Index (continued 3)

treats Reubeni with distinction, 4, 492–3.

addressed on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.

permits Marranos to profess Judaism, 4, 500.

intercourse of, with Molcho, 4, 503.

honors Molcho publicly, 4, 505.

opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 505.

saves Molcho from the stake, 4, 507.

establishes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.

sympathizes with the Marranos, 4, 509.

innocent of Molcho’s death, 4, 512.

stays the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 513.

absolves Marranos for leaving the Church, 4, 513–14.

motive of, in protecting the Marranos, 4, 514.

appoints a commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

death of, 4, 515.

briefs of, enforced by Paul IV, 4, 516.

absolves the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.

Clement VIII, pope, grants an amnesty to the Marranos, 4, 528.

expels the Jews from the Papal States, 4, 659.

forbids the reading of the Talmud, 4, 659.

incorporates Ferrara with the Papal States, 4, 660.

absolves Portuguese Marranos, 4, 671.

Clement IX, pope, death of, 5, 171.

Clement XIII, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 285–6.

Clemente, Philip, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.

Cleopatra I, sister of Antiochus IV, wife of Ptolemy V, 1, 450.

Cleopatra II, sister and wife of Ptolemy VI, claimant of the Egyptian throne, 1, 506.

marries Ptolemy VII Physcon, 1, 518.

Cleopatra III, second wife of Ptolemy VII, mother of Ptolemy VIII, espouses the cause of Judæa, 2, 10.

defended by Judæan soldiers, 2, 12.

sends an army against her son, 2, 40–1.

in league with Alexander Jannæus, 2, 41.

Cleopatra VI, friendly to Herod, 2, 86.

favors Aristobulus (III), 2, 92.

summons Herod to answer for Aristobulus’ death, 2, 92–3.

receives the district of Jericho, 2, 93.

unkind to the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 94.

schemes against Herod, 2, 94–5.

death of, 2, 102.

body-guard of, given to Herod, 2, 103.

Cleopatra, wife of Demetrius Nicator, kills her son, 2, 6.

Cleopatra of Jerusalem, wife of Herod, 2, 119.

Clermont, the Jews of, and Bishop Avitus, 3, 38–9.

the council of, resolves upon a crusade, 3, 297.

Clermont-Tonnerre, Count, defends the Jews, 5, 440.

favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

Closener of Strasburg, historian, on the persecution of the Jews, 4, 106.

Clotaire II, Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 40.

Clovis, founder of the Frankish kingdom, 3, 35.

Jews in the army of, 3, 36.

converted, 3, 36.

Coblenz, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 611.

Cochelet, French consul-general, interferes in the Damascus affair, 5, 647.

ordered to stop the Damascus trial, 5, 649.

hinders Montefiore and Crémieux in Egypt, 5, 659, 660.

Codes, general, defining the status of the Jews. See under

Alfonso X of Castile,

Alfonso V of Portugal,

Henry IV of Castile,

Napoleon,

Theodosius,

Visigothic.

Codes, Jewish religious. See

Asher ben Yechiel,

Mishna, the

Mishne Torah,

Mordecai Jafa,

Moses ben Israel Isserles,

Shulchan Aruch,

Turim.

Cœlesyria, Macedonian province, Judæa belongs to, 1, 414.

conquered by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

revolts from Ptolemy II, 1, 423.

Joseph, tax-gatherer of, 1, 425.

Herod governor of, 2, 79.

Cohen, Aaron. See Aaron Cohen.

Cohen, Chayim. See Chayim Cohen.

Cohen, Daniel, scientist, 4, 405.

Cohen (Soncino), Gershon, establishes a printing house in Prague, 4, 418.

Cohen, Isaac. See Isaac Cohen Shalal.

Cohen, Jehuda. See Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka.

Cohen, Jonathan. See Jonathan Cohen.

Cohen, Joseph ben Joshua. See Joseph ben Joshua Cohen.

Cohen, Joshua Falk, president of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.

Talmudist, 4, 703.

Cohen, Judah. See Judah ben Moses Cohen.

Cohen, Malachi, rabbi of Leghorn, espouses the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.

Cohen, Moses. See Moses Cohen de Tordesillas; Moses ben Judah.

Cohen, Moses Gerson. See Anton, Charles.

Cohen, Naphtali, Kabbalist, patron of Chayon, 5, 217.

approves of Chayon’s work, 5, 218.

refrains from exposing Chayon, 5, 219.

exposes Chayon, 5, 227.

Cohen, Nehemiah, announces the approach of the Messiah, 5, 152.

summoned by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 152.

disagrees with Sabbataï, 5, 153.

turns Mahometan, 5, 153.

betrays Sabbataï, 5, 153.

returns to Poland, 5, 154.

Cohen, Nehemiah Vital, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.

Cohen, Perachyah, physician and scientist, 4, 405.

Cohen, Raphael (1722–1803), rabbi of the “three communities,” opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330, 331, 333.

objects to the study of the sciences, 5, 402.

retirement of, 5, 566.

son-in-law of, 5, 570.

grandson of, 5, 598.

Cohen, Sabbataï, commemorates the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.

Cohen, Samuel. See Samuel Cohen ben Daniel.

Cohen, Saul. See Saul Cohen Ashkenazi; Saul Astruc Cohen.

Cohen, Shalom, employed by the Hamburg Dayanim, 5, 573.

Cohen, Simcha. See Simcha Cohen.

Cohn, Isidore, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Coimbra, the Inquisition at, 4, 508.

Coin, counterfeiting of, denounced by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

clipping of, charged against the English Jews, 3, 642.

Coinage, the right of, enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary, 3, 521.

Coins struck by Simon Tharsi, 1, 525, 528.

by John Hyrcanus, 2, 12.

by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.

by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

by Aristobulus II, 2, 62.

by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.

by Antigonus, 2, 83.

for Agrippa I, 2, 190, 194.

by the Zealots, 2, 268.

in honor of Simon ben Gamaliel, 2, 269.

Judæan, under Vespasian, 2, 292.

commemorating Titus’ victory, 2, 314.

by Nerva, 2, 392.

by Hadrian, 2, 407, 419.

by Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

Collectants, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.

Colleges, established in Spain by the law of Avila, 4, 229.

Colleges, Rabbinical, at Metz, 5, 597–8, 700.

at Padua, 5, 624, 700.

at Breslau, 5, 699–700.

at various places, 5, 700.

Colleges, Talmudical, at Narbonne, 3, 143, 242, 392.

in western countries founded by emissaries from Sora, 3, 208.

at Cordova, 3, 209, 228.

in Egypt and the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 210.

at Kairuan, 3, 210–11, 248.

in Spain, 3, 236.

at Mayence, 3, 243, 247.

at Lucena, 3, 322.

at Toledo, 3, 338, 362.

in Spain, closed, 3, 361, 384.

at Dampierre, 3, 403.

at London, 3, 409.

at Bagdad, 3, 429, 633.

in France, closed, 4, 48.

at Paris, 4, 133.

at Alcala, 4, 145.

at Padua, 4, 410.

in Poland, 4, 420, 634, 639.

at Cremona, 4, 582.

at Prague, 5, 249.

the decay of, 5, 566–7, 569.

See also under Academies; Schools.

Collegium Germanicum, propagandist seminary, 4, 654.

Collier, Thomas, refutes anti-Jewish charges, 5, 46.

“Colloquium Middelburgense,” controversial work, 4, 691.

Colmar, the Jews of, banished, 4, 416.

Cologna, Abraham Vita di (1755–1832), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488, 490.

second vice-president of the Synhedrion, 5, 495.

member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

conservative, 5, 559.

Cologne, fair of, visited by Jews, 3, 243.

university of, and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

theologians of, sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.

Cologne, the Dominicans of. See Dominicans, the, of Cologne.

Cologne, the Jews of, privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.

settlement of, 3, 41.

protected during the first crusade, 3, 304.

massacred at Neus, 3, 304–5.

persecuted during the second crusade, 3, 352.

represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

protected during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106, 108.

banished, 4, 227, 413.

Columbus, aided by Joseph Vecinho, 4, 368.

Comet, a, orbit of, calculated by Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 349.

Comino, the isle of, Abraham Abulafia on 4, 8.

“Commentary,” Talmudical work by Rashi, 3, 288.

Commerce, under Uzziah, 1, 230.

pursued by Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 504.

under the Herodians, 2, 118.

between Jews and Christians forbidden, 2, 620; 4, 203, 216.

among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.

in the hands of Jews in the eighth century, 3, 142–3.

international, in the hands of Jews, 3, 162.

in the hands of the Jews under the Saxon emperors, 3, 242–3.

the, of southern France, carried on by Jews, 3, 391.

the, of Venice, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

of the Turkish Jews, 4, 401.

of the Jews in Poland, 4, 419.

capacity for, an argument for the admission of Jews into England, 5, 40–1.

the, of the Jews, described by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 82–3.

stagnation of, during the Sabbatian movement, 5, 149.

forbidden partly to the Jews of Alsace, 5, 348.

the, of Jews under the Napoleonic law, 5, 524–5.

Commercial Hall, meeting place of the Synhedrion in Bethany, 2, 239.

Commodus, emperor, profligacy of, 2, 447.

death of, 2, 448, 463.

“Communities of the Friends of Light,” Protestant societies, 5, 682, 683.

“Compositions,” grammatical work by Yizchaki, 3, 273.

“Concerning the Jews and their Lies,” by Luther, 4, 548–9.

“Concerning the superstitions of the Jews,” letter addressed to Louis the Pious, 3, 167–8.

Conciliador, the, by Manasseh ben Israel, translated, 5, 22.

Concordance of the Bible, by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234–5.

Condottieri, Italian mercenaries, 4, 286.

Confederation War, the, Jews suffer during, 5, 387–8.

Confession of Faith, the, recital of, forbidden, 3, 15.

Confessional, the, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.

“Confessions,” by Heine, 5, 553–5.

Confirmation, the rite of, introduced into German Jewish communities, 5, 562, 573.

Confiscation and burning, the, of Hebrew books, by the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.

by Gregory IX, 3, 574–6, 578–9.

by Pfefferkorn, 4, 429–31, 437–8, 441, 444.

under Julius III, 4, 565.

under Paul IV, 4, 567, 583, 584–5.

under Pius V, 4, 590.

under Gregory XIII, 4, 654.

at Kamieniec, 5, 282.

See also under Talmud, the.

“Conflict of Duties, the, Letter on,” by Solomon Duran I, 4, 238.

Conforte, David, itinerant rabbi and historian, 5, 202.

Congress. See Aix-la-Chapelle; Rastadt; Vienna.

Coniah. See Jehoiachin.

Conrad III, emperor, protects the Jews during the second crusade, 3, 351, 416.

joins the second crusade, 3, 353, 354.

Conrad of Wintertur, exculpates the Jews from the charge of well poisoning, 4, 106, 108.

Consistorial organization, in France, approved by Napoleon, 5, 498.

established in Westphalia, 5, 501–2.

“Consolation for the Sorrows of Israel,” by Samuel Usque, 4, 558–61.

Constance, the Council of, and Benedict XIII, 4, 212, 216.

condemns Ferrer, 4, 217.

anarchy during, 4, 218.

elects Martin V pope, 4, 219.

condemns John Huss to death, 4, 221.

expenses of, borne by the Jews, 4, 248.

Constance (Costnitz), the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.

wait on Martin V, 4, 219.

Constance (lake), the cities on, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.

Constantia, queen-mother, contends for the regency in Castile, 4, 52.

Constantine I, emperor, puts Judaism on an equality with Christianity, 2, 561.

under the influence of Christianity, 2, 561–2.

abolishes the privileges of the Jews, 2, 563; 5, 725.

closes Jerusalem to the Jews, 2, 564; 3, 11–12.

protects the Jews against apostates, 2, 564.

anti-Jewish restrictions of, revived, 3, 23, 171.

Constantine VIII (944–949), Byzantine emperor, and Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 218.

Constantine, African town, refuge for Spanish Jews, 4, 197.

Constantine Dragosses, last Byzantine emperor, 4, 267.

Constantinople, the Temple vessels in, 3, 26–7.

Karaite center, 4, 69, 71, 269.

fall of, 4, 267.

Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 402–4.

the Mendes-Nassi family in, 4, 577.

rabbis of, advise the diversion of Jewish trade from Ancona, 4, 580.

rabbis of, excommunicate Daud, 4, 599.

description of, by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 145–8.

effect of Sabbataï’s apostasy in, 5, 157.

Sabbatians excommunicated in, 5, 157, 159.

Sabbataï Zevi banished to, 5, 166.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Chayim Malach banished from, 5, 214.

Chayon at, 5, 227–8.

rabbis of, espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 264.

a rabbi of, accused of using human blood, 5, 640.

revision of the Rhodes trial at, 5, 647.

Constantinople, the Jews of, inhabit a separate quarter, 3, 26.

expelled, 3, 26.

in the twelfth century, 3, 425.

divided into national groups, 4, 402, 478.

taxed, 4, 402.

have a political representative, 4, 404.

collect a ransom for Polish-Jewish captives, 5, 8.

appeal to the European Jews, 5, 651.

Constantius, emperor, influence of, on the Church, 2, 566.

teachers of the Law banished from Judæa under, 2, 566–7.

hostile to the Jews, 2, 567–8.

founder of the Christian state, 2, 568.

re-enacts Hadrian’s edicts against the Jews, 2, 571.

makes Julian co-emperor, 2, 595.

law of, with regard to the slaves of Jews revived, 2, 615.

law of, concerning the Patriarchs re-enacted, 2, 616.

Constitutio Judæorum, issued by Innocent III, 3, 497.

Constitution of the Directory, the, recognizes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 452.

Constitution, the French, ratified by Louis XVI, 5, 447.

“Constitutions, The,” code of the Inquisition compiled by Torquemada, 4, 326–8.

introduced into Portugal, 4, 508.

Conti, Vincent, prints the Zohar, 4, 583.

Contra-Remonstrants, the, a Dutch sect, 4, 673.

“Contrasts and Greatness of Constantinople,” by Moses Almosnino, 4, 608.

Controversial literature, in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 232–8.

See also Polemical works against Christianity.

“Conversations and Recollections,” by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

Conversion, the, of the Himyarites, 3, 56.

Conversion, the, of the Jews to Christianity, promoted by Constantine, 2, 562, 564.

desired by Theodoric, 3, 29–30.

hoped by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.

means used for, by Raymond de Penyaforte, 3, 520.

encouraged by Louis IX, 3, 570.

projected by Benedict XIII, 4, 206–7.

designed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245–6.

attempted in Ratisbon, 4, 301.

measures for, devised by Pfefferkorn, 4, 425–6.

unpopular, 4, 426–7.

measures for, devised by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5, 706.

hoped for by Cromwell, 5, 43.

agitated by Charles XI of Sweden, 5, 182.

agitated by Wagenseil, 5, 186.

urged by Rühs, 5, 517.

See also Apostasy; Apostates.

Conversion, the forced, of Jews to Christianity, objected to by Gregory I, 3, 33.

objected to by Henry IV, 3, 298.

forbidden by the third Lateran Council, 3, 421.

deprecated by Gregory IX, 3, 570.

deprecated by Gregory X, 3, 635.

advised by Duns Scotus, 3, 644; 4, 277.

forbidden by Clement VI, 4, 103, 173.

deprecated by Innocent IV, 4, 165.

forbidden by Boniface IX, 4, 173.

deprecated by Martin V, 4, 220.

advocated by John of Capistrano, 4, 277.

condemned by Ferdinand Coutinho, 4, 375.

attempted by Manoel of Portugal, 4, 377.

objected to by Paul III, 4, 517–18.

See also Marranos, the.

Conversions, forced, of Jews to Christianity, in Magona, 2, 619–20.

in Clermont, 3, 38–9.

under Chilperic, 3, 39.

under Sisebut, 3, 48, 49–50.

under Chintila, 3, 51–2, 101.

under Receswinth, 3, 102–4.

under Erwig, 3, 106–7.

under Leo the Isaurian, 3, 122–3.

under Basilius, 3, 176.

in Mayence, 3, 246, 303.

in Treves, 3, 300.

in Worms, 3, 301–2.

in Bohemia, 3, 305, 356.

in Blois, 3, 380.

in France, 3, 403, 570; 4, 48, 56.

in Toulouse, 3, 514.

during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.

in Speyer, 4, 107.

in Strasburg, 4, 108.

in Hungary, 4, 111.

in Castile, 4, 126, 137, 205.

in Seville, 4, 169.

in Cordova, 4, 169.

in Toledo, 4, 170.

in Valencia, 4, 171.

in Gerona, Barcelona, and Lerida, 4, 172.

in Aragon, 4, 206, 214.

in Austria, 4, 224.

in Palma, 4, 247.

in Bavaria, 4, 254.

of children in Breslau, 4, 262.

in Trent, 4, 298.

in Spain at the expulsion, 4, 351.

in Navarre, 4, 358.

in Genoa, 4, 363.

in Malaga, 4, 370.

of children at San Thomas, 4, 371.

in Portugal, 4, 374, 375–6, 378.

in the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 440.

in Poland, 5, 7–8.

See also Apostasy; Apostates; Marranos, the.

Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam, by Omar, 3, 120.

decreed by Hakim, 3, 247–8.

in Morocco, 3, 358–9.

in northern Africa, 3, 359–60.

in Lucena, 3, 311–12, 361.

under Abdulmumen, 3, 451–6.

in Yemen, 3, 461.

Maimonides on, 3, 462–4.

See also Apostasy; Apostates.

Conversions, forced, of Jews to Magianism, 2, 629.

Conversions to Judaism, in Babylon, 1, 338–9.

under Zerubbabel, 1, 356.

made by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

among the Romans under Tiberius, 2, 136–7.

among the heathen, 2, 215–19, 383–5.

among the Roman soldiers of Titus, 2, 306.

Tacitus and Josephus on, 2, 384.

forbidden by Antoninus Pius, 2, 433.

forbidden by Constantine, 2, 562.

among slaves forbidden, 2, 564, 567–8, 615; 3, 46.

during the Persian occupation of Palestine, 3, 21.

forbidden by the councils of Orleans, 3, 37.

among the Arabs, 3, 61–3.

punishable with death by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

See also Circumcision; Proselytes.

Conversions to Paganism in Alexandria, 2, 184.

Converts, forced, to Christianity, a menace to the Spanish Jews, 4, 179.

emigrate from Spain, 4, 179.

relapse into Jewish ceremonies, 4, 180.

See Marranos, the.

Converts, forced, to Judaism, the Idumæans under John Hyrcanus, 2, 8–9.

the Ituræans and Trachonites under Aristobulus I, 2, 37.

Converts to Christianity, cannot return to Judaism, 3, 49–50, 306, 308.

See also Apostates; Christians, Judaizing; Marranos, the.

Converts to Judaism. See Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism; Proselytes.

Copenhagen, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 531.

Copia, Sarah. See Sullam, Sarah Copia.

Copia, Simon, father of Sarah Sullam, 5, 69.

Coponius, first procurator of Judæa, 2, 129.

administration of, 2, 135.

Cordova, ancient gateway in, 3, 42.

Jews masters of, 3, 109.

seat of a Talmud school, 3, 210, 228, 236.

birthplace of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 255.

taken by Suleiman, 3, 255, 262.

medical school at, 3, 261.

home of the Albalias, 3, 283.

synagogues of, destroyed, 3, 360.

Talmud school of, destroyed, 3, 384.

taken by the Almohades, 3, 447–8.

the Inquisition in, 4, 325.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

disturbance in, caused by the Inquisition, 4, 484.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91, 92.

Cordova, the Jews of, ransom Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209.

choose him as their rabbi, 3, 209.

appeal to Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 209–10.

Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut political chief of, 3, 217.

prosperity of, 3, 229.

side against Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238.

Jacob Ibn-Jau chief of, 3, 239.

emigrate, 3, 255.

murdered in 1391, 4, 169.

Cordova, the Marranos of, attacked, 4, 281–2.

flee to Granada, 4, 351.

Corfu, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 363–4.

Isaac Abrabanel at, 4, 384.

rites of the Jews of, followed in Greece, 4, 406.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 160.

honors shown to Crémieux in, 5, 668.

Corinth, Judæans in, 2, 203.

Paul establishes a Christian community in, 2, 228.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Cornelianus, Atidius, governor of Syria, defeated by the Parthians, 2, 447.

Cornelius, Judæan envoy to Claudius, 2, 197–8.

Coronel, baptismal name of Abraham Senior’s family, 4, 351.

Coronel, David Senior, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Coronello, Joseph Nassi’s deputy, 4, 597.

Correa, Isabel, Marrano poetess, 5, 114.

“Correction of the False Teacher,” by Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, 4, 234.

Cosmas, bishop of Prague, protects the Jews during the first crusade, 3, 305, 307.

Cossacks, the, origin and independence of, 5, 2.

efforts to convert, 5, 2–3.

highly taxed, 5, 3.

Jews further the enslavement of, 5, 6.

insurrections of, 5, 6, 7.

organized into Haidamak troops, 5, 8.

massacres of the Jews by, 5, 9–12.

make peace with the Poles, 5, 12.

attack the Jews, 5, 14, 15.

second treaty with, 5, 14.

losses inflicted upon the Jews by, 5, 15.

persecutions by, influence Judaism, 5, 16–17.

ravages of, in Poland, 5, 388.

Costa, Duarte Nuñes da, Portuguese agent in Hamburg, 4, 692.

Costa, Emanuel da, Marrano, martyrdom of, 4, 520–1.

Costa, Isaac Atias da, civic honors of, 5, 458.

Costa, Joseph da, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 34.

Costa, Uriel (Gabriel) da (1590–1640), as a Marrano, 5, 56.

studies the Scriptures, 5, 57.

returns to Judaism, 5, 57.

at odds with Amsterdam Judaism, 5, 58–9.

excommunicated, 5, 59.

attacked by Samuel da Silva, 5, 59.

publishes a work hostile to Judaism, 5, 59–60.

retracts, 5, 60–1.

formulates a natural religion, 5, 61.

fails to conform to Jewish usages, 5, 62.

restrains Christians from becoming Jews, 5, 62.

refuses to do penance, 5, 62.

penance imposed upon, 5, 63–4.

autobiography of, 5, 64–5.

suicide of, 5, 64.

violence of, 5, 84.

case of, compared with Spinoza’s, 5, 92, 93, 97.

Costnitz. See Constance.

Costobar, prevents the escape of fugitives from Jerusalem, 2, 89.

Costobar, of the Herodian family, wickedness of, 2, 236.

accuses Gessius Florus before Nero, 2, 268.

Cotys, king of Armenia Minor, ally of Agrippa I, 2, 195.

Cotys, Byzantine commander, subdues the Jews of Antioch, 3, 18.

Council of Elders, the, instituted by Moses, 1, 25–6.

Council of Seventy, the. See Council, the Great.

Council, the Great, of Seventy, work of, 1, 394–5.

institutes Chanukah, 1, 472–3.

informs the Egyptian Judæans of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522.

composed of Sadducees, 2, 42.

chief post in, given up to the Pharisees, 2, 48–9.

reorganized, 2, 50.

called the Great Synhedrion, 2, 71.

See Synhedrion, the.

Council, the Great, couples at the head of:

José, son of Joëzer. José, son of Johanan. Joshua, son of Perachia. Matthai of Arbela. Judah ben Tabbai. Simon ben Shetach. Shemaya. Abtalion. Hillel I. Shammai.

Councils, Church. See Church Councils.

“Counsels and Lessons,” by Santob de Carrion, 4, 115.

Couples. See Council, the Great.

Courts of justice, held on Mondays and Thursdays in Judæa, 1, 394.

restored to the Jews by Alexander Severus, 2, 482.

purified by Abba-Areka, 2, 517.

See also Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.

Coutinho, Ferdinand, bishop of Algarve, opposes the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 375.

describes the baptism of Jewish children, 4, 376.

opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 500.

Cracow, Jews massacred in, on the charge of well poisoning, 4, 111.

the Jews of, number of, 4, 632.

the German population of, 5, 3.

Chassidistic writings burned in, 5, 393.

Cranganor, destroyed, 2, 630.

Crassus, member of the first Triumvirate, receives Syria, 2, 73.

robs the Temple, 2, 74.

slain, 2, 74.

Creation, Kabbalistic theory of, 3, 552–3.

theory of, held by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619.

Creed, the, by Albo, 4, 240.

by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 193.

Creed, the, by Maimonides, 3, 459–60.

effect of, 3, 469, 470.

objected to, by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 193.

Creizenach, Michael (1789–1842), advocate of the Reform movement, 5, 674–5.

Crémieux, Adolf (1796–1880), espouses the cause of the Damascus Jews, 5, 643–4.

acts in conjunction with the English Jews, 5, 645, 651.

appeals to Louis Philippe, 5, 645.

announces the faithlessness of Louis Philippe, 5, 651.

appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.

sent to Egypt, 5, 652.

at the London meeting, 5, 653.

hampered by the French ministry, 5, 658.

sets out for Egypt, 5, 658.

honors shown to, 5, 658–9, 667–8.

introduces himself to Mehmet Ali, 5, 659.

influences the European consuls and Mehmet Ali, 5, 660.

tries to establish schools in Egypt, 5, 663, 671.

services of, acknowledged, 5, 669–72.

declines a medal, 5, 671.

president of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 702.

Cremona, the Talmud burnt at, 4, 582–3.

Cremona, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.

expelled, 4, 660.

Crescas, Barfat, imprisonment of, 4, 150.

Crescas, Chasdaï. See Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas.

Crescas Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28–9.

reproaches Samuel Sulami for harboring a heretic, 4, 29.

Crete (Candia), the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

a false Messiah in, 2, 610–11.

restored to Turkey, 5, 661.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 363–4, 406.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

Cardoso on, 5, 207.

Crimea, the, Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123–4.

the Karaites spread to, 3, 182.

the land of the Chazars, 3, 222.

the Karaites in, in the twelfth century, 3, 435.

Karaites emigrate from, 4, 269.

Jews of Poland transported to, 5, 8.

Crispia. See Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan.

Crissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

“Critical History of the Old Testament, The,” by Richard Simon, 5, 179.

Croatia, the Jews of, proscribed, 3, 614.

Crœsus, at war with Cyrus, 1, 343.

Cromwell, Oliver, obtains religious liberty for England, 5, 25–6.

inspired by the Old Testament, 5, 26, 27.

regards the Jews favorably, 5, 27.

dissolves the Long Parliament, 5, 34.

Protector, 5, 35.

favors the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 35, 42–3.

invites Manasseh ben Israel to England, 5, 38.

receives Manasseh, 5, 38–9.

hopes to convert the Jews, 5, 43.

assembles a commission on the Jewish question, 5, 43–5.

followers of, favor the admission of Jews, 5, 44.

reported the Messiah of the Jews, 5, 45.

dismisses Manasseh honorably, 5, 49.

acquits the Marrano Robles, 5, 49.

permits a Jewish burial ground in London, 5, 49.

Crossen, the duchy of, Jews settle in, 5, 173.

Crown money. See Aurum coronarium.

Crusade, a, against the Albigenses, 3, 501–3.

against the Mahometans in Spain, 3, 507.

preached by order of Gregory IX, 3, 570.

organized by Louis IX with Jewish money, 3, 585.

Crusade, the first, Jews during, 3, 298–305, 308, 309.

disgraceful end of, 3, 306.

Crusade, the second, Jews during, 3, 349–56.

Crusade, the third, participators in, 3, 404, 411, 418.

preached by Fulko de Neuilly, 3, 405.

Crusade, the fourth, and the Jews, 3, 496–7.

Crusaders, fall upon Jews in the English towns, 3, 412–13.

Crusades, the, begin with massacres of the Jews, 4, 222.

Crzemieniec, Jewish children slaughtered in, 5, 12.

Ctesiphon (Ardashir), capital of the Parthians, 2, 506.

populated with Jews, 2, 507.

escapes seizure by Julian the Apostate, 2, 602.

Cuenca, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91, 92.

Cuenqui, Abraham, Sabbataï Zevi’s biographer, 5, 212.

Cumanus (48–52), procurator of Judæa, 2, 241.

places a cohort in the Temple, 2, 242.

punishes the profanation of the Scriptures, 2, 242–3.

sides with the Samaritans, 2, 243.

hated in Jerusalem, 2, 244.

called to Rome to justify himself, 2, 244.

banished, 2, 245.

Curiel, Jacob, unites the Portuguese congregations of Amsterdam, 4, 681.

Portuguese agent in Hamburg, 4, 692.

Cuthæans, the, a mixed population colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

See Samaritans, the.

Cyaxares, of Media, defeats the Assyrians, 1, 287.

puts an end to Assyria, 1, 303.

Cyclades, the, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.

Cycle of Rabbi Nachshon, the, key to the Jewish calendar, 3, 179.

Cydonia, original home of the Philistines, 1, 54.

Cypros, wife of Agrippa I, appeals to Herodias, 2, 175.

hostage for her husband, 2, 176.

Cypros, wife of Antipater, 2, 77.

Cyprus, refuge of Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.

seized by Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.

wheat imported from, for Jerusalem, 2, 218.

the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

promised to Joseph Nassi, 4, 600.

taken by the Turks, 4, 601.

as a Jewish state, 4, 611.

Cyprus, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394.

Martius Hurbo sent against, 2, 398.

join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424–5.

Cyrenaica, the Judæans of, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 395, 396.

Cyrene, Judæans settle in, 1, 419.

position of the Judæans in, 1, 503.

given to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.

the Judæans of, make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

Zealots take refuge in, 2, 317, 318.

Jewish revolt in, 2, 331.

the Jews of, revolt from Trajan, 2, 395, 397.

Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, ill-treats the Jews, 2, 618–19; 3, 23.

Cyrus, of Persia, dethrones the Median king, 1, 342.

at war with Crœsus, 1, 343.

called the instrument of God by Isaiah, 1, 348.

conquers Babylon, 1, 349–50.

proclaims himself king of Babylon, 1, 350.

permits the Judæans to return to Palestine, 1, 351–2.

sends an escort with the returning exiles, 1, 355.

Czarnicki, Polish general, ill-uses the Jews, 5, 15.

Czechowic, Martin, Polish Unitarian, writes against Judaism, 4, 648.

Czenstochow, Frank imprisoned at, 5, 288, 289.

Czernigov, the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.

D

Dabaritta, the Judæans of, plunder Agrippa II’s agent, 2, 279.

Dævas, Persian evil spirits, 1, 403.

Dafiera. See Solomon Dafiera.

“Dagger of Faith, The,” anti-Jewish work by Raymund Martin, 3, 622–3.

Dagobert (629), Merovingian king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 40.

Dagon, Philistine god, 1, 55.

temple of, burnt, 1, 496.

Dâï, forerunner of the Messiah, 3, 124.

Dalalat al Haïrin. See “Guide of the Perplexed, The.”

Dalberg, Karl von, imperial chancellor, aids Breidenbach, 5, 468.

favors the emancipation of Jews, 5, 504.

grants civil rights to the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 505.

Dalburg, bishop of Worms, refuses to judge the Reuchlin case, 4, 454.

Dallim (Ebionim), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.

Dalmatia, the Jews of, proscribed, 3, 614.

Damascus (Aram, Syria), belongs to the king of Israel, 1, 127.

king of, defeated by David, 1, 127.

taken by Rezon, 1, 177, 183.

king of, makes a treaty with Rehoboam, 1, 183.

extended by Tabrimon, 1, 183.

conquered by Jeroboam II, 1, 232.

besieged by Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 259.

subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.

the goddess of love, worshiped in, 1, 408.

taken by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.

number of Judæans in, 2, 202.

women of, adopt Judaism, 2, 215.

the Nazarene community in, 2, 222–3.

the apostle Paul in, 2, 226, 227.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.

captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 399–400.

Chayim Vital Calabrese in, 5, 52–3.

Damascus affair, the, reported in the French journals, 5, 642.

taken up by Crémieux, 5, 644.

considered in England, 5, 645.

the Austrian report on, 5, 646.

in the hands of Mehmet Ali, 5, 647.

tried by a court of European consuls, 5, 648.

trial of, stopped by Thiers, 5, 649.

in the French Chamber of Deputies, 5, 649–50.

view of, among Catholics, 5, 650–1.

in Parliament, 5, 652–3.

discussed by London Jews, 5, 653–4.

a Mansion House meeting protests against, 5, 656–7.

rejoicing at the termination of, 5, 667, 669.

plans for commemorating, 5, 669, 670, 671.

account of, by Erter, 5, 671.

Munk on, 5, 671–2.

Damascus, the Jews of, in an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

in the twelfth century, 3, 426–7.

liturgy of, changed, 3, 466.

cause of, espoused by various governments, 5, 633.

number of, 5, 634.

suspected of ritual murder, 5, 635, 636.

arrested and tortured, 5, 636–7.

houses of, destroyed, 5, 637.

evidence favoring, suppressed, 5, 637.

confess under torture, 5, 638.

pronounced guilty by Ratti Menton, 5, 640.

appeal to the European Jews, 5, 642, 651.

torture of, stopped, 5, 648.

release of, 5, 660–1.

new crusade against, incited by Catholics, 5, 662.

Dan, the tribe of, late settlement of, 1, 39.

isolation of, 1, 51.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.

oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 66.

around Nishabur, 3, 433.

Dan, northern frontier town of Israel, 1, 129.

occupied by Sheba’s followers, 1, 149–50.

center of idolatry, 1, 186, 233.

subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

“Danger to the Welfare and Character of the Germans through the Jews,” by J. F. Fries, 5, 521.

“Dangerous Courses, The,” by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Daniel, the supposed grave of, causes a quarrel, 3, 434–5.

Daniel, the Book of, written during the Maccabæan struggle, 1, 465–6.

language of, 1, 465.

consolations offered by, 1, 465.

prophesies the end of the Syrian power, 1, 465–6.

additions to, 2, 359.

prophecy of, thought to be verified, 2, 482–3.

explained by Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494–5.

as explained by Christians, 2, 502.

commentary on, by Porphyry, 2, 502.

a verse of, applied to Odenathus, 2, 527.

a prophecy of, applied to Julian the Apostate, 2, 598.

commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

Nissim Gerundi on, 4, 120.

Gallipapa on, 4, 149.

commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 482.

Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.

Daniel, friend of Immanuel Romi, 4, 66.

Daniel, Karaite, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 155.

Daniel ben Saadiah, anti-Maimunist, 3, 525–6.

excommunicated, 3, 526.

Daniel, son of Solomon (Chasdaï?, 1165–1175), Exilarch, 3, 438.

death of, 3, 439.

Dante, friend of Immanuel Romi, 4, 65.

imitated by Immanuel Romi, 4, 66, 67.

quoted, 4, 325.

Danz, Frankfort deputy to the Congress of Vienna, objects to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.

Daphne, Verus Commodus at, 2, 447.

Darius, king of Persia, permits the rebuilding of the Temple, 1, 359.

Darius, commander of Agrippa II’s troops, 2, 259.

“Dark Age,” the Jewish, 4, 617.

Darke ha-Talmud, work by Isaac Campanton, 4, 230.

Darmstadt, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

Daroca, the Jews of, converted, 4, 206, 214.

Darshanim, Jewish preachers, deliver sermons in the vernacular, under Louis the Pious 3, 163.

Daub, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, 5, 531.

Daud, physician, traduces Joseph Nassi, 4, 598–9.

banished and excommunicated, 4, 599.

Dauphiné, Jews remain in, after the expulsion by Charles VI, 4, 177.

David, king, anointed, 1, 95–6.

poetic talent of, 1, 96.

under Samuel’s influence, 1, 96–7.

and Goliath, 1, 97.

soothes Saul’s melancholy, 1, 98.

victorious over the Philistines, 1, 98–9.

attacked by Saul, 1, 99.

marries Michal, 1, 100.

outlawed, 1, 100.

in friendly relations with Ammonites and Philistines, 1, 100–2.

at Ziklag, 1, 101–2.

to help the Philistines against Saul, 1, 102.

routs the Amalekites, 1, 106–7.

chosen king by Judah, 1, 107.

ally of Achish, 1, 107–8.

resides at Hebron, 1, 109.

and Abner, 1, 110–12.

rules over the whole kingdom, 1, 112.

subdues the Jebusites, 1, 113–14.

resides at Jerusalem, 1, 114.

at war with the Philistines, 1, 115–18.

at Adullam, 1, 116.

saved by Abishai, 1, 117.

ally of Hiram, 1, 118.

builds a cedar palace, 1, 119.

makes Jerusalem the center of religious life, 1, 119–20.

introduces choral song into the religious service, 1, 120.

as Psalmist, 1, 120–1.

as king, 1, 121.

loyalty to, 1, 121–2.

army of, 1, 122.

favorite and councilor of, 1, 122–3.

surrenders Saul’s descendants to the Gibeonites, 1, 123.

buries the remains of Saul and Jonathan, 1, 124.

at war with the Moabites, 1, 125–6.

at war with the Ammonites, 1, 126–7.

at war with the Aramæans, 1, 127.

at war with the Ammonites and Idumæans, 1, 128–9.

enlarges his territory, 1, 129–30.

faith of, 1, 130.

lenient towards conquered races, 1, 131.

betrays Uriah, 1, 131–2.

rebuked by Nathan, 1, 133.

and Absalom, 1, 134–7.

orders a census, 1, 137–8.

conspiracy against, 1, 138–44.

leaves Jerusalem, 1, 140–1.

faithful followers of, 1, 141–2, 144.

enemies of, 1, 142.

victorious over Absalom, 1, 144.

mourns Absalom, 1, 145.

invited to Jerusalem by the northern tribes, 1, 146.

pardons Amasa, 1, 146.

met by embassies of Benjamites and Judæans, 1, 146–8.

suppresses Sheba’s revolt, 1, 148–50.

returns to Jerusalem, 1, 150.

restrained from building a Temple, 1, 150–1.

debility of, 1, 151.

has Solomon acknowledged king, 1, 153.

death of, 1, 154.

summary of the reign of, 1, 154–5.

number of wives of, 1, 161.

descendants of, the only ones entitled to the crown, 1, 527–8.

a descendant of, the Messiah, 2, 143, 144.

descent from, traced by Spanish families, 3, 43.

Israelites under, settle in northern Arabia, 3, 54.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

favorite character of the Puritans, 5, 26.

David, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 439.

David, German immigrant in Turkey, 4, 271.

David, principino of the Neapolitan Jews, 3, 424.

David of Mosul, Exilarch in Jerusalem, 3, 506.

excommunicates Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 526.

David de Pomis (1525–1588), physician, employed by Christians, 4, 653.

attainments of, 4, 656.

defense of Jewish physicians by, 4, 656–7.

Talmudic dictionary by, 4, 657.

David ben Daniel, Exilarch of Mosul, excommunicates Solomon Petit, 3, 632.

David ben Judah (825–840), Exilarch, 3, 155–6.

David ben Kalonymos, Tossafist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

David ben Maimun, brother of Maimonides, 3, 451, 457.

David ben Saul, excommunicates the Maimunists, 3, 529.

excommunicated, 3, 530, 536–7.

David ben Zaccaï (940), Exilarch, deposes Kohen-Zedek, 3, 186.

appoints two Geonim of Sora, 3, 192–3.

excommunicates the congregation of Fars, 3, 194.

injustice of, 3, 194–5.

contest of, with Saadiah, 3, 195–6, 200–1.

cause of, espoused by Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, 3, 200.

death of, 3, 201.

great-grandson of, 3, 254.

David Ibn-Abi Zimra (1470–1573), scholar, Spanish exile in Cairo, 4, 393.

rabbi of Cairo, 4, 394.

abolishes the Seleucidæan era, 4, 394–5.

reverses the liturgical changes made by Maimonides, 4, 395.

Kabbalist, 4, 481.

David Ibn-Albilla, philosopher, 4, 91.

David Ibn-Yachya, rabbi at Naples, 4, 410.

David Ibn-Yachya Negro, foresees the expulsion of the Jews from Portugal, 4, 339.

David Abudarham, a Jew of Castile, 3, 617.

David Alrui (Alroy, Ibn-Alruchi, Menahem ben Solomon), attainments of, 3, 430.

summons the Jews of the East to return to Jerusalem, 3, 431.

imprisoned, 3, 431–2.

death of, 3, 433.

David Bonet Buen-Giorna, Marrano, persuaded to remain a Christian, 4, 188.

epistle to, 4, 188–90.

David Gans (1541–1613), historian and astronomer, works of, 4, 638–9.

consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.

refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, 5, 270.

David Kimchi (1160–1235), grammarian and lexicographer, 3, 393–4, 561.

grammatical and exegetical work of, 3, 394.

Maimunist, 3, 530–1, 540–1.

denounces Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.

works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

commentary of, in the Bomberg Bible, 4, 476.

David Maimuni (1223–1300), grandson of Maimonides, aided by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 620.

Nagid of Egypt, friend of the Exilarch Yishaï, 3, 627.

appealed to by Hillel of Verona, 3, 631.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 632–3.

David Negro Ibn-Yachya, counselor of Ferdinand I of Portugal, 4, 159–60.

leaves Lisbon, 4, 160.

chief rabbi of Castile, 4, 161, 162.

David Rafan, discovers the Zohar to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.

David Reubeni, travels of, in the East, 4, 491.

description of, 4, 491–2.

at Rome, 4, 492, 493.

honored by the Jews, 4, 493.

received by João III of Portugal, 4, 493, 498.

considered the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 494, 497–8.

repulses the Marranos and Solomon Molcho, 4, 495–6.

opposed by Miguel de Silva, 4, 498–9.

leaves Portugal, 4, 499.

prisoner in Spain, 4, 499.

in Avignon, 4, 499.

and Molcho, 4, 504.

and the Venetian senate, 4, 504.

petitions Charles V, 4, 509–10.

confined by the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 511.

David’s chapel, Franciscan church on Mount Zion, 4, 274.

Daya, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.

Dayan, title of the judges in Jewish Babylonia, 3, 98.

title of Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 229.

Dayane-di-Baba, judges of the gate, in Babylonia, 2, 547.

Dayanim, assistants of the rabbis, 5, 566, 569.

Dead Sea, the, description of, 1, 43.

Debir, the, the Holy of Holies, 1, 165.

Debir (Kirjath-Sepher), taken by the tribe of Judah, 1, 38.

Deborah, judge, inspires resistance to Jabin, 1, 61.

Debts owing to Jews, the interest on, repudiated by Eugenius III, 3, 349, 351.

the repudiation of, not permitted by Maria de Molina, 4, 52.

the repudiation of, urged by Louis the Rich, 4, 254.

Decapolis, league of towns, freed from Judæan rule, 2, 67.

Deckendorf (Deggendorf), the Jews of, massacred, 4, 98.

“Declaration,” by Manasseh ben Israel, concerning the admission of Jews into England, 5, 39–42.

“Defense of the Rational Worshipers of God,” by Reimarus, 5, 320.

“Definitions and Descriptions,” by Isaac Israeli, 3, 181.

Deï Rossi. See Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi.

Deity, the, Israelitish conception of, 1, 24, 402.

Delaborde, Count, on the Turkish Jews, 5, 649–50.

“Delight of all Mankind,” epithet of Titus, 2, 304.

Delitzsch, Franz, admires neo-Hebraic poetry, 5, 628–9.

Della Ruvere, Marco, nuncio in Portugal, 4, 514.

Della Volta, Samuel Vita, physician and scholar, 5, 622.

Del Medigo. See Elias del Medigo.

Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon (1591–1655), sceptic, 5, 56, 75–6.

ancestry and education of, 5, 75.

wanderings of, 5, 76–80.

mathematical attainments of, 5, 76.

among Karaites, 5, 76–7.

as physician, 5, 76, 80.

defends the Kabbala, 5, 78.

at Amsterdam, 5, 79.

preacher, 5, 79–80.

end of, 5, 80.

hypocrisy of, 5, 84.

Delmedigo, Judah, son of Elias, rabbi of Canea, 4, 406.

Dembowski, Nicolas, bishop of Kamieniec, persecutes the Frankists, 5, 278.

Frankists make a partial confession of Christianity before, 5, 279.

favors the Frankists, 5, 279–80.

consents to disputations between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 280, 281–2.

confiscates and burns the Talmud, 5, 282.

death of, 5, 282.

Dembowski, Frankist family, 5, 289.

Demetrius I, of Syria, sent to Rome as hostage, 1, 443.

throne of, usurped by Antiochus IV, 1, 443.

plots to depose Antiochus V, 1, 481.

escapes from Rome, 1, 482.

kills Antiochus V, 1, 482.

appoints Alcimus high priest, 1, 482.

sends Bacchides to Jerusalem, 1, 482, 486.

sends Nicanor to Judæa, 1, 484.

leaves the religious freedom of the Judæans undisturbed, 1, 488, 491–2.

seeks the friendship of Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494, 495–6.

Demetrius II Nicator, of Syria, contests the throne with Alexander Balas, 1, 496.

appealed to by the Hellenists, 1, 497.

exempts the Judæans from taxation, 1, 497.

besieged in his palace, 1, 497.

seeks help with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 497.

flees from Antioch, 1, 498.

negotiates with Simon Tharsi, 1, 521.

acknowledges the independence of Judæa, 1, 521.

expedition of, against Persia, 1, 525.

defeated by the Parthians, 2, 5.

deposed by Alexander Zabina, 2, 6.

death of, 2, 6.

Demetrius, librarian of Ptolemy II, advises the translation of the Law, 1, 514.

Demetrius, son of Antigonus, defeated, 1, 417.

Demetrius, son-in-law of Agrippa I, 2, 235.

Demiurge, creator of the world, in the Gnostic system, 2, 375.

Demons, exorcism of, in Galilee, 2, 148.

by the Essenes, 2, 151.

by Jesus, 2, 156–7.

by the disciples of Jesus, 2, 170.

Denia, home of Isaac Albergeloni, 3, 284.

Denmark, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.

rabbis of, willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.

favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519, 531.

Derasha. See Agada.

Derbend (Berdaa), Jews settle in, 3, 124.

refuge of the Chazars, 3, 222.

Derketades, royal Assyrian house, last member of, 1, 258.

Derush. See Agada.

Descartes, philosophy of, studied by Spinoza, 5, 89.

characteristics of, 5, 90.

Desfar, Juan, governor of Palma, protects the Jews, 4, 246, 247.

Dessau, subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.

Deuteronomy, the Book of, found in the Temple, 1, 289, 292–3. See under Law, the.

Deuterosis, code of Rabbi Akiba, 2, 354.

Deuterotes, the Tanaites, 2, 371.

Deutz, Menahem, member of the French consistory, 5, 502.

Deutz, the Jews of Cologne take refuge in, 4, 227.

De Wette, exegete, 5, 623, 695.

De Witt, John, friend of Spinoza, 5, 107, 108.

Deza, archbishop of Seville, second inquisitor general, 4, 356, 484.

Dhor el-Khedib, highest peak of Lebanon, 1, 44.

Dialoghi d’amore (“Dialogues of Love”), by Leon Abrabanel, 4, 480–1.

Dias, André, Marrano, assassin of Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.

Dibre Sopherim, the work of the Council of Seventy, 1, 395.

traditional Jewish lore, 2, 19, 472.

See Law, the oral.

Dictionaries, Chaldean and Rabbinical, by Elias Levita, 4, 474.

Dictionary. See Aruch; Iggaron; Lexicon; Machbereth.

Diderot, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Diebitsch, von, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.

Diego de Valencia, apostate, Spanish satirist, 4, 181.

Dietary laws, the, observed by the Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.

observed by the Judæan Christians of Antioch, 2, 231.

obeyed by the Jews of Gaul, 3, 36.

observed by the Jews of Arabia, 3, 58.

made severer by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

not observed by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675.

declaration against, withdrawn, 5, 676.

Dieterich. See Theodoric of Burgundy.

Diez, friend of Dohm, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 358–9.

Dimé, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, 2, 567.

Dimuh, so-called synagogue of Moses at, 3, 445.

Dina d’malchuta dina, sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 519.

Diniz (1279–1325), of Portugal, Jews under, 3, 618.

Dio Cassius, historian, on the revolt under Bar Cochba, 2, 411.

on the fall of Bethar, 2, 418–19.

Dio Kart, birthplace of Huna, 2, 545.

Diocæsarea. See Sepphoris.

Diocletian, emperor, tolerant, 2, 533.

accuses Judah III of disloyalty, 2, 533–4.

and Abbahu, 2, 538.

persecutes Christianity, 2, 539.

Diodorus, ambassador to Rome, 2, 4–5.

Diodotus Tryphon, general of Alexander Balas, puts the latter’s son on the throne, 1, 497–8.

friendly to Jonathan Haphus, 1, 498.

seeks to make himself king, 1, 498–9.

takes Jonathan Haphus prisoner, 1, 499.

negotiates with Simon Tharsi for tribute, 1, 500–1.

has Jonathan Haphus executed, 1, 501.

Simon Tharsi hostile to, 1, 521.

at odds with Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 525, 528, 529.

Diogenes, Sadducee, favorite of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42.

advises the crucifixion of Pharisees, 2, 45.

put to death by the Pharisees, 2, 55.

Diokna Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, 4, 538.

Dionysus, worshiped in Alexandria, 1, 428.

festival of, in Judæa, 1, 428, 456–7.

Dios-Carne. See Astruc Raimuch.

Dioscorides, work of, translated, 3, 218.

Diospolis. See Lydda.

Dioterich. See Theodoric.

Disciples, meaning of, 2, 357.

See Law, the, the teachers of.

Dispersion, the, of Judæans under Uzziah, 1, 227.

after the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 317–18.

in the lands of the Seleucidæ and the Ptolemies, 1, 420–1.

value of, 2, 200–1.

Disputation, between Judæans and Samaritans in Alexandria, 1, 516–17.

between Donin and four rabbis, 3, 576–8.

between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, 3, 598–604.

at Burgos, 4, 140.

at Avila, 4, 140–2.

at Pampeluna, 4, 142.

at Tortosa, 4, 207–15.

at Kamieniec, 5, 280–1.

at Lemberg, 5, 285–7.

Disputations, between Jews and Christians, under Basilius, 3, 175–6.

in France in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

See under Polemical works against Christianity.

“Distinction,” anti-Karaite work by Saadiah, 3, 192.

“Diversions,” satire by Joseph ben Sabara, 3, 559.

Divine Service, the. See Liturgy, the.

Divorce, abolished by Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.

bills of, criticised after delivery to the wife, 3, 378.

discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.

discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Divorce law, the, as formulated by the Pharisees, 2, 50.

according to the school of Shammai, 2, 132.

as interpreted by Meïr, 2, 439.

alleviations of, proposed by Judah II, 2, 484.

regulated by Abba Areka, 2, 516–17.

reformed by Hunaï and Mar-Raba, 3, 92.

changed by Gershom, 3, 244.

modified by the Troyes synod, 3, 378.

changed by Menachem of Merseburg, 4, 228.

Divorces, frequent among Kabbalists, 4, 627; 5, 210.

Djabar, the Jews of, pillaged, 5, 641.

Dnieper, the, colonies of serfs on, 5, 2.

Doag, captain of the guard under Saul, 1, 91.

Dob Beer. See Beer of Mizricz.

Dohm, Christian William (1751–1820), friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 351–2.

plea by, for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews, 5, 352–62.

inspired by Mendelssohn, 5, 356, 361, 366.

admits the depravity of the Jews, 5, 361.

criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 361–2.

enlists Mirabeau’s sympathies for the Jews, 5, 366.

fails to impress Frederick the Great, 5, 414.

helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.

entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, 5, 593.

Dok, fortress, Simon Tharsi assassinated in, 1, 530.

Ptolemy ben Habub shut up in, 1, 531.

Dolmäh. See Donmäh.

Domingo, founder of the Dominican order, 3, 519.

Dominicans, the, originate in the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

persecutions by, in southern France, 3, 519.

entrusted with the extirpation of the Albigenses, 3, 542.

interfere in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542–3.

preach Jew hatred, 3, 565.

judges of the Talmud, 3, 575, 602–3.

at Donin’s disputation, 3, 576.

charge the Jews of England with the blood accusation, 3, 591.

taught Hebrew and Arabic for conversion purposes, 3, 597, 621.

in the Barcelona synagogue, 3, 601.

appeal to Clement IV against Nachmani, 3, 605.

enforce Jew badges, 3, 613.

in Hungary, 3, 614.

and Robert de Redingge’s conversion, 3, 641.

deliver sermons to the Jews of England, 3, 643–4.

denounce the Jews of England, 3, 645.

arouse hatred against the Hussites and the Jews, 4, 222, 226.

hate the Jews, 4, 308.

try to convert the Jews of Spain, 4, 350.

work for the expulsion of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 486–7.

incite the mob against the Marranos, 4, 487.

have the Jews of Genoa banished, 4, 554.

arouse Cremona against the Jews, 4, 582.

Dominicans, the, of Cologne, and their crusade against Judaism, 4, 424–6.

wish to confiscate the Talmud, 4, 425, 426, 428.

devise measures for the conversion of the Jews, 4, 426.

urge Maximilian I to deliver the Jews to them, 4, 428–9.

eager to associate Reuchlin with themselves, 4, 432.

suspect Reuchlin of heresy, 4, 435–6.

obtain Maximilian’s fourth mandate, 4, 440–1.

decide upon the burning of the Talmud, 4, 444.

declare the Hebrew Bible heretical, 4, 445.

publish a refutation of Reuchlin’s defense, 4, 445–6.

sanction the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.

try to overthrow the Speyer decision against Hoogstraten, 4, 455–6, 458.

hatred of, for the Jews, increases, 4, 457.

threaten to withdraw allegiance from the papacy, 4, 459.

abuse Maximilian I, 4, 459.

rejoice over the University of Paris decision, 4, 460.

have the “Augenspiegel” translated, 4, 460.

plan the extermination of the Jews of Germany, 4, 462–3.

complain of the treatment accorded them, 4, 465–6.

Dominicus Haman Epiphanes, pseudonym of a Jewish champion, 5, 471.

Domitia, empress, Josephus a favorite of, 2, 389.

Domitian, emperor, celebration of the birthday of, 2, 312.

celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 314–15.

Jews troubled under, 2, 345, 384, 388–9.

cousin of, convert to Judaism, 2, 387.

Josephus a favorite of, 2, 389.

prosecutes Josephus, 2, 391.

Domitilla, Flavia, convert to Judaism, 2, 387, 389.

Domna, Julia, wife of Severus, 2, 468.

Donin (Nicholas), Talmudist, excommunicated by the French rabbis, 3, 572–3.

apostatizes, 3, 573.

causes the persecution of the Jews of Poitou, 3, 573.

brings charges against the Talmud, 3, 573–4.

disputation of, with four rabbis, 3, 576–8.

and Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599, 602.

charges of, repeated, 4, 213.

instigates the burning of the Talmud, 4, 460.

Donmäh (Dolmäh), the, followers of Berachya, 5, 211.

descendants of, in Salonica, 5, 211.

joined by Chayim Malach, 5, 214.

address prayers to their leaders, 5, 274.

Donnolo. See Sabbataï Donnolo.

Dora, besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 1, 528, 529.

Greek youths of, introduce statues into the synagogues, 2, 193.

Doria, Andrea, doge of Genoa, opposed to the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 554.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 555.

Doria, Gianettino, and Joseph Cohen, 4, 555.

Doris, first wife of Herod, 2, 112.

Dormido, David Abrabanel, petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, 5, 35.

Dorotheus, Judæan envoy to Rome, 2, 197–8.

Dortmund, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Dortus of Jerusalem, tries to incite a rebellion against Cumanus, 2, 244.

Dositheus, companion of Onias IV, espouses Ptolemy VI’s cause, 1, 506, 507.

Dossa ben Nachman (Archinas), teacher of the Law, 2, 330.

Dossa ben Saadiah, author, 3, 202.

in correspondence with Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

“Doubts of the Religion of Jesus,” by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

Dowry, the law of, according to Meïr, 2, 439.

Draï, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 360.

Drama, the, in Jewish literature, 5, 112.

Dresden, Jews permitted to live in, 5, 509.

Dresden, the Jews of, assisted by Mendelssohn, 5, 344.

present an address to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Drome, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Drouth, under Uzziah, 1, 229–30.

Drusilla, youngest daughter of Agrippa I, affianced to Epiphanes of Commagene, 2, 195, 235.

married to Aziz, 2, 235.

married to Felix, 2, 235, 245.

envious of Berenice, 2, 236.

Drusus, son of Tiberius, educated with Agrippa I, 2, 175.

Drusus, a tower on the wall of Cæsarea, 2, 106.

Dsimma, Mahometan tax, 3, 110.

Duarte de Pinel. See Usque, Abraham.

Dubno, Solomon, writes the commentary to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329, 332.

alienated from Mendelssohn, 5, 334.

Duchan, Jacob Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 156.

Dudaï ben Nachman (761–764), principal of Pumbeditha, opponent of Anan ben David, 3, 129.

Duelling, permitted to Jews under Alfonso VI, 3, 293.

Du Guesclin, Bertrand, aids Henry de Trastamare, 4, 123, 124.

cruelty of, to the Jews of Castile, 4, 126.

kills Pedro the Cruel, 4, 126.

Dulcigno, Sabbataï Zevi banished to, 5, 166.

Dunash ben Labrat (Adonim, 920–970), poet, founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.

introduces meter into the Hebrew language, 3, 223.

supplements Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.

circumstances of, 3, 226.

criticises Saadiah’s works, 3, 226.

controversy of, with the disciples of Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 226–7.

disciples of, grammarians and poets, 3, 237.

grammar by, known to Rashi, 3, 289.

Dunash ben Tamim (Abusahal, 900–960), disciple of Isaac Israeli, 3, 181, 211–12.

admiration of, for Saadiah, 3, 192.

physician to a caliph, 3, 211.

works of, 3, 211.

and Chasdaï Ibn Shaprut, 3, 217.

Dunin. See Donin.

Duns Scotus, scholastic philosopher, counsels compulsory baptism of Jews, 3, 644; 4, 277.

Duport, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 447–8.

Duran. See Profiat; Simon ben Zemach; Simon (II); Solomon (I).

Dury, John, writes against the admission of Jews into England, 5, 46.

Düsseldorf, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

“Duties of the Heart, The,” by Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, translated, 3, 397.

Du Vallié, Antoinette, mother of the next, 5, 175.

Du Vallié, Paul, apostate, testifies falsely in a blood accusation case, 5, 175.

Dyeing, trade of the Jews of Jerusalem, 3, 427, 606.

Dzalski, Frankist family, 5, 289.

E

Earthquake, under Uzziah, 1, 229, 236.

under Hyrcanus II, 2, 61.

under Herod, 2, 95.

under Hadrian, 2, 408.

at Lisbon, 4, 505.

at Ferrara, 4, 615.

East, the, conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383.

East, the, the empire of. See Byzantine Empire, the.

East, the, the Jews of, affected by Islam theology, 3, 148.

persecuted, 3, 245–8.

poor, 5, 205.

admire the European Jews, 5, 662–3.

See also under Abbasside Caliphate, the; Byzantine Empire, the.

East, the, the Roman governors of. See Amantius; Bonosus.

East India Company, the, Jews interested in, 4, 677.

Easter, the date of, fixed, 2, 563–4.

to be celebrated before the Passover, 3, 13.

tax to be paid at, by Jews, 3, 510.

Eastertide attacks upon Jews, in France, 3, 173–4.

in Béziers, 3, 394.

in Prague, 4, 164.

in Majorca, 4, 246.

in Trent, 4, 298.

Eastertide, Jews forbidden to appear in public during, by the Councils of Orleans, 3, 37.

by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.

by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.

by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.

by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

in Ratisbon, 3, 635.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

Ebal, mountain, described, 1, 45.

“Eben Bochan,” polemic by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.

Eben ha-Ezer, scene of battles between Israelites and Philistines, 1, 70, 78.

Eberard, Magister Judæorum, under Louis the Pious, 3, 161.

and the bishop of Lyons, 3, 164, 166.

Eberhard von Cleve, Dominican provincial, complains of the treatment of his order, 4, 465–6.

Ebionim (Dallim), disciples of Isaiah, 1, 254.

Ebionites (Ebionim), the, followers of Jesus, 2, 168, 366.

communists, 2, 220.

disappearance of, 2, 373.

use Akylas’ Scripture translation, 2, 387.

merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

See under Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.

Ecbatana, taken by Cyrus, 1, 342.

the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

Ecclesiastes, the Book of, holiness of, discussed in the Synhedrion, 2, 343–4.

exposition of, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 398.

commentary on, by Nathaniel of Bagdad, 3, 442.

Ecclesiasticus, the Book of, by Jesus Sirach, 1, 439–41.

considered apocryphal, 2, 344.

translated into Greek, 2, 359.

Ecija, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.

Eck, Dr. John, writes against the Jews, 4, 546–7.

accusations of, repeated by Luther, 4, 548, 549, 550.

Eden, garden of, name applied to Paradise, 1, 404.

Edessa, destroyed, 2, 398.

the Christians of, persecuted, 2, 524.

the Jews of, massacred, 2, 599.

taken by Nureddin, 3, 349.

Edict, banishing the Jews from Spain, 4, 347–8.

Edict of Grace, the, for Marranos, 4, 315.

Edles, Samuel, Talmudist, 4, 703.

Edom. See Idumæans, the.

Education among the Jews. See under Academies; Colleges; Law, the; Schools; Talmud, the; Talmud Torah.

Edward I, of England, Jews under, 3, 640–6.

stops the denunciations of coin counterfeiters, 3, 643.

and the charge of blasphemy against the Jews, 3, 643.

permits the Dominicans to preach to the Jews, 3, 643–4.

erects a house for Jewish converts, 3, 644.

banishes the Jews, 3, 645.

Edward, Prince of Wales (the Black Prince), aids Pedro the Cruel, 4, 124, 125.

Edzardus, Esdras, Hamburg preacher, and David de Lara, 5, 115.

and the Sabbatian movement, 5, 151.

Efodi. See Profiat Duran.

Eger, Akiba, reverence paid to, 5, 567.

Eger, Samuel, protests against reforms, 5, 562.

Egica, Visigothic king, forbids Jews to hold real estate, 3, 107–8.

Egidio de Viterbo, cardinal, sides with Reuchlin, 4, 457.

patron of Elias Levita, 4, 472, 564.

interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481, 583.

opposes the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.

Egilbert, bishop of Treves, forcibly baptizes Jews, 3, 300, 306.

Eglon, king of Moab, killed by Ehud, 1, 60.

Eglon, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Egypt, priests of, 1, 10.

allied with Solomon, 1, 170.

hostile to Ben-hadad III, 1, 221.

helps the Idumæans against Uzziah, 1, 226.

allied with Hoshea, 1, 263.

allied with Hezekiah, 1, 270.

counsels resistance to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304, 306, 309.

Judæans take refuge in, 1, 317, 318, 324.

rebels against Persia, 1, 407–8.

given to Ptolemy I, 1, 418.

Judæans settle in, 1, 419.

taken by Antiochus III and Philip V of Macedon, 1, 432.

wars of, with Antiochus IV, 1, 450–1, 452–3.

number of Judæans in, 2, 201.

Zealots flee to, 2, 317–18.

study of the Law in, 2, 359.

succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.

Rabbanites in, in the ninth century, 3, 180.

Karaites spread to, 3, 182.

schools founded in, by the emissaries from Sora, 3, 208, 210.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248.

Jehuda Halevi in, 3, 339–41.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

Maimonides in, 3, 445, 457.

Louis IX taken prisoner in, 3, 585.

in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, 4, 72.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–6.

taken by the Turkish sultan, 4, 393.

Isaac Lurya in, 4, 618, 622.

conquered by Napoleon, 5, 459.

Crémieux’s schools in, 5, 671.

Egypt, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.

rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 395–8.

hail the Mahometans as liberators, 3, 88–9.

in the twelfth century, 3, 443–5.

governed by a Nagid, 3, 443.

lack of culture of, 3, 444–5.

pilgrimages of, 3, 445.

under Saladin, 3, 461.

liturgy of, changed by Maimonides, 3, 465–6.

exhorted to establish schools, 5, 663.

Egypt, the Judæans of, practice idolatry, 1, 326–7.

neglected under Amasis, 1, 327.

settlement of, encouraged, 1, 503.

equality of, with the Greeks, 1, 503.

alliance of, sought by Syrians and Egyptians, 1, 503–4.

faithful to the Ptolemies, 1, 504.

occupations of, 1, 504–5.

Greek learning of, 1, 505.

espouse the cause of Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.

recognize Onias IV as ethnarch, 1, 507.

sacrifice in the Temple of Onias, 1, 509.

maintain connection with the Temple at Jerusalem, 1, 509; 2, 52.

pleased with the Septuagint, 1, 511–12.

originate the sermon, 1, 515.

dispute with the Samaritans, 1, 517.

informed of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522–3.

urged to celebrate Chanukah, 2, 6–7.

prosperous under Cleopatra and Ptolemy VIII, 2, 12.

devoted to the cause of Octavius, 2, 102.

control the Nile harbors, 2, 102.

make annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 2, 220.

go to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

Egyptians, the, culture of, 1, 8.

pantheon of, 1, 9.

enslave the Israelites, 1, 11.

refuse to liberate the Israelites, 1, 16–17.

at the Red Sea, 1, 18–19.

Ehud, judge, routs the Moabites, 1, 60–1.

Eibeschütz, Jonathan (1690–1764), disciple of Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 218.

supposed Sabbatian, 5, 229, 248.

early education of, 5, 246–7.

as a Talmudist, 5, 247.

mysticism of, 5, 248.

weakness of the character of, 5, 248–9.

as teacher in Prague, 5, 249, 250.

excommunicates the Sabbatians, 5, 249.

clemency shown towards, 5, 249–50.

in intercourse with Jesuits, 5, 250.

obtains the right of printing the Talmud, 5, 250.

and the rabbinate of Metz, 5, 251.

accused of treason, 5, 252.

intercedes for the Jews of Moravia and Bohemia, 5, 253.

declared a traitor, 5, 253.

popular in Metz, 5, 253.

rabbi of the “three communities,” 5, 254, 256.

distributes amulets, 5, 257, 260.

called on by Emden to clear himself of the charge of Sabbatianism, 5, 258.

supported by his disciples, 5, 258, 259.

cause of, espoused by the “three communities,” 5, 260–1.

opponents of, excommunicated, 5, 261.

publishes an encyclical, 5, 261–2.

invited to exculpate himself, 5, 262, 263.

excommunicated, 5, 263–4.

cause of, espoused by some rabbis, 5, 264.

case of, submitted to the king of Denmark, 5, 265, 268, 269.

letter to, from Ezekiel Landau, 5, 265–6.

associates himself with an apostate, 5, 267.

protected by the princes of Brunswick, 5, 267–8.

before a rabbinical court, 5, 268–9.

publishes a defense, 5, 270.

supposed to be a secret Christian, 5, 270.

again acknowledged rabbi of the “three communities,” 5, 271.

and the Frankists, 5, 289.

distrust of, 5, 289.

Eichhorn, exegete, 5, 623, 695.

Eighteen Benedictions. See Berachoth.

“Eighteen Things, The,” decreed by the school of Shammai, 2, 270.

permitted by Judah II, 2, 483–4.

Eisenach, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.

Eisenmenger, John Andrew, Hebraist, revives the blood accusation, 5, 187.

title of the book by, against the Jews, 5, 188.

charges raised against the Jews by, 5, 188–9.

work of, suppressed, 5, 190.

death of, 5, 190.

See “Judaism Unmasked.”

“Eisenmenger the Second, an open letter to Fichte,” by Saul Asher, 5, 463.

Ekron, Philistine city, 1, 54.

left in the possession of the Philistines, 1, 117.

center of Baal-zebub worship, 1, 207.

given to Jonathan Haphus, 1, 496.

fortified by the Syrians, 1, 529.

Elah, king of Israel, dissipation and death of, 1, 192.

El-Arish, taken by Napoleon, 5, 459.

El-Arish, the river of Egypt, boundary under David, 1, 129.

Elath, port on the Red Sea, 1, 170, 171, 177, 230.

Elchanan ben Isaac, descendant of Rashi, Tossafist, martyr, 3, 404.

Eldad, Karaite, adventurer, 3, 182.

spreads the news of the Jewish Chazar kingdom, 3, 220.

Elder, title of the ordained, 2, 361.

Elders, Council of the, formed by Moses, 1, 25–6.

Eleanor, mother of Edward I, hostile to the Jews, 3, 641, 645.

Eleanor, wife of Edward I, favorably inclined to the Jews, 3, 644.

Eleanora, wife of Louis VII of France, accompanies him on the second crusade, 3, 349.

Eleasa, camp of Judas Maccabæus at, 1, 486.

the battle of, Judas Maccabæus falls in, 1, 487.

Eleazar, Galilæan Judæan, persuades Izates of Adiabene to be circumcised, 2, 217.

Eleazar, high priest, and the Septuagint, 1, 514.

Eleazar, Jewish name of Bishop Bodo, 3, 169.

Eleazar, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Eleazar of Antioch, refuses to sacrifice to the Greek gods, 1, 456.

Eleazar of Modin, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

prays for Bethar, 2, 417.

accused as a spy, 2, 417–18.

Eleazar ben Ananias, leader of the Zealots, 2, 256.

brings about the rupture with Rome, 2, 258–9.

relations of, to the leader of the Sicarii, 2, 260–1.

destroys the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 261.

disinterestedness of, 2, 261.

governor of Idumæa, 2, 270.

Eleazar ben Arach, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 324, 326.

tries to establish a school at Emmaus, 2, 334.

Eleazar ben Azariah, president of the Synhedrion, 2, 342.

vice-president of the Synhedrion, 2, 345.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 392.

influence of, on Nerva, 2, 392.

Eleazar ben Dinai, Zealot leader, 2, 238.

exterminates the Samaritans of Acrabatene, 2, 243.

Eleazar ben Jacob, disciple of Akiba, 2, 433.

Eleazar ben Jair, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the Sicarii, 2, 239.

flees from Jerusalem, 2, 261.

commander of Masada, 2, 292, 316.

Eleazar ben Jehuda (Rokeach), Kabbalist, at the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Eleazar ben Joel Halevi (Abi-Ezri), Talmudist, at the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Eleazar ben Joseph of Chinon, martyr, 4, 49.

Eleazar ben Joseph (ben Chalafta), accompanies Simon ben Jochai to Rome, 2, 449.

Eleazar ben Kalir, the greatest of the poetans, 3, 116–17, 245.

poetry of, rugged, 3, 223.

Eleazar ben Poira, Pharisee, reproves John Hyrcanus, 2, 32.

Eleazar ben Shamua, teacher of Judah I, 2, 451.

Eleazar ben Simon, Zealot leader, treasurer of the Temple, 2, 270–1, 301.

opposed to the Synhedrion, 2, 293–4.

Eleazar ben Simon (ben Jochai), reproaches the Samaritans with having altered the Law, 2, 457.

denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, 2, 464–5.

Eleazar Chasma, in the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

Eleazar Hawran, son of Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 459.

death of, 1, 479.

Eleazar. See also under Eleazer and Eliezer.

Eleazer, commander of Machærus, 2, 315.

Eleazer ben Nathan of Mayence, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Eleazer ben Simon of Cologne, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Eleazer. See also under Eleazar and Eliezer.

Elegabalus, emperor, vices of, 2, 468.

relations of, to the Jews, 2, 469–70.

Elesbaa (Atzbaha), king of Ethiopia, at war with the Jewish king of Yemen, 3, 66.

Elhanan, of Bethlehem, Israelite champion under David, 1, 117.

Eli, judge, characterization of, 1, 69.

inveighs against idolatry, 1, 70.

sons of, 1, 70.

death of, 1, 71.

grandson of, 1, 79.

descendants of, murdered by Saul, 1, 100.

descendants of, inhabit Mamal, 2, 575.

Elia. See Mar-Elia.

Eliakim, in Speyer, Rashi’s Talmud teacher, 3, 286.

Eliakim, son of Hilkiah, made Sochen, 1, 272.

Eliakim. See Jehoiakim.

Eliam, father of Bathsheba, 1, 133.

Eliano, Victor, grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, 4, 564.

defames the Talmud, 4, 583.

editor of the Cremona Zohar, 4, 584.

Elias of London, chief rabbi of England, 3, 588.

asks permission for the Jews to leave England, 3, 590–1.

deposed, 3, 591.

Elias del Medigo (Cretensis, 1463–1498), philosopher, 4, 289, 290–3.

classical culture of, 4, 290.

teacher of Pico di Mirandola, 4, 290–1.

umpire chosen by the University of Padua, 4, 291.

public lecturer on philosophy, 4, 291.

denounces the Kabbala, 4, 292; 5, 78.

views of, on the Talmud and religion, 4, 292–3.

character of the influence of, 4, 293.

hostility to, 4, 293.

and Judah Menz, 4, 295.

disciple of, 4, 386.

sons and relatives of, leaders in Canea, 4, 406.

descendant of, 5, 75.

Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali (1490–1555), rabbi at Canea, and Judah Delmedigo, 4, 406.

as an historian, 4, 406–7.

style of, 4, 557.

Elias Chendali, husband of Esther Kiera, 4, 629.

Elias Cretensis. See Elias Del Medigo.

Elias Halevi, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.

Elias Levita (1468–1549), grammarian, teacher of Christians, 4, 471, 507.

pupils of, 4, 472.

publishes a Hebrew grammar, 4, 472.

mediocrity of, 4, 472.

on the accents and vowel signs, 4, 472–3.

declines to go to France, 4, 473–4.

establishes a Hebrew press at Isny, 4, 474.

grandchildren of, apostates, 4, 564.

Elias Mizrachi (1455–1526), rabbi of Constantinople, character and attainments of, 4, 402–3.

feud of, with the Karaites, 4, 403.

protects the Karaites, 4, 403–4.

Elias Montalto, physician, employed by Christians, 4, 653.

dissuades Paul de Pina from becoming a monk, 4, 670.

buried at Ouderkerk, 4, 672–3.

physician to Maria de Medici, 4, 673.

Eliashib, high priest, countenances marriages between Judæans and Samaritans, 1, 362.

in friendly communication with the Samaritans, 1, 383.

dismissed by Nehemiah, 1, 385.

Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, disciple of Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 326.

teacher of the Law at Lydda, 2, 335.

opposes decisions by the Bath-Kol, 2, 338.

brother-in-law of Gamaliel II, 2, 339.

excommunicated, 2, 339–40, 347–8.

devotion of, to tradition, 2, 346–7, 356.

called Sinai, 2, 347.

opposed to Gamaliel II, 2, 347.

end of, 2, 348.

ban removed from, 2, 350.

supposed teacher of Akiba, 2, 351.

and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

on the admission of proselytes, 2, 384.

and Akylas, 2, 385.

mourns for Gamaliel II, 2, 404.

condemns the instruction of women in the Law, 2, 474.

compared with Chanina bar Chama, 2, 491.

Eliezer Kapsali, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.

Eliezer. See also under Eleazar and Eleazer.

Elijah, the Tishbite, prophet, character of, 1, 199.

a Nazarite, 1, 200.

disciples of, 1, 200.

rebukes Ahab, 1, 202–3.

announces a famine, 1, 203.

assembles the priests of Baal, 1, 203–4.

flees from Jezebel, 1, 204.

instructed to anoint Jehu, 1, 204.

chooses Elisha as his successor, 1, 207.

prophesies the death of Ahaziah, 1, 207.

disappears, 1, 207.

result of the activity of, 1, 208.

precursor of the Messiah, 2, 143.

in the Zohar, 4, 12, 16.

Elijah, disciples of, Nazarites, 1, 200.

persecuted by Jezebel, 1, 201.

saved by Obadiah, 1, 201.

on Mount Carmel, 1, 203.

Elijah Wilna (1720–1797), draws attention to the Scriptures, 5, 329, 390.

disinterestedness of, 5, 389.

critical powers of, 5, 389–90.

simple exegetical method of, 5, 390.

fondness of, for the Kabbala, 5, 390–1.

slandered by the Chassidim, 5, 391.

excommunicates the Chassidim, 5, 392, 393.

persecutes the Chassidim, 5, 394.

Elijah Zevi, brother of Sabbataï, 5, 145.

Elionai, high priest, under Agrippa I, 2, 198.

Elisha, Essene, punished for the use of Tephillin, 2, 424.

Elisha, father of Ishmael, 2, 427.

Elisha, prophet, successor to Elijah, 1, 207.

accompanies Elijah, 1, 208.

lives on Mount Carmel, 1, 208.

hates Jehoram, 1, 208–9.

disciple of, appoints Jehu king of Israel, 1, 210.

position of, compared with Elijah’s, 1, 217–18.

in Samaria, 1, 218.

respected by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 223–4.

influence of, on Jehoash, 1, 225.

Elisha ben Abuya (Acher), teacher of the Law, apostate, 2, 358, 377.

theosophist, 2, 381.

assists Hadrian in persecuting the Law, 2, 426.

and Meïr, 2, 437.

daughters of, 2, 452.

Elisha Gallaico, member of Karo’s rabbinical college, 4, 616.

Elishama, keeper of the lists, favors submission to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 305.

Elizabeth, of Brunswick, has Templo’s work translated, 5, 114–15.

Elizabeth, of England, and Maria Nuñes, 4, 664.

Elkanah Kapsali, of Candia, ransoms Spanish exiles, 4, 364.

Elon, judge, 1, 66.

Elulai, king of Tyre, subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263.

El-Uz. See Usha.

Elvira. See Illiberis.

Elymæans, the, have a synagogue in Jerusalem, 2, 201.

Elymais, falls to Nabopolassar, 1, 303.

Emancipation of Jews, the, advocated by John Toland, 5, 197–8.

favored by Mirabeau, 5, 433–4.

accomplished by the French, 5, 459.

urged by Michael Berr, 5, 460–1, 527.

opposed by Fichte, 5, 462.

dependent on that of French Jews, 5, 480.

favored by Dalberg, 5, 504.

favored by Hardenberg, 5, 507.

favored by Denmark, 5, 519, 531.

advocated before the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 525–7.

favored by Alexander I, 5, 527.

urged by Italian Jews, 5, 527.

advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.

hindrances to, in Judaism, 5, 675.

completed by the February revolutions, 5, 696–7.

See also Citizenship.

Emancipation of the Austrian Jews, the, by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.

Emancipation of the Baden Jews, the, 5, 502–3.

Emancipation of the Bavarian Jews, the partial, 5, 508.

Emancipation of the Dutch Jews, the, celebrated by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 400.

promoted by French victories, 5, 452.

opposed by Van Swieden, 5, 453–4.

opposed by representative Amsterdam Jews, 5, 454.

Jewish advocates of, 5, 454–5.

Christian objections to, 5, 455–6.

favored by Noel, 5, 456.

passed by the National Assembly, 5, 456.

does not delight the Jews, 5, 456–7.

Emancipation of the English Jews, the, 5, 336–8, 430, 698.

discussed in Parliament, 5, 601.

advocated by O’Connell, 5, 653.

Emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, the, 5, 505.

discussed in the Senate, 5, 598.

Emancipation of the French Jews, the, promoted by Cerf Berr, 5, 430, 431.

discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 439–41.

favored by the heroes of the Revolution, 5, 441.

opposition to, 5, 441–2.

equivocal decision on, 5, 442.

granted to the Portuguese section, 5, 442–3, 444–5.

subject of a petition to the National Assembly, 5, 443.

before the Paris Commune, 5, 443–5.

Abbé Mulot on, 5, 443–4.

opposed by the Duc de Broglie, 5, 447.

advocated by Duport, 5, 447–8.

passed by the National Assembly, 5, 448.

celebrated by Berr Isaac Berr, 5, 448–9.

recognized by the Constitution of the Directory, 5, 452.

endangered, 5, 476.

objected to by Bonald, 5, 478–9.

laid before Napoleon’s council, 5, 479.

determines that of Jews in other countries, 5, 480.

advocated by Beugnot, 5, 480.

opposed by Napoleon, 5, 480.

urged by Regnault and Ségur, 5, 480–1.

guaranteed by Napoleon, 5, 492.

curtailed by Napoleon, 5, 498–9.

under Louis XVIII, 5, 524–5.

curtailed under the Bourbons, 5, 596.

considered by Louis Philippe, 5, 597.

advocated by Mérilhou, 5, 597.

completed in the Chamber of Peers, 5, 597.

Emancipation of the German Jews, the, promoted by Dohm’s plea, 5, 356–7.

promoted by the French, 5, 459.

urged by the Peace Congress of Rastadt, 5, 463.

writers against, 5, 468–70, 472.

retarded by the reaction after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512.

urged before the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513–14.

favored by Hardenberg and Metternich, 5, 514.

promised in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, 5, 514.

retarded by Teutomania, 5, 516.

opposed by Rühs, 5, 517.

promised by the Act of Federation, 5, 518.

opposed by the Hanse Towns, 5, 519.

favored by Holstein, 5, 519.

defeated at the Congress of Vienna, 5, 519–20.

pamphlet literature against, 5, 521.

favored by Krämer, 5, 521–2.

leads to estrangement from Judaism, 5, 560.

Riesser interested in, 5, 599–600.

on the programme of the liberal party, 5, 602.

Emancipation of the Hessian Jews, the, legalized, 5, 601.

Emancipation of the Italian Jews, the, undone by Pius VII, 5, 518.

Emancipation of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, the, 5, 506–7.

Emancipation of the Mecklenburg Jews, the, 5, 507.

Emancipation of the Prussian Jews, the, struggle for, begun, 5, 414–16.

partial, 5, 507.

granted by Frederick William III, 5, 508, 630.

a dead letter, 5, 524.

Emancipation of the Turkish Jews, the, by Abdul Meg’id, 5, 641.

Emancipation of the Westphalian Jews, the, 5, 500–1.

medal commemorative of, 5, 501.

Emanuel, Byzantine emperor, and his Jewish physician, 3, 425.

Embicho, bishop of Würzburg, protects the Jews, 3, 354.

Emden, Jacob (Ashkenazi, Jabez, 1698–1776), grandson of Jacob Ashkenazi, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 221.

son of Chacham Zevi, studies of, 5, 254–5.

character of, 5, 255.

as rabbi, 5, 255.

candidate for the rabbinate of the “three communities,” 5, 255–6.

antipathy of, to heretics, 5, 256.

induced not to expose Eibeschütz, 5, 257–8.

calls on Eibeschütz to clear himself, 5, 258.

punished by the Council, 5, 258–9.

persecuted in Altona, 5, 260.

excommunicated and flees to Amsterdam, 5, 261.

returns to Altona, 5, 265, 266.

historian of the Sabbatian movement, 5, 266.

maligned by Charles Anton, 5, 267.

refutes Eibeschütz’s defense, 5, 270.

appealed to by the Polish rabbis, 5, 277–8.

exposes the Zohar as a forgery, 5, 278.

sanctions Frankist persecutions, 5, 278.

triumphant, 5, 289.

refers the Schwerin Jews to Mendelssohn, 5, 318.

opposes Mendelssohn on the subject of hasty burial, 5, 318–19.

Emden, Portuguese Marranos arrive at, 4, 665.

Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Emek ha-Bacha, by Joseph ben Joshua Cohen, 4, 590, 608.

Emesa, native town of Julia Domna, 2, 468.

Emicho. See Emmerich.

Emim, descendants of the Anakim and Rephaim, 1, 2.

Emmaus (Gimso), Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.

burnt, 2, 126.

effort to establish an academy at, 2, 334.

destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.

Emmerich (Emicho), of Leiningen, leader of the first crusade, massacres the Jews, 3, 303.

disgraceful end of the crusaders under, 3, 306.

accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.

“Emunoth,” Kabbalistic work by Shem Tob ben Joseph, 4, 197.

Emunoth we-Deoth, philosophical work by Saadiah, 3, 197–8.

Endor, camp of Gideon, 1, 62.

Saul’s camp, 1, 103.

the witch of, 1, 103.

“Enemy of the Jews, The,” Pfefferkorn’s second pamphlet, 4, 427–8.

Engadi, Essene center, 2, 25.

Engel, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 372.

England, rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, 3, 505–6.

Marranos unkindly received in, 4, 509.

struggles for religious freedom in, 5, 25–8.

Jews gradually establish themselves in, 5, 49–50.

anomalous position of Jews in, 5, 50.

ambassador of, intercedes for the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

the first country to emancipate the Jews, 5, 430.

in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.

England, the Jews of, protected during the second crusade, 3, 356.

prosperous under Henry II, 3, 409.

under Richard I, 3, 409–16.

abused at Richard’s coronation, 3, 410–11.

massacre of, 3, 412–16.

under John, 3, 416, 504–5.

imprisoned, 3, 505.

wear the Jew badge, 3, 515, 516.

hated on account of their usurious rates, 3, 571.

under Henry III, 3, 587–92.

Christians not permitted to sell food to, 3, 588.

tax imposed on, 3, 589.

charges against, 3, 589.

pledged to the king’s brother, 3, 590.

restrictions put on, by the Church, 3, 590.

not permitted to leave England, 3, 591.

the blood accusation preferred against, 3, 591.

under Edward I, 3, 640–6.

the statute of Judaism passed against, 3, 642.

charged with counterfeiting and clipping coin, 3, 642.

imprisoned, 3, 642–3, 645.

forced to listen to Dominican sermons, 3, 643.

denounced to Honorius IV, 3, 645.

banished and ill-treated, 3, 645–6.

take refuge in France, Germany, Spain, 3, 646.

emancipation of, advocated, 5, 197–8.

pay the alien duty, 5, 337.

urge their emancipation, 5, 337.

naturalization of, 5, 337–8.

under Polish influence, 5, 558.

emancipation of, 5, 601, 653, 698.

act in the Damascus affair, 5, 644–5, 651–2.

public-spiritedness of, 5, 703.

number of, 5, 703.

England, the re-settlement of Jews in, prospects of, 5, 18–19.

suggested by Messianic hopes, 5, 28.

negotiations for, interrupted, 5, 34.

before the Short Parliament, 5, 34.

the subject of three petitions, 5, 35.

reasons for, stated by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 39–42.

favored by Cromwell, 5, 42–3.

in the hands of a commission, 5, 43–5.

objections to, 5, 44–5.

literature on, 5, 45–6.

Enns, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 223.

Enoch, the Book of, Kabbalistic source, 4, 17.

Enoch Saporta, Rabbanite teacher of Karaites, 4, 270.

Enriquez, Antonio de Gomez. See Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.

En-Rogel, spring south of Jerusalem, 1, 114.

Ensheim, Moses, one of the Measfim, mathematician, and the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 401, 450.

Ensisheim, tower of, Meïr of Rothenburg imprisoned in, 3, 639.

En-Sof, title of God in the Kabbala, 3, 550.

emanations of, 3, 550–1.

in the Zohar, 4, 14.

the son of heaven, 5, 124.

En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi, rabbi of Majorca, 4, 162.

martyr, 4, 171.

En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa, rabbi, calumniated, 4, 155.

Epaone, the council of, forbids Christians to take part in Jewish banquets, 3, 37.