Index (continued 10)

Saturnalia, the, Jews have no intercourse with the heathen before, 2, 477.

Saubert, John, translator of Templo’s work, 5, 115.

Saul, choice of, as king, 1, 83.

qualities of, 1, 83.

discontent with, 1, 83.

son of. See Jonathan.

offends Samuel at Gilgal, 1, 86.

condemns Jonathan to death, 1, 88–9.

at Gibeah, 1, 89–90.

defeats the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.

homage paid to, at Gilgal, 1, 90.

creates new offices, 1, 91.

defeats Agag, 1, 91–2.

beginning of the madness of, 1, 93–4.

orders a massacre of the Gibeonites, 1, 94.

royal ostentation of, 1, 94–5.

permits David to fight with Goliath, 1, 97.

invites David to his court, 1, 98.

fears David as a rival, 1, 99.

attempts David’s life, 1, 99.

murders the descendants of Eli, 1, 100.

consults the witch of Endor, 1, 103.

death of the sons of, 1, 103.

death of, 1, 103.

body of, dishonored by the Philistines, 1, 104.

remains of, buried, 1, 124.

Israelites under, settle in the Hejas, 3, 54.

favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.

Saul, member of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.

accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, 2, 268.

Saul of Tarsus. See Paul, apostle.

Saul, son of Anan ben David, succeeds him, 3, 136.

Saul Astruc Cohen, physician in Tlemçen, 4, 198.

protects Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.

Saul Cohen Ashkenasi, disciple of Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.

letter to, from Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 386.

pure style of, 4, 389.

Saurim, brother of Raba bar Joseph, heartlessness of, 2, 588.

Savoy, Oran Jews settle in, 5, 169.

Savoy, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 103–4.

during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, 4, 218.

privileges of, confirmed by Martin V, 4, 219.

Saxon emperors, the, position of the Jews under, 3, 241, 242–3.

Saxony, the Jews of, under heavy restrictions, 5, 509.

Sbaráz, battle of, between Cossacks and Poles, 5, 12.

Scaliger, Joseph, philologist, tolerance of, 4, 685.

quickens learning, 5, 20.

devotes himself to Rabbinical literature, 5, 21.

introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

Scaurus, legate of Pompey in Syria, attacks Aretas, 2, 70.

called upon to arbitrate between Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, 2, 61–2.

commands Aretas to raise the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 62.

bribed to favor Hyrcanus II, 2, 62.

Schaffhausen, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.

Schiller, expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.

Schimmelpennik, Grand Pensioner of the Batavian Republic, appoints Jews to public offices, 5, 458.

Schlegel, Frederick, character of, 5, 423–4.

union of, with Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.

representative of the romantic school, 5, 515, 516.

Schleiermacher, intimacy of, with Henrietta Herz, 5, 423.

hostile to Judaism, 5, 426–7, 428.

refuses to acknowledge the Jewish origin of Christianity, 5, 426.

ill-will of, towards Jews, 5, 462.

Schmidt, Bremen deputy to the Congress of Vienna, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.

Schmidt of Hildburghausen, defends the Jews, 5, 522.

Scholastic philosophy, the, and Ibn-Gebirol’s works, 3, 270–1.

influenced by the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 486.

studied by Leone Romano, 4, 69.

quoted by Jewish preachers in the fifteenth century, 4, 232.

Schools, elementary, established in Judæa by Joshua ben Gamala, 2, 249.

in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.

Schools for young men, origin of, in Palestine, 1, 396.

reorganized by Simon ben Shetach, 2, 50–1.

lack of, in Galilee, 2, 148.

in Asia Minor and Egypt, 2, 357–8.

in Judæa inspected by order of Judah III, 2, 532.

at Sora established by Chasda, 2, 553.

in Palestine in the sixth century, 3, 12.

at Yathrib, 3, 59.

founded in the West by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.

in Amsterdam, 4, 681–2.

in Rotterdam, 4, 685.

See under Education for other headings.

Schools, secular, founded by Jews, in Trieste, 5, 369–70.

in Prague, 5, 371.

in Berlin, 5, 405, 416.

in Tarnopol, 5, 612.

in Egypt, 5, 664.

Schools, the, of the prophets, 1, 205, 234.

Schor, Elisha, Frankist, 5, 275.

draws up the Frankist confession of faith, 5, 280.

Schudt, author of “Jewish Curiosities,” 5, 549.

Schurmann, Anna Maria, student of Hebrew literature, 5, 21.

“Schutzjuden.” See Protection-Jews.

Schwager, preacher, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 358.

Schwarz, Peter, apostate, maligns the Jews, 4, 301.

motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

Schweidnitz, the Jews of, engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.

charged with host desecration, 4, 261.

Science, promoted by Judaism during the Middle Ages, 3, 146, 187.

Science, the study of, by Jews, advocated by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.

opposition to, at the end of the thirteenth century, 4, 27–34, 37–45.

ban against, 4, 39–40.

controversy on, continued at Perpignan, 4, 50–1.

baneful effect of the ban against, 4, 143.

opposition to, in the fourteenth century, 5, 147.

See also Maimunist controversy, the.

Science of Judaism, the, subserves the Reform movement, 5, 627.

“Scientific Journal, The,” the tone of, 5, 625.

founder of, 5, 626.

inculcates self-respect, 5, 626.

recalls the Karaites, 5, 626.

Scipio, follower of Pompey, has Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, beheaded, 2, 75.

Scopas, an Ætolian, takes Jerusalem, 1, 432.

garrisons the Baris, 1, 433.

routed by the Syrians near Panion, 1, 433.

Scopus Zophim, camp of Titus, 2, 302.

Scotus. See Duns Scotus.

“Scourge of the Jews,” name given to John of Capistrano, 4, 260.

Scribes, the. See Sopherim, the.

Scriptures, the, written with Assyrian characters, 1, 395–6.

studied in the schools of Judæa, 2, 50–1.

allegorical interpretation of, by the Judæo-Alexandrian school, 2, 208–9.

as interpreted by Paul, 2, 230.

canon of, completed, 2, 344.

translated into Greek by Akylas, 2, 385, 386–7.

Chiya bar Abba ignorant of, 2, 536.

translations of, 2, 581–2.

studied in Palestine under Theodosius II, 2, 623–5.

the Latin translation of, 2, 625.

incorrect explanation of, favored by the Talmud, 2, 633.

vowel-points and accents introduced into, 3, 7.

use of translations of, ordered by Justinian I, 3, 14–15.

knowledge of, among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

love for, among the Arabs, 3, 59.

Mahomet’s doctrines borrowed from, 3, 72.

study of, revived among Jews under Mahometan influence, 3, 111–12.

rendered comprehensible by the introduction of vowel points, 3, 112.

study of, stimulates poetic composition, 3, 118.

studied by the Jews of Arabia, 3, 119–20.

replaced by the Talmud, 3, 128.

a return to the letter of, advocated by Anan ben David, 3, 130.

study of, stimulated by Anan ben David, 3, 133.

ardently studied by the Karaites, 3, 136.

commentators on, among the Karaites, 3, 136.

neglected by the Rabbanites, 3, 189.

translated into Arabic by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.

trustworthiness of, doubted in Saadiah’s time, 3, 198.

the Ben-Asher copies of, 3, 207.

the Massoretic text of, now in use, 3, 207.

the oldest copy of, in Spain destroyed, 3, 387.

the distortion of, by the Kabbalists, 3, 556.

verses of, happily used by the fabulists, 3, 560.

as interpreted in the Zohar, 4, 15–16.

as explained by the mystics and the philosophers, 4, 23–4.

study of, neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.

study of, neglected in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 231, 234.

concordance of, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234–5.

taught to Karaites by Rabbanites, 4, 269.

in Hebrew declared heretical, 4, 444–5.

German translation of, by Luther, 4, 469, 475.

study of, encouraged by Luther and Reuchlin, 4, 474–5.

translated into the European languages, 4, 475, 540.

in Hebrew, demand for copies of, 4, 475–6.

studied by Marranos, 4, 485.

Ferrara Spanish edition of, dedicated to Gracia Mendesia, 4, 576.

translated into Polish, 4, 647.

polyglot edition of, published by Arias Montano, 4, 651.

study of, declines under the influence of the Polish Talmudists, 5, 17.

neglect of, among Jews, 5, 327.

studied by German Jews, 5, 395.

French translation of, projected, 5, 449.

Heine’s admiration for, 5, 553–4.

translation of, by Sachs, 5, 693.

See also Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; and under the various books.

Scriptures, the, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 370–3.

by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.

by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, 3, 206.

by Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi, 3, 392.

by Joseph Kara, 3, 345.

by Moses ben Nachman, 3, 607.

by Rashi, 3, 288.

by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.

by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 345.

by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.

by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.

by Yizchaki, 3, 273.

See Law, the, commentary on.

Scriptures, the, exegesis of. See Exegesis of the Bible.

Scriptures, the, translations of. See under Translation.

Scrutinium Scriptuarum, polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.

Scythians, the, invade Media, Assyria, and Philistia, 1, 287.

bribed by Psammetich of Egypt, 1, 287.

ravage Judæa, 1, 287.

Scythopolis. See Bethshean.

“Searching the Scriptures,” polemic against Judaism by Solomon Levi, 4, 233.

Sebaste. See Samaria.

Sebastian, of Portugal, defeated in Africa, 4, 381.

Sebastus, harbor of Cæsarea, built by Herod, 2, 106.

Sebel ha-Yerusha, hereditary teaching, among the Karaites, 3, 159.

Seche, a Christian Shylock, punished by Sixtus V, 4, 657.

Sechel ha-Poel, term used by Maimonides, 3, 480.

“Secret of the Trinity,” by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 217.

Sects, Jewish. See Judaism, the sects of.

Secundinus, bishop, and the Jew Antoninus, 3, 29.

Seder ha-Kabbalah, historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 366.

Seder Olam, historical work by José ben Chalafta, 2, 442.

Sefer ha-Osher, grammatical work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.

Sefer Madda, Maimonides’ code, attacked by anti-Maimunists, 3, 523.

Sefer Refuoth, attributed to king Solomon, used by the Essenes, 2, 29.

Sefer Yezirah, commentary on, by Saadiah, 3, 197.

Sefer Yizchaki, Biblical work, 3, 273.

Sefer Yochasin, chronicle by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 391.

Sefiroth, the Ten, emanations from the Deity, in the Kabbala system, 3, 551.

qualities of, 3, 552.

correspond to the Temple, 3, 553.

prayer addressed to, 3, 554.

in the Zohar, 4, 14, 17.

names of, 4, 17.

instruments of the creation, 4, 619.

streams of mercy flow through, 5, 121.

Segal. See Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

Segan (Sagan) ha-Cohanim, deputy of the high priest, 1, 492; 2, 330.

Segelmessa, the Jews of, persecuted by the Almohades, 3, 360.

Segovia, the synagogue of, transformed into a church, 4, 196.

the Marranos of, slain, 4, 283.

Segovia, the Jews of, accused of host desecration, 4, 195–6.

accept baptism under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

riot against, 4, 278–9.

carry their tombstones into exile with them, 4, 352.

Segre, Joshua Benzion (1720–1809), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488.

on the commission to answer the twelve questions put to the Notables, 5, 490.

vice-president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

Ségur, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.

Seir, mount, the capital of Edom on, 1, 222.

Sejanus, minister of Tiberius, hostile to Judaism, 2, 136.

sends Pontius Pilate to Judæa as procurator, 2, 138.

treachery of, revealed by one of the Herodians, 2, 172.

Selden, John, student of Hebrew, 5, 21.

Seleucia, north-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Seleucidæan era, the, used by Jews, 1, 417.

abolished, 4, 394–5.

Seleucidæan kings, the, gain possession of Judæa, 1, 432.

Seleucus I, ally of Ptolemy I at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.

the era of, 1, 417.

founds Antioch, 1, 419.

invites Judæans to Antioch, 1, 419.

Seleucus II, orders the confiscation of the Temple treasures, 1, 438.

appealed to by Onias III, 1, 438–9.

Seleucus, son of Demetrius Nicator, killed by his mother, 2, 6.

Selichoth. See Prayers, penitential.

Selig, Eliakim, obtains from the pope an acquittal of the Jews from the blood accusation, 5, 282, 285.

Selim I, sultan of Turkey, conquers Egypt, 4, 393.

employs a Jewish financier, 4, 393.

makes the Jewish Egyptian communities autonomous, 4, 394.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 401.

Jews under, 4, 402.

Selim II, sultan of Turkey, the cause of, espoused by Joseph Nassi, 4, 594–5.

espouses the cause of Joseph Nassi against the French ambassador, 4, 595.

conveys land near the Sea of Tiberias to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.

proposes to give Naxos to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.

makes Joseph Nassi duke of Naxos, 4, 596.

protects Joseph Nassi against France, 4, 597.

banishes Daud to Rhodes, 4, 599.

enters upon a war with Venice, 4, 600.

favorably inclined towards Jews, 4, 602.

death of, 4, 627.

Selve, George de, bishop, studies Hebrew under Elias Levita, 4, 472.

has Elias Levita invited to France, 4, 474.

Selvia, the second ban against the Chassidim published in, 5, 393–4.

Semak, manual of religious duties, by Isaac ben Joseph, 3, 587.

Semender (Tarki), Jews settle in, 3, 124.

second town of the Chazars, 3, 222.

Semicha. See Ordination.

Semijudæi, sects called forth by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 541.

Semi-Judaizantes in Poland, 4, 647.

Semuna, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 5.

Saburean, 3, 6.

commits the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.

successors of, not known, 3, 7.

Senbaris, scroll of the Law burnt at, 2, 569.

Seneca, the Persian. See Abuzurj-Mihir.

Sen Escalita. See Samuel Sulami.

Senior. See Abraham Benveniste Senior.

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, subdues Syria, 1, 270.

takes the fortified towns of Judah, 1, 272.

makes Lachish his headquarters, 1, 273.

demands unconditional surrender from Hezekiah, 1, 274.

besieges Pelusium, 1, 276.

returns to Assyria, 1, 277–8.

murdered, 1, 280.

son of, murdered, 1, 284.

Sens, archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.

rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

archbishop of, banished for harsh treatment of the Jews, 3, 401.

college of, sold, 4, 48.

Sephardic Jews, the, looked upon as the nobility, 4, 382–3.

distinguished by Pinto, 5, 344–5.

See also Marranos, the; Portugal, the Jews of; Spanish exiles, the; Spain, the Jews of.

Sepharvaim, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

Sepphoris (Diocæsarea), a Synhedrion established at, by Aulus Gabinius, 2, 71.

an arsenal for Antigonus, 2, 85.

arsenal of, seized by Judas the Galilean, 2, 125.

burnt by Quintilius Varus, 2, 126.

capital of the tetrarchy of Herod Antipas, 2, 137.

school of, 2, 148.

the only Galilean city faithful to Rome, 2, 276.

ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.

makes overtures to Rome, 2, 283.

seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, 2, 333.

sides with the Romans during the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

home of José ben Chalafta, 2, 442.

seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.

center of the Jewish community, 2, 458.

ceases to be the seat of the Patriarch, 2, 480.

people of, characterized by Chanina bar Chama, 2, 491–2.

academy of, loses prestige, 2, 532.

the first church at, 2, 565.

revolt of the Jews at, against Rome, 2, 570.

razed to the ground, 2, 570.

Septimania, the governor of, promises Jews religious freedom, 3, 105.

the Jews of, punished for conspiracy against Egica, 3, 108.

Septuagint, the, Greek translation of the Scriptures, made at the instigation of Ptolemy VI, 1, 510–11.

criticism of, by Judæans, 1, 512.

makes Judaism known, 1, 512–13.

inaccurate, 1, 513–14.

why so called, 1, 514.

Samaritan objections to, 1, 516.

tampered with, by various religious bodies, 2, 385–6.

Origen tries to revise, 2, 488–9.

recommended to Jewish congregations by Justinian I, 3, 14.

declared not authoritative by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

studied by Z. Frankel, 5, 684.

Sepulveda, the Jews of, charged with child murder, 4, 278–9.

Serach ben Nathan, and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76–7, 79.

Serachya ben Isaac (Ben Shaltiel-Chen), physician and Aristotelian, 3, 630.

influence of, on the Italian Jews, 4, 59.

Serachya Halevi Gerundi, (1125–1186), Talmudist, annotates Alfassi’s commentary, 3, 389, 392, 399.

settles at Lünel, 3, 389.

controversies of, with Abraham ben David, 3, 389, 490.

on friendly terms with Judah Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 397.

refuted by Nachmani, 3, 532.

Serachya Halevi Saladin, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.

sermon by, 4, 212.

Seraiah, high priest, beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.

grandson of, 1, 352.

ancestor of Ezra, 1, 365.

Serene, a pseudo-Messiah leads the onslaught upon Talmudic Judaism, 3, 120–2.

joined by the Jews of Spain, 3, 121.

brought before Yezid, 3, 121.

adherents of, wish to rejoin their communities, 3, 121–2.

opposition of, to the Talmud, without result, 3, 128.

Sergius, bishop, intercedes for the Samaritans, 3, 16–17.

Serkes, Joel, Talmudist, 4, 703.

grandson of, 5, 152.

Sermons, origin of, among the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 514–15.

Sermons for the conversion of Jews, preached by the Dominicans in England, 3, 643.

in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 132.

ordered by Benedict XIII, 4, 216.

ordered by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

ordered by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.

in Hamburg, 4, 690.

in Vienna, 4, 706.

inefficacy of, 5, 186.

Sermons, vernacular, under Louis the Pious, 3, 163.

by Jews, attract Christians, 3, 173.

by Moses of Coucy, 3, 546.

by Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566; 4, 32, 39, 40.

in the Middle Ages, 4, 478.

introduced into Germany by Jacobson, 5, 562, 563.

the age of, pointed out by Zunz, 5, 621.

Serra, Nicolas, papal nuncio, not favorable to the conversion of the Frankists, 5, 285.

objects to the Lemberg disputation, 5, 285.

believes the blood accusation, 5, 285–6.

Serrarius, Peter, Messianic visionary, 5, 24, 36.

Servants. See Christian servants.

Servetus, Michael, anti-Trinitarian, martyr, 4, 541.

disciples of, in Poland, 4, 646–7.

“Servi Cameræ,” Jews become, after the second crusade, 3, 356–7.

Jews considered, by Frederick I, 3, 416–17.

why Jews were considered, 3, 417.

name given to the Jews of Germany, 3, 516.

Jews called, by Frederick II, 3, 569.

Jews of Aragon considered, by Jayme I, 3, 597.

possession of, granted to the electors, 4, 128.

Sesonchosis. See Shishak.

Seth, family of high priests, 2, 237.

Seth, the Pneumatic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Setubal, port open to Jews on their banishment from Portugal, 4, 374.

Severus, emperor with Niger, 2, 463.

victorious over Niger, 2, 464.

promulgates laws against Judaism, 2, 464.

death of, 2, 468.

wife of, 2, 468.

Severus, bishop of Magona, burns the synagogues, 2, 619.

Severus, Alexander. See Alexander Severus.

Severus, Julius, sent to quell the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

military tactics of, 2, 415.

takes the Jewish strongholds in the north, 2, 416.

helped by a Samaritan at Bethar, 2, 418.

returned to Britain, 2, 421.

Seville, early Jewish settlements in the environs of, 3, 43.

Jewish political fugitives from Granada settle in, 3, 258, 279–80.

the Arab ruler of, organizes a revolt against the Berbers, 3, 276.

the center of Jewish Spain, 3, 284.

the Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.

Abu-Ayub in, 3, 312.

the Ibn-Migash family in, 3, 315.

the Jewish academy of, closed by the Almohades, 3, 361, 384.

lost by Pedro the Cruel, 4, 124.

the persecution of the Spanish Jews arises in 4, 167–8.

outbreak against the Marranos in, 4, 282–3.

first seat of the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 312.

citizens of, opposed to the Inquisition, 4, 313.

victims of the Inquisition in, 4, 317.

the Inquisition in, 4, 335.

expulsion of the Jews from, proposed, 4, 336.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

Seville, the Jews of, well treated by Alfonso X, 3, 592–3.

ravages of the Black Death among, 4, 113.

fury against, 4, 157.

attacked, 4, 168–9.

Seville, the Marranos of, and the Inquisition, 4, 313.

taught by the Jews, 4, 334–5.

tortured, 4, 350.

flee to Granada, 4, 351.

Sèze, de, deputy to the National Assembly, speaks in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.

Sezira, John, scholar, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338.

pleads with Sixtus IV for the Jews, 4, 340.

Sforza, Galeazzo, duke of Milan, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.

stops the preaching of Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 296–7.

“Shaagath Aryeh,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.

“Shaashuim,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, 3, 559.

Shäbs, the. See Frankists, the; Sabbatians, the.

Shabur I, king of the neo-Persians, and Mar-Samuel, 2, 520, 526.

Shabur II, king of the neo-Persians, and the Jews, 2, 580.

oppresses the Jews, 2, 591–2.

punishes Raba bar Joseph for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.

and Chama of Nahardea, 2, 594–5.

at war with Julian the Apostate, 2, 601.

concludes peace with Jovianus, 2, 602.

Shach. See Cohen, Sabbataï.

Shachna. See Shalom Shachna.

Shakers, the, origin of, 5, 378.

Shakespeare, defended from the charge of Jew baiting, 5, 552–3.

Shalal. See Isaac Cohen Shalal.

Shaliach Zion, messengers of the Synhedrion, 2, 535.

Shallum, conspires against the king of Israel, 1, 243.

made king of Israel, 1, 244.

murdered, 1, 244.

Shallum, uncle of Jeremiah, 1, 290.

Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, subdues Tyre and Phœnicia, 1, 263.

propitiated by Hoshea, 1, 263.

conquers Phœnicia a second time, 1, 264.

ends the kingdom of Israel, 1, 264–5.

Shalom of Neustadt, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

Shalom Shachna, Talmudist in Poland, 4, 634, 639; 5, 4.

Shaltiel-Chen, famous Jewish family, 3, 630.

Shamgar, judge, chastises the Philistines, 1, 61.

Shammah, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Shammai, president of the Synhedrion, with Hillel, 2, 100.

character of, 2, 100–1.

maxims of, 2, 101.

spreads the knowledge of the law in Judæa, 2, 149.

the rules of, condemned by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 349–50.

Shammai, the disciples of, conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.

morality of, 2, 151.

Shammai, the followers of, refuse to take the oath of allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.

hostile to Herod, 2, 114–15.

constitute the Zealots, 2, 133.

support the revolutionary party, 2, 256.

prohibit the purchase of certain articles from the heathen, 2, 270.

Shammai, the school of, 2, 101.

rigor of, 2, 131–2.

Pharisee principles of, 2, 132.

displeased with Jesus, 2, 162.

disputes with the school of Hillel under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 336.

estimation of, by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.

limits the application of tradition, 2, 462.

Shaphan, scribe, the family of, joins Jeremiah, 1, 292.

receives Deuteronomy for Josiah, 1, 292.

Sharbarza, Persian general, takes Jerusalem, 3, 19.

Sharon (Shefelah), plain, description of, 1, 45.

Shealtiel, son of Jehoiachin, entreats for the return of the Judæans to Palestine, 1, 342.

Shear-Jashub, son of Isaiah, accompanies him to Ahaz, 1, 258.

Sheba, the Bichrite, leads the revolt of the northern tribes from David, 1, 148–50.

Sheba, the Queen of, visits Solomon, 1, 173.

Shebet Jehuda, historical work by Joseph Ibn-Verga, 4, 557.

Shebna, brother of Hillel, supports him, 2, 96.

Shebna, Sochen under Hezekiah, power of, 1, 268.

wrests power from Hezekiah, 1, 268–9.

prepares Jerusalem for Sennacherib’s attack, 1, 271.

reproved by Isaiah, 1, 271.

displaced by Eliakim, 1, 272.

Shebuot hesset, oath of purgation, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.

Shechaniah, suggests the repudiation of heathen wives by the Judæans, 1, 368.

Shechem (Neapolis), taken by Jacob, 1, 4.

chief city of Canaan, 1, 36.

unfitness of, to be David’s capital, 1, 114.

the inhabitants of, rebel under Jeroboam, 1, 180–1.

fortified by Jeroboam, 1, 185.

called Blessing by the Samaritans, 1, 390.

a Samaritan center, 1, 391.

celebrated by Theodotus, 1, 517.

destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 2, 7–8.

battle at, between Alexander Jannæus and Eucærus, 2, 44.

hostility in, to Jews, 2, 457.

sparsely inhabited by Christians, 3, 12.

Samaritans in, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Shechina, the, Kabbalistic term, the female person in the Godhead, 5, 217.

Shedim, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.

Shefaram, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.

Shefelah. See Sharon.

Shekan-Zib, academy at, established by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 545, 557.

Shekel, the half-, contributions to the Temple, 2, 52–3.

Sheloh. See Hurwitz, Isaiah.

Shema, the, integral part of the morning service, 1, 399.

recitation of, punishable under Hadrian, 2, 424.

forbidden by the Portuguese Inquisition, 5, 32.

Shem-Addaula. See Saad-Addaula.

Shemaiah, prophet, prevents war between Judah and Israel, 1, 184.

Shemaria ben Elchanan, emissary from Sora, settles in Cairo, 3, 208, 210.

Shemarya Ikriti (1290–1320), tries to reconcile Rabbanism and Karaism, 4, 69, 71.

writes a commentary on the Bible, 4, 70.

Shemaya (Sameas), successor to Simon ben Shetach in the Synhedrion, 2, 71–2.

maxims of, 2, 72.

disciples of, 2, 72, 96.

reproves Herod and Hyrcanus II, 2, 79.

opposed to Antigonus, 2, 85–6.

counsels submission to Herod, 2, 88.

spared by Herod, 2, 89.

death of, 2, 90.

Shemer, owner of the plateau of Samaria, 1, 193.

Shem-Tob. See Levi ben Shem-Tob.

Shem-Tob de Carrion. See Santob de Carrion.

Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon (1283–1330), Kabbalist, 4, 74.

Shem-Tob ben Isaac of Tortosa (1206–1264), medical writer, lectures at Marseilles, 3, 582.

history of, 3, 582–3.

Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, polemic writer, debates with Pedro de Luna, 4, 142.

works of, 4, 142–3, 144.

Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, Kabbalist, work of, 4, 197.

opponent to philosophy, 4, 239.

opposed in views to his son, 4, 243.

Shem-Tob Falaquera, poet and philosopher, defends the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 634.

mysticism of, 4, 24.

Sherif-Pasha, governor of Damascus, permits the persecution of the Jews, 5, 635.

orders the bastinado for a Jewish suspect, 5, 636.

tortures children, 5, 637.

destroys the houses of Jews, 5, 637.

circulates an anti-Jewish book, 5, 639.

orders the translation of suspicious Talmud passages, 5, 640.

obtains assent for the execution of the Jews, 5, 640.

ordered to discontinue the torture, 5, 648.

releases the prisoners, 5, 661.

executed, 5, 661.

Sherira ben Chananya (Chanina, 920–1000), judge of Pumbeditha, opposes the Gaon Nehemiah, 3, 208.

Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 231, 232.

descent of, 3, 232.

devoted to the Talmud, 3, 232.

“Letter” of, 3, 232–3.

arraigned before the Caliph, 3, 233–4.

abdication and death of, 3, 234.

Sheshbazzar, Babylonian name of Zerubbabel, 1, 351.

Sheshenk. See Sheshet.

Sheshet. See Mar-Sheshet.

Sheshet Benveniste (1131–1210), head of the Barcelona community, patron of Jewish learning, 3, 388.

poem by, 3, 388.

epigram by, 3, 524–5.

Shibli Ajub, opponent of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633.

“Shield and Sword,” polemic by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

Shila, principal of the school at Nahardea, 2, 512.

acknowledges the authority of Abba-Areka, 2, 512.

precedence of the family of, 2, 522.

Shiloh (Salem), the seat of the sanctuary, 1, 41.

not sufficiently centrally located for the sanctuary, 1, 57.

the rallying point under the later judges, 1, 69, 70.

destroyed by the Philistines, 1, 71.

Shimei, the Benjamite, reviles David, 1, 142.

welcomes David on his return to Jerusalem, 1, 147.

executed, 1, 160–1.

Shiraz, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434.

Shir-ha-shirim. See “Song of Songs, the.”

Shishak, of Egypt, protects Solomon’s enemies, 1, 176.

protects Jeroboam, 1, 180.

in alliance with Jeroboam, 1, 184.

defeats Rehoboam, 1, 184–5.

Shobach, Aramæan general, killed at the battle of Helam, 1, 127.

Shobi, made king of the Ammonites by David, 1, 129.

aids David against Absalom, 1, 144.

Shofetim. See Judges, the.

Shoraich, son of Samuel Ibn-Adiya, bravery and nobility of, 3, 70.

“Short and Established Practice,” work by Judah the Blind, 3, 136.

“Short Demurrer, A,” by William Prynne, 5, 45–6.

refuted, 5, 46.

Shulam, Samuel. See Samuel Shulam.

Shulamit, daughter of Aminadab, heroine of the “Song of Songs,” 1, 431.

Shulchan Aruch, the, code by Joseph Karo, 4, 612–13.

expected to unite Judaism, 4, 612.

partiality of, 4, 613.

authority of, 4, 613.

influence of, on Judaism, 4, 613.

commentary on, by Moses Isserles, 4, 637.

not binding in the Messianic time, 5, 142.

Shunamite woman, the, and Jehoash, 1, 233.

Shunem, Philistine camp against Saul, 1, 102.

“Shylock,” Heine on, 5, 552–3.

Sibbechai of Hushah, Israelite champion in the Philistine war, 1, 117.

Sibili, Astruc. See Astruc Sibili.

Sibyl, the, used to spread Judæan doctrines, 2, 204–5, 402.

Sicarii, the, a band of Zealots, lawlessness of, 2, 239.

rob a servant of Claudius, 2, 242.

employed by Felix, 2, 246.

punished by Albinus, 2, 249.

favored by Gessius Florus, 2, 250.

leader of, 2, 258.

take the fortress of Masada, 2, 258.

join the Zealots in the Temple, 2, 260.

kill the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 260.

cruelty of, 2, 260–1.

escape to Masada, 2, 261.

one of the factions in Jerusalem, 2, 301.

Sichin (Asochis), the Judæans defeated at, 2, 40.

stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

Sicily, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

subjugated by Belisarius, 3, 31.

a synagogue in, razed, 3, 34.

a refuge for Jewish fugitives, 3, 569.

Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 7–8.

opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 319–20.

Sicily, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

in the twelfth century, 3, 422–3, 424.

wear Jew badges, 3, 518.

excluded from offices under Frederick II, 3, 567.

persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 77.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

Siddur Rab Amram, the liturgy of the European Jews, 3, 178.

Siderius, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.

Sidillo. See Samuel Sidillo.

Sidon (Saida), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.

center of Phœnician culture, 1, 53.

laid waste by the Philistines, 1, 80.

surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

urges revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.

the inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Sidra, academy, 2, 514.

Sigismund, emperor, advises Benedict XIII to abdicate, 4, 216.

the Jews under, 4, 218, 219.

has the privileges of the Jews confirmed by Martin V, 4, 219.

in the Hussite war, 4, 225.

protection of, ineffectual, 4, 227.

appoints three Judenmeister, 4, 227.

death of, 4, 248.

Sigismund, of Burgundy, raises a barrier between Jews and Christians in Burgundy, 3, 37.

Sigismund I, of Poland, kindly disposed towards Jews, 4, 419.

Sigismund III, of Poland, confirms the privileges of the Jews, 4, 643.

alienates the Cossacks, 5, 2.

Sigismund, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

Sigismund Augustus, of Poland, appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.

death of, 4, 603, 642.

protects the Jews, 4, 633.

Sihon, king of the Emorites, defeated by the Israelites, 1, 27.

Silas, the Babylonian, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264.

Silesia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.

Silesia, the Jews of, own real estate in the twelfth century, 3, 418.

suffering of, through John of Capistrano, 4, 260–3.

restricted to money-lending, 4, 260.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.

charged with the blood accusation, 4, 261–2.

burnt at Breslau, 4, 262.

improvement of the condition of, 5, 416.

heavily taxed, 5, 508.

Silhi, academy founded at, by Mar-Sheshet, 2, 554.

Silk spinning, by the Jews of Greece, 3, 175, 425.

Silk worms, the breeding of, carried on by Jews in Palermo, 3, 424.

Siloah, spring south of Jerusalem, 1, 114.

supplies the water for the Water Libation during Tabernacles, 2, 51.

Silva, governor of Judæa, takes Masada, 2, 316.

Silva, Diogo de, inquisitor-general of Portugal, 4, 508.

resigns, 4, 513.

Silva, Miguel de, Portuguese ambassador to the pope, effects Reubeni’s disgrace, 4, 498–9.

Silva, Samuel da, physician, publishes a work against Uriel da Costa, 5, 59.

answered by Uriel da Costa, 5, 60.

Silvani family, the, support Chiya bar Abba, 2, 536.

Silveira, Isaac, follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 144.

“Silver Dish, The,” by Joseph Ezobi, 3, 561.

Silveyra, Miguel, Marrano poet, 5, 111.

Simaï bar Ashi, father of Ashi, disciple of Papa bar Chanan, 2, 594.

Simcha ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the synod at Mayence, 3, 517.

Simcha Cohen, martyr during the first crusade, 3, 302.

Simeon, the tribe of, successful warriors in the desert, 1, 26.

allied with Judah, 1, 38–9.

delivered by Othniel, 1, 60.

enters national life, 1, 77.

loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 183.

Simeon, Syrian bishop, enemy of Zorah Yussuf, 3, 65–6.

Simeon. See also Simon.

Simlaï, assessor of Judah II, 2, 484.

versed in the Scriptures, 2, 488, 499.

Agadist, 2, 498, 499.

settle at Nahardea, 2, 498.

relations of, to Judah II, 2, 499.

on the commands of the Law, 2, 499.

discusses Bible exegesis with the Church Fathers, 2, 499.

defends the doctrine of the unity of God, 2, 501–2.

Simon, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

Simon, brother of John of Gischala, accuses Josephus, 2, 281.

Simon, companion of Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 427–8.

Simon I, high priest (the Just, 300–270), said to have appeared to Alexander the Great, 1, 413.

improves Jerusalem and the Temple, 1, 421.

described by Sirach, 1, 422.

as teacher, 1, 422.

objects to Nazarite practices, 1, 422.

daughter of, 1, 423.

Simon II, high priest, hostile to Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, 1, 432.

son of, 1, 437.

Simon III, high priest. See Simon Tharsi.

Simon IV, high priest. See Simon, son of Boëthus.

Simon, leader of the Idumæans, helps the Zealots, 2, 295.

Simon I, president of the Synhedrion, son of Hillel, 2, 130.

Simon II, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel I, 2, 240.

member of the war party, 2, 269.

coins in honor of, 2, 269.

power of, 2, 271.

head of the Pharisees, 2, 271.

decrees the deposition of Josephus, 2, 281.

Simon III, president of the Synhedrion, son of Gamaliel II, minority of, 2, 404.

escapes from Bethar, 2, 434.

Patriarch, resides at Jamnia, 2, 434.

joins the Galilean synod, 2, 434.

teachings of, 2, 435.

relation of, to Meïr, 2, 440.

dissolves the Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, 2, 443–4.

seeks increase of dignity, 2, 444–5.

conspiracy against, 2, 445.

expels Meïr and Nathan from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.

at peace with Nathan, 2, 446.

excommunicates Meïr, 2, 446.

on the Roman persecution of the Jews, 2, 446.

death of 2, 451.

Simon, slave of Herod, proclaimed king, 2, 124–5.

Simon the Benjamite, Hellenist, opponent of Onias III, 1, 437.

banished, 1, 438.

gives information about the Temple treasures, 1, 438.

hires assassins to murder Onias III, 1, 438.

Simon of Cairo, author of the “Great Halachas,” 3, 179.

Simon the Hasmonæan. See Simon Hasmonai.

Simon de Montfort, leads the crusade against the Albigenses, 3, 502.

receives the estates of Raymond VI of Toulouse, 3, 508, 509.

opposed by Raymond VII of Toulouse, 3, 514.

protects the Jews, 3, 514.

Simon the Parthian, servant of Judah I, 2, 466.

Simon the Pious, murdered, 3, 352.

Simon of Trent, martyr, the Jews charged with the death of, 4, 298.

pilgrimages to the remains of, 4, 298–9.

Sixtus IV refuses to canonize, 4, 299.

Eisenmenger believes in the martyrdom of, 5, 188.

Simon bar Abba, Amora, urged to marry Mar-Samuel’s daughter, 2, 528.

austerity of, 2, 537.

misfortunes of, 2, 543.

Simon bar Giora, Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264, 273.

leader of the Sicarii, 2, 293.

life of, in Acrabattine, 2, 293.

war of, with the Idumæans, 2, 293.

wife of, taken prisoner, 2, 297–8.

allies himself with the aristocratic party in Jerusalem, 2, 298.

in Jerusalem, 2, 298.

vengeful feeling of, towards the Zealots, 2, 301.

followers of, executed, 2, 304.

refuses to lay down arms, 2, 309.

graces the triumph of Titus, 2, 313–14.

hurled from the Tarpeian rock, 2, 314.

Simon bar Kappara, propounds a riddle, 2, 455–6.

authorization to teach refused to, 2, 456.

announces the death of Judah I, 2, 466–7.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Simon bar Yochaï. See Simon ben Jochai.

Simon ben Anatolio, head of the Talmudic college of Marseilles, 3, 400.

Simon ben Asai (Azai), theosophist teacher of the Law, 2, 358, 381.

favors the instruction of women in the Law, 2, 474.

Simon ben Caipha, neo-Hebraic poet, author of an Abodah, 3, 115.

Simon ben Ezron, leader of the Jerusalem Zealots, 2, 301.

Simon ben Isaac ben Abun, commentator on the Talmud and poet, 3, 245.

dirge by, 3, 246.

stays the persecution of the Jews of Mayence, 3, 246.

memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, 3, 247.

related to Rashi, 3, 286.

Simon ben Jochai (bar Yochaï), disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.

reputed a Kabbalist, 2, 440.

at the Synhedrion of Usha, 2, 440.

an enemy of Rome, 2, 440–1, 447.

method of, 2, 441.

pursues the Law exclusively, 2, 441.

rejoices in the deprivation of judicial rights, 2, 447–8.

accuses the Romans of selfishness, 2, 448.

condemned to death, 2, 448.

lives in a cave, 2, 448.

declares Tiberias clean, 2, 448–9.

at Rome, 2, 449.

teacher of Judah I, 2, 451.

son of, 2, 457.

son-in-law of, 2, 459–60.

said to have foretold the rise of Islam, 3, 88–9.

supposed revelation to, 3, 606.

authorship of the Zohar attributed to, 4, 12.

glorified in the Zohar, 4, 12–14, 16.

Midrash of, 4, 19.

declared not to be the author of the Zohar, 4, 292.

Isaac Lurya pretends to hold intercourse with, 4, 622.

grave of, visited by Kabbalists, 4, 623.

homage paid to, by the Frankists, 5, 274.

Simon ben Kathla, Idumæan leader in Jerusalem, 2, 301.

Simon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish), Amora, 2, 479.

opposes the leveling policy of Judah II, 2, 485.

rebukes Judah II for covetousness, 2, 485–6.

brother-in-law of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 495.

strength of, 2, 496.

gloom of, 2, 496.

Agadist, 2, 496–7.

opponent of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 497.

disciples of, 2, 531.

Simon ben Nanos, disciple of the Law, 2, 358.

Simon ben Saul, Judæan hero of Bethshean, 2, 262–3.

Simon ben Shetach, brother of Salome Alexandra, Pharisee leader, 2, 39.

mediator between the Pharisees and the Sadducees, 2, 42.

member of the Great Council, 2, 42.

counselor of Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

proposed as Nassi of the Great Council, 2, 49.

called “Restorer of the Law,” 2, 49.

promotes the establishment of schools, 2, 50–1.

rebukes Judah ben Tabbaï, 2, 53.

president of the Synhedrion, 2, 54.

severity of, 2, 54.

condemns his son to death on a false charge, 2, 54–5.

successors of, 2, 71–2.

Simon ben Zemach Duran I (1361–1444), chief rabbi of Algiers, attacks Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 199.

first Spanish-Jewish rabbi to take pay, 4, 199–200.

polemics by, 4, 238.

and the conversion of the Jews of Palma, 4, 247.

Simon ben Zoma, theosophist teacher of the Law, 2, 358, 381.

Simon, son of Boëthus, father-in-law of Herod, high priest, 2, 107.

founder of the Boëthusans, 2, 108.

Simon, son of Dositheus, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.

Simon, son of Judah I, Chacham, 2, 466.

Simon, son of Judas the Galilean, leader of an insurrection, 2, 199.

crucified, 2, 199.

Simon Duran I. See Simon ben Zemach Duran.

Simon Duran II (1439–1510), rabbi of Algiers, protector of the Spanish exiles, 4, 390–1.

Simon Episcopius, chief of the Arminians, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Simon Hasmonai, grandfather of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

Simon Kara, compiler of the Yalkut, 3, 346.

Simon Kephas. See Peter, apostle.

Simon Maimi, chief rabbi of Portugal, martyrdom of, 4, 380.

family of, martyrs, 4, 380, 381.

Simon Stylites, ascetic, rebukes Theodosius II, 2, 621–2.

Simon Tharsi, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

chosen as counselor to succeed his father, 1, 461.

rescues the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.

leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.

strengthens the defenses of Judæa, 1, 492–3.

forces Bacchides to raise the siege of Bethhagla, 1, 493.

commander of the Syrian forces on the Mediterranean shores, 1, 498.

chosen leader of the people, 1, 500.

prepares to oppose Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 500.

pays tribute to Tryphon to save his brother’s life, 1, 501.

sons of, 1, 520.

makes Judæa independent, 1, 520.

high priest, 1, 521.

negotiates with Demetrius II, 1, 521.

dates the independence of Judæa from the year of first coining money, 1, 522.

drives the Hellenists from their strongholds, 1, 523–4.

takes down the towers of the Acra, 1, 524–5.

sues for an alliance with Rome, 1, 525–6.

supreme sovereignty conferred upon, 1, 526–7.

title of, 1, 527.

coins money, 1, 528.

attacked by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 528–9.

names his sons as his generals, 1, 529.

assassination of, 1, 530.

wife of, imprisoned, 1, 531.

temporary character of his descendants’ rule, 2, 143.

Simon Zarfati, physician to Pope Julius II, 4, 408.

Simon. See also Simeon.

Simon, Richard, Father of the Oratory, clears the Jews of the charge of child murder, 5, 175–6.

lays the foundations of Bible exegesis, 5, 178–9.

attractive style of, 5, 179.

introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

taught by Jonah Salvador, 5, 175, 180.

exalts Rabbinical Judaism, 4, 180.

translates Leo Modena’s “Rites,” 5, 180.

shows Christianity to be based on Judaism, 5, 180.

defends the Jews and the Talmud, 5, 180–1.

recants his praise of the Jews, 5, 181–2.

ridicules superstitious usages, 5, 202.

Simoneta, cardinal, opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 516.

on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, 4, 520.

Simonias, the Jews of, ask Judah I for a teacher of the Law, 2, 453–4.

Simonists, the, followers of Simon bar Giora, 2, 301.

Sin, Original. See Original Sin.

Sin, the theory of, in the Zohar, 4, 17.

Sin-offering, the, for murders, abrogated by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 239.

Sinai, desert of, Moses in, 1, 15.

Israelites in, 1, 20.

Sinai, mount, the Israelites at, 1, 20–1.

Sinaï, title of Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 581.

Sinaitic revelation, the, characterized, 1, 23.

place of sacrifices in, 1, 24–5.

Sinhajas, the, a Berber race, found a kingdom in the south of Spain, 3, 256.

unfriendly to the Arabs, 3, 261.

Sinjar Shahin-Shah, Seljuk Sultan, expedition of, against the Ghuzz, 3, 434.

assigns a final resting place to the supposed remains of Daniel, 3, 435.

Sinzheim, Joseph David (1745–1812), compelled to flee from Strasburg, 5, 452.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 483–4.

character of, 5, 484.

attainments of, 5, 484.

rabbi of Strasburg, 5, 484.

on the commission to answer the twelve questions to the Notables, 5, 490.

works out the report of the commission, 5, 490.

president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

opens the first session of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

delivers the closing speech of the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

not gifted with the temper of a reformer, 5, 559.

Sinzig, the Jews of, burnt in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.

Sippai of Gath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.

Sirach. See Jesus Sirach.

Sirach, grandson of Jesus Sirach, translates Ecclesiasticus into Greek, 2, 359.

“Siraj,” Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 458.

Sisebut, Visigothic king, fanaticism of, 3, 40, 47.

renews Reccared’s anti-Jewish laws, 3, 48.

orders the Jews to be baptized or banished, 3, 48.

laws of, repealed by Swintila, 3, 49.

Sisenand, Visigothic king, the Jews under, 3, 49–50.

Sisera, Jabin’s general, defeated by Barak, 1, 61.

Akiba said to be a descendant of, 2, 351.

Sixtus IV, pope, has Kabbalistic writings translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.

refuses to canonize Simon of Trent, 4, 299.

authorizes the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.

appoints four inquisitors, 4, 312.

censures the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 318–19.

sanctions the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 319.

troubled by the opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.

appoints a chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.

forbids Marranos to be judges in heresy trials, 4, 321.

infamy of, 4, 321.

modifies the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.

recalls his bull, 4, 322–3.

appoints Torquemada inquisitor-general for Spain, 4, 324.

congratulated on his accession by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 340.

Sixtus V, pope, removes restrictions from the Jews, 4, 655–6.

a Talmudic dictionary dedicated to, 4, 657.

punishes a Christian Shylock, 4, 657.

permits the reprinting of the Talmud, 4, 657–8, 659.

death of, 4, 658.

avarice of, 4, 658–9.

Sixtus Senensis, employed by Paul IV to annoy the Jews, 4, 581.

urges the burning of the Talmud, 4, 582.

rescues the Zohar from burning, 4, 584.

Skytte, Swedish royal councilor, projects a university in Brandenburg, 5, 174.

Slave-owners, Jewish, in Rome, riot against, 3, 30–1.

Slave-trade, the, among the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.

permitted to the Jews of the Frankish empire, 3, 34.

discussed by the Church Councils, 3, 40.

under Charlemagne, 3, 142.

among Spanish Jews, 3, 229.

among Bohemian Jews, 3, 305.

See also Christian slaves.

Slaves, Judæans sold as, 1, 227.

enfranchised by Josiah, 1, 296.

in the time of Ezra, 1, 376–7.

cease to exist among Judæans, 1, 393.

treatment of, by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 555.

Jews made, by Egica, 3, 108.

owned by Jews, forbidden to be baptized under Louis the Pious, 3, 161, 164–5.

Jewish, ransomed by Abrabanel, 4, 339.

the Spanish exiles as, 4, 371.

Jews as, among the Knights of Malta, 4, 656.

See also Christian slaves.

Slavonia, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

Slavonian countries, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

Smith, member of Parliament, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.

Smyrna, small Jewish community in, in the fifteenth century, 4, 406.

enriched by the war between Venice and Turkey, 5, 119.

Sabbataï Zevi banished from, 5, 122.

return of Sabbataï Zevi to, 5, 133–4.

enthusiasm at, for Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 134–5.

Christians at, interested in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 137.

Sabbataï Zevi leaves, 5, 145.

prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.

Sabbatians at, continue to believe in Sabbataï, 5, 157.

rabbis of, excommunicate the Sabbatians, 5, 157, 159.

Sabbatians of, devoted to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

Sabbatianism at, after Sabbataï’s death, 5, 207.

Sabbatians in, 5, 210.

Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216.

the writings of Cardoso burnt at, 5, 220.

Soares, João, Portuguese inquisitor, 4, 521.

Sochen, manager of the court in Judah, chosen from the house of Nathan, 1, 249.

power of, under Hezekiah, 1, 268.

“Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews, The,” joined by Heine, 5, 547.

founders of, 5, 551.

limitations of, 5, 600.

losses caused by, 5, 602.

members of, in Galicia, 5, 612.

“Society for the Good and the Noble, The,” formed by Mendelssohn’s disciples, 5, 403.

“Society for the Promotion of Christianity among Jews, The,” publishes a history of the Jews, 5, 593.

“Society of Friends, The,” formed to oppose the orthodox party, 5, 418–19.

motto and symbol of, 5, 418.

weakness of, 5, 419.

encourage the Reform movement, 5, 563.

“Society of the Friends of Reform, The,” in Frankfort, innovations of, 5, 675.

invite Riesser to join them, 5, 675.

declare circumcision optional, 5, 676.

relinquish certain points in their programme, 5, 676.

Socinus, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, 4, 647.

Socrates, the sayings of, used by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.

Sodomites, the, honored by a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Soem, gaoler of Mariamne, 2, 96.

beheaded, 2, 104.

Sofer, Moses, aggressiveness of, 5, 567.

opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571, 572.

Sofino, Raphael, encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.

Sogane, taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Solgat. See Sulchat.

Solidarity, the, of the Jewish race, 2, 367–8; 5, 632–3.

Solis, Pedro de, commissioner to frame the statute for the Inquisition, 4, 312.

Solms, the princes of, remove the poll-tax, 5, 465.

Solomon, king of Judah, son of David and Bathsheba, 1, 133.

succession of, opposed, 1, 135.

anointed by Nathan and Zadok, 1, 153.

spares the life of Adonijah, 1, 154.

characteristics and achievements of, 1, 156–8.

vision of, at Gibeah, 1, 158.

wisdom of, 1, 158.

allegorical poems by, 1, 158–9.

failings of, 1, 159.

has Adonijah killed, 1, 160.

deposes Abiathar, 1, 160.

executes Shimei, 1, 160–1.

harem of, 1, 161.

and Hiram of Tyre, 1, 162.

royal splendor of, 1, 162.

division of land by, 1, 162.

buildings of, 1, 162–9.

Temple of, 1, 162–8.

workmen of, 1, 163, 164.

prayer of, at the dedication of the Temple, 1, 167.

royal palace of, 1, 168–9.

alliances of, 1, 169–70.

fleet of, 1, 170–1.

opens a route to India, 1, 170.

has roads built, 1, 171–2.

officers of, 1, 172.

prosperity under, 1, 172.

receives the Queen of Sheba, 1, 173.

permits idolatry, 1, 175.

and Jeroboam, 1, 175–6.

children of, 1, 177.

death of, 1, 177.

“Sefer Refuoth” attributed to, 2, 29.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

Solomon, brother of Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, Maimunist, 3, 536.

Solomon (761–762), Exilarch, dies without issue, 3, 128.

Solomon (Chasdaï?), made Exilarch by Mahomet Almustafi, 3, 428, 438.

prevents a persecution of the Jews of the Abbasside Caliphate, 3, 433.

Solomon I, prince of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.

Solomon, prince of the Jews of Talmas, 3, 437.

Solomon the Egyptian, physician to Emperor Emanuel, 3, 425.

Solomon of Lithuania. See Maimon, Solomon.

Solomon (Shlomel) of Moravia, devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.

Solomon of Rohatyn, Frankist, makes a Catholic confession of faith, 5, 285.

Solomon of Tarascon, obtains the abrogation of the law on Jew badges, 3, 612.

Solomon de Vesoul, receiver-general of France, 4, 150.

robbed by a mob, 4, 151.

Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier, Talmudist, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.

anti-Maimunist, 3, 527.

literalness of, 3, 527–8.

excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 528–9.

excommunicated, 3, 530.

opposed by David Kimchi, 3, 531.

aided by Nachmani, 3, 536.

excommunicated by the Jews of Aragon, 3, 536–7.

renounced by the French rabbis, 3, 539, 540–1.

refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.

denounced for inviting Dominican interference, 3, 543–4.

partisans of, punished, 3, 544.

imitated by Abba-Mari, 4, 32.

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret (Rashba, 1245–1310), disciple of Nachmani, 3, 609.

character of, 3, 618–19.

as Talmudist, 3, 619–20.

as Kabbalist, 3, 619.

authority of, 3, 620, 621.

assists Maimonides’ grandson, 3, 620.

refutes Raymund Martin, 3, 623.

informed of the condemnation of the Eastern Anti-Maimunists, 3, 634.

warns the Sicilian congregations against Abraham Abulafia, 4, 7.

denounces the Messiah of Avila, 4, 9.

in correspondence with Samuel Sulami, 4, 26.

invited to oppose Levi of Villefranche, 4, 28, 29.

appealed to by the Tibbonide party, 4, 33.

refuses to prohibit the study of science without the co-operation of twenty congregations, 4, 34.

pronounces the ban on science, 4, 38, 39–40.

tries to have the ban accepted beyond his own community, 4, 40.

attacked by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 42–4.

protests admiration for Maimonides, 4, 44–5.

in correspondence with Eleazar ben Joseph, 4, 49.

again interferes in the controversy on the study of science, 4, 50.

death of, 4, 51.

has Maimonides’ works translated into Hebrew, 4, 60.

disciple of, 4, 74, 147.

Solomon ben Abraham Parchon, disciple of Abraham Ibn-Ezra, teaches Hebrew to the Italians, 3, 423.

Solomon ben Abraham Zarfati, French Talmudist, on the Spanish rabbis of the fourteenth century, 4, 144, 162.

Solomon ben Asher, letter to, from Abraham Maimuni, 3, 545.

Solomon ben Jacob, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, virtues of, 3, 384.

Solomon ben Nathan Ashkenazi, travels and learning of, 4, 602–3.

employed as an agent by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 603.

brings about the election of Henry of Anjou as king of Poland, 4, 605.

concludes peace between Turkey and Venice, 4, 605–6, 608.

honors shown to, in Venice, 4, 605–6.

secures the position of the Venetian Jews, 4, 606–7.

supplants Joseph Nassi, 4, 627.

as a diplomat, 4, 628–9.

sons of, live in Venice, 4, 629.

wife of, saves the sultan’s wife, 4, 630.

supports Stephen Bathori as candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 642.

Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed, poet and satirist, 4, 182, 230.

Solomon ben Yerucham (Ruchaïm, 885–960), defends Karaism against Saadiah, 3, 191.

combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.

makes propaganda for Karaism, 3, 203.

commentaries of, 3, 206.

hostile to philosophy, 3, 206.

poetry of, 3, 223.

Solomon Ibn-Almuallem. See Abu Ayub.

Solomon Ibn-Farussal, diplomat in the employ of a Christian prince, 3, 312–13.

Solomon Ibn-Gebirol (Abu Ayub Sulaiman Ibn-Yachya, Avicebron, 1021–1070), eulogizes Haï Gaon, 3, 253.

protected by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260, 268.

and Ibn-Janach, 3, 264.

early life of, 3, 265.

Hebrew style of, 3, 266.

immortalizes Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 3, 266.

writes a versified Hebrew grammar, 3, 267.

writes a work on moral philosophy, 3, 267–8.

banished from Saragossa, 3, 268.

philosophy of, 3, 269–71.

importance of, for European philosophy, 3, 270.

philosophy of, foreign to Jewish thinkers, 3, 270.

eulogy of, on Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 274.

death of, 3, 280.

legend about, 3, 281.

unhappiness of, 3, 313.

poetic forms developed by, 3, 317.

compared with Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 319.

works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

works of, interdicted by the Church, 3, 503.

philosophy of, studied by Duns Scotus, 3, 644.

marks the zenith of neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67.

lyric and didactic poet, 5, 112.

Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, poet, satirical romance by, 3, 318.

Solomon Ibn-Verga, chronicler, 4, 556.

Solomon Alami, on the degeneracy of fourteenth century Jews of Spain, 4, 154–5.

describes the misery of Castilian Jews under Juan II, 4, 204.

Solomon Alkabez, poet, companion of Joseph Karo, 4, 538.

Solomon Dafiera, neo-Hebraic poet, 4, 230.

Solomon Duran (1400–1467), rabbi of Algiers, defends the Talmud, 4, 238.

son of, 4, 390.

Solomon Gracian, opponent of the study of science, protests admiration for Maimonides, 4, 45.

Solomon Kohen, disciple of Maimonides, 3, 461.

Solomon Levi of Burgos (Paul Burgensis, or de Santa Maria, 1351–1435), apostate, attainments and character of, 4, 182–3.

renounced by his family, 4, 183.

ordained as a Catholic priest, 4, 183.

in favor with Benedict XIII, 4, 184.

ecclesiastical offices of, 4, 184, 190.

propagandist, 4, 184–5.

satirizes Jewish customs, 4, 185.

caluminates the Jews, 4, 185–6.

controversies of, with Jews, 4, 186–8.

prevails upon David Bonet to remain a Christian, 4, 188.

privy councilor to Henry III, 4, 190.

executor of Henry III’s will, 4, 194.

in the council of regency for Juan II, 4, 194, 195.

causes the death of Meïr Alguades, 4, 195, 196.

issues an anti-Jewish edict, 4, 203–4.

sons of, 4, 216, 249–50.

propagandist for Christianity, 4, 231–2.

writes a tract against Judaism, 4, 233.

leaves the Marranos unconvinced, 4, 256.

exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

Solomon Lurya (1510–1573), Polish Talmudist, 4, 634–7; 5, 4.

critical ability of, 4, 634–5.

aggressive nature of, 4, 635–6.

admiration for, 4, 636.

efforts of, to establish religious practice, 4, 636.

as a grammarian, 4, 637.

reproves Moses Isserles, 4, 638.

authority of, 4, 639.

disciples of, 4, 639.

Solomon Petit, anti-Maimunist and Kabbalist, 3, 626.

threatened with excommunication, 3, 627.

persuades rabbis of Europe to denounce Maimonides’ writings, 3, 627.

fails in Italy, 3, 627–8, 630.

has Maimonides’ writings excommunicated, 3, 630, 631.

excommunicated by two Exilarchs, 3, 632.

Solomon Picho, rabbi of Sepulveda, 4, 278.

Solomon Romano. See Baptista, John.

Solomon Yizchaki (Rashi, 1040–1105), parentage of, 3, 282, 286.

studies Talmud at Mayence, Worms, and Speyer, 3, 286.

early fame of, 3, 286–7.

rabbi of Troyes, 3, 287.

as teacher, 3, 288.

clearness of, 3, 288.

commentaries of, on the Talmud and the Bible, 3, 288–9.

grammatical knowledge of, 3, 289.

family of, his disciples, 3, 289.

daughter of, 3, 289.

on Kalonymos of Rome, 3, 290.

protests against the unkind treatment of repentant apostates, 3, 308–9.

death of, 3, 309.

legends about, 3, 310.

influence of, 3, 344.

supplements to the Talmud commentary by, 3, 344.

sons and grandsons of, 3, 345, 403.

commentary by, on Job completed, 3, 346.

converted to rational exegesis, 3, 288, 346.

works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

praised by Nicholas de Lyra, 4, 185, 442.

exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

commentary of, published in Bomberg’s Bible, 4, 476.

Solyman I, Turkish sultan, informed of the treachery of his Egyptian viceroy, 4, 395.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 401.

the Jews under, 4, 402.

espouses the cause of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574–5.

patron of Joseph Nassi, 4, 577, 594.

intercedes in behalf of Turkish Jews in Ancona, 4, 578.

contemplates war with Spain, 4, 594.

jealousy among the sons of, 4, 594–5.

espouses Joseph Nassi’s cause against the French ambassador, 4, 595.

gives Joseph Nassi a tract near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596.

death of, 4, 596.

Son of God, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 159, 162, 163.

Son of man, epithet adopted by Jesus, 2, 158.

Soncin family, the, of printers, 4, 586.

Soncino, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Soncinus. See Cohen, Gershon.

“Song of Deborah, The,” celebrates the victory over Jabin, 1, 61.

“Song of Songs, The,” a product of Greek influences, 1, 430–1.

rebukes the evils of the times, 1, 432.

holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, 2, 343–4.

commentary on, by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 70.

“Songs of Glory,” by Wessely, 5, 404.

“Songs of Obadiah ben Amos in Exile, The,” by Steinheim, 5, 603–4.

Sopher, keeper of the lists, 1, 122, 305, 313, 314.

Sopheric age, the development of the Law in, 1, 395–7.

the divine service in, 1, 398–400.

Sopherim (Scribes), the, wise men, activity of, 1, 396.

make a “fence” about the Law, 1, 397.

new institutions of, 1, 397–8.

divine service arranged by, 1, 308–401.

prophetic writings collected by, 1, 400.

traditional customs ascribed to, 2, 19.

Hillel justifies the laws introduced by, 2, 327.

as described by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.

Sophia, Nathan Ghazati dies at, 5, 161.

Sophocles, Judæan doctrines attributed to, 2, 204.

Sophronius, bishop of Jerusalem, surrenders the city to Omar, 3, 87.

Sora, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Sora (Mata-Mechassia), frontier town of Babylonia in the most limited sense, 2, 504.

on the lake of Sora, 2, 506.

honesty of the inhabitants of, 2, 506.

assemblies at, 2, 514–15.

Chasda’s school in, 2, 553.

homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 606–7.

center of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 607.

destroyed under Firuz, 2, 629.

the Exilarch holds annual court at, 3, 95.

Sora, the academy of, established by Abba-Areka, 2, 513–14.

devotion of Rab to, 2, 518.

superior to that of Nahardea, 2, 522.

superior to the Palestinian academies, 2, 532.

supremacy of, under Huna, 2, 548.

method of, a continuation of that pursued in Judæa, 2, 574–5.

numerical strength of, 2, 576.

principals of, wealthy, 2, 579–80.

decline of, 2, 583.

prosperity of, under Ashi, 2, 605.

rebuilt, 2, 606.

closed under Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.

re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, 3, 9.

prosperity of, under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.

principal of, receives the title Gaon, 3, 90.

districts under the jurisdiction of, 3, 98.

quarrels in, about the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 156.

without a Gaon, 3, 156–7.

decline of, in the ninth century, 3, 183.

pays homage to David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

rise of, in the tenth century, 3, 186.

decadence of, 3, 192.

Kohen-Zedek proposes to close, 3, 192.

restored by David ben Zaccaï, 3, 192.

raised by Saadiah, 3, 193, 201.

members of, side with Saadiah, 3, 195.

questions sent to, under Saadiah, 3, 201.

decline of, after Saadiah’s death, 3, 202.

abandoned by Joseph ben Satia, 3, 202–3.

unsuccessful attempt to restore, 3, 203, 208.

emissaries from, 3, 208.

place of, taken by the Spanish schools, 3, 236.

the last Gaon of, 3, 253.

See also Academies, the Babylonian.

Sora, the academy of, the Gaon (principal) of, of equal rank with the Exilarch, 3, 93.

deference paid to, 3, 93.

privileges of, 3, 93–4.

at the installation of a new Exilarch, 3, 94.

pays homage to the Exilarch, 3, 95.

rank of, 3, 96.

appoints the judges of his district, 3, 98.

Sora, the academy of, Geonim of, list of:

Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna,

Jacob ben Natronaï,

Joseph ben Satia,

Judah the Blind,

Mar-Amram ben Sheshna,

Nachshon ben Zadok,

Nathan ben Yehudaï (titular),

Natronaï II,

Saadiah ben Joseph,

Samuel ben Chofni,

Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob.

Sora, the academy of, principals of, list of:

Ashi, son of Simaï,

Chananya,

Chasda of Cafri,

Giza,

Huna,

Judah ben Ezekiel,

Mar bar Ashi,

Mar bar Huna,

Rabba bar Huna,

Rabina.

Sora, lake in the Euphrates, 2, 506.

Soranzo, Jacopo, Venetian agent in Constantinople, procures the revocation of the banishment of the Jews from Venice, 4, 606.

Soreg, screen between the outer and the inner court of the second Temple, 1, 492.

Sorai, the cortes of, deprive the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.

Sosius, Antony’s general, sent to help Herod, 2, 87.

invades Judæa, 2, 88.

army of, ravages the Temple, 2, 88.

Sostrates, officer of Antiochus Epiphanes, deposes Jason, 1, 447.

Soul, the, theory of, in the Zohar, 4, 16–18.

Souls, doctrine of, held by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619–22.

transmigration of, explained by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.

impregnation of, 4, 621.

sexes of, 4, 621–2.

Spain, settlement of Jews in, 2, 620; 3, 42–3.

intermarriages between Jews and Christians in, 3, 44.

Karaites spread to, in the tenth century, 3, 207.

Talmud schools established in, 3, 208, 210.

Moslem culture in, under the Ommiyyade Caliphs, 3, 214.

the center of Judaism from the time of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 229.

split into parties in the twelfth century, 3, 316.

characteristics of the rabbis of, in the age succeeding Nachmani, 3, 609.

Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, 3, 624.

entirely Christian, 4, 346.

effect of the Inquisition on, 4, 356.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

war with, contemplated by Solyman, 4, 594.

rebellion against, in the Netherlands, 4, 601.

condition of, at the accession of Philip III, 4, 668.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.

the Jews in, 5, 727–8.

Spain, the Jews of, forbidden to trade with Christians, 2, 620.

held in high esteem in the sixth century, 3, 43–4.

well treated by the early Visigoths, 3, 45.

defend the passes of the Pyrenees, 3, 45.

orthodoxy of, under the Visigoths, 3, 45.

under the Catholic Visigoths, 3, 46–52.

under Reccared, 3, 46–7.

under Sisebut, 3, 47–9.

emigrate, 3, 48–9, 51–2.

under Swintila, 3, 49.

under Sisenand, 3, 49–50.

refute Isidore of Seville, 3, 50–1.

under Chintila, 3, 51–2.

enthusiastic for science and culture, 3, 214–15.

cultivate their own individuality, 3, 215.

not permitted to hold offices under the Mahometans, 3, 216–17.

the first persecution of, 3, 279, 281.

as diplomats at Mahometan and Christian courts, 3, 281–2, 291.

devote themselves to the study of the Talmud, 3, 282.

culture of, in the first half of the twelfth century, 3, 313, 317–18.

politics of, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

culture of, at its zenith, 3, 343.

active in the struggle between the Christians and the Almohades, 3, 363.

history of, in Abraham Ibn-Daud’s work, 3, 366.

struggle against Jew badges, 3, 513.

Maimunists, 3, 526–7, 536.

philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.

higher culture of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 615.

superior to the Jews of other countries, 3, 618.

Castilians the leaders of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 75.

neglect Jewish science, 4, 86, 91.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 101–2.

humiliated by the civil war between Pedro and Henry de Trastamare, 4, 126.

at the beginning of Henry II’s reign, 4, 136.

intellectual decadence of, 4, 143–4.

selfishness of, 4, 153–5.

informers against, 4, 155–6.

effect of persecution on, 4, 166–7, 172–3.

persecution of, in 1391, 4, 167–73.

existence of, endangered by the forced converts, 4, 179, 180.

recognize Solomon Levi as their enemy, 4, 185–6.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197–8.

crusade against, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202–3.

conversion of, planned by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.

take refuge in Portugal, 4, 218.

send delegates to Martin V, 4, 219.

intellectual decadence of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 228, 229–30.

hatred of, increases in the fifteenth century, 4, 248.

the object of papal hatred, 4, 254.

privileges of, abolished by Nicholas V, 4, 254.

charged with child murder, 4, 276.

measures proposed against, by Alfonso de Spina, 4, 277.

and the Inquisition, 4, 308.

intimate relations of, with the Marranos, 4, 334–5.

amenities of the position of, under Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 336.

taxed for the war with Granada, 4, 344.

expulsion of, decided on, 4, 346.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

losses sustained by, on their expulsion, 4, 349–50.

attempts to convert, after the promulgation of the edict, 4, 350.

steadfastness of, 4, 350–1.

solidarity of, 4, 351.

settlement of, in Portugal, negotiated for, 4, 352.

leave Spain, 4, 352–3.

effect of the expulsion of, 4, 353–4.

expulsion of, censured by European princes, 4, 356.

last remnant of, banished, 5, 169.

history of, by S. D. Luzzatto, 5, 624, 625.

See also under Aragon, Castile, etc.; Inquisition, the; Marranos, the.

Spain, Andalusian, the Jews of, admitted to state offices under Moslem rule, 3, 234–5.

characteristics of, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 3, 235–6.

nobility of, 3, 235–6.

position of, in foreign communities, 3, 236.

heirs of Judæa, Babylonia, and northern Africa, 3, 254.

Spain, Christian, divided against itself in the twelfth century, 3, 316.

the Jews in the kingdoms of, 3, 383–4.

Spain, Jewish, importance of, 3, 41–2.

Spain, Jewish, center of, at Cordova under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

at Granada under Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

at Seville under Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 284.

Spain, Mahometan, the Jews of, well treated, 3, 110.

sympathize with the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.

Spain, northern, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.

refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.

taken by Henry de Trastamare, 4, 124.

Spain, northern, the Jews of, exposed to persecution in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.

suffering of, during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 57.

institute fasts to avert the Black Death persecutions, 4, 100.

Spain, southern, Judæans in, 2, 203.

Spain, southern, the Jews of, devoted to science and poetry in the eleventh century, 3, 281, 289, 290.

intermarry with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 527.

Spain, Visigothic, the Jews of, send names for mention at the memorial services of the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.

forcibly converted under Chintila, 3, 101.

under Chindaswinth, 3, 101–2.

forced to profess Christianity under Receswinth, 3, 102–4.

revolt against Wamba, 3, 104–5.

publish anti-Christian treatises, 3, 105.

under Erwig, 3, 106–7.

under Egica forbidden to possess real estate, 3, 107–8.

conspire against the Visigothic empire, 3, 108.

enslaved, 3, 108.

aid Tarik against Spain, 3, 109.

aid Muza Ibn-Nosair, 3, 109.

Spalding, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on church discipline, 5, 363.

translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” 5, 404.

Spanish America, laws of Alfonso V in force in, 3, 596.

Spanish Caliphate, the. See Ommiyyades, the.

Spanish exiles, the, in Navarre, 4, 357–8.

go to Italy, Africa, Turkey, 4, 358, 383, 400.

in Naples, 4, 358–61.

suffer from the plague in Naples, 4, 359–60.

in Pisa, 4, 360.

in Africa, 4, 361–2.

sufferings of, 4, 362, 383.

in Genoa, 4, 362–3.

on the Greek islands, 4, 363–4.

in Turkey, 4, 364, 400–5.

in Portugal, 4, 365–81.

permitted to settle in Portugal, 4, 368.

leave Portugal, 4, 369.

suffering of, on leaving Portugal, 4, 369–70.

in Portugal sold as slaves, 4, 371.

children of, sent to San Thomas, 4, 371.

accept baptism under Manoel of Portugal, 4, 378.

looked upon as the Jewish nobility, 4, 382–3.

distinction of manner of, 4, 387–8.

purity of language of, 4, 388.

love of, for the Spanish, 4, 388, 421.

superiority of, admitted by other Jews, 4, 389.

prominence of, 4, 389.

of distinction in Africa, 4, 389–96.

religious severity of, 4, 395.

in Palestine, 4, 396–9.

in Syria, 4, 399–400.

in Constantinople, split up into national groups, 4, 402.

in Salonica, 4, 404–5.

in Asia Minor, 4, 405–6.

in Italy, 4, 407–10.

do not settle in Germany, 4, 413.

narrow-mindedness of, 4, 479.

carry the Kabbala to Italy and Turkey, 4, 481.

Spanish language, the, spoken by Sephardic Jews after their exile, 4, 387, 388, 421.

Spanish poetry, influenced by Judæo-Christian satirists, 4, 181.

Spanish preachers, sermons of, pedantic, 4, 478.

Spanish satirists, use Hebrew words, 4, 181.

Spanish translation of the Bible, by Abraham Usque, 4, 475.

Speeth, John Peter (Moses Germanus), becomes a Jew, 5, 177, 178.

disproves the blood accusation, 5, 178.

Speyer, Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.

the congregation of, one of the three oldest in Germany, 3, 518.

decisions of, 4, 135.

Reuchlin and Hoogstraten tried at, 4, 454–5.

Speyer, the Jews of, kindly treated by Bishop Rüdiger, 3, 297, 298.

defended by Bishop Johannsen, 3, 300–1.

emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.

persecuted on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 107–8.

Spina, Alfonso de. See Alfonso de Spina.

Spinoza, Baruch (1632–1677), pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah, 4, 682.

fearlessness of, 5, 86.

youth of, 5, 87.

teachers of, 5, 87.

companions of, 5, 87–8.

studies the old Jewish philosophers, 5, 88.

learns Latin, 5, 88.

scientific pursuits of, 5, 89.

scepticism of, 5, 89–90.

renounces Judaism, 5, 90.

tried by the rabbis, 5, 92.

laid under the lesser ban, 5, 93.

refuses the conditions of the rabbis, 5, 93.

life of, attempted, 5, 93–4.

leaves Amsterdam, 5, 94.

laid under the greater ban, 5, 94.

writes a pamphlet justifying himself, 5, 95.

supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 95.

“The Theologico-Political Treatise” by, 5, 95–107, 108.

finds the source of law in might, 5, 96–7.

hostile to Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 101–3.

on God, 5, 98–9.

on man, 5, 99–100.

on knowledge, 5, 100–1.

on Christianity, 5, 102–3.

on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.

peaceableness of, 5, 107, 109.

refuses a pension, 5, 107.

refuses a professorship, 5, 108.

publishes his “Treatise” anonymously, 5, 108.

attack by, upon Judaism leaves the Amsterdam Marranos unaffected, 5, 117.

compared with Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118.

on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 138, 142.

letter to, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.

publishes his Ethics, 5, 167.

death of, 5, 167.

refuted by Isaac Orobio de Castro, 5, 167.

influences Richard Simon, 5, 178.

system of, repugnant to Mendelssohn, 5, 299.

Spinozism, Lessing charged with, 5, 372.

Spira, Nathan, Palestinian emissary at Reggio, 5, 126.

“Spirit of the Laws,” by Montesquieu, 5, 336.

Sprinz, David, rabbi of Nuremberg, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

Stambuli, Aaron, of Damascus, accused of ritual murder, 5, 638.

Stamford, the Jews of, persecution of, 3, 412.

Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, of Poland, forbids the meeting of the synod of the Four Countries, 5, 387.

Starodub, the Jews of, massacred by Haidamaks, 5, 10.

States General, the Dutch, forbids the sale of Spinoza’s “Treatise,” 5, 108.

Stättigkeit. See Judenstättigkeit.

Steel, Lord Chief Baron, on the commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.

Steinheim, Solomon Ludwig (1790–1866), physician, emphasizes the mission of the Jew, 5, 602–3.

first work by, 5, 603–4.

deplores the estrangement of the Jews, 5, 603–4.

second work by, 5, 604–6.

contrasts heathenism and Judaism, 5, 604–5.

keeps aloof from the Jewish community, 5, 606.

externally faithful to Judaism, 5, 607.

expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.

Stephanus, governor of Palæstina Prima, oppresses the Jews, 3, 16.

killed by the Samaritans, 3, 17.

widow of, reports his death at Constantinople, 3, 17.

Stephen, of England, protects the Jews from the crusaders, 3, 356.

Stephen, Greek Judæan, stoned for blasphemy, 2, 221.

Stern, lecturer in Berlin, founds the Reform Association, 5, 683.

Stoic system, the, and Meïr, 2, 438.

Strabo, geographer, friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179–80.

Strasburg, the Jews of, protected by the councilors during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106.

the representatives of, plead the cause of the Benfelden Jews, 4, 107.

the Jews of, burnt, 4, 108.

the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.

Jews under restrictions in, 5, 349.

Jews not allowed to live in, 5, 430.

Jews drawn to, by Cerf Berr, 5, 431.

objects to the presence of Jews, 5, 447, 476.

the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.

culture of the Jews of, 5, 476.

citizens of, prejudice Napoleon against the Jews, 5, 476–7.

Straton, the tower of, scene of Antigonus’ murder, 2, 38.

beautified by Herod, 2, 106.

See Cæsarea.

Strauss, David, predecessor of, 5, 179.

Streckfuss, opponent of the Jews, 5, 602.

“Strengthening of Faith, The,” by Isaac Troki, 4, 648–9.

“Stübel,” the Zaddik’s room, 5, 382.

Sturm, Gosse, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.

deposed, 4, 108.

Styria, the Jews of, urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

expelled by Maximilian I, 4, 427.

Suabia, the Jews of, suffer during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

persecuted, 4, 163.

expelled, 4, 307, 413.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

Suabian League, the, Reuchlin counselor of, 4, 435.

Suasso, Isaac (Antonio), advances money to William III, of England, 5, 205.

Suevi, the, antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44.

Suger, Abbot, prevents a persecution of the Jews of France, 3, 351.

Sulami, Samuel. See Samuel Sulami.

Sulchat (Solgat, Eski-Crimea), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.

a Karaite community in, in the ninth century, 3, 182.

Karaite center, 4, 71.

Suleiman, Barbary chieftain, takes Cordova, 3, 255, 262.

Suliman, Ommiyyade caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.

patron of learning, 3, 110.

Sullam, Jacob, husband of Sarah, 5, 69.

Sullam, Sarah Copia (1600–1641), poetess, education of, 5, 69.

addresses Ansaldo Ceba, 5, 69.

resists attempts to convert her, 5, 69–70.

accused of denying the immortality of the soul, 5, 70.

honored by Leo Modena, 5, 70.

Sully, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 356.

Sulzer, musician in Vienna, 5, 581.

“Summons,” addressed to the princes of Europe by Michael Berr, 5, 460.

Sumptuary laws, against the Jews of Castile, 4, 138–9, 203–4, 205–6, 275–6.

Sunna, Mahometan tradition, 3, 110.

Superstitious usages, among Jews, 5, 201–2.

Surenhuysius, William, translates the Mishna into Latin, 5, 193–4.

enthusiasm of, for the Jews, 5, 194.

Suriel, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Susa, the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

the inhabitants of, force Antiochus Epiphanes to retreat, 1, 477.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434–5.

Susannah, the Book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.

admitted into the canon by Christians, 2, 488.

Susiana, Armenian Jews colonized in, by Shabur II, 2, 591.

Suson, Diego de, Marrano, burnt at the stake, 4, 317.

Süsskind (Süzkint) of Trimberg, minnesinger, poetry of, 3, 420.

Suwailim, of Medina, harbors conspirators against Mahomet, 3, 84.

Sviatislav, of Kief, drives the Chazars from their land, 3, 222.

Swaber, Peter, asserts the innocence of the Jews in the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106.

deposed, 4, 108.

Sweden, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

Swedes, the, treat the Jews of Mayence well, 4, 707.

Swieden, van, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 453–4.

Swintila, Visigothic king, repeals anti-Jewish laws, 3, 49.

dethroned, 3, 49.

Switzerland, the Black Death persecutions in, 4, 103–5.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.

Sylvester, bishop of Rome, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.

Symmachos, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.

Symmachos ben Joseph, disciple of Meïr, a sophist, 2, 440.

Synagogue poetry. See Liturgical poetry.

Synagogues, established in the Sopheric age, 1, 401.

service at the, 1, 401.

for foreigners in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

desecration of, punished by the emperors, 2, 193, 614, 616, 621–2.

turned into churches, 3, 26; 4, 196, 354.

destroyed under Hakim, 3, 248.

the desecration of, forbidden by Martin V, 4, 220.

Synagogues, building of, forbidden by Theodosius II, 2, 617; 3, 28.

by Justinian I, 3, 10.

by Theodoric, 3, 30.

by Gregory I, 3, 34.

by Omar I, 3, 87.

by Omar II, 3, 120.

in England, 3, 516.

by Alfonso X, 3, 595.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

in Hamburg, 4, 688.

Synagogues, noteworthy, in Alexandria, 2, 183.

in Cordova, 3, 360.

in Toledo, 3, 384; 4, 119.

of Moses, 3, 445.

on Mt. Zion, 4, 273–4.

in Amsterdam, 4, 667, 671, 678, 680; 5, 166–7.

in Hamburg, 4, 689, 691.

Synagogues, private, in Berlin, 5, 191, 563.

Synhedrion, a, established in five towns of Judæa, 2, 71.

at Nahar Pakod, 2, 443–4.

the establishment of, a condition of the Messianic time, 4, 530.

necessity for the establishment of, 4, 530, 535.

importance of, 4, 532.

the revival of, antagonized, 4, 534–5.

Synhedrion, the French, the convening of, proposed by Napoleon, 5, 493.

constitution of, similar to that of the ancient body, 5, 493.

approved by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 493.

composition of, 5, 493.

proclaimed by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 494.

creates interest in Europe, 5, 494.

the assembling of, 5, 495.

officers of, 5, 495.

second sitting of, 5, 496.

addresses and messengers to, 5, 496.

powers and justification of, 5, 496.

speeches delivered before, 5, 497.

decisions of, 5, 497.

action of, displeases Jews in general, 5, 497.

dissolution of, 5, 498.

Synhedrion, the Great, reorganized, 2, 49, 50.

the traditional code introduced into, 2, 50.

divorce law of, 2, 50.

institutes the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple treasury, 2, 52.

forbids the breeding of swine, 2, 60.

under Aulus Gabinius, 2, 71.

summons Herod to answer for the execution of Ezekias, 2, 78.

discusses the Paschal sacrifice on the Sabbath, 2, 99.

tries and condemns Jesus, 2, 163–4.

authority of, wanes under the Roman rule, 2, 129.

under Gamaliel I, 2, 192–3.

power of, diminished under Herod II, 2, 198.

the legislative body for the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.

transferred from Jerusalem to Bethany, 2, 239–40.

re-established after the defeat of Cestius, 2, 268–9.

supremacy of, under Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 271.

decrees the deposition of Josephus, 2, 281.

envoys of, deceived by Josephus, 2, 282.

envoys of, sent back in chains, 2, 283.

aid asked of, by Josephus against Vespasian, 2, 286.

suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 293–4.

formed by the Zealots, 2, 296.

ceases with the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 322.

meetings of, interrupted after the fall of Bethar, 2, 423.

seats of, after its dissolution at Usha, 2, 452.

completeness of, at Sepphoris, 2, 452.

invests Judah I with sovereign power, 2, 452–3.

in Galilee, 2, 458.

pronounces the Samaritans heathens, 2, 534.

resolutions of, announced to distant communities, 2, 535.

end of, under Constantius, 2, 567.

members of, favor a fixed calendar, 2, 573.

and the smaller in Babylonia, 3, 96.

See also Council, the Great, of Seventy.

Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia, established by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 325.

called Beth-Din, 2, 325.

tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 337–8.

revises Gamaliel II’s laws, 2, 342.

members of, 2, 357.

supremacy of, 2, 359, 360.

order of proceedings in, 2, 361–2.

the unity in, admired by Peter, 2, 367–8.

discusses the Jewish-Christians, 2, 379–80.

destroyed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 400.

Synhedrion, the, of Usha, ordinances of, 2, 405.

provides against the spread of the worship of Jesus, 2, 413.

dissension in, 2, 444–6.

dissolved, 2, 448.

Synhedrion, the, presidents of, the family of Bene Bathyra, 2, 90.

the descendants of Hillel, 2, 130.

reverence paid to, 2, 360.

rights of, 2, 360–1.

duties of, 2, 361.

fix the calendar, 2, 362–3.

See Patriarchs, the.

Synhedrion, the, presidents of, list of:

Abtalion,

Gamaliel I,

Hillel,

Joshua ben Chananya,

Judah ben Tabbaï,

Menahem,

Shammai,

Shemaya,

Simon I,

Simon II,

Simon ben Shetach.

See Patriarchs, the, list of.

Synod of the Four Countries, the. See Four Countries, the synod of.

Synod, the Galilean, the second assembly of teachers of the Law at Usha, 2, 434.

Synods. See Rabbinical synods.

Syria, conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

end of the Seleucidæan dynasty of, 2, 6.

Judæans in, make the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 52.

Judæa part of, under Roman rule, 2, 128.

number of Judæans in, 2, 201.

rights of Judæans in, 2, 202.

Judæans of, go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

devastated by the king of Parthia, 2, 447.

depredations in, by Odenathus, 2, 527.

succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.

the Karaites spread to, in the ninth century, 3, 182.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 399–400.

See Damascus; the kings of Aram and of the Seleucidæan dynasty, etc.

Syria, the Roman governors (legates, prætors) of, list of:

Cæsar, Sextus

Cassius Longinus, Caius

Cassius Longinus, Caius

Cornelianus, Atidius

Crassus,

Flaccus,

Gabinius, Aulus

Gallus, Cestius

Marsus, Vibius

Mucianus, Licinius

Petronius,

Quadratus, Umidius

Quirinius,

Scaurus,

Varus, Quintilius,

Vitellius.

See also Judæa, the Roman governors of; Procurators, the, of Judæa.

Syriac, despised by Judah I, 2, 461.

Syroes, son of Chosru II, revolts against his father, 3, 22.

makes peace with Heraclius, 3, 22.

T

Tabæ, Antiochus IV dies at, 1, 477.

Taberistan, home of Jewish physicians in the ninth century, 3, 146.

David Alrui in prison in, 3, 432.

Tabernacle, the, at Shiloh destroyed by the Philistines, 1, 71.

Tabernacles, the Feast of, celebrated at Jerusalem under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 380.

as celebrated in the Second Temple, 2, 51.

wreath of, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

confiscation of prayer books on, 4, 430.

Tabi, favorite slave of Gamaliel II, 2, 336.

“Tables of Testimony, The,” defense by Eibeschütz, 5, 270.

Tables of the Seven Planets, by Abraham Zacuto, 4, 367.

Tables of the Testimony, the, 1, 22.

Tabor, mountain, description of, 1, 44.

considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.

Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, defeated at, 2, 73.

fortress of, in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.

fortress of, taken by the Romans, 2, 290.

fire signals on, 2, 363.

Tabyome. See Mar bar Ashi.

Tab-Yomi. See Lipmann of Mühlhausen.

Tachkemoni, satirical romance by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.

romance by Jehuda Alcharisi, 3, 559.

Tachos, king of Egypt, at war with Artaxerxes II, 1, 408.

Tachpanches. See Taphnai.

Tacitus, historian, on the conversions to Judaism, 2, 384.

Tadmor. See Palmyra.

Tafilet, the Jews of, fortunes of, 5, 168.

Taima, castle of Shoraich, 3, 70.

submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Taku. See Moses ben Chasdaï Taku.

Talleyrand, speaks to the National Assembly in behalf of the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.

reactionary leader, 5, 512.

Talmai, of Geshur, protects Absalom, 1, 134.

Talmas, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Talmide Chachamim, disciples of the wise, 1, 396.

Talmud, the, application of the oral Law to new questions, 2, 328, 329.

the creation of Pumbeditha and Machuza, 2, 591.

the sole object of attention of the disciples of the Amoraim, 3, 5.

stagnation in the development of, 3, 5–6.