nile harbor, 2, 102.

dignity of, restored by Claudius, 2, 191.

See also Alexander Lysimachus; Ethnarch.

Al-ablak, castle of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68, 69.

Aladhid, last Fatimide caliph of Egypt, 3, 443.

Aladil, sultan, receives emigrant rabbis kindly, 3, 506.

Alagon, Blasco de, conspires against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329.

Alami. See Solomon Alami.

Alani, the, of the Crimea, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.

Alarcos, Alfonso VIII defeated at the battle of, 3, 387.

Alashkar. See Moses ben Isaac Alashkar.

Albalag. See Isaac Albalag.

Albalia. See Ibn-Albalia.

Albanian Gates, the, Jews settle in, 3, 124.

Albargeloni. See Abraham ben Chiya Albargeloni.

Albergeloni. See Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni.

Albert I, emperor, war of, with Adolph of Nassau, 4, 35.

punishes the Rindfleisch followers, 4, 36.

demands a ransom for Meïr of Rothenburg, 4, 37.

claims authority over the French Jews, 4, 47.

Albert II, emperor, imprisons the Jews of Austria, 4, 223.

banishes the Jews from Austria, 4, 224.

hostile to the Jews, 4, 249.

son of, cruel to the Jews, 4, 262–3.

Albert, duke of Bavaria, under the influence of John of Capistrano, 4, 258.

Albert von Brandenburg, archbishop of Mayence, convenes a diet to consider the Jewish question, 4, 463.

ordered to drop the Jewish question, 4, 464.

Albert of Munich, son-in-law of Maximilian I, 4, 428.

Albertina, the. See Königsberg, the university of.

Albertus Magnus, the works of, translated, 4, 69.

Albi. See Alby.

Albigenses, the, origin of, 3, 390.

in Béziers, 3, 394, 395.

relation of, to the Jews, 3, 501.

crusade against, 3, 501–2.

and the council of Montpellier, 3, 508.

and the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

the war against, ended, 3, 519.

extirpation of, by the Inquisition, 3, 542.

Albinus, procurator of Judæa, appointed by Nero, 2, 248.

appealed to against Anan, 2, 248–9.

taxes Judæa heavily, 2, 249.

punishes the Sicarii, 2, 249.

Albo. See Joseph Albo.

Albrecht I. See Albert I.

Alby, the council of, forbids Jews to practice medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.

the Jews of, perish, 4, 57.

Alcala, the academy at, 4, 145.

the Jews of, ridiculed, 4, 181.

Alcana, street in Toledo occupied by Jews, 4, 118.

Alcaniz, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Alcantara, the Order of, and Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 85–6.

Alcharam. See Mecca.

Alcharisi. See Jehuda Alcharisi.

Alcimus (Jakim), leader of the Hellenists, appointed high priest, 1, 482.

slays sixty Chassidim, 1, 483.

attracts the Hellenists, 1, 483.

fears Judas Maccabæus, 1, 483.

appeals to Demetrius I, 1, 484.

informs against Nicanor, 1, 484.

withdraws from Jerusalem, 1, 485.

takes possession of Jerusalem, 1, 487.

has the “Soreg” destroyed, 1, 492.

death of, 1, 492, 508.

Alcolea, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Aldea de los Judios, village given to Jewish soldiers, 3, 592.

Aldobrandini, prevents the expulsion of the Ferrara Jews, 4, 660.

Aleman, Jochanan, Kabbalist, teacher of Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291.

Alembert, d’, approves of Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Alenu prayer, the, misrepresented by Pessach-Peter, 4, 178.

attacked by Wülfer, 5, 185.

denounced by apostates, 5, 191.

exonerated by Michaelis, 5, 191.

regulations concerning, 5, 192.

Aleppo (Haleb), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Jehuda Ibn-Abbas settles at, 3, 442.

the Jewish liturgy of, changed, 3, 466.

taken by Hulagu, 3, 606.

the battle of, gives Egypt to the Turks, 4, 393.

Sabbataï Zevi in, 5, 133.

Alessandria, the Jews of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.

Alexander III, pope, convenes a Church Council, 3, 376.

orders the enforcement of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 400.

finances of, managed by a Jew, 3, 421.

Alexander VI (Borgia), pope, and the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 319.

banishes the Jews from Rome, 4, 363.

the favor of, bought by the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 407–8.

Reuchlin at the court of, 4, 434.

Alexander I, of Judæa. See Alexander Jannæus.

Alexander II, of Judæa, son of Aristobulus II, marries Hyrcanus II’s daughter, 2, 58.

seizes Jerusalem, 2, 70.

has coins struck, 2, 70.

subdued by Aulus Gabinius, 2, 70–1.

rebels against Rome, 2, 73.

beheaded, 2, 75.

Alexander the Great, of Macedon, destroys the Persian empire, 1, 412.

legends about, 1, 412–13.

tolerance of, 1, 413, 415.

favors the Judæans, 1, 414–15, 418.

conquests of, 1, 415.

confusion after the death of, 1, 416.

Alexander, of Poland, hostile to the Jews, 4, 419.

Alexander I, of Russia, inquires into the condition of the Jews, 5, 472–3.

enforces attendance at schools, 5, 473.

and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 525, 527.

Alexander, apostate, accuses Jews of blasphemy, 4, 591.

Alexander, son of Mariamne, designated successor to Herod, 2, 112.

marriage of, 2, 112.

executed, 2, 113.

Alexander, Zealot leader, 2, 238.

attacks the Samaritans of Acrabatene, 2, 243.

Alexander Balas, pretender to the Syrian throne, ally of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494, 496.

marriage of, 1, 496.

death of, 1, 496.

son of, on the throne, 1, 497–8.

Alexander (I) Jannæus (105–79), third son of Hyrcanus I, 2, 34.

banished to Galilee, 2, 38–9.

favors the Pharisees, 2, 39.

military character of, 2, 39.

defeated by Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.

ally of Ptolemy VIII’s mother, 2, 41.

takes Gaza, 2, 41.

mediates between the Pharisees and Sadducees, 2, 42.

sides with the Sadducees, 2, 42–3.

refuses to offer the water libation, 2, 43.

defeated by the Nabathæan king, 2, 44.

Pharisees revolt against, 2, 44.

defeated by Eucærus, 2, 44.

forces Eucærus to retreat, 2, 45.

crucifies eight hundred Pharisees, 2, 45.

conquests of, 2, 45–6.

coins of, 2, 46.

builds fortresses, 2, 46, 315.

end of, 2, 47.

appoints his wife his successor, 2, 47.

sons of, 2, 47.

towns conquered by, declared free, 2, 67.

Alexander Lysimachus, Alabarch of Alexandria, aids Agrippa I, 2, 175–6, 181.

brother of Philo, 2, 185.

released from prison, 2, 190.

sons of, 2, 198, 235.

descendant of, 2, 395.

Alexander Polyhistor, writer friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179.

Alexander Severus (222–235), emperor, friendly to Jews and Judaism, 2, 481–3.

and Judah II, 2, 482.

presents a gold candlestick to a synagogue, 2, 482.

taught Jewish customs by Romanus, 2, 482.

anarchy after the death of, 2, 486, 526.

Alexander, Tiberius Julius. See Tiberius Julius Alexander.

Alexander Zabina, rival of Demetrius Nicator for the Syrian throne, 2, 6.

disputes the Syrian throne with Antiochus VIII, 2, 6.

acknowledged king by Hyrcanus I, 2, 6.

fall of, 2, 7.

Alexandra. See Salome Alexandra.

Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, marries two princes of Chalcis, 2, 75.

Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus II, marries the son of Aristobulus II, 2, 58.

betroths her daughter Mariamne to Herod, 2, 81.

obtains Mark Antony’s favor for her son, 2, 91.

accuses Herod of her son’s murder, 2, 92.

threatened with death, 2, 93.

imprisoned, 2, 94, 96.

death of, 2, 105.

Alexandria, Judæans settle in, 1, 418.

center of the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 504–5.

busts of Caligula placed in the synagogues of, 2, 182.

wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, 2, 218.

study of the Law in, 2, 359.

synagogue of, destroyed, 2, 398.

Karaite community in, 3, 182.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 339–40.

Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.

rabbis of, favor the establishment of schools, 5, 663.

See also under Egypt.

Alexandria, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 396.

punished by Martius Turbo, 2, 398.

ill-treated by Cyril, 2, 618–19.

receive fugitives from Palestine, 3, 23.

in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

object to Maimonides’ Mishne-Torah, 3, 472.

appeal to Mehmet Ali in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.

rejoice over the release of the Damascus prisoners, 5, 660.

Alexandria, the Judæans of, influence those of Jerusalem, 1, 427.

occupy the Delta district, 1, 504.

under Ptolemy VII, 1, 519.

under Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.

well treated by Cæsar, 2, 76.

unkindly treated by Cleopatra, 2, 94.

antagonized by the Greeks, 2, 178, 181.

conspiracies against, 2, 181–2.

forced into the harbor, 2, 182–3.

forced to worship Caligula’s statues, 2, 183–4.

send envoys to Caligula, 2, 186–7; 5, 654.

well treated by Claudius, 2, 190–1.

have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

impregnated with Greek views, 2, 208–9.

apostasy among, 2, 209.

massacred, 2, 263–4.

undisturbed by the Roman war, 2, 313.

fugitive Zealots betrayed by, 2, 317–18.

and the closing of the Temple of Onias, 2, 322.

Alexandrian school of philosophy. See Judæo-Alexandrian school.

Alexandrion, fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

surrenders to Pompey, 2, 64.

garrisoned by Aristobulus II, 2, 73.

Mariamne confined in, 2, 96.

fire signals on, 2, 363.

Alfachar. See Ibn-Alfachar.

Alfadhel, vizir of Saladin, employs Maimonides, 3, 472–3, 489.

acquits Maimonides of apostasy, 3, 474.

Alfarda, Strangers’ Tax, in Spain, 4, 344.

Alfassi. See Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

Alfonsine Tables, the, used by scientists, 4, 367.

Alfonso I, of Aragon, conquers Saragossa, 3, 316.

Alfonso II, of Aragon (1162–1196), the Jews under, 3, 387–8.

Alfonso VI, of Castile, employs Jews on diplomatic missions, 3, 291–2.

the Jews under, 3, 292–3.

admonished to dismiss Jews from state offices, 3, 294.

conquers Toledo, 3, 294.

opposed by a Mahometan league, 3, 295–6.

Alfonso VII Raimundez, of Castile (1126–1157), rebels against his parents, 3, 316.

Jewish favorite of, 3, 361.

death of, 3, 363, 366.

Alfonso VIII (III), of Castile (the Noble, 1166–1214), minority of, 3, 363.

the Jews under, 3, 384–7.

employs a Jew as ambassador, 3, 385.

Jewish mistress of, 3, 386.

assisted by the Toledo Jews against the Almohades, 3, 386–7.

defeated at Alarcos, 3, 387.

reproached for his humane treatment of the Jews, 3, 499.

appeals to Innocent III against the Mahometans, 3, 507.

protects the Jews of Toledo, 3, 507.

Alfonso X, of Castile (the Wise, 1252–1284), the Jews under, 3, 592–6.

patron of learning, 3, 592.

gives a village to his Jewish soldiers, 3, 592.

and the Jews of Seville, 3, 592–3.

employs Jews, 3, 593–4, 615.

reproached by Nicholas III, 3, 594, 615.

degrades the Jews, 3, 594–5.

Jews in the code of, 3, 595–6.

code of, in Spanish America, 3, 596.

executes his Jewish Almoxarif, 3, 616.

imprisons the Jews, 3, 616.

son of, rebels, 3, 616.

death of, 3, 616.

anti-Jewish statutes of, revived, 4, 194–5.

Alfonso XI, of Castile (1325–1380), the Jews prosperous under, 4, 52, 75–6.

Jewish favorites of, 4, 79–80.

petitioned against usury, 4, 80.

makes a Jew farmer of revenues, 4, 80.

Jews accused before, 4, 83.

accuses Gonzalo Martinez of treason, 4, 85.

besieges Valencia, 4, 86.

death of, 4, 113.

bastard sons of, oppose Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113.

wife of, 4, 114.

law of, renewed, 4, 193.

Alfonso II, of Ferrara, death of, 4, 660.

Alfonso IX, of Leon, does not compel the Jews to wear a badge, 3, 513.

Alfonso II, of Naples, patron of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 360, 383–4.

Alfonso III, of Portugal (1248–1279), the Jews under, 3, 618.

Alfonso V, of Portugal, takes Jews captive at Arzilla, 4, 286–7, 339.

employs Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 337–8.

prosperity of the Jews under, 4, 338–9.

code of, 4, 339.

Jewish favorites of, 4, 339.

death of, 4, 340.

Alfonso, brother of Henry IV, of Castile, crowned, 4, 278.

death of, 4, 279.

Alfonso, duke of Poitou, employs a Jewish oculist, 3, 583.

Alfonso, Infante of Portugal, releases Marranos, 4, 517.

Alfonso of Aragon, archbishop, protects Marranos, 4, 330.

Alfonso de Cartagena, influences Eugenius IV against the Jews, 4, 249–50.

Alfonso de Spina, Franciscan, attacks the Spanish Jews, 4, 276.

confessor of Alvaro de Luna, 4, 271.

writes a work against the Jews, 4, 277.

anti-Jewish work by, reprinted, 4, 415.

Alfonso of Valladolid. See Alfonso Burgensis.

Alfonso Burgensis (Abner of Burgos, Alfonso of Valladolid, 1270–1346), apostate, hostile to the Jews, 4, 81, 342.

infidel, 4, 81–2.

sacristan, 4, 82.

attacks the Jews in Hebrew, 4, 82.

reply to, by Isaac Pulgar, 4, 82.

accuses the Jews before Alfonso XI, 4, 83.

disciple of, 4, 141–2.

work of, refuted, 4, 143.

charges of, repeated, 4, 213.

Algazi, Moses Joseph, rabbi of Cairo, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish schools, 5, 664.

Algazi, Solomon, opposes the Sabbatian movement, 5, 144.

Alghazali, mystic philosopher, Mahometan, 3, 273, 357.

Algiers, refuge for the Jews of Spain, 4, 197.

tax imposed on Marrano fugitives in, 4, 199.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 361, 390–1.

Alguades, Meïr. See Meïr Alguades.

Alhakem, Ommiyyade caliph, employs Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 222, 227.

obtains an Arabic translation of the Mishna, 3, 237.

appealed to in behalf of Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 238.

appealed to by Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238.

death of, 3, 239.

founds a medical school at Cordova, 3, 261.

Ali, Mahomet’s general, defeats Marhab, 3, 82.

the Judæo-Babylonian community under, 3, 90.

the candidate of a party, 3, 90.

aided by Jews and Christians, 3, 90.

house of, and the Ommiyyades, 3, 92.

Ali (1106–1143), the second Almoravide ruler, the Jews under, 3, 312.

Ali Ibn-Isa, vizir of Abradhi, favors Saadiah, 3, 200.

Ali Ibn-Rahmadan, mathematician, and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76.

Ali Halevi, Gaon of Bagdad, 3, 429.

son of, 3, 438.

Ali Ikbal Addaula, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, 3, 273.

Alice of Montmorency, persecutes the Toulouse Jews, 3, 514.

Alkabez. See Solomon Alkabez.

Alkadir, caliph of the East, Sherira arraigned before, 3, 233–4.

Alkalaï. See Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi.

Alkamel, sultan, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 495.

Alkuti (Chepez), Jewish philosopher, sayings of, used by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.

Allatif. See Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif.

Allebrandus, bishop of Worms, protects the Jews, 3, 301–2.

offers the Jews baptism, 3, 302.

Allegorical poems in Hebrew literature, 1, 158–9.

Allegorists, the, Alexandrian Jewish school of Scripture interpreters, 2, 208–9, 329.

Philo among, 2, 210.

misrepresentations of, accentuate the legal side of Judaism, 2, 471.

compared with the Mutazilists, 3, 147.

Allegorization, the, of the Scriptures by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.

“Alliance Israélite Universelle,” the outgrowth of Crémieux’s activity in the East, 5, 664.

founders of, 5, 701.

Alliances, Jewish, value of, 5, 704. See:

Alliance Israélite Universelle,

Anglo-Jewish Association,

Israelitische Allianz,

Union of American Hebrew Congregations.

Allorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

“Al-Luma’, Rikmah,” grammar and exegesis by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.

Almagest, the, translated into Arabic, 3, 146.

Almaida, Manuela Nuñez da, poetess, 5, 203.

Almalek Alashraf, Egyptian sultan, besieges Accho, 3, 650.

Almamun. See Abdallah Almamun.

“Almansor,” dramatic poem by Heine, 5, 548–9.

Almanzi, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.

Almeida, Lopes de, Portuguese ambassador to Sixtus IV, 4, 340.

Almeirin, residence of the Portuguese king, 4, 493.

Almeria, captured by the Almohades, 3, 448.

Almohades (Almovachides, Unitarians), the, a Mahometan sect, 3, 358.

under Abdulmumen, 3, 358–9.

take Andalusia, 3, 360–1.

persecute the Spanish Jews, 3, 360–2.

irruptions of, into Christian territory, 3, 363.

drive the Jews from Andalusia, 3, 384.

attack Castile, 3, 386–7.

drive the Jews from Ceuta, 3, 424.

drive the Ibn-Abbas to Asia, 3, 442.

capture Cordova, 3, 447–8.

capture Almeria, 3, 448.

Jewish fugitives from, received in Sicily, 3, 569.

Almoravides, the, the Jews well treated by, 3, 296, 311–13.

attack the Arabs of Andalusia, 3, 316.

rebellion against, 3, 357.

dynasty of, destroyed by Abdulmumen, 3, 358.

Almosnino. See Moses Almosnino.

Almotassem, of Almeria, invades Granada, 3, 278.

Almovachides, the. See Almohades, the.

Almoxarif, treasurer in Castile, 3, 593; 4, 75, 79, 138, 160, 169.

Jews excluded from the position of, 4, 158.

Alms-giving, in Judæa after Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 393–4.

Al-Muktadir (908–932), caliph of the East, banishes Mar-Ukba, 3, 184.

restores the Exilarch to office, 3, 185.

appealed to by the partisans of Saadiah and of David ben Zaccaï, 3, 195–6.

death of, 3, 196.

Al-muktadir Billah, king of Saragossa, patron of Abu Fadhl Chasdaï, 3, 280.

Almustadhi, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, 3, 438.

Almustanjid, Abbasside caliph, and the Exilarch Daniel, 3, 438.

Al-Mutadhid (892–902), caliph of the East, the Jews under, 3, 183.

Al-Mutamed Ibn-Abbad (Abulkassim Mahomet), king of Seville, patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283, 284.

ally of Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 294.

kills Alfonso’s ambassador, 3, 295.

joins the Mahometan league against Alfonso, 3, 295–6.

Al-Mutavakkil (849–856), caliph of the East, re-enacts Omar’s laws against the Jews, 3, 176–7.

Almuthadid, king of Seville, receives Jewish fugitives kindly, 3, 279–80.

Alnakvah family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235.

Alnasir Ledin Allah, Abbasside caliph, patron of David of Mosul, 3, 506.

Alphabet, the Phœnician, adopted by other nations, 1, 3.

the Assyrian, adopted by the Judæans, 1, 395–6.

Alroy, or Alrui. See David Alrui.

Alsace, the Jews of, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.

declared outlaws, 4, 107.

abasement of, 5, 347–8.

taxes paid by, 5, 348, 446.

forced into usury, 5, 349.

blackmail levied on, 5, 349.

receipts from, forged, 5, 350.

protected by Louis XVI, 5, 350–1.

memorialize the crown, 5, 351, 352.

Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation among, 5, 430.

petition for alleviation of burdens, 5, 431.

complaints of and charges against, 5, 434.

number of, 5, 435.

complain to the National Assembly, 5, 436.

attacked, 5, 437, 524, 542.

appeal to Grégoire, 5, 437.

exposed to attack, 5, 440.

emancipation of, opposed, 5, 441, 447.

under special protection, 5, 446.

relieved of taxes, 5, 446.

occupations of, 5, 475–6.

in danger of massacre, 5, 477.

equality of, restored, 5, 525.

Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk, poet, on Maimonides, 3, 473.

Al Tanchik, by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.

Altiflisi. See Abu-Amran Moses.

Altona, the Jewish cemetery at, 4, 688.

Judah Chassid in, 5, 213.

printing press in, 5, 255.

Altona, the council of, espouses Eibeschütz’s cause, 5, 264–5.

punished for its treatment of Jacob Emden, 5, 265.

urges Eibeschütz to submit to a rabbinical court, 5, 268.

Altona-Hamburg, the rabbis of, and Moses Meïr Kamenker, 5, 230.

Alva, the duke of, barbarity of, 4, 601.

and the Jews, 4, 662.

Alvalensi. See Samuel Alvalensi.

Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino, Spanish satirist, 4, 181.

Alvernes de Gras. See Suasso, Isaac.

Alypius, of Antioch, oversees the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 599, 600.

Amadeus, duke of Savoy, imprisons Jews on account of the Black Death, 4, 103–4.

Amadia, birthplace of David Alrui, 3, 430, 431, 432.

Amalarich of Bena, philosopher, disciples of, burnt, 3, 503.

Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric, 3, 31.

Amalekites, the, dwell with the tribe of Judah, 1, 39.

war of, with Saul, 1, 91–2.

burn Ziklag, 1, 106–7.

Amali, the, a Gothic family, 3, 27.

Amalrich of Jerusalem, campaign of, 3, 444.

Amantius, governor of the East, punishes rioters, 3, 17.

Amasa, cousin of David, joins Absalom, 1, 139.

lacks military genius, 1, 143.

influences the men of Judah, 1, 146.

commander against Sheba, 1, 148.

killed by Joab, 1, 149.

Amasia (Amazia), the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

the Jews of, accused of murder, 4, 553.

Amasis, reigns over Egypt, 1, 327.

opponent of Cyrus, 1, 343.

Amatus (Chabib) Lusitanus (João Rodrigo de Castel-Branco), physician, 4, 569–70.

medical works by, 4, 570.

in Salonica, 4, 580.

death of, 4, 610.

Amaziah, of Judah, reconquers Edom, 1, 222–3.

respects the Law, 1, 223.

at war with Jehoash of Israel, 1, 224–5.

taken prisoner, 1, 225.

conspiracy against, 1, 226.

murder of, 1, 226.

interred in Jerusalem, 1, 228.

Amaziah, high priest of the bull-worship under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

opposes Amos, 1, 236–7.

Ambivius, Marcus, second procurator of Judæa, 2, 135.

Ambrosius of Milan, bishop, incites persecutions of Arians and Jews, 2, 612–13.

rebukes mild treatment of Jews, 2, 614.

accuses the Jews, 2, 614.

Amemar (390–420), Amora, opens an academy at Nahardea, 2, 606.

subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.

at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.

Amemar bar Mar-Janka (469–70?), Amora, executed, 2, 629.

Am-ha-Arez, the ignorant, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.

Ami, Amora, defends a political offender, 2, 529–30.

subordinates himself to the Babylonian authorities, 2, 531, 537.

investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.

investigates the observance of the Law in Samaria, 2, 534.

appeals to Abbahu, 2, 538.

meets the corpse of Huna, 2, 548.

disciples of, 2, 560.

Amigo, Abraham, Talmudist and Kabbalist, 5, 126.

Ammon, an Egyptian god, 1, 9.

Ammonite district, the, governed by Aretas, 1, 447.

Ammonites, the, idolatry of, 1, 55.

attack Ephraim and Judah, 1, 64.

defeated by Jephthah, 1, 64–5.

invade the territory of Gad and Manasseh, 1, 80.

besiege Jabesh-Gilead, 1, 89–90.

at war with David, 1, 126–7.

subdued by David, 1, 128–9.

declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.

attracted to Palestine, 1, 173.

regain independence, 1, 185.

urge Zedekiah to revolt, 1, 310.

in friendly relations with the Judæans, 1, 362.

hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasion, 1, 474.

defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

as proselytes, 2, 343, 383–4.

Amnon, eldest son of David, killed, 1, 134.

Amolo, bishop of Lyons, adversary of the Jews, 3, 171, 172–3.

Amon, of Judah, idolatry under, 1, 285–6.

murdered, 1, 286.

Amoraim, the, connection of, with the Tanaites, 2, 479.

expounders of the Mishna, 2, 489.

compared with the Tanaites, 2, 490, 590.

decisions of, 2, 515.

of Galilee, methods of, 2, 557.

last, in Judæa, compile the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 612.

Babylonian, create Talmudic dialectics, 2, 635.

loss of creative power in the disciples of (See Sabureans, the), 3, 5.

See also Law, the, the teachers of.

Amoraim, the, list of:

Abayi Nachmani,

Abba of Accho,

Abba bar Abba,

Abba Areka (Rab),

Abbahu,

Abin,

Acha of Diphta,

Acha ben Jacob,

Achaï bar Huna,

Ada,

Amemar,

Amemar bar Mar-Janka,

Ami,

Ashi, son of Simaï,

Assi,

Chaggai,

Chama of Nahardea,

Chananya,

Chanina bar Chama,

Chasda of Cafri,

Chiskiya ben Chiya,

Chiya bar Abba,

Chiya bar Abba-Areka,

Dimé,

Huna,

Huna ben Chiya,

Huna ben Joshua,

Isaac bar Joseph,

Jannaï,

Jeremiah,

Jochanan bar Moryah,

Jochanan bar Napacha,

Jonah II,

Jonathan ben Amram,

José (Babylonian),

José (Palestinian),

Joseph ben Chiya,

Joshua ben Levi,

Judah II,

Judah III,

Judah ben Chiya,

Judah ben Ezekiel,

Kama,

Levi bar Sissi,

Mar bar Ashi,

Mar-Sheshet,

Mar-Ukban,

Mar-Zutra,

Meshershaya bar Pacod,

Nachman ben Isaac,

Nachman ben Jacob,

Papa bar Chanan,

Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,

Rabba bar Abbahu,

Rabba bar Chana,

Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba),

Rabba bar Matana,

Rabba bar Nachmani,

Rabina,

Samuel,

Samuel (Arioch),

Samuel bar Bun,

Samuel bar Judah,

Shila,

Simaï bar Ashi,

Simlaï,

Simon bar Abba,

Simon bar Kappara,

Simon ben Lakish,

Tanchuma bar Abba,

Ulla,

Ushaya the Elder,

Ushaya the Younger,

Zeïra.

Amorites, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.

defeat the tribe of Dan, 1, 39.

Amos, prophet, depicts the debauchery in Israel, 1, 234.

beauty of the prophecies of, 1, 235–6.

intrepidity of, 1, 237.

prophesies concerning Judah, 1, 237.

prophesies concerning Israel, 1, 247.

Amram. See Mar-Amram ben Sheshna.

Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib, physician and secretary to Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 292.

ambassador to Seville, 3, 295.

Amram Efrati, rabbi of Valencia, 4, 162.

Amru, king of Yemen, 3, 64.

Amschel, promotes the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, 5, 505.

Amschel, Talmudist, opponent of Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

Amsterdam, the first Portuguese Marranos in, 4, 665–75.

the first synagogue in, 4, 667.

the second synagogue in, 4, 671.

Hebrew printing press in, 4, 675.

called new Jerusalem, 4, 676.

the first synagogue of, honored, 4, 678.

third synagogue of, 4, 680.

German Jews settle in, 4, 680–1.

union of the Portuguese congregations of, 4, 681.

Jewish school in, 4, 681–2.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

the synagogue of, visited by an English ambassador, 5, 33–4.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 79.

the secular authorities of, and Spinoza, 5, 95.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 139, 150.

stagnation of the trade of, 5, 149.

new synagogue at, 5, 166–7.

Chayon at, 5, 220.

repudiates Chayon, 5, 231.

Luzzatto at, 5, 242.

split in the Jewish community of, 5, 457–8.

the German rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

Amsterdam, the Jews of, religious government of, 4, 684–5.

influence of, 4, 685.

branches of, 4, 685, 693; 5, 50.

desirous of settling in England, 5, 18.

mourn for Isaac de Castro-Tartas, 5, 32.

alarmed at Spinoza’s scepticism, 5, 90–1, 92.

try Spinoza, 5, 92.

lay him under the lesser ban, 5, 93.

lay him under the greater ban, 5, 94.

culture of, 5, 109.

and Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.

warned against Sabbatian emissaries, 5, 220.

marriages of, 5, 453.

oppose their own emancipation, 5, 454, 457.

number of, 5, 455.

send messengers to the French Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Amsterdam, the Portuguese Jews (Marranos) of, disturbed in their religious exercises, 4, 666.

pay a tax on corpses, 4, 673.

intolerant treatment of, 4, 673.

culture of, 4, 674, 677–8.

invited to settle in Denmark, 4, 675.

early in the seventeenth century, 4, 677.

wealth of, 4, 677; 5, 205.

devotion of, to Judaism, 4, 678–9.

found benevolent institutions, 4, 679.

morality of, 4, 679–80.

espouse Chayon’s cause, 5, 223, 225.

abuse Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.

urged to oppose Chayon, 5, 225.

Chacham Zevi summoned before the council of, 5, 226.

send Chayon to the East, 5, 227.

hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 264.

Amsterdam, the rabbis of, mediocrity of, 4, 682.

Poles, 5, 17, 206.

try Spinoza, 5, 92–4.

sentence Moses Meïr Kamenker, 5, 230.

Anabaptists, the, enthusiasm of, 4, 470.

Anahita (Anaitis), Persian goddess of love, 1, 408.

Anakim, the aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan, 1, 2.

Anan (Seth), a family of high priests, 2, 237.

Anan, governor of the Temple, envoy to Rome, 2, 244.

Anan (Ananias, son of Eleazar?) of the family of Anan, high priest under Agrippa II, 2, 236.

favors Sadducæism, 2, 248, 271.

dismissed, 2, 248–9.

house of, burnt, 2, 260.

important post of, 2, 271.

supports the charges against Josephus, 2, 281.

incites a civil war, 2, 295.

party of, overpowered, 2, 295–6.

executed, 2, 296.

Anan, of the family of Seth, high priest, 2, 135.

Anan ben David, aspirant to the Exilarchate, 3, 128.

opponents and adherents of, 3, 129.

imprisoned, 3, 129.

permitted to emigrate, 3, 130.

opposes the Talmud, 3, 130; 5, 727.

works of, 3, 131.

uses Mishnic rules of interpretation, 3, 131.

abolishes the fixed calendar, 3, 131.

rigor of, 3, 132–3.

exegesis by, 3, 133.

accepts Jesus and Mahomet, 3, 133–4.

excommunicated, 3, 134.

the Exilarch of the Karaites, 3, 135.

memorial service for, 3, 135.

mediocrity of, 3, 135.

son of, his successor, 3, 136.

characterized by Saadiah, 3, 189.

descendants of, 3, 444.

Anan ben Jonathan, advises the surrender of Jerusalem, 2, 265.

Ananel, high priest, appointed by Herod, 2, 90.

deposed, 2, 91.

re-appointed, 2, 92.

successor to, 2, 107.

Ananel di Foligno, apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.

Anania, merchant, converts Izates of Adiabene, 2, 216.

Anania, physician to Izates of Adiabene, 2, 217.

Ananias, high priest. See Anan of the family of Anan.

Ananias, son of Onias IV, Egyptian general, sides with Cleopatra, 2, 10, 12.

prevents an invasion of Judæa, 2, 41.

Ananites, the, appeal to the caliph, 3, 129.

exiles, 3, 134.

differ with their founder on various points, 3, 136.

See Karaites, the.

Anastasius, the Sinaite, Patriarch at Antioch, killed by the Jews, 3, 18.

Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, 1, 289, 290.

Anatoli, Jacob. See Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli.

Anavim, the (the Gentle), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.

and Hezekiah, 1, 267.

sufferings of, under Manasseh, 1, 283–4.

spread the doctrines of God, 1, 286.

nucleus of a nationalistic party in Babylonia, 1, 337–8.

Anbar. See Firuz-Shabur.

Ancona, Marranos permitted to settle in, 4, 408, 500.

Solomon Molcho at, 4, 501.

Marranos well treated in, 4, 525, 526.

refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.

trade of, diverted to Pesaro, 4, 579, 580.

Jews of, try to regain their trade, 4, 579.

Jews permitted to remain in, on their expulsion from the Papal States, 4, 591, 659.

Ancona, the Marranos of, protected by three popes, 4, 568.

persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 568–9.

tried by the Inquisition, 4, 570–1.

Andalusia, broken up into small kingdoms, 3, 255.

Berbers and Arabs at war in, 3, 316.

conquered by the Almohades, 3, 360.

Jews driven from, 3, 384.

invaded by the Almohades, 3, 506–7.

taxation of the Jews of, 3, 617.

the Marranos of, taught by Jews, 4, 334–5.

expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, 4, 336.

See also under Spain; Spain, Visigothic.

Andalusian school, the, of Jewish poetry, 3, 223–4.

Andrade, Abraham, rabbi, deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 484, 490.

Andreas, of Hungary, excommunicated for employing Jews, 3, 521.

Andreas Beltran, Marrano, denounces the Talmud, 4, 213.

Andreias (Lucuas), leader of the Jews of Cyrene, 2, 395.

Andrew, disciple of Jesus, 3, 153.

Andro, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.

Andromachos, governor of Cœlesyria, killed by the Samaritans, 1, 414.

Andronicus, lieutenant of Antiochus Epiphanes, murders Onias III, 1, 448.

Andronicus, son of Messalam, Judæan champion, 1, 516.

Angels, imported into Judaism, 1, 403.

Angiel, one of the Sefiroth, 4, 17.

“Anglo-Jewish Association,” the, founders and work of, 5, 703.

Angoulême, the Jews of, maltreated, 3, 570.

Angro-Mainyus, Persian god of darkness, and Judaism, 1, 402.

transformed into Satan, 1, 403.

Anilaï (Chanilai), robber chieftain, 2, 202.

Anjou, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Anjou, the Jews of, observe a fast, 3, 380.

under Henry II, 3, 409.

maltreated, 3, 570.

Anna, wife of Joceus of York, death of, 3, 415.

“Annals of Persecution, The,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 590.

“Annals of the Kings of France and of the house of Othman, The,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 556.

Ano, wife of Jeroboam I, 1, 184.

Ansar, allies of Mahomet, 3, 73.

Anteri, Jacob, rabbi of Damascus, charged with ritual murder, 5, 638.

translates Talmud passages, 5, 640.

Anthropomorphists, literalist expounders of the Koran, 3, 148.

among the Jews, 3, 152.

Antigonus, Macedonian general, and Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

Antigonus of Soho, disciple of Simon the Just, saying of, 1, 422.

Antigonus, son of Aristobulus II, graces Pompey’s triumph, 2, 67.

escapes from Rome, 2, 72.

second captivity of, 2, 73.

protected by Ptolemy of Chalcis, 2, 75.

seeks the aid of Cæsar, 2, 75–6.

plots against Herod, 2, 80–1.

king of Judæa, 2, 82–3.

has coins struck, 2, 83.

character of, 2, 85.

dissension between, and the Synhedrists, 2, 85–6.

declared an enemy of Rome, 2, 86.

beheaded, 2, 89.

sister of, 2, 94.

Antigonus, son of John Hyrcanus, besieges Samaria, 2, 10.

alleged murder of, 2, 36–7.

campaign of, against the Ituræans and Trachonites, 2, 37.

death of, 2, 38.

Anti-Maimunists, the, opponents of Moses ben Maimun, 3, 523–4.

led by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527.

excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, 3, 537.

invite the Dominicans into the controversy, 3, 542–3.

subdued by the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579–80.

of Palestine, excommunicated, 3, 632–3.

See also under Maimunist controversy, the; Maimunists, the.

Anti-Maimunists, list of:

Daniel ben Saadiah,

David ben Saul,

Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar,

Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi (the Elder),

Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,

Moses ben Chasdaï Taku,

Moses ben Nachman,

Samson ben Abraham,

Solomon ben Abraham,

Solomon Petit,

Tossafists, the, of northern France, 3, 529.

Antioch, Judæans settle in, 1, 419.

gladiatorial combats introduced in, 1, 444.

partly destroyed by Judæans, 1, 497.

Verus Commodus at, 2, 47.

number of Judæans in, 2, 201–2.

Nazarenes in, 2, 222–3.

Judæan Christians of, 2, 231.

the Judæans of, protected by Titus, 2, 313.

residence of Niger, 2, 463.

Antioch, the Jews of, interest Christians in Judaism, 2, 613–14.

dispossessed of their synagogues, 2, 621–2.

murdered by the green faction, 3, 10–11.

massacre the Christians, 3, 18.

subdued, 3, 18.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Antiochus, of Commagene, favorite of Caligula, 2, 189.

allied with Agrippa I, 2, 195.

son of, 2, 195, 235.

Antiochus III, the Great, of Syria, defeated at Raphia, 1, 425–6.

takes Egypt, 1, 432.

enters Jerusalem, 1, 432.

besieges the Acra, 1, 433.

repairs the Temple, 1, 433.

defeated by the Romans, 1, 434.

death of, 1, 434.

Antiochus IV Epiphanes, of Syria, hostage at Rome, 1, 434, 442–3.

characterization of, 1, 442–3.

accession of, described in Daniel, 1, 443–4.

introduces gladiatorial combats into Syria, 1, 444.

petitioned to admit Judæan athletes to citizenship, 1, 444–5.

makes Menelaus high priest, 1, 447.

summons Menelaus to justify himself, 1, 448.

punishes Onias III’s murder, 1, 448.

exonerates Menelaus, 1, 449.

war of, with Egypt, 1, 450–1.

desecrates the Temple, 1, 451, 455.

calumniates Judaism, 1, 452–3.

treats the Judæans cruelly, 1, 453–4.

orders the worship of the Greek gods in Jerusalem, 1, 454–5.

sacrifices ordered on the birthday of, 1, 456.

dependencies of, revolt, 1, 463.

determines to exterminate the Judæans, 1, 463–4.

son of, entrusted to Lysias, 1, 463.

in the East, 1, 466.

death of, 1, 477.

appoints a regent, 1, 477.

persecutes the Samaritans, 1, 516.

Antiochus V Eupator, of Syria, accession of, 1, 477.

appealed to by the Hellenists, 1, 478.

treaty of, with the Judæans, 1, 480, 488.

makes Judas Maccabæus high priest, 1, 481.

Rome displeased with, 1, 482.

Antiochus VI, of Syria, on the throne, 1, 497–8.

cause of, espoused by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498, 499.

Antiochus VII Sidetes, of Syria, assisted by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525.

permits Simon to strike coins, 1, 525, 528.

hostile to Simon, 1, 528–9.

investigates Simon’s assassination, 1, 530.

abandons the assassin, 1, 531.

besieges John Hyrcanus, 2, 3–4.

grants a truce, 2, 4.

counselors of, advise the suppression of Judaism, 2, 4.

yields up Judæan fortresses, 2, 4–5.

seeks the alliance of John Hyrcanus, 2, 5.

death of, 2, 5.

Antiochus VIII Grypus, of Syria, succession of, opposed, 2, 6.

poisons his mother, 2, 6.

harasses the Idumæans of Samaria, 2, 9.

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, of Syria, hostile to John Hyrcanus, 2, 9.

forbidden by Rome to molest the Judæans, 2, 9.

aids Samaria, 2, 10.

defeated by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 10.

allied with Ptolemy VIII, 2, 10.

Antiparo, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.

Antipas I. See Herod Antipas, son of Malthace and Herod I.

Antipas, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.

Antipas, treasurer of the Synhedrion, suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.

Antipater, the Idumæan, counselor of Hyrcanus II, 2, 59.

intrigues against Aristobulus II, 2, 59.

bribes Scaurus, 2, 62.

envoy to Pompey, 2, 63.

governor of Judæa, 2, 66–7.

supports Rome, 2, 70.

causes the death sentence of Pitholaus, 2, 75.

offers his services to Cæsar, 2, 75.

tries to coerce the Judæans into loyalty to Cæsar, 2, 77.

wife and sons of, 2, 77.

warns Herod, 2, 78.

urges mild measures upon Herod, 2, 79.

poisoned, 2, 80.

Antipater, son of Herod I, conspires against the sons of Mariamne, 2, 112–13.

conspires against Herod, 2, 113.

convicted of attempted parricide, 2, 114.

executed, 2, 116.

Antipater, son of Jason, envoy to Rome, 1, 526.

“Anti-Phædon,” by John Balthasar Kölbele, 5, 316.

Anti-Semitism, prevalence of, 5, 704.

Antitaktes, an extreme sect of Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

Anti-Talmudists. See Frankists.

Anti-Trinitarians, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, 4, 541.

in Poland, 4, 647.

Anton, Charles (Moses Gerson Cohen), apostate, descent and history of, 5, 267.

writes a panegyric on Eibeschütz, 5, 267.

denies the existence of Sabbatians, 5, 271.

Antonia, daughter of the triumvir, ward of Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 176.

Antonia, sister-in-law of Tiberius, advocate of the Judæans, 2, 172.

patroness of Agrippa I, 2, 176.

Antonia, fortress of the Temple, named for Mark Antony, 2, 106.

communicates with the Temple, 2, 109, 111.

vestments of the high priests kept in, 2, 129.

pontifical robes removed from, 2, 172.

strengthened by Agrippa I, 2, 195.

invested by Cumanus, 2, 242.

first wall of, taken by Titus, 2, 305.

See also Acra, the.

Antoninus, a Jew recommended by Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

Antoninus, name of Alexander Severus in Jewish sources, 2, 482.

Antoninus Pius, emperor, clemency of, 2, 432.

revokes Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 433.

revolution in Judæa under, 2, 447.

death of, 2, 447.

Antony, Mark, member of the second triumvirate, favors Herod, 2, 81, 87.

beheads Antigonus, 2, 89.

interested in Aristobulus (III), 2, 91, 93.

fall of, 2, 96.

Antwerp, Amatus Lusitanus at, 4, 569.

the Jews of, expelled, 4, 662.

Anusim, forced converts, 4, 179.

See Marranos, the.

Anzarbi, Arabic medical authority, taught by Jews, 3, 146.

Apamea, treasure house in, for the Temple contributions, 2, 53.

Apelles, of Ascalon, favorite of Caligula, 2, 187.

Apelles, Syrian overseer, resisted by the Maccabees, 1, 459.

Aphek, battle of, between Israelites and Philistines, 1, 70.

Apherema, taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.

Aphrodite, worshiped by the Persians, 1, 108.

Apion, Greek writer, misrepresents Judaism, 2, 180–1.

envoy to Caligula, 2, 186.

contrasted with Philo, 2, 187.

charges of, refuted by Josephus, 2, 390.

Josephus’ work against, translated, 4, 608.

Apis, black bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, 1, 9.

Apocalypse, the Christian, by John, 2, 369.

Apocrypha, the, rejected from the Canon, 2, 344.

translated into Greek, 2, 359.

considered part of the Canon by Christians, 2, 359, 488.

canonized by the Council of Nice, 2, 624.

Apollo, Onias III takes refuge in the temple of, at Daphne, 1, 448.

Apollonius, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.

Apollonius, commander of Cœlesyria, confiscates the Temple treasures, 1, 438.

Apollonius, Syrian general, in the war with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

Apollonius, Syrian general, takes Jerusalem, 1, 453–4.

defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.

Apollonius Malo, Greek writer, maligns Judaism, 2, 178–9.

Apollonius Molo, Greek writer, hostile to the Judæans, 2, 68.

Apollos, of Alexandria, Christian teacher, 2, 231.

“Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews,” by Edward Nicholas, 5, 28–9.

Apostasy to Christianity among Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 322.

in the early Christian centuries, 2, 377.

under Constantine, 2, 562–3.

in Hamburg, 4, 687, 690.

in Vienna, 4, 706.

among the Chassidim, 5, 213.

among the Frankists, 5, 287.

among the Jews of Germany, 5, 420.

in Berlin, 5, 587.

See also under Conversions to Christianity; Marranos, the.

Apostasy to Islam among Jews in the East in the twelfth century, 3, 441–2.

among Sabbatians, 5, 153–4, 211.

among Chassidim, 5, 213.

See also under Conversions to Islam.

Apostasy to paganism among Jews in Alexandria, 2, 184.

Apostate, an, the disappearance of, causes annoyance to the Jews of Paris, 4, 175.

in Breslau, charges the Jews with host desecration, 4, 261.

Apostates, account of, by Philo, 2, 184.

in Alexandria, 2, 209.

act as spies upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.

Constantine protects the Jews against, 2, 564.

excommunicated by the later Patriarchs, 2, 612–13.

decisions concerning, by Natronaï ben Nehemiah, 3, 122.

repentant, kindly received by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 264.

permitted by Emperor Henry IV to return to Judaism, 3, 306.

returning, unkindly treated by the Jews, 3, 308–9.

forbidden to retain Jewish customs, 3, 510.

house for, in England, 3, 644.

validity of the evidence of, 4, 36–7.

force the Jews to attend church, 4, 132.

inform against Marranos, 4, 180.

in Spanish satiric literature, 4, 181.

favored by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.

employed as censors, 4, 566, 659.

annoy the Jews of the Papal States, 4, 581, 584.

refrain from defending the German Jews, 5, 533.

Heine on, 5, 548–9, 551–2.

assert the falsity of the blood accusation, 5, 650.

See also under Apostasy; Conversions; Marranos, the.

Apostates, list of:

Abraham Senior, the family of

Abulafia, Moses

Adamantius,

Alexander,

Alfonso Burgensis,

Ananel di Foligno,

Anton, Charles

Asher of Udine,

Astruc Raimuch,

Astruc Sibili,

Baptista, John

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel

Börne, Ludwig

Chananya, nephew of Joshua,

Chayon, Nehemiah, son of

Cohen, Nehemiah

Diego de Valencia,

Donin (Nicholas),

Drusilla,

Du Vallié, Paul

Eliano, Victor

Ferrus, Pero

Frank, Jacob

Friedländer, David, the family of

Gans, Edward

Gershom ben Jehuda, son of

Gerson, Christian

Guidon,

Heine, Heinrich

Herz, Henrietta

Isaac of Mayence,

Isaac Ibn-Ezra,

John of Valladolid,

Joseph,

Joseph de Vesoul,

Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives,

Juan de España,

Kahtz, Christian

Karben, Victor von

Levi ben Shem Tob,

Levi, Wolf

Levin, Rachel

Machault, Denys

Margalita, Aaron

Margaritha, Anton

Mendelssohn, Dorothea

Mendelssohn, Henrietta

Moro, Joseph

Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah),

Neander, Augustus

Nunes, Henrique

Pablo Christiani,

Paul, apostle,

Pedro de la Caballeria,

Pessach-Peter,

Pfefferkorn, Joseph

Riccio, Paul

Sabbataï Zevi,

Samuel Ibn-Abbas,

Samuel Abrabanel (Juan de Seville),

Schwarz, Peter

Sixtus Senensis,

Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul de Santa Maria),

Tiberius Julius Alexander,

Uriah of Mayence,

Vayol, Hans

Wenzel, Francis

Wolfkan of Ratisbon.

Apostles, the twelve, trusted disciples of Jesus, 2, 158.

sent out by the early Christians, 2, 220.

Apostole, mission tax, collected by the Patriarchs, 2, 487.

Apostoli, messengers of the Synhedrion, 2, 535.

Appian, historian, persecuted by Jewish rebels, 2, 396.

Apries (Hophra), of Egypt, at war with Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 312.

defeated, 1, 313.

ally of Judah, 1, 318.

receives Judæans kindly, 1, 324.

dethroned, 1, 327.

Apulia, the Jews of, liable to curial duties, 2, 616.

invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

Aquet, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Aquila. See Akylas.

Aquinas, Thomas, works of, translated, 4, 69.

studied by Solomon Levi, 4, 183.

Aquitania, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

gathering place of crusaders, 3, 570.

Arabarch. See Alabarch, the.

Arabia, trade with, under Uzziah, 1, 230.

(Auranitis) Paul flees to, 2, 226.

Jewish fugitives flee to, 2, 317, 319, 419.

Jews settle in, 2, 629; 3, 54–5.

Babylonian Jews emigrate to, 3, 4.

position of Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 53.

See also Auranitis.

Arabia, the Jews of, similarity of, to the Arabs, 3, 56.

alienate Mahomet’s followers, 3, 74–5.

rejoice at Mahomet’s death, 3, 84.

possess good taste, 3, 111.

find the authority of the Talmud irksome, 3, 119–20.

in the twelfth century, 3, 436–7.

Arabia, northern (Hejas), inhabitants of, descended from Ishmael, 3, 60, 61.

Arabia, northern (Hejas), the Jews of, 3, 54–6.

lead a Bedouin life, 3, 57.

distinguish themselves in poetry, 3, 57–8.

intelligence of, 3, 58.