Index (continued 6)

Jonah ben Abraham Gerundi the Elder, excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 529.

excommunicated, 3, 530, 536–7.

aided by Nachmani, 3, 536.

refers the Maimunist controversy to the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.

repents of his persecution of Maimonides’ works, 3, 579–80, 624.

makes public confession, 3, 580.

author of Talmudical works, 3, 580.

disciple of, a Maimunist, 3, 629.

Jonah Marinus (Abulvalid Mervan Ibn-Janach, 995–1050), grammarian, 3, 261–4.

teachers of, 3, 261.

as a poet, 3, 261–2.

studies medicine, 3, 261, 262.

hostile to Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 262, 313.

creator of Hebrew syntax, 3, 263.

works of, 3, 263.

calmness and clearness of, 3, 263–4.

and Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 264.

adversely criticised by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

works of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

Jonathan, keeper of the lists, jailer of Jeremiah, 1, 313.

Jonathan, nephew of David, Israelite champion, 1, 117.

Jonathan, priest, messenger from Hushai to David, 1, 143.

Jonathan, Sadducee leader, friend of John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.

estranges Hyrcanus from the Pharisees, 2, 33.

Jonathan, tax-gatherer, deputy of the Judæans of Cæsarea, 2, 253.

Jonathan, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, 2, 442.

Jonathan, Zealot leader, accuses Josephus of disloyalty to Rome, 2, 318.

Jonathan ben Absalom, general under Simon Tharsi, 1, 500.

Jonathan ben Amram, disciple of Judah I, rebukes him, 2, 451.

Jonathan ben Anan, high priest, appointed by Vitellius, 2, 172.

former high priest, envoy to Rome, 2, 244.

seeks the appointment of Felix as procurator of Judæa, 2, 245.

assassinated, 2, 246.

Jonathan ben Nachman (Archinas), teacher of the Law at the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 330.

Jonathan ben Uziel, disciple of Hillel, 2, 131.

Jonathan, son of Saul, qualities of, 1, 84.

destroys the Philistine garrison at Gibeah, 1, 85.

defeats the Philistines at Michmash, 1, 86–8.

condemned to death by Saul, 1, 88–9.

friendship of, with David, 1, 97, 98.

death of, 1, 103.

body of, dishonored, 1, 104.

remains of, buried, 1, 124.

Jonathan, son of Simon Tharsi. See Hyrcanus I, John.

Jonathan Cohen, of Lünel, writes a commentary on Alfassi’s Talmudical work, 3, 397.

advocates the study of science by Jews, 3, 397.

reverence of, for Maimonides, 3, 489, 526.

emigrates to Jerusalem, 3, 505, 506.

Jonathan Eibeschütz. See Eibeschütz, Jonathan.

Jonathan Haphus, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

in command beyond the Jordan, 1, 475.

leader of the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489.

made the leader of the people, 1, 490.

weakness of the forces of, 1, 491.

strengthens his defences, 1, 492–3.

authority of, 1, 493.

defends Bethhagla, 1, 493.

makes a truce with Bacchides, 1, 493–4.

friendship of, sued for by Demetrius I and Alexander Balas, 1, 494–5.

officiates as high priest on the Feast of Tabernacles, 1, 495.

ally of Alexander Balas, 1, 494, 496.

entertained by Ptolemy VI and Alexander Balas, 1, 496.

loyal to Alexander Balas, 1, 496.

receives Ekron, 1, 496.

besieges the Acra, 1, 496.

compact of, with Demetrius II, 1, 497.

espouses the cause of Antiochus VI, 1, 497–8, 499.

distinguished by Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 498.

taken prisoner, 1, 499.

executed, 1, 501.

burial of, at Modin, 1, 501.

achievements of, 1, 501–2.

ancestor of Flavius Josephus, 1, 502.

state of Judæa after the death of, 1, 501–2, 519–20.

Jonathan Levi Zion, advocate of the Jews before Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.

Jonathan. See also Jochanan; John; Jonathan.

Jonghe, Isaac de, zealous for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455.

Jonghe, Lublink de, objects to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455–6.

Joppa (Jaffa), fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

taken by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

Simon Tharsi sends a detachment to, 1, 500.

taken by Simon Tharsi, 1, 524.

claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 529.

in the possession of Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 4–5.

in the possession of Antiochus IX, 2, 9.

taken by Vespasian, 2, 288.

Joram, son of Ahab. See Jehoram.

Joram (Jehoram), son of Jehoshaphat, marries Athaliah, 1, 206.

king of Judah, introduces idolatry, 1, 209.

death of, 1, 211.

Joram, son of Tôi, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his victories, 1, 127.

Jordan, the, Israelites cross, 1, 29, 32.

description of, 1, 42, 46.

José (471–520), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha school, completes the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 630–1.

José, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

José, the Galilean, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

at Lydda, 2, 423.

José, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.

member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.

permits bread baking on the Sabbath for the Roman army, 2, 568.

on the second day of the festivals, 2, 573.

José of Phaeno, servant of Judah I, 2, 466.

José bar José Hayathom, the first poetan., poems of, 3, 114–15.

artificiality of the works of, 3, 115.

founder of neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67.

José ben Chalafta, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.

on Meïr, 2, 437.

artisan, 2, 442.

historian, 2, 442.

on Meïr and Nathan, 2, 446.

on the Romans, 2, 448.

banished to Laodicea, 2, 448.

son of, in Rome, 2, 449.

José, son of Joëzer, opponent of the Hellenists, 1, 436.

probable end of, 1, 483.

José, son of Johanan, opponent of the Hellenists, 1, 436.

José Barnabas of Cyprus, proselytizes among the heathen, 2, 219.

disciple of the apostle Paul, 2, 227.

observes the dietary laws, 2, 231.

José. See also under Joseph.

Joseph I, emperor, refuses to remove the ban from “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 193.

Joseph II, emperor, improves the condition of the Jews, 5, 357–8.

forbids the circulation of an anti-Jewish work, 5, 359.

hymn to, by Wessely, 5, 368.

reforms of, opposed by the pious, 5, 369.

reforms of, welcomed by the cultured, 5, 370.

reforms of, resisted in Galicia, 5, 394.

abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, 5, 415, 464.

the Jewish regulations of, disregarded by Francis I, 5, 523.

Joseph, Jewish king of the Chazars, addressed by Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 220–1, 222.

residence of, 3, 221.

answers Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 221–2.

Joseph, duke of Mantua, banishes rabbis, 4, 295.

Joseph, the tribes of, claim the central lands of Canaan, 1, 35–6.

Joseph, apostate under Constantine, persecutes the Palestinian Jews, 2, 564–5.

made comes, 2, 565.

builds churches in Galilee, 2, 565.

defames Hillel II, 2, 566.

possible connection of, with Constantine’s persecution of the Jews, 2, 567.

Joseph, brother of Herod, guardian of Mariamne, 2, 83.

besieged in Masada, 2, 87.

Joseph, brother-in-law of Herod, ordered to murder Mariamne in case of his death, 2, 93.

calumniated by his wife, 2, 93.

beheaded, 2, 94.

Joseph, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Joseph, of the house of Camyth, high priest under Herod II, 2, 198.

Joseph of Arimathea, disciple of Jesus, 2, 160.

Joseph of Arli, Kabbalist, hopes in the Messiah as announced by Molcho, 4, 511–12.

Joseph de Avila, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.

Joseph of Ecija. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.

Joseph of Gamala, Zealot leader, 2, 289.

death of, 2, 290.

Joseph of Nazareth, father of Jesus, 2, 148.

Joseph de Vesoul, apostate, 4, 150.

Joseph bar Abba (814), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154.

Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla, Kabbalist, 4, 3, 6.

writings of, 4, 10.

works of, used by Reuchlin, 4, 466.

Joseph ben Chasdaï, a Cordova poet, eulogizes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 273.

son of, 3, 274, 280.

Joseph ben Chiya (270–333), refuses the Pumbeditha principalship, 2, 577–8.

superstition of, 2, 578.

flees from Pumbeditha, 2, 580.

principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 581.

characteristics of, 2, 581.

method of, 2, 581.

devotes himself to the Targum, 2, 581–2.

severity of, 2, 582.

death of, 2, 583.

Joseph ben Chiya (828–833), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 155.

resigns, 3, 156.

re-installed, 3, 156.

Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi, of Ecija, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 76, 79.

attack on, in Valladolid, 4, 79.

jealous of Samuel Ibn-Wakar, 4, 80, 81.

patron of Gonzalo Martinez, 4, 83.

end of, 4, 84.

Joseph ben Gershom Loans (Joslin, Josselman of Rosheim, 1480–1555), representative of the German Jews, 4, 414.

warns Molcho and Reubeni against petitioning Charles V, 4, 510.

Joseph ben Gorion, a moderate zealot, 2, 271.

“Joseph ben Gorion.” See Josippon.

Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur (Ibn-Satanas or Santas), candidate for the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 229–30, 238.

liturgical poetry of, 3, 236.

translates the Mishna into Arabic, 3, 237.

excommunicated, 3, 238.

appeals to Alhakem, 3, 238.

refuses the Cordova rabbinate, 3, 240.

Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi (1150–1170), introduces Spanish culture into southern France, 3, 392.

polemical work by, against Christianity, 3, 392–3.

Joseph ben Israel, father of Manasseh, Marrano, emigrates to the Netherlands, 4, 671.

Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal (1070–1121), rabbi of Cordova, poetry of, 3, 314.

Joseph ben Joshua Cohen (1496–1575), historian and physician, dazzled by Molcho, 4, 511.

expelled from Genoa, 4, 544, 555.

historical works by, 4, 555–6, 560, 590, 608.

style of, 4, 556, 557.

Joseph ben Kisma, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

counsels subservience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 426–7.

Joseph ben Matthias (Flavius Josephus, 38–95), historian, descendant of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 502.

does not mention Jesus in his works, 2, 166.

a moderate Zealot, 2, 271.

governor of Galilee, 2, 272, 275–6.

education of, 2, 276.

at Rome in his youth, 2, 276–7.

secretly a Roman partisan, 2, 277–8.

relation of, to Agrippa II, 2, 278.

administration of, 2, 278–9.

opposed by Jesus ben Sapphia, 2, 279.

relation of, to John of Gischala, 2, 279–81.

duplicity of, 2, 280–1.

deposed by the Synhedrion, 2, 281.

deceives the envoys of the Synhedrion, 2, 282.

wins credulous Galileans to his side, 2, 282–3.

re-instated, 2, 283.

breaks the strength of Galilee, 2, 283–4.

defeated by Vespasian, 2, 285.

appeals to the Synhedrion for aid, 2, 286.

at Jotapata, 2, 287–8.

gives himself up to the Romans, 2, 288.

execrated by the Judæans, 2, 293, 389, 391.

made commander of Titus’ body-guard, 2, 302.

tries to persuade Jerusalem to surrender, 2, 304.

witness of Titus’ triumph in Rome, 2, 314.

rewarded by Vespasian and Titus, 2, 317.

given the name Flavius Josephus, 2, 317.

as an historian, 2, 319.

on Jewish customs observed by pagans, 2, 384.

considers circumcision optional with proselytes, 2, 385.

favorite of Domitian, 2, 389.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 389, 391.

completes his Jewish history, 2, 389–90.

vindicates himself against the attacks of Justus of Tiberias, 2, 390.

vindicates his race against Apion, 2, 390.

prosecuted by Domitian, 2, 391.

death of, 2, 391.

immortalizes the war of the Zealots, 2, 415.

works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, 3, 162.

history of, the basis of Josippon, 3, 180.

the work of, against Apion, translated, 4, 608.

the works of, connected with the Talmud by Azarya deï Rossi, 4, 614.

a work of, translated by Arias, 5, 113.

the history of, continued by Basnage, 5, 195.

the works of, studied by Frankel, 5, 684.

Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi (1077–1144), Talmudist, eulogized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 315, 322, 323.

successor to Alfassi, 3, 315–16, 323.

respect for, 3, 316.

condemns a traitor to be stoned, 3, 317.

son and disciples of, 3, 317, 447.

Joseph ben Pilat, Talmudist in Damascus, 3, 426.

Joseph ben Sahara, satirist and physician, 3, 559.

Joseph ben Satia, Gaon of Sora, 3, 196.

successor to Saadiah, 3, 202.

abandons the academy of Sora, 3, 202.

Joseph ben Shem Tob Ibn-Shem Tob (1400–1460), philosopher and preacher, dignitary at the Castilian court, 4, 228–9.

polemic works of, 4, 235.

opposed to his father’s views, 4, 243.

religio-philosophical system of, 4, 244.

Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan (1135–1204–5), favorite of Alfonso VIII of Castile, 3, 384.

erects a synagogue in Toledo, 3, 384.

encourages the study of the Talmud, 3, 384, 385–6.

poem on, 3, 388.

Joseph ben Solomon Kolon (1460–1490), rabbi of Mantua, wanderings of, 4, 294.

authority of, 4, 294–5.

controversies of, 4, 295.

rabbi of Pavia, 4, 295.

Joseph ben Todros Abulafia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.

Joseph Ibn-Aknin, disciple of Maimonides, attacked by Mar-Sacharya, 3, 477.

“The Guide of the Perplexed” addressed to, 3, 478.

cautioned by Maimonides against letting his book fall into the hands of the Mahometans, 3, 486.

finds Maimonides’ system inconsistent with Judaism, 3, 487.

urges the excommunication of Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 526.

Joseph Ibn-Alfual, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

Joseph Ibn-Jau, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238, 239.

Joseph Ibn-Migash, supports Balkin, 3, 258.

leaves Granada, 3, 258.

occupies a high office in Seville, 3, 280.

Joseph Ibn-Nagrela (1031–1066), eulogized by Joseph ben Chasdaï, 3, 273.

vizir and Nagid, 3, 274, 275.

secretary to Balkin, 3, 274.

wife of, 3, 274.

protects the sons of the last Gaon, 3, 275.

as Talmudist, 3, 275.

accused of poisoning Balkin, 3, 275.

opposes the massacre of the Granada Arabs, 3, 276–7.

loses the favor of Badis, 3, 277.

accused of treason, 3, 278.

killed, 3, 278.

wife and son of, flee to Lucena, 3, 279.

library of, 3, 279.

elegy on, 3, 279.

patron of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.

patron of Isaac Ibn-Giat, 3, 284.

Joseph Ibn-Verga, historian, 4, 555.

ancestors of, 4, 556.

historical work of, 4, 557.

style of, 4, 557.

arraignment of the Jews by, 4, 557.

Joseph Ibn-Yachya, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.

Joseph Ibn-Yachya, pleads with the Portuguese Jews for the Spanish exiles, 4, 366.

Joseph, son of Tobiah, leader of the Judæans, 1, 423–4.

flatters the Egyptian ambassador, 1, 424.

at the court of Ptolemy III, 1, 424–5.

tax-gatherer of Cœlesyria and Phœnicia, 1, 425.

favorite of Ptolemy IV, 1, 425–6.

wealth of, enriches Judæa, 1, 426–7.

introduces Dionysian festivals into Judæa, 1, 428.

son of, his representative, 1, 429–30.

death of, 1, 431.

descendants of, called Tobiades, 1, 432.

Joseph, son of Zachariah, general of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 476.

Joseph Albo (1380–1444), at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208, 233.

holds the Agada to be authoritative, 4, 214.

refuses to accept baptism, 4, 215.

writes an account of a religious controversy, 4, 234.

physician and philosopher, 4, 239.

on freedom of inquiry, 4, 240.

on the articles of the creed, 4, 240.

style of, 4, 240.

religio-philosophical system of, 4, 240–3.

on salvation of the soul, 4, 240, 243.

Joseph Al-Kabri persecutes the Karaites in Spain, 3, 362.

Joseph Amarkala Halevi, prince of the Jews about Nishabur, 3, 433.

Joseph Barihan Alfalach, representative of the Mosul congregation, and David Alrui, 3, 433.

Joseph Caiaphas, high priest, president of the tribunal that tried Jesus, 2, 163, 164.

removed from office, 2, 172.

Joseph Ezobi ben Chanan (1230–1250), poet, works of, translated, 3, 561.

advice of, to his son, 3, 561.

Joseph Hamon. See Hamon, Joseph.

Joseph Jaabez, attributes the suffering of the Jews to their heresy, 4, 343, 479.

Joseph Kara, Bible exegete, 3, 345–6.

writes commentaries on the Prophets and the Hagiographa, 3, 346.

Joseph Karo (1488–1575), infected with Messianic enthusiasm by Molcho, 4, 496–7, 537.

longing of, for martyrdom, 4, 511.

ordained by Jacob Berab, 4, 536, 538.

learning and wanderings of, 4, 537.

elaborates Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 537, 539.

visions of, 4, 537–8.

among the Kabbalists, 4, 538.

Messianic dreams of, 4, 538–9.

code by, intended to bring about religious unity, 4, 539, 612.

chief rabbi of Safet, 4, 540.

appealed to on the question of trade with Ancona, 4, 580.

excommunicates Daud, 4, 599.

publishes the “Shulchan Aruch,” 4, 612.

Spanish tendencies of the code of, 4, 613.

orders Azarya deï Rossi’s works to be burned, 4, 616.

code of, commented upon by Moses Isserles, 4, 637.

the highest Jewish authority in the seventeenth century, 5, 51.

See also Shulchan Aruch, the.

Joseph Kaspi, philosopher, 4, 87, 91.

Joseph Orabuena, physician, chief rabbi of Navarre, 4, 184–5.

Joseph Pichon, receiver general of taxes under Henry II of Castile, 4, 138.

denounced by Jewish courtiers, 4, 156.

condemned as a traitor, 4, 156.

beheaded by the Jews, 4, 156.

the execution of, arouses excitement against the Jews, 4, 157–8, 167.

Joseph Rabban, leader of the Jews in India, 2, 629–30.

special rights conferred on, 2, 630.

Joseph Saragossi, Kabbalist, disciple of, 4, 393.

reforms life in Safet, 4, 399.

introduces the Kabbala into Safet, 4, 399.

Joseph Tob-Elem, writes a commentary on Abraham Ibn-Ezra’s Pentateuch commentary, 4, 144.

Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego, traveler, employed by João II of Portugal, 4, 368.

Joseph Zevi, brother of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.

Josephus, Flavius. See Joseph ben Matthias.

Josephus, pseudo-. See Josippon.

Joshua, father of Narboni, 4, 94.

Joshua, leader of the Israelites, 1, 31, 32–3.

victory of, at Gibeon, 1, 34–5.

contest of, with the tribes of Joseph, 1, 36.

defeats Jabin, 1, 37.

dwells among the Ephraimites, 1, 41.

declining years of, 1, 50.

death of, 1, 52.

Israelites under, settle in Arabia, 3, 54.

Joshua, of the family of Phabi, made high priest, 2, 107.

Joshua, of the family of Sié, made high priest, 2, 127.

Joshua deï Cantori, defames the Talmud, 4, 583.

Joshua ben Chananya, teacher of the Law, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324, 326.

contemporary of Gamaliel II, 2, 335.

opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, 2, 337.

dispute of, with Gamaliel II, 2, 340–2.

on the admission of proselytes, 2, 343, 384.

reconciled with Gamaliel II, 2, 344–5.

artisan, 2, 344, 348, 442.

character of, 2, 348.

popularity and homeliness of, 2, 349.

astronomical knowledge of, 2, 349.

condemns Shammai’s rules, 2, 349–50.

conciliatory intercourse of, with the Roman rulers, 2, 350.

removes the ban from Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 350.

obtains lucrative posts for poor scholars, 2, 345, 357.

nephew of, 2, 370, 443.

and Akylas, 2, 385.

journey of, to Rome, 2, 387.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.

influence of, on Nerva, 2, 392.

advises against the rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 403–4.

leader of the people under Hadrian, 2, 404.

mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.

president of the Synhedrion, 2, 404.

and Hadrian, 2, 406–7.

tries to induce Hadrian not to rebuild Jerusalem, 2, 407–8.

death of, 2, 408.

disciples of, discard the Jewish garb, 2, 424.

praises the Halachic knowledge of Bruria, 2, 436.

Joshua ben Damnai, high priest, 2, 249.

Joshua ben Gamala, high priest, obtains his office through bribery, 2, 249.

improves the educational system of Judæa, 2, 249.

procures the governorship of Galilee for Josephus, 2, 277–8.

suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.

executed by the Zealots, 2, 296.

Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui (Geronimo de Santa Fé), epistle of, attacking Christian dogmas, 4, 186–7.

physician to Benedict XIII, 4, 200.

instrument for the conversion of the Jews of Spain, 4, 206, 231–2.

champion of Christianity at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 207.

proves the Messiahship of Jesus from the Talmud, 4, 208–9, 211, 212.

accuses the Talmud of blasphemy, 4, 213–14.

end of, unknown, 4, 217.

charges of, refuted, 4, 232, 238.

leaves the Marranos unconvinced, 4, 256.

Joshua ben Karcha, denounces Eleazar ben Simon, 2, 465.

Joshua ben Levi, teacher of the Law, collects the Patriarch’s tax in Rome, 2, 486, 498.

accompanies Chanina bar Chama to Cæsarea, 2, 491.

prays for rain, 2, 492.

reputation of, 2, 497.

restores order in southern Judæa, 2, 498.

legends about, 2, 498.

and Ulla bar Kosher, 2, 530.

Joshua, son of Jehozedek, high priest, leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, 1, 352.

erects an altar on the site of the Temple, 1, 356.

urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.

sole leader of the Judæan community, 1, 360.

Joshua, son of Joiada, slain by his brother, 1, 409.

Joshua, son of Perachia, Pharisee leader, maxim of, 2, 20.

Joshua Falk Cohen. See Cohen, Joshua Falk.

Joshua Lorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.

Joshua Sirach. See Jesus Sirach.

Josiah, son of Amon (638–608), king of Judah, minority of, 1, 286.

averts the capture of Jerusalem by the Scythians, 1, 288.

fears to suppress idolatry, 1, 288.

repairs the Temple, 1, 288–9.

under the influence of Jeremiah, 1, 289.

receives the Book of the Law found in the Temple, 1, 292, 293.

has the Book of the Law read to the people, 1, 294.

uproots idolatry, 1, 294–5.

desecrates the idolatrous altar at Bethel, 1, 295.

summons the nation to celebrate Passover at Jerusalem, 1, 295.

social conditions under, 1, 296.

mortally wounded at Megiddo, 1, 297.

sons of, 1, 298.

Josiah, teacher of the Law, in the south of Judæa, 2, 442.

Josiah Hassan, appointed Exilarch by Saadiah, 3, 195, 196.

banished to Khorasan, 3, 196.

Josippon (“Joseph ben Gorion,” pseudo-Josephus), history of the Jews between the destruction of the first and the second Temple, 3, 179–80.

Joslin of Rosheim. See Joseph ben Gershom Loans.

Josselman Rosheim. See Joseph ben Gershom Loans.

Jost, Isaac Marcus (1793–1860), historian, basis of the history by, 5, 594–5.

service rendered by, 5, 595.

objections to the work of, 5, 595–6.

limitations of, 5, 609, 610.

compared with Rapoport, 5, 619.

Jotapata, resistance of, to Vespasian, 2, 285–6, 286–7.

fall of, 2, 287.

Jotham, son of Uzziah, regent of Judah, 1, 246.

king, ally of Pekah and Rezin, 1, 248.

state of the kingdom under, 1, 248–50.

death of, 1, 257.

Jotham, brother of Abimelech, parable of, 1, 63.

Jourdan, French general, frees the Jews from the Frankfort Ghetto, 5, 503–4.

Journals, Jewish, list of:

Ha-Meassef, 5, 399–400.

Journal for the Science of Judaism, 5, 585.

Kerem Chemed, 5, 621, 625.

Orient, The, 5, 693.

Scientific Journal, The, 5, 625.

Zion, 5, 693.

Jovianus, emperor, concludes peace with Shabur II, 2, 602.

religious toleration under, 2, 602.

Jozachar, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, 1, 221.

Juan I, of Aragon, Jews under, 4, 145, 170.

Chasdaï Crescas at the court of, 4, 146.

Juan II, of Aragon, the Jews under, 4, 274, 275.

Juan I, of Castile, coronation of, 4, 156.

punishes Fernan Martin, 4, 157.

deprives the Jews of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.

confirms anti-Jewish restrictions, 4, 158.

possible heir to Portugal, 4, 158.

regent of Portugal, 4, 160–1.

makes David Negro chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161.

gives up Portugal, 4, 162.

death of, 4, 167.

Juan II, of Castile, Jews under, during his minority, 4, 193–4.

anti-Jewish edict issued in the name of, 4, 203–4.

issues a second edict concerning the Jews, 4, 205–6.

admits Jews to state affairs, 4, 228–9.

confirms the law of Avila, 4, 229.

refuses consent to anti-Jewish bulls, 4, 251.

protects the Jews, 4, 251–2.

weakness of, 4, 252–3.

complains of the backsliding Marranos, 4, 256.

Juan de Abadia, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, 4, 329.

hires an assassin to kill Pedro Arbues, 4, 329–30.

suicide of, 4, 331.

Juan de España (the Old), apostate, Christian propagandist, 4, 233.

Juan de Lucena, minister to Aragon, urges the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 348–9.

brother of, persecuted by the Marranos, 4, 355.

Juan de Sevilla. See Samuel Abrabanel.

Juan de Seville, intercedes for the Marranos, 4, 322–3.

circulates Sixtus IV’s bull against the Inquisition, 4, 323.

Juan Alfonso, governor of Seville, threatened by a mob, 4, 168.

Juan Alfonso de Albuquerque, minister to Pedro the Cruel, recommends a Jew as minister of finance, 4, 115–16.

falls into disgrace, 4, 117.

Juan Arias, bishop of Avila, delivers up the Jews of Sepulveda to butchery, 4, 279.

Juan Emanuel, regent for Alfonso XI of Castile, the Jews under, 4, 52–3.

Juba, king of Numidia, marries Glaphyra, 2, 128.

Jubilee, the year of, ceases to exist as a year of release, 1, 393.

Judæa, under Gedaliah, 1, 319–23.

depopulated by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 325.

becomes a Persian dependency, 1, 351.

part of Cœlesyria under Macedonian rule, 1, 414.

conquered by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

falls to Ptolemy I after the battle of Ipsus, 1, 418.

revolts from Ptolemy II, 1, 423.

Dionysian festivals introduced into, 1, 428.

at peace under Joseph, son of Tobiah, 1, 430.

under Seleucidæan kings, 1, 432.

ravaged by the Syrians, 1, 433.

invaded by Gorgias, 1, 467.

invaded by Lysias, 1, 469.

reduced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

the army of, under Jonathan Haphus, 1, 498.

after the death of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 501–2, 519–20.

independent under Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.

independence of, acknowledged by Demetrius II, 1, 521.

the Judæans in Egypt apprised of the independence of, 1, 522–3.

allied with Rome, 1, 526.

a monarchy under Simon Tharsi, 1, 526.

under John Hyrcanus, 2, 1, 11–12.

extent of, under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

prosperity of, under Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

one of the conquered provinces of Rome, 2, 67.

divided into five provinces, 2, 71.

burdens of, lessened by Cæsar, 2, 76.

forced to pay a money contribution to Cassius Longinus, 2, 80.

free from foreign soldiery under Antigonus, 2, 83.

pays a tax to Rome, 2, 87.

invaded by Sosius, 2, 88.

extent of, under Herod, 2, 103.

extent of, under the Herodians, 2, 118.

towns of, adorned with Greek art, 2, 118.

given to Archelaus by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

made an ethnarchy by Augustus, 2, 127.

wholly subject to Rome, 2, 128.

ruled by procurators, 2, 137.

compared with Galilee, 2, 148.

given to Agrippa I by Claudius, 2, 190.

the kingdom of, at its greatest extent, 2, 190.

prosperity of, under Agrippa I, 2, 191.

a Roman province on Agrippa I’s death, 2, 197.

the governor of, independent of the governor of Syria, 2, 197.

Roman dominion oppressive in, 2, 233.

aristocracy of, immoral, 2, 234.

severity of the Roman governors of, 2, 241.

under Cumanus, 2, 242.

under Felix, 2, 245–7.

turbulent state of, under Gessius Florus, 2, 250–1.

aroused against Rome, 2, 262.

aided against Rome by foreign Judæans, 2, 264.

the property of Vespasian, 2, 312.

triumph over, celebrated at Rome, 2, 314–15.

fortresses of, in arms, 2, 315.

after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, 2, 321.

under Roman governors, 2, 333.

in rebellion against Trajan, 2, 394–5.

in rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 399–400, 403, 408.

visit of Hadrian to, 2, 406.

desolate condition of, under Hadrian, 2, 431.

revolution in, under Antoninus Pius, 2, 447.

sanctity of, 2, 458.

Hebrew spoken in, 2, 461–2.

Marcus Aurelius in, 2, 463.

under Commodus, 2, 463.

falls into the background, 2, 503, 531.

compared with Babylonia, 2, 505.

educational institutions of, investigated by Judah III, 2, 532.

youths of, go to Babylonia for study, 2, 537.

Babylonia independent of, 2, 548.

burials in, 2, 548.

scene of the coming of the Messiah, 2, 548–9.

decline of, 2, 557, 560.

teachers of the Law banished from, 2, 566–7.

dialectics unknown in, 2, 591.

the head of the Jewish communities in the Roman empire, 2, 611.

last Halachic authorities of, 2, 612.

Biblical studies in, under Theodosius II, 2, 623–5.

See also Canaan; Israel, the kingdom of; Judah; Palestine.

Judæa, the Roman governors of, list of:

Bassus,

Quietus, Lucius

Rufus, Tinnius

Silva.

See also Procurators, the, of Judæa; Syria, the Roman governors of.

Judæan Christians, the, the early Christians, 2, 168.

customs of, 2, 168.

displeased with Paul, 2, 230, 231.

declare the Law binding, 2, 231.

differences between, and pagan Christians, 2, 232.

See also Ebionites, the; Jewish Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.

Judæans, the, deported to Babylonia, 1, 307.

banished, urge war against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309.

flee to Egypt, 1, 317, 318.

fugitive, molested after the fall of Jerusalem, 1, 318.

remain in Judah, 1, 318–19, 321.

return to Jerusalem from the countries about, 1, 356.

moral degeneracy of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 358.

accused of disloyalty to Persia, 1, 361.

intermarry with the Samaritans, 1, 361–3.

neglect the Law, 1, 366.

receive Ezra with respect, 1, 367.

repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 368–9.

in part opposed to Ezra’s severity, 1, 370.

appeal to Nehemiah for aid, 1, 372.

intrigue with Tobiah against Nehemiah, 1, 376.

swear not to enslave the poor, 1, 377.

listen to Ezra’s reading of the Law, 1, 378–80.

repudiate their heathen wives, 1, 380.

swear to observe the Law, 1, 380–1.

consecrate the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.

disregard Nehemiah’s injunctions, 1, 383–4.

dissensions among, 1, 384.

reforms among, introduced by Nehemiah on his second visit, 1, 385–8.

hostility of, to the Samaritans, 1, 392.

influence of the Samaritan sect on, 1, 392–3.

cultivate the Law, 1, 393–7.

cruelly treated under Artaxerxes II and III, 1, 408–9.

taxed by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

hostility of the Samaritans to, 1, 410.

legends about, and Alexander the Great, 1, 412–13.

taxed by the Macedonians, 1, 413.

favored by Alexander the Great, 1, 414–15.

refuse to help in rebuilding the temple to Bel, 1, 415.

taken captive by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

pay tribute to the Egypto-Macedonian court, 1, 418.

settle in Alexandria, 1, 418.

settle in Antioch, 1, 419.

colonies of, in the Græco-Macedonian countries, 1, 418–19.

dispersed in the lands of the Ptolemies and Seleucidæ, 1, 420–1.

choose Joseph as their leader, 1, 424.

under Greek influence, 1, 426, 427–9.

well treated by Antiochus III, 1, 433.

hated by surrounding nations, 1, 434–5.

split up into Hellenists and Chassidim, 1, 435–6.

trained in Greek athletics, 1, 445–6.

at the Olympian games at Tyre, 1, 446.

dissatisfied with Menelaus as high priest, 1, 447.

kill Lysimachus, 1, 449.

accused of partisanship for Egypt, 1, 449.

national party of, favored at the Egyptian court, 1, 451.

cruelly treated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 453.

commanded to sacrifice to the Greek gods, 1, 454–5.

persecuted by the overseers of Antiochus IV, 1, 456–7.

extermination of, planned by Antiochus IV, 1, 463–4.

defended by Ptolemy Macron, 1, 476–7, 478.

granted religious freedom by Antiochus V, 1, 480, 488.

split up into parties, 1, 489.

alliance with, sought by Demetrius I, 1, 495.

exempted from taxation, 1, 497.

destroy a portion of Antioch, 1, 497.

defeat Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 499.

regret the existence of the Temple of Onias, 1, 509.

object to the Greek translation of the Law, 1, 512.

count from the date of Simon Tharsi’s accession, 1, 522.

in the army of Antiochus Sidetes celebrate the Sabbath and the holidays, 2, 5.

permitted to ship goods duty free from their ports, 2, 9.

development of, under John Hyrcanus, 2, 13–15.

Greek art among, 2, 14.

cultivate the Hebrew language, 2, 14–15.

literature of, under the Hasmonæans, 2, 15–16.

religion of, divided into sects, 2, 16–31.

make the half-Shekel collections in spring, 2, 52.

flee to Egypt during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, 2, 60.

with republican views appeal to Pompey, 2, 63–4.

oppose Cæsar, 2, 77.

present their grievances to Archelaus, 2, 120–1.

appeal to Augustus to make Judæa a Roman province, 2, 126–7.

petition for the removal of obnoxious emblems from the Roman standard, 2, 139.

influenced by John the Baptist, 2, 146–7.

morality of the middle class of, 2, 151.

complain of Pontius Pilate’s cruelty, 2, 172.

leniently treated under Tiberius, 2, 172–3.

object to the images of the emperors on the Roman standards, 2, 173.

dispersed in the Roman and Parthian empires, 2, 200–3.

of the dispersion visit the Temple, 2, 201.

as regarded by the heathen, 2, 203.

view held by, of paganism, 2, 204.

manifest proselytizing tendencies, 2, 215–19.

in Greek cities proselytized by Nazarenes, 2, 222.

displeased with the apostle Paul, 2, 229, 230.

hindered by Rome, in the free exercise of religion, 2, 234.

immorality of, under the Roman dominion, 2, 237–8.

resent the presence of a Roman cohort in the Temple, 2, 242.

hated by the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Judæa, 2, 246–7.

deprived by Nero of civil rights in Cæsarea, 2, 247.

well treated by Nero and Poppea Sabina, 2, 248.

number of, in Jerusalem at Passover 66, 2, 251.

quarrel with the heathen in Cæsarea, 2, 252–3.

parties among, 2, 256.

aroused by the treatment of the Cæsareans, 2, 262.

loyalty of, defended before Nero, 2, 268.

joined by the Samaritans against Rome, 2, 268.

massacre of, by the heathen, 2, 269.

forbidden to buy articles of food from the heathen, 2, 270.

after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 311–12, 321–2.

friendly to Rome, rewarded by Vespasian, 2, 316–17.

See also Israelites, the; Jews, the; Judæans, the, of various cities and countries.

Judæo-Alexandrian school, the, of Allegorists, 2, 208–9, 329.

combat paganism, 2, 214–15.

Judæo-Greek literature, among the Judæans in Egypt, 1, 515–16; 2, 204–8.

Judæo-Greek writers, spread Judæan doctrines, 2, 204–8.

Judah, the house of, renounces allegiance to David, 1, 140.

Judah, the kingdom of, first indications of, 1, 109.

dislike of, to Israel, under Solomon, 1, 174.

founded, 1, 183.

religious conditions in, under Rehoboam, 1, 188–9.

subjects of, sold as slaves under Uzziah, 1, 227.

weakness of, at the beginning of Uzziah’s reign, 1, 237.

licentiousness of the princes of, under Jotham, 1, 249–50.

Assyrian idols introduced into, 1, 260–1.

degradation of the nobles of, under Ahaz, 1, 261.

freed from idolatry by Hezekiah, 1, 268.

fortified towns of, taken by Sennacherib, 1, 272.

golden age of, under Hezekiah, 1, 279.

idolatry in, under Manasseh, 1, 282–3.

ravaged by the Scythians, 1, 287.

end of, 1, 305.

taken by Nebuchadnezzar’s army, 1, 307.

importance of, 1, 308.

power of the nobles of, 1, 308–9.

Judah, the kings of, list of:

Abijam,

Ahaziah,

Amaziah,

Amon,

Asa,

Jehoahaz (Shallum),

Jehoiachin (Jeconiah),

Jehoiakim (Eliakim),

Jehoshaphat,

Joash,

Joram (Jehoram),

Josiah,

Manasseh,

Rehoboam,

Uzziah,

Zedekiah (Mattaniah).

Judah, the tribe of, successful warriors in the desert, 1, 26.

war of, for territory, 1, 38.

description of the land of, 1, 45.

isolation of, 1, 51, 76–7, 109.

delivered by Othniel, 1, 60.

attacked by the Ammonites and Philistines, 1, 64.

enters national life, 1, 77.

virtues of, 1, 77.

chooses David as king, 1, 107.

hesitates to recall David after Absalom’s revolt, 1, 146.

sends an embassy to meet David, 1, 146–7.

quarrels with the northern tribes, 1, 148.

loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 182.

members of, return under Zerubbabel, 1, 352.

Judah, brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

Judah, chief rabbi of Portugal and minister of finance, 3, 618.

Judah, coadjutor of Josephus in Galilee, 2, 278, 279.

Judah, Essene seer, 2, 38.

Judah, father of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 265.

Judah, favorite of Charles the Bald, 3, 170.

Judah I (ha-Nassi, Rabbi), Patriarch, son of Simon III, closes the activity of the Tanaites, 2, 450.

talents of, 2, 450–1.

teachers of, 2, 451.

made Patriarch, 2, 451.

generosity of, 2, 451–2.

invests the Patriarchate with autocratic power, 2, 452–4.

lives at Sepphoris, 2, 452.

called Rabbi, 2, 453.

disciples of, 2, 454–7, 511.

severity of, towards his disciples, 2, 454–6.

punishes Chiya, 2, 455.

refuses to authorize Simon bar Kappara to teach, 2, 456.

cured by Samuel, 2, 456.

offended by Judah and Chiskiya, 2, 457.

admits the testimony of a Samaritan, 2, 457.

moderates the laws of tithes, 2, 458–9.

contemplates the abolition of the year of release, 2, 459–60.

completes the Mishna, 2, 460–1.

revises his own code, 2, 461.

prefers Hebrew, 2, 461.

gives tradition a settled form, 2, 462.

the last of the Tanaites, 2, 462.

rebuked by the widow of Eleazar ben Simon, 2, 465.

death of, 2, 465–7.

appoints his sons to offices, 2, 466.

dying wishes of, 2, 466.

announcement of the death of, 2, 466–7.

funeral of, 2, 467.

called “the Holy,” 2, 467.

maxims of, 2, 472.

work of, completed by Ashi, 2, 609.

Judah II (Rabbi, Rabbenu, 228), Patriarch, son of Gamaliel III, 2, 479.

censured for irreligiousness, 2, 480.

in favor with Alexander Severus, 2, 480–3.

royal authority of, 2, 481–2.

Roman dress of, 2, 483.

leniency of, 2, 483–5.

permits the purchase of articles of food from the heathen, 2, 483–4.

alleviations proposed by, 2, 484–5.

attacks on, 2, 485–6.

covetousness of, 2, 486.

draws a revenue from the Jewish communities, 2, 486–7.

reverence for, 2, 487.

death of, 2, 487.

Jochanan bar Napacha the companion of, 2, 493.

questions Levi bar Sissi on the neo-Persians, 2, 525.

Judah III (280–300), Patriarch, has scant knowledge of the Law, 2, 532.

determines the new-moon, 2, 532.

investigates the educational institutions of Judæa, 2, 532.

accused of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.

levies a tax for the Patriarchate, 2, 536.

accused of Christian leanings, 2, 565.

Judah IV, Patriarch, son of Gamaliel V, 2, 612.

Judah, proselyte, informs against Simon ben Yochai, 2, 448.

Judah, treasurer of Ferdinand I of Portugal, 4, 159.

removed from office, 4, 160.

proposed as chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161, 162.

imprisoned, 4, 161.

Judah (Laudadeus) de Blanis, physician and Kabbalist, 4, 411.

Judah the Blind (Jehudaï, 759–762), Gaon of Sora, opposed to Anan ben David, 3, 129.

author of Halachoth Ketuoth, 3, 136.

work of, supplemented, 3, 179.

work of, superseded, 3, 286.

Judah ben Baba, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

ordains Akiba’s disciples, 2, 429; 4, 536.

suffers martyrdom, 2, 429.

Judah ben Bathyra, teacher of the Law in Nisibis, 2, 358, 443.

effects the dissolution of the Synhedrion at Nahar-Pakod, 2, 444.

Judah ben Chiya, offends Judah I ha-Nassi, 2, 457.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Babylonian disciple of Judah I, 2, 511.

Judah ben Ezekiel, Babylonian Amora, founds the academy of Pumbeditha, 2, 545, 549.

descent of, 2, 549.

dialectic system of, 2, 550.

and his brother, 2, 550–1.

severity of, with regard to purity of race, 2, 551–2.

excommunicates a Nahardean, 2, 551–2.

principal of the Sora Metibta, 2, 552.

method of, used by Chasda, 2, 553.

acuteness of the disciples of, 2, 575.

objects to emigration, 2, 576.

Judah ben Ilai, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.

receives the members of the Synhedrion of Usha, 2, 433–4.

diplomacy of, 2, 442.

artisan, 2, 442.

praises Rome, 2, 448.

rewarded by Rome, 2, 448.

Judah ben Jacob Chayyat, Kabbalist, describes the suffering of the Spanish exiles, 4, 369–70, 481.

Judah ben Joseph Ibn-Alfachar. See Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.

Judah ben Moses Cohen, physician to Alfonso X, 3, 593.

Judah ben Moses Ibn-Tibbon, chief of the Tibbonide party, 4, 32.

Judah ben Saul Ibn-Tibbon (1120–1190), physician and translator, pedantry of, 3, 397.

works translated by, 3, 397.

Hebrew style of, 3, 398.

Judah ben Tabbaï, Nassi of the Great Council, re-organizes it, 2, 49.

called “Restorer of the Law,” 2, 49.

rigorous in administering the Law, 2, 53–4.

maxim of, 2, 54.

disciples of, 2, 72.

Judah ben Yechiel (Messer Leon, 1450–1490), rabbi and physician in Mantua, 4, 289.

author of books on grammar, logic, and rhetoric, 4, 289–90.

as a classical scholar, 4, 289–90.

hostility to, 4, 293.

controversy of, with Joseph Kolon, 4, 295.

banished from Mantua, 4, 295.

Judah ben Zippori, Pharisee, instigates an uprising against Herod, 2, 115.

burnt alive, 2, 115.

death of, avenged, 2, 121.

Judah Ibn-Giat, poet, 3, 318.

Judah Ibn-Verga, Kabbalist and astronomer, teaches Marranos, 4, 335.

martyrdom of, 4, 336.

as a chronicler, 4, 556.

consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.

Judah Ibn-Yachya-Negro, prevents the forced baptism of the Jews of Portugal, 4, 218.

Judah, son of David ben Zaccaï, quarrels with Saadiah, 3, 195.

appointed Exilarch, 3, 201.

son of, 3, 201–2.

Judah, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.

general, 1, 529.

assassinated, 1, 530.

Judah Benveniste, leader of the Spanish exiles in Salonica, 4, 405.

Judah Chassid, leader of a Sabbatian sect in Poland, exhorts to penance, 5, 212.

emigrates, 5, 212.

effect of preaching of, 5, 212–13.

death of, 5, 213.

nephews of, 5, 213.

Judah Del Medigo. See Del Medigo.

Judah Judghan (800), of Hamadan, imparts a Mutazilistic tendency to Judaism, 3, 149–50.

asceticism of, 3, 150.

founder of a sect, 3, 150.

Judah Leon Abrabanel (Hebræus, Medigo, 1470–1530), treasurer to a Portuguese prince, 4, 337.

describes his father, 4, 339.

referred to, 4, 340.

property of, confiscated by Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 341.

forbidden to leave Toledo, 4, 360.

flees to Naples, 4, 360.

son of, forcibly baptized, 4, 361.

at Genoa, 4, 384.

pursuits of, 4, 384.

physician to Gonsalvo de Cordova, 4, 384–5.

in Venice, 4, 385.

without influence in Italy, 4, 409.

as philosopher, 4, 480–1.

Italian style of, 4, 480.

Hebrew verses of, addressed to his son, 4, 480.

esteemed by Italians, 4, 481.

Judah Menz (1408–1509), rabbi in Padua, Talmudist, 4, 294.

controversy of, with Elias del Medigo, 4, 295.

narrowness of, 4, 295.

disciples of, 4, 406.

as a teacher, 4, 410.

Judah Siciliano, Italian man of letters, 4, 60.

poet, praised by Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.

Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac (1166–1224), Tossafist, 3, 408.

writes the “Book of the Pious,” 3, 408–9.

disciples of, 3, 409, 539.

Judah. See also under Jehuda; Judas.

“Judah’s Rod of Correction,” history by Joseph Ibn-Verga, 4, 557.

Judaism, a religious conviction after the formation of the Samaritan sect, 1, 393.

Magian influence on, 1, 402–5.

incompatible with Greek games, 1, 445.

calumniated by Menelaus, the Benjamite, 1, 449–50.

calumniated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 452.

becomes known through the Greek version of the Pentateuch, 1, 512–13.

misrepresented by the Greek translation of the Law, 1, 513–14.

development of, under the Hasmonæans, 2, 16–17.

sects of, 2, 16–31.

leaning of Romans towards, 2, 136.

Roman proselytes to, under Tiberius, 2, 136–7.

universality of, 2, 141.

how introduced to the heathen, 2, 142.

attitude of Jesus to, 2, 155–6.

as viewed by the heathen, 2, 203.

allegorized to suit Greek notions, 2, 208–9.

apostasy from, among the Alexandrians, 2, 209.

humanitarian laws of, as expounded by Philo, 2, 211–12, 213–14.

embraced by the heathen, 2, 215–19.

leanings towards, taken advantage of by the Nazarenes, 2, 219.

taught by Paul as an introduction to Christianity, 2, 228, 229.

relation of, to Christianity according to Paul, 2, 229–30.

hampered by Rome, 2, 234.

dangers to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 322.

dissociated from the Temple by Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324–5.

reviled by the Nazarenes, 2, 371–2.

consolidation of, after the fall of the second Temple, 2, 373.

as viewed by the Gnostics, 2, 377.

influence of the Minæans on, deprecated, 2, 378.

Gnostic or semi-Christian ideas in, 2, 380–1.

saved from Gnostic influences by Akiba, 2, 382.

influence of, upon the pagan world, 2, 382–3.

conversions to, from paganism, 2, 383–5.

Tacitus on the conversions to, 2, 384.

mocked at by Hadrian, 2, 407–8.

laws against, decreed by Hadrian, 2, 421.

Hadrian attempts to graft paganism on, 2, 422.

persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 423–6.

independence of Christianity of, demonstrated to Hadrian, 2, 431.

laws against, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.

legal character of, due to the Mishna, 2, 471.

admired by Alexander Severus, 2, 481.

Greek civilization equal to, according to Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494.

in foreign lands, 2, 520.

oppressed by Christianity, 2, 535.

placed on an equality with Christianity, 2, 561.

aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, 2, 562.

conversions to, forbidden by Constantine, 2, 562, 564.

separated from Christianity at the Council of Nice, 2, 563.

interest of Julian the Apostate in, 2, 596.

protected by Theodosius the Great, 2, 614–15.

preserved by the Talmud, 2, 635.

among the Arabian Jews in the sixth century, 3, 58–9.

inspires Mahomet, 3, 71–2.

taught the Chazars by fugitive Greek Jews, 3, 139.

account of the conversion of the Chazars to, 3, 139–40.

influence of, on the Chazars, 3, 141.

rationalistic tendency imparted to, 3, 149–50.

orthodox adherents of, oppose the rationalists, 3, 152–3.

mysticism in, 3, 153–5.

Karaite interpretation of, variable, 3, 157.

revered by the Empress Judith, 3, 162.

revered by the Christians of the Frankish empire, 3, 163.

promotes science during the Middle Ages, 3, 187.

assumes a European character in the tenth century, 3, 188.

Christian and Islam objections to, answered by Saadiah, 3, 199.

leadership of, lost by Asia, 3, 207.

the center of, in Spain, 3, 229.

gloomy character of, in Germany, 3, 309.

as expounded by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 330, 331–6.

as characterized by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 364–5.

in Asia in the twelfth century, 3, 440–2.

as presented by Maimonides in his Mishne-Torah, 3, 467.

and philosophy in Maimonides’ “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 478–9.

loses by Maimonides’ philosophical system, 3, 487.

condition of, in the twelfth century, 3, 446–7.

the creed of, drawn up by Maimonides, 3, 459–60.

divided by the Maimunist controversy, 3, 546–7.

as interpreted by Nachmani, 3, 533–5.

Albo on the possibility of changing, 4, 242.

effect of the Protestant Reformation on, 4, 471.

influence of the Shulchan Aruch on, 4, 613.

influence of Lurya’s Kabbala on, 4, 625–7.

attacked by Martin Czechowic, 4, 648.

influence of the Cossack persecutions on, 5, 16–17.

condition of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 51–2.

reform of, proposed by Leo Modena, 5, 73–4.

defended by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 81–4.

antagonized by Spinoza, 5, 97–8, 101–3.

discredited by the Kabbala, 5, 166.

glorified by Spinoza, 5, 167.

attracts Christians, 5, 176.

influenced by Lessing, 5, 298.

Mendelssohn’s early attitude towards, 5, 310.

human additions to, according to Mendelssohn, 5, 311, 317.

binding only upon Jews, 5, 312.

Mendelssohn’s glorification of, 5, 314–15.

as defined by Mendelssohn, 5, 364.

consequences of the renaissance of, 5, 374–5.

view of, taken by Schleiermacher, 5, 426–7.

view of, held by Chateaubriand, 5, 427.

view of, held by Furtado, 5, 496.

characterized by Heine, 5, 552.

excrescences of, 5, 557–9.

barbarous aspect of, under Polish influence, 5, 558.

disfigurement of, among the Portuguese, 5, 559.

reform of, suggested, 5, 559. See Reform, the, of Judaism.

reconciliation of, with culture, 5, 560.

as viewed by Bernays, 5, 575–6.

journal for the science of, 5, 585.

love for, fostered by the Society for Culture, 5, 588.

the renaissance of, 5, 589–90, 591–2, 607.

defined by Steinheim, 5, 604–6.

the narrowing of, by the new school of scholars, 5, 627.

view of, held by Holdheim, 5, 680–1.

the first to recognize the rights of man, 5, 709–10.

the moral system of, 5, 710–11.

free from asceticism, 5, 712.

Judaism, the sects of, list of:

Boëthuseans,

Chassidim,

Donmäh,

Essenes,

Frankists,

Isavites,

Judghanites,

Karaites (and their sects),

Menachemists,

Pharisees,

Sabbatians,

Sadducees,

Samaritans.

Judaism, conversions to. See Conversions to Judaism.

“Judaism, or the Jewish Doctrine,” attack by John Miller, 4, 692.

Judaism, Rabbinical. See Rabbinical Judaism.

Judaism, Talmudical. See Talmudical Judaism.

Judaism, the Reform of. See Reform, the, of Judaism.

Judaism, the Statute of, passed by the House of Commons, 3, 642.

“Judaism Unmasked,” by Eisenmenger, full title of, 5, 188.

suppressed, 5, 189–90.

cause of, supported by Frederick I of Prussia, 5, 192–3.

under ban for forty years, 5, 193.

Judaizantes, sect called forth by the Protestant Reformation, 4, 541.

Judas the Galilean, champion against the Romans, 2, 125.

seizes the arsenal of Sepphoris, 2, 125.

escapes from Quintilius Varus, 2, 126.

leader of the Zealots, 2, 133.

resists the Roman census, 2, 133–4.

conception of the Messiah held by the disciples of, 2, 144.

morality of the followers of, 2, 151.

sons of, 2, 199.

grandsons of, 2, 239.

Judas ben Jair, killed by the Romans, 2, 315.

Judas Aristobulus, Judæan of priestly lineage, teacher of the Egyptian king, 1, 519.

petitioned to introduce the Chanukah celebration into Egypt, 2, 6–7.

Judas Iscariot, follower of Jesus, betrays him, 2, 163.

Judas Maccabæus, son of Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

chosen to succeed his father as commander, 1, 461.

characterization of, 1, 461.

defeats Apollonius, 1, 461–2.

defeats Heron, 1, 462.

joined by the half-Hellenized, 1, 464.

exhorts his troops at Mizpah, 1, 467.

divides his army among his brothers, 1, 468.

dismisses all excused from military service by the Law, 1, 468.

defeats Gorgias, 1, 468–9, 476.

defeats Lysias, 1, 469–70.

consecrates the Temple, 1, 471–3.

fortifies the Temple mount, 1, 473.

defeats the Idumæans and Ammonites, 1, 474.

appealed to by Judæans in the provinces, 1, 474–5.

rescues the trans-Jordanic provinces, 1, 476.

besieges the Acra, 1, 478.

defeated at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 479.

besieged in Jerusalem, 1, 479–80.

made high priest, 1, 481.

hated by the Hellenists, 1, 481.

accused before Demetrius I, 1, 482.

retreats to the mountains, 1, 482.

gathers a new army to oppose Alcimus and Bacchides, 1, 483.

treats with Nicanor, 1, 484.

defeats Nicanor, 1, 484, 485.

negotiates with Rome, 1, 485–6.

encamps at Eleasa, 1, 486.

falls on the battlefield of Eleasa, 1, 487.

achievements of, compared with his brother Jonathan’s, 1, 501–2.

state of Judæa after the death of, 1, 501, 519–20.

model of Cromwell, 5, 26.

Judas. See also under Jehuda; Judah.

Judenbreter, name assumed by German families, 3, 611.

Jüdenbühl, in Nuremberg, scene of the burning of the Jews, 4, 110.

Judenmeister, rabbis, appointed by order of Sigismund, 4, 227.

Judenstättigkeit, permissive residence of Jews in Frankfort, 4, 695; 5, 503.

indulgently interpreted, 4, 696.

abolished by Emperor Matthias, 4, 700.

Juderia, the, of Seville, destroyed by a mob, 4, 169. See Jew’s quarter, the.

Judges, Jews forbidden to act as, by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.

Judges, the warrior, deliver the Israelites from servitude, 1, 59.

activity of, characterized, 1, 68–9.

un-Jewish character of, 5, 715.

Judges, the, list of:

Abdon,

Abimelech,

Barak,

Deborah,

Ehud,

Elon,

Gideon,

Ibzan,

Jephthah,

Othniel,

Samson,

Samuel,

Shamgar.

Judghanites, a Jewish sect, 3, 150.

Judgment Chamber, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, 1, 168–9.

Judith, the Book of, admitted into the Canon by Christians, 2, 488.

Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, friendly to Judaism, 3, 162.

calumniated by Bishop Agobard, 3, 164.

rebellion incited against, 3, 166.

conspiracy against, joined by Agobard, 3, 168.

Juglar, Gaspard, inquisitor in Aragon, 4, 326.

Julian the Apostate, emperor, delivers the Jews from the oppression suffered under Constantine, 2, 572.

character of, 2, 595.

in possession of undivided power, 2, 595.

plans of, 2, 595.

opposes Christianity, 2, 596.

interest of, in Judaism, 2, 596.

admires the benevolence of the Jews, 2, 596–7.

predilection of, for the sacrificial cult, 2, 597.

favors the Jews of the Roman empire, 2, 597.

letter of, to the Jewish communities, 2, 598.

accuses the Christians of preventing the rebuilding of the Temple, 2, 601.

in the Persian war, 2, 601–2.

death of, 2, 602.

Julian, Metropolitan of Toledo, presides over an anti-Jewish Council, 3, 107.

Julian ben Sabar, Samaritan king, 3, 13, 16.

Julianus, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, 2, 395.

threatened by Lucius Quietus, 2, 401.

Julias, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.

Jülich, a Jew of, accused of ritual murder, 5, 642.

Julius II, pope, friendly to the Jews, 4, 407.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 408.

Julius III, pope, petitioned for absolution for the Marranos, 4, 528.

the Talmud denounced before, 4, 564.

signs the decree against the Talmud, 4, 565.

protects Hebrew writings except the Talmud, 4, 565.

death of, 4, 566.

confirms the privileges of the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 569.

Julius Archelaus, husband of Mariamne, daughter of Agrippa I, 2, 235.

Julius Capellus, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, 2, 274.

Jullos, name given to Hillel II by Origen, 2, 487.

July revolution, the, effect of, on Europe, 5, 596.

on the Jews, 5, 596, 598, 600.

“Jumpers, the,” origin of, 5, 378.

Juno, the Argive, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, 2, 106.

Jupiter, statue of, placed in the Temple by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 455.

destroyed by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 472.

Jupiter, temple of, adorned with a golden vine destined for the Temple at Jerusalem, 2, 63.

on Gerizim, 2, 422.

Jupiter Capitolinus, temple to, in Jerusalem, 2, 422.

Jupiter, Olympian, statue of, raised by Herod in Cæsarea, 2, 106.

Jurieu, Pierre, Huguenot, on the future of the Jews, 5, 176.

Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous, withdrawn by Verus, 2, 447–8.

restored by Alexander Severus, 2, 482.

exercised by Raba in a criminal suit, 2, 592.

under the Patriarchs, 2, 613.

under Arcadius, 2, 616.

forbidden in mixed suits, 2, 617; 3, 28.

in civil suits in Greece, southern Italy, etc., 3, 27, 28, 423.

in Cologne, 3, 41.

under the Exilarchs, 3, 89.

in Speyer, 3, 297.

under Henry IV, 3, 298.

in Castile, etc., 4, 116, 155, 157, 203.

exercised by Ar-Rabbi Mor, 4, 159.

in Vienna, 4, 702.

in Poland, 5, 3.

See also Courts of Justice; Witnesses.

Jussuf Pasha, governor of Rhodes, persecutes the Jews on the blood accusation, 5, 640–1.

dismissed from his post, 5, 647.

Justi, court preacher, denounces Mendelssohn’s review of Frederick II’s poetry, 5, 302.

Justin I, emperor of the East, enforces the anti-Jewish laws of Theodosius II, 3, 10.

appealed to, to make war upon Zorah Nowas, 3, 66.

Justin II, emperor of the East, oppresses the Samaritans, 3, 17–18.

expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 26.

Justinian I (483–565), emperor, closes the schools of philosophy in Greece, 3, 7.

interferes with the religious liberty of the Jews, 3, 12–16.

enacts that Jews are competent witnesses only in their own cases, 3, 12–13.

orders translations of the Law to be used by Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15.

forbids the recital of the confession of faith, 3, 15.

removes the Temple vessels from Constantinople to Jerusalem, 3, 27.

rule of, feared by the Jews of Italy, 3, 31.

made exarch of Ravenna, 3, 32.

appealed to by Imrulkais Ibn Hojr, 3, 69.

Justiniani, Augustin, bishop of Corsica, introduces the study of Hebrew into France, 4, 473, 474.

has Moses Kimchi’s grammar printed, 4, 474.

has a Latin translation of the “Guide of the Perplexed” made, 4, 474.

Justus of Tiberias, historian, does not mention Jesus, 2, 166.

leader of the Roman insurrection in Tiberias, 2, 274.

historian of the Roman war, 2, 319.

ambiguous conduct of, 2, 319–20.

attacks Josephus, 2, 390.

K

Kaab, teacher of the Law, converts Abu-Kariba to Judaism, 3, 62–3.

goes to Yemen to convert the people, 3, 63.

Kaab Ibn-Asharaf, Jewish opponent of Mahomet, 3, 74.

Kaab Ibn-Assad, chief of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 80.

killed by Mahomet, 3, 81.

Kaaba, the, the Square, the holy place of the Arabs, 3, 60.

number of idols in, 3, 72.

Moslem turn towards, in prayer, 3, 75.

Kaarat Kesef, by Joseph Ezobi, 3, 561.

Kabbala, the, Jacob ben Meshullam the first promoter of, 3, 396.

as used by Nachmani, 3, 535.

rise of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 547.

earliest promoters of, 3, 547.

reduced to a system, 3, 548.

youth of, 3, 548.

put into philosophical language, 3, 549.

counterpoise to the Maimunist philosophy, 3, 529.

compromise between faith and philosophy, 3, 549, 623.

theosophy of, 3, 550.

principles of, concerning God, 3, 550–1.

theory of emanation in, 3, 551–2.

theory of creation in, 3, 552–3.

on the mission of Israel, 3, 553.

mystical importance of prayer in, 3, 553–4.

on metempsychosis, 3, 554.

on retribution, 3, 555.

on the soul of the Messiah, 3, 555.

great age fraudulently claimed for, 3, 556.

promoted by Nachmani, 3, 556–7.

transplanted to Palestine by Nachmani, 3, 607.

to be taught in secret, according to Solomon ben Adret, 3, 619.

progress of, in Spain, 4, 1–23.

furtherance of, through the Zohar, 4, 22.

studied in Palestine, 4, 74–5.

in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 91.

influence of, increases in Spain, 4, 196.

studied by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 291–2, 433, 443.

Christian dogmas in, 4, 292.

translated into Latin, 4, 292, 443.

denounced by Elias del Medigo, 4, 292.

introduced into Safet by Joseph Saragossi, 4, 399.

in Salonica, 4, 405.

defended by Reuchlin, 4, 442–3, 466–7.

admired by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.

carried to Italy and Turkey by Spanish exiles, 4, 481.

Christian scholars interested in, 4, 481.

affects the liturgy, 4, 481.

expectation of the Messiah the center of, 4, 482, 483.

Safet center of, 4, 538.

esteemed by the Church, 4, 583.

influence of, in Palestine in the sixteenth century, 4, 617.

spread of, 4, 617.

induces a Jewish “dark age,” 4, 617.

influence of, on Judaism, 4, 625–7.

corrupting influence of, 4, 626–7.

influence of, on seventeenth century Judaism, 5, 51–2.

as taught by Vital Calabrese, 5, 52–3.

spread by Israel Saruk, 5, 54.

spread by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.

identified with Neo-platonism, 5, 54.

beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 55.

attacked by Leo Modena, 5, 67, 74.

ridiculed by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.

defended by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 78–9.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 84.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

influence of, on Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118–19.

taught by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 119.

Messianic speculation in, 5, 120–1.

at variance with Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 144, 277.

brings discredit on Judaism, 5, 166.

opposed by Jehuda Leon Brieli, 5, 200.

supposed to teach the Trinity, 5, 216.

unhealthy influences of, 5, 232–3.

Moses Chayim Luzzatto under the influence of, 5, 236.

study of, forbidden to young men, 5, 241, 277.

generally opposed by the rabbis, 5, 245.

sways the minds of Polish Jews, 5, 382.

views of, held by Elijah Wilna, 5, 390–1.

supporters of, in Italy, 5, 488.

disfigures Judaism, 5, 539.

See also Zohar, the.

Kabbala, the higher, of Abraham Abulafia, 4, 5–6.

Kabbalistic terms:

Adam Kadmon,

Diokna Kadisha,

En-Sof,

Gematria,

Ibbur,

Kartiel,

Kelifa (Kelifoth),

Kewanoth,

King,

Malka Kadisha,

Matronita,

Nizuz (Nizuzoth),

Notaricon,

Olam ha-Tikkun,

Parsophin (Parzufim),

Sefiroth,

Shechina,

Tsiruf.

Kabbalistic writings, on the Index expurgatorius, 4, 584.

Kabbalists, the, opposed to the Maimunists in the interpretation of ceremonies, 3, 554.

distort the Scriptures, 3, 556.

opposed to Maimunists and Talmudists, 3, 558.

of Accho, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 631–3.

and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496–7.

at Safet, 4, 622–3.

divorces frequent among, 4, 627; 5, 210.

Kabbalists, list of:

Abraham of Granada,

Abraham ben David,

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia,

Abraham Levi,

Abraham Saba,

Aleman, Jochanan

Azriel,

Baruch of Benevento,

Chananel Ibn-Askara,

Chayim Vital Calabrese,

Cohen, Naphtali

David Ibn-Abi Zimra,

Eleazar ben Jehuda,

Ergas, Joseph

Ezra,

Frankfurter, Naphthali

Herrera, Abraham de

Hurwitz, Isaiah

Isaac of Accho,

Isaac the Blind,

Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif,

Isaac Cohen Shalal,

Isaac Lurya Levi,

Israel Saruk,

Jacob of Segovia,

Jacob ben Meshullam,

Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi,

Joseph of Arli,

Joseph ben Abraham Jikatilla,

Joseph ben Todros Abulafia,

Joseph Karo,

Joseph Saragossi,

Judah de Blanis,

Judah ben Jacob Chayyat,

Judah Ibn-Verga,

Levi ben Todros Abulafia,

Luzzatto, Moses Chayim

Meïr ben Gabbai,

Molcho, Solomon

Moses de Leon,

Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,

Moses ben Nachman,

Moses Botarel,

Moses Zacuto,

Oppenheim, David

Samuel of Medina-Celi,

Samuel Franco,

Shem-Tob ben Abraham Ibn-Gaon,

Shem-Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob,

Solomon of Moravia,

Solomon ben Abraham b. Adret,

Solomon Petit,

Taytasak, Joseph

Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia.

Kabul. See Cabul.

Kachtan, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61, 62.

Kachtanites, the southern Arabians, 3, 61.

Kadish, the Exilarch mentioned in, 3, 95.

Kaffa (Theodosia), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.

Kafnaï, Exilarch, 3, 10.

Kahal Kados, congregation in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Kahana. See Mar-Kahana.

Kahana, Jacob, rabbi of Frankfort, exposes Kamenker, 5, 229.

exacts a promise from Luzzatto, 5, 241.

Kahir, Caliph of the East, deposes Saadiah, 3, 196, 200.

Kahira. See Cairo.

Kahiya, political representative of the Turkish Jews, 4, 404.

Kahtz, Christian, apostate, tries to create prejudice against the Jews, 5, 191.

Kaila, Arab tribe, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.

Kailan race, the. See Benu-Aus, the; Chazraj, the.

Kailil, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575–6, 583.

Kaimakam, deputy vizir, 5, 147.

Kairuan (Maghreb), the Jewish community of, 3, 137.

center of science in the ninth century, 3, 146, 180.

the Exilarch Mar-Ukba at, 3, 185, 210.

new school founded in, by Chushiel, 3, 208, 210.

chief town of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 210.

study of the Talmud at, 3, 210–11.

the Jews of, confer the title Rosh on Chushiel, 3, 211.

Joseph Ibn-Abitur in, 3, 238.

school at, presided over by Chananel and Nissim bar Jacob, 3, 248.

the Jerusalem Talmud studied at the school of, 3, 249.

decay of the school at, 3, 249.

the Jews of, false Mahometans, 3, 360.

Kala-Ibn-Hammad, birthplace of Alfassi, 3, 285.

Kalâm, Arabic philosophy of religion, 3, 146–7.

Kalba-Sabua, father-in-law of Akiba, 2, 351, 355.

Kaliri. See Eleazar ben Kalir.

Kalish, the Jews of, massacred on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 111.

Kallahs, public lectures at the Babylonian academies, 2, 515; 3, 5–6, 97.

Kaller, Alexander, promotes education among the Galician Jews, 5, 394.

Kalmann, German immigrant in Turkey, 4, 271.

Kalmann of Ratisbon, repentant apostate, condemned to the stake, 4, 288.

Kalonymos, Italian Jew, attendant of Otto the Great, 3, 243.

Kalonymos, the Prince, head of the Jewish community of Beaucaire, 3, 400.

Kalonymos, scholar brought to Mayence by Charlemagne, 3, 143.

Kalonymos, Talmudist, rabbi of Worms, 3, 290.

Kalonymos ben Kalonymos (1287–1337), scholar at the court of Robert of Naples, 4, 61–2.

writer on ethics and satirist, 4, 62–3.

praised by Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.

Kalonymos ben Todros, head of the community of Narbonne, 3, 392.

sides with Abba-Mari, 4, 34.

asked to prepare the ban against the study of science, 4, 38.

draws up the ban, 4, 39.

Kama, friend of Samuel, meets Abba-Areka, 2, 512.

appointed judge, 2, 512.

rebukes the Exilarch, 2, 513.

Kanaim. See Zealots, the.

Kamenker, Moses Meir. See Moses Meïr Kamenker.

Kameoth (Kamea), amulets, 3, 153.

used by rabbis, 5, 201–2.

distributed by Eibeschütz, 5, 257.

Kamerau, the, a noble family, claim the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300.

Kamieniec, disputation at, between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 280, 281.

the Talmud burnt at, 5, 282.

Kamus, fortress of the Chaibar Jews, 3, 55.

holds out against Mahomet, 3, 82.

fall of, 3, 83.

Kandy. See Ceylon.

Kant, Immanuel, unsuccessful candidate for the prize of the Berlin Academy, 5, 303, 304.

on Mendelssohn’s “Jerusalem,” 5, 365.

meeting of, with Mendelssohn, 5, 398.

distinguishes Marcus Herz, 5, 405–6.

Herz lectures on the philosophy of, 5, 406.

philosophy of, admired by Ben-David, 5, 409.

Ben-David lectures on the philosophy of, 5, 410.

philosophy of, studied by Krochmal, 5, 608.

Kapsali. See Elias ben Elkanah; Eliezer; Elkanah; Moses Kapsali.

Kara. See Avigedor Kara; Joseph Kara; Simon Kara.

Karaim. See Karaites.

Karaism, the religion of the sect founded by Anan ben David, 3, 130.

original character of, obscure, 3, 131.

rigidity of, 3, 131–3.

unsettled character of, 3, 133.

causes dissension among the Rabbanites, 3, 156–7.

freedom in exegesis the principal dogma of, 3, 157.

sects of, 3, 157–8.

lack of union in, 3, 158.

first signs of the decay of, 3, 181.

ascetic character of, in Jerusalem, 3, 181–2.

propaganda for, 3, 182.

expounded by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 203.

propaganda for, by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 203–5.

spread by Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi, 3, 205–6.

spreads during the tenth century, 3, 206–7.

attacked by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.

inferiority of, to Talmudical Judaism proved by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 334.

criticised by Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 69–70.

in the fourteenth century, 4, 70.

centers of, 4, 71.

liturgy of, fixed, 4, 71.

petrifaction of, illustrated, 4, 269–70.

not attractive to Richard Simon, 5, 180, 181.

inquired into by Charles XI of Sweden, 5, 182.

account of the origin of, by Samuel ben Aaron, 5, 183.

account of, by Mordecai ben Nissan, 5, 183–4.

inquired into by Charles XII of Sweden, 5, 184.

Karaite sects, the, list of:

Abu-Amranites (Tiflisites),

Akbarites,

Makaryites,

Moses of Baalbek, followers of.

Karaite writers, the, list of:

Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi,

Aaron ben Joseph the Elder,

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,

Anan ben David,

Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend,

Ibn-Sakviyah,

Isaac ben Abraham Troki,

Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi,

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,

Mordecai ben Nissan,

Samuel ben Aaron,

Solomon ben Yerucham.

Karaites (Ananites), the, followers of Anan ben David, 3, 134.

excommunicated by the heads of the academies, 3, 134.

renounce connection with the Rabbanites, 3, 134.

acknowledge Anan ben David as the legitimate Exilarch, 3, 135.

hold a memorial service for Anan ben David, 3, 135.

study the Bible, 3, 136, 189.

of Mutazilist tendency, 3, 149, 150–1.

adopt the ban, 3, 151.

tradition among, 3, 159.

marriage laws of, 3, 159.

opposed by Natronaï II, 3, 178.

opposed by Simon of Cairo, 3, 179.

scientific pursuits of, 3, 180.

shun the Rabbanites, 3, 182.

spread of, in the East, 3, 182.

attacked by Saadiah, 3, 189.

calendar of, attacked by Saadiah, 3, 190–1.

defended by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 191.

later works of Saadiah against, 3, 192.

fond of philosophical disputations, 3, 197.

lexicographical work of, superseded by Menachem ben Saruk’s, 3, 225.

expect the Messiah in the eleventh century, 3, 247.

views of, occasionally endorsed by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.

persecuted in Spain in the eleventh century, 3, 362.

humbled by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 362–3.

rise of, after the fall of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 366.

and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 366.

regarded as idolaters by Samson ben Abraham, 3, 408.

in Constantinople in the twelfth century, 3, 425.

in Damascus, 3, 427.

in Askalon, 3, 427.

degeneracy of, in Asia in the twelfth century, 3, 443.

of Cairo, governed by a Nassi, 3, 444.

of Alexandria, 3, 444.

treatment of, by Maimonides, 3, 465.

disciples of Nachmani, 3, 607.

the way for, paved by the religious philosophers, 3, 625.

inclined to a reconciliation with Rabbanites, 4, 71–2.

institute pilgrim prayers, 4, 73–4.

in Poland under Casimir IV, 4, 265.

emigrate to Turkey, 4, 269.

ignorance of, 4, 269.

taught by Rabbanite teachers, 4, 269.

celebration of the Sabbath by, 4, 269–70.

efforts to reconcile, to Talmudic Judaism, 4, 270.

protected by Elias Mizrachi in Constantinople, 4, 403–4.

and Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 76–7.

Polish and Lithuanian, degradation of, 5, 182–3.

scattered by order of John Sobieski, 5, 182.

invited to go to Sweden, 5, 183.

accused of conspiring with Krochmal against the Talmud, 5, 608.

treated of in the Scientific Journal, 5, 626.

in Cairo reconciled with the Rabbanites by Munk, 5, 664.

history of, cleared up by Munk, 5, 666.

rise of, 5, 727.

Karben, Victor von (1442–1515), apostate, employed to write anti-Jewish pamphlets, 4, 424–5.

suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 432.

directs the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, 4, 444.

Karl Ludwig, count-palatine, offers Spinoza a professorship, 5, 108.

Karlinians, a branch of the Chassidim, 5, 388, 391.

Karmisin, the Exilarch Mar-Ukba banished to, 3, 184.

Karo. See Joseph Karo.

Kartiel, name of a Sefira, 4, 17.

Kaspi. See Joseph Kaspi.

Kasser ben Aaron, reconciles Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu with Saadiah, 3, 200–1.

Kasr, home of David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel, rabbi of the “three communities,” excommunicates Kamenker, 5, 238.

forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.

Kazimierz, the Jews of, number of, 4, 632.

Kedeshim, the holy men of the Canaanites, 1, 54.

Kedeshoth, Canaanite priestesses, 1, 54.

in Samaria, 1, 198.

maintained in Jerusalem under Manasseh, 1, 283.

Kedoshim (saints), martyrs of the first crusade, 3, 302.

graves of, visited, 3, 309.

Keeper of the lists (rolls), under David, 1, 122.

manager of war, 1, 305, 313.

beheaded by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.

Kefar Nahum. See Capernaum.

Kelifa (Kelifoth), Kabbalistic term for sin in the Zohar, 4, 17, 620; 5, 120.

Kenas. See Census.

Kendites, the, an Arab tribe, adopt Judaism, 3, 63.

chief of, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68–9.

Keneseth ha-Gedolah. See Great Assembly, the.

Kenites, the, Moses with, 1, 13–14.

aid the Israelites in the desert, 1, 26.

aid Judah, 1, 38.

allies of the Israelites, 1, 61.

Kephar Lekitaja, military station established by Hadrian, 2, 419.

Kephas. See Peter.

Kepler, and David Gans, 4, 638.

Kerbella, the battle of, the Ommiyyades defeated at, 3, 125.

Kerek. See Kir-Moab.

Kerem Chemed, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, 5, 621, 693.

contributors to, 5, 621–2.

Kermanshah. See Karmisin.

Kertch, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.

Karaites in, in the ninth century, 3, 182.

capital of the Crimea, 3, 222.

Kether Malchuth, philosophical poem by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270.

Kewanoth, Kabbalistic term, devotion, 5, 121.

Khataib, Sephardic synagogue at Damascus, 4, 400.

Khemarim, idolatrous priests, under Manasseh, 1, 283.

Khiva, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.

Khorasan, under the jurisdiction of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 98, 184.

the Exilarch banished to, 3, 196.

ambassadors from, bring news to Spain of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, 3, 220.

under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 428.

Khorasan, the Jews of, believe themselves descendants of the Ten Tribes, 3, 433.

occupations of, 3, 433.

allied with the Ghuzz, 3, 434.

aid Jenghis-Khan, 3, 581.

Khozars, the. See Chazars, the.

Kiddush, the, blessing over wine at the beginning of the Sabbath, instituted, 1, 398.

Kiera, Esther, court Jewess in Turkey, patroness of Jewish literature, 4, 608, 629.

influence of, under Murad III, 4, 629.

death of, 4, 629–30.

Kiev, tributary to the Chazars, 3, 138.

the Jews banished from the district of, 5, 12.

Kilavun, sultan of Egypt, and David Maimuni, 3, 620.

the Jewish subjects of, under the Damascus Exilarch, 3, 627.

Kimchi family, the, at Narbonne, 3, 392; 4, 442.

See David; Joseph ben Isaac; Moses Kimchi.

Kinanah Ibn-ol-Rabia, incites Arabian tribes to war against Mahomet, 3, 79.

leader of the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.

death of, 3, 82–3.

King, Kabbalistic term, 4, 18.

Kingdom of God, the, predicted by a Judæan poet in Egypt, 2, 143.

Kingdom of Heaven, the, hastening of, the object of Essene asceticism, 2, 145.

brought by the second advent of Jesus, 2, 167.

according to Paul, 2, 226.

Kings, the Books of, commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 359.

Kinnereth. See Tiberias, lake.

Kir-Haraseth. See Kir-Moab.

Kir-Moab (Kerek, Kir-Haraseth), Moabite fortress, 1, 209.

Kiryath-Jearim, the Ark of the Covenant at, 1, 72.

the Ark removed from, 1, 119.

Kiryath-Sepher (Debir), taken by the tribe of Judah, 1, 38.

Kish, father of Saul, 1, 83.

“Kitab Al-Assval,” lexicon by Ibn-Janach, 3, 263.

Klausner. See Abraham Klausner.

Kley transplants the Reform movement to Hamburg, 5, 563–4.

inefficiency of, 5, 564.

Heine on, 5, 577.

Klonowicz, Polish poet, assails the Jews, 4, 643.

Kobad, king of the neo-Persians, tool of Mazdak, 3, 1.

disciple of Mazdak, 3, 2.

dethroned by the nobles, 3, 2.

persecutes Jews and Christians, 3, 3–4.

death of, 3, 5.

Koberger, Antonius, opponent of the Jews in Nuremberg, 4, 415.

Kodesh ha-Kodashim, by Ibn-Labi Ferrer, 4, 234.

Kofrim, unbelievers, antagonists of the Sabbatians, 5, 144.

Sabbataï Zevi proposes capital punishment for, 5, 150.

Kohen. See Abulsari Sahal; Nathan ben Isaac; Solomon Kohen.

Kohen-Zedek II ben Joseph (917–936), Gaon of Pumbeditha, character of, 3, 183.

causes dissension between Sora and Pumbeditha, 3, 184.

forces the Exilarch Mar-Ukba to remove, 3, 184.

has Mar-Ukba banished a second time, 3, 185.

deposed by David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

recognized as Gaon by the Exilarch, 3, 186.

proposes the closing of the Sora academy, 3, 192.

jealous of Saadiah, 3, 194.

espouses the side of David ben Zaccaï against Saadiah, 3, 195.

death of, 3, 200.

son of, 3, 208.

“Kol Sachal,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.

Kölbele, John Balthasar, writes a pamphlet against Mendelssohn, 5, 316–17.

Kolon, Joseph. See Joseph ben Solomon Kolon.

Kompse bar Kompse, partisan of Rome in Tiberias, 2, 274.

Koniecpolski, house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.

employs Bogdan Chmielnicki, 5, 7.

Königsberg, a Jewish cemetery at, 5, 190.

the University of, admits Jews, 5, 398–405.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

Königsberg, the Jews of, burnt, 5, 110–11.

in Mendelssohn’s time, 5, 397–8.

join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

apostasy of, 5, 420.

Konstantinov, the synod of, excommunicates Frankists, 5, 277.

Koom, defeat of Judghanites at, 3, 150.

Korachites. See Korah, the sons of.

Korah, Samuel descended from, 1, 73.

honored by the Cainites, 2, 375.

Korah, the sons of, Samuel ancestor of, 1, 79.

psalmists, 1, 120.

compose psalms on Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 278.

compose a love-song in honor of Hezekiah’s marriage, 1, 279.

Korahites. See Korah, the sons of.

Koraishites, the, defeated by the Mahometans at Bedr, 3, 76.

induced to make war upon Mahomet, 3, 79.

distrustful of their allies, 3, 80.

Koran, the, and Jewish sources, 3, 72.

spread by the Jewish disciples of Mahomet, 3, 73.

revelations against the Jews in, 3, 75, 78.

war with the Nadhirites justified in, 3, 79.

on the slaughter of the Benu Kuraiza, 3, 81.

accepted by the Moslem as the word of God, 3, 84.

on the position of woman, 3, 92.

rationalistic expounders of, 3, 147.

violence done to the text of, 3, 148.

consulted by Haï Gaon for the explanation of Biblical words, 3, 251.

Korban Mussaph, special Sabbath and festival sacrifice, 1, 401.

Kosmann, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.

Kotzebue, assassination of, 5, 528, 533.

Kovad. See Kobad.

Krämer, August, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 521–2.

Krems, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

Krochmal, Nachman Cohen (1785–1840), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.

Jewish and philosophical studies of, 5, 608.

partially hostile to Talmudism, 5, 608.

accused of conspiring with Karaites against the Talmud, 5, 608–9.

method of instruction of, 5, 609.

uses the Talmud in historical researches, 5, 609–10.

admiration for, 5, 610.

Rapoport disciple of, 5, 610, 614, 617.

influence of, on young Galicians, 5, 614.

style of, 5, 617.

influence of Rapoport on, 5, 617–18.

devotes himself to encyclopædic studies, 5, 618.

the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.

contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 622.

as exegete, 5, 695, 699.

Krysa, Jehuda Leb, Frankist rabbi, 5, 275.

makes a Catholic confession of faith, 5, 285.

Kryvonoss, Haïdamak leader, 5, 9.

Kufa, given to Jewish exiles by Omar, 3, 85.

residence of Ali, 3, 90.

capital of eastern Islam, 3, 93.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Ezekiel’s grave near, 3, 440–1.

Kunigunde, sister of Maximilian I, marries her father’s enemy, 4, 428.

becomes abbess of a Franciscan convent, 4, 428.

gives Pfefferkorn a letter to Maximilian, 4, 428–9.

influences Maximilian to issue mandates against the Jews, 4, 437, 440–1.

Kuraiza Place, the market place of Medina, 3, 81.

Kuranda, Ignatz, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.

Kuru-Gismu, Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.

Kusari. See Chozari.

Kussiel. See Yekutiel.

Kypros. See Cypros.

L

La Asumção, Diogo de, Franciscan, professes Judaism, 4, 668.

martyr, 4, 669.

influences Rohel Jesurun, 4, 669, 670.

Labienus, persuades the Parthians to invade Syria, 2, 82.

Lachish, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Amaziah killed in, 1, 226.

headquarters of Sennacherib, 1, 273.

offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.

Ladislaus II, of Bohemia and Hungary, appealed to by the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 303.

and the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 417.

Ladislaus IV, of Hungary, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of the Council of Buda, 3, 615.

Ladislaus V (Posthumus), of Hungary, and Capistrano, 4, 262.

sanctions the expulsion of Jews from Silesia, 4, 262–3.

Lænas, Popillius, Roman deputy to Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 453.

La Fare, bishop of Nancy, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 462.

La Fuente, Juan de, inquisitor, cruelty of, 4, 484.

Lagarto, Jacob, first Talmudical author in South America, 4, 693.

Lagrange, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, 5, 401.

La Guardia, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 343.

Laguna, Lopez (Daniel Israel, 1660–1720), Marrano poet in Jamaica, 5, 203.

Lahmi, brother of Goliath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.

Lamartine, and the Turkish Jews, 5, 649.

Lamentations, the, of Jeremiah, 1, 316, 319.

Lämmlein, Asher. See Asher Lämmlein.

Lampo, an Alexandrian hostile to the Judæans, 2, 181.

Landau, Ezekiel (1720–1793), rabbi of Jampol, declares the Eibeschütz amulets Sabbatian, 5, 265–6.

distrusts Eibeschütz, 5, 289.

opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.

objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.

opponent of the Berlin movement, 5, 417.

death of, 5, 566.

Landfried, ambassador from Charlemagne to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

Landsberg, Jews settle in, 5, 174.

Landtag, the Prussian, Jews in, 5, 697.

Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, hostile to the Jews, 3, 504.

convenes a Church Council at Oxford, 3, 516.

“Language of Truth, The,” pamphlet in the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 266.

Languedoc, the Jews of, in the tenth century, 3, 242.

in the twelfth century, 3, 389–91.

and the ban against science, 4, 40.

protected by the governor, 4, 132.

Laniado, Joseph, accused of ritual murder, 5, 636.

tortured, 5, 636–7.

dies under the torture, 5, 638.

Lansac, de, French ambassador, 4, 577.

Laodicea (Leda), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contributions to the Temple, 2, 53.

Herod at, 2, 93.

Verus Commodus at, 2, 447.

place of exile of José ben Chalafta, 2, 448.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

La Papa, Aaron de. See Papa, Aaron de la.

La Peyrère, Isaac, on Israel’s restoration, 5, 24–5.

in intercourse with Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 25.

Laplace, lauds a mathematical work by Ensheim, 5, 401.

Lara, de, noble Castilian family, 3, 363.

Lara, David Coen de (1610–1674), preacher and philologist, 5, 115.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

Larta. See Arta.

Laskorun, Frankists surprised at, 5, 275.

Lateran Council, the third, forbids Jews to keep Christian nurses or domestics, 3, 400, 418, 421–2.

forbids forcible baptism, 3, 421.

the decrees of, disregarded by Philip Augustus, 3, 498–9.

Lateran Council, the fourth, convoked by Innocent III, 3, 508–9.

purposes of, 3, 509.

Jewish delegates to, 3, 509.

results of, 3, 509.

Lateran Council, the fourth, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 509–11.

confirmed by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

re-enacted by the Councils of Rouen and Tours, 3, 520.

enforced in Hungary, 3, 521.

executed by Frederick II, 3, 569.

Lateran Council, the fifth, the Reuchlin case submitted to, 4, 464.

declares for Reuchlin, 4, 465.

Lathier, opponent of the Jews of Alsace, 5, 524–5.

Latin translations of the Scriptures, ordered to be read in Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15. See also Vulgate, the.

Latin words, in the Mishna, 2, 461.

Laurilla, Dutch consul, protects the Jews of Beyrout, 5, 641.

Laurin, Austrian consul-general in Turkey, interferes in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.

thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.

thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.

Lavater, John Caspar, attracted by Mendelssohn’s physiognomy, 5, 308–9.

determines to convert Mendelssohn, 5, 309–10.

letter addressed to, by Mendelssohn, 5, 311–13.

unpopularity of, 5, 313.

apologizes to Mendelssohn, 5, 314.

anecdotes concerning, 5, 315.

La Vega, de. See Penso, Joseph.

Law (Torah, Pentateuch), the, carried to Babylon by the priests, 1, 334.

observed by the Babylonians, 1, 364.

studied by Ezra, 1, 365.

read to the people by Ezra, 1, 378–80.

the Judæans swear to observe, 1, 380–1.

displaces prophecy, 1, 385.

strict observance of, 1, 387.

held sacred by the Samaritans, 1, 392.

the fundamental law of the commonwealth, 1, 393–4.

study of, 1, 396.

the “fence” about, 1, 397–8.

unspiritual tendency of the laws of clean and unclean in, 1, 401–2.

studied and observed by the Chassidim, 1, 436.

the observance of, urged by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.

aspersed by Menelaus, 1, 449–50.

translated into Greek, 1, 510–14. See Septuagint, the.

study and observance of, under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.

knowledge of, spread by the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 149.

transgressors of, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.

desertion from, among the Alexandrians, 2, 209.

observance of, urged by Philo, 2, 210–14.

attempts to harmonize, with philosophy, 2, 212–13.

attacked by Greek Judæans, 2, 221–2.

upheld by the apostle Paul, 2, 221.

to be abrogated for the conversion of the heathen, 2, 225.

abrogated, according to Paul, by the appearance of Jesus, 2, 226, 229–30.

declared binding by certain apostles, 2, 231.

adhered to, by Judæan Christians, 2, 232.

enforced by the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 363–4.

declared unnecessary by Paul, 2, 365.

observed by the Jewish Christians, 2, 365–6.

disregarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

the observance of, forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422.

said to have been altered by the Samaritans, 2, 457.

the instruction of women in, 2, 474.

classification of the commands in, 2, 499.

observance of, in Samaria, 2, 534.

Chaldaic and Syriac translations of, 2, 581–2.

said to contain references to Mahomet, 3, 76.

knowledge of, esteemed, 3, 113.

held to be binding by Anan ben David, 3, 134.

Tossafoth in explanation of, 3, 345.

analyzed in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 484–5.

abrogated according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

Persian translation of, 4, 401.

significance of, 5, 716–17, 721.

Halachic development of, 5, 723–4.

See also Mishna, the; Scriptures, the; Talmud, the.

Law, the, the Book of (Deuteronomy), found in the Temple, 1, 292–3.

read to the people in Jerusalem, 1, 294.

read by Ezra in Jerusalem, 1, 378–80.

Law, the, commentary on, by Philo, 2, 212.

by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.

by Chananel ben Chushiel and Nissim bar Jacob, 3, 249.

by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.

by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.

by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371–2.

by Moses of Coucy, 3, 586.

by Nachmani, 3, 607–8.