Index (continued 11)
Reading edition
Tavs. See Jacob Tus.
Taytasak, Joseph, Talmudist and Kabbalist, 4, 405.
the circle of, and Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.
letter to, from Molcho, 4, 506.
Tax, the, levied on the daily sacrifice by Bagoas, 1, 409–10.
on the Judæans levied by the Macedonians, 1, 413.
levied by the Egypto-Macedonian dynasty on the Judæans, 1, 418.
levied by Syria upon the Judæans removed by Demetrius II, 1, 497.
levied on Jerusalem by Pompey, 2, 67.
paid by Judæa to Rome, 2, 87.
levied by Augustus in Judæa, 2, 129–30.
Judæan, lightened by Tiberius, 2, 135.
imposed by Albinus, 2, 249.
Roman, not paid by Judæa, 2, 258.
paid by Judæans to the Capitoline Jupiter (fiscus Judaicus), 2, 316.
levied on the Jews by Hadrian, 2, 420.
imposed on Judæa under Judah I, 2, 463.
paid by the Jews in the Sabbatical year under Caracalla, 2, 469.
on land remitted by Gregory I in the case of converts, 3, 33.
imposed upon Jews and Christians by Omar, 3, 88.
levied by the Exilarchs, 3, 96.
paid by the Jews of Spain to the Mahometan conquerors, 3, 110.
imposed upon Jewish merchants by Charles the Bald, 3, 172.
imposed upon the Jews by the Carlovingian and Saxon emperors, 3, 243.
paid by the French and German Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
paid by the Jews to the emperors of Germany, 3, 357.
levied on money transactions in northern France, 3, 407.
imposed on the Jews of the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.
imposed on Jews by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
exacted from the Jews by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
upon the German Jews discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.
imposed on Jews enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
levied on Jewish immigrants by Frederick II in Sicily, 3, 569.
imposed on the Jews by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.
levied by Henry III upon the Jews of England, 3, 589.
on the Jews of Castile regulated by Sancho, 3, 617.
on the Jews of England decreed by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
imposed on the Jews by Emperor Louis IV, 4, 96–7.
levied on the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.
levied on the French Jews under John the Good, 4, 130–1.
exacted from the Jews by Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
imposed on Marranos in Algiers, 4, 199.
imposed on the Spanish Jews for the war with Granada, 4, 344.
imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.
paid by the Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 673.
levied on the Jews of Vienna, 5, 170.
paid by the Jews of Brandenburg, 5, 173.
paid by the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.
See Poll-tax, the; Taxes; Tithes.
Tax, the Patriarch’s, levied from the time of Judah II, 2, 486–7, 536.
forbidden by Honorius to be collected, 2, 617.
collected by the imperial officials under Honorius, 2, 622.
Tax-gatherers. See Taxes, the farmers of.
Taxes, paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.
imposed upon the Jews under Constantius, 2, 569, 572.
laid upon the Jews by Louis the Pious, 3, 161.
imposed upon the German Jews burdensome, 3, 517.
the payment of, discussed by the synod of Mayence, 3, 517.
paid by the Jews of Poland, 4, 632.
imposed on the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 652, 702.
imposed on the Frankfort Jews, 4, 700.
paid by the Jews of Metz and Alsace, 5, 348.
discussed by the National Assembly, 5, 446.
removed from the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.
imposed on the Jews of Austria, 5, 508.
See Poll-tax, the; Tax, the; Tithes.
Taxes, the farmers of (tax-gatherers, receivers-general), Jews act as, 1, 425; 2, 253; 4, 80–1, 132, 138, 150, 156, 275, 618.
Taxes, the farming of, by Jews, forbidden by the Council of Mâcon, 3, 39, 171.
in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.
in Hungary, 3, 521.
forbidden by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.
objected to in Burgos, 4, 125.
in Portugal, 4, 160, 339.
in Poland, 5, 3.
Teacher, title of the members of the Synhedrion in Babylonia, 3, 96.
Teachers, the, of the Law. See Law, the, the teachers of.
Tebeth, the fast of, abolished by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 143.
Tekanoth Shum, decisions of Speyer, Worms, and Mayence, 4, 135.
Tekanoth Usha, ordinances of the Synhedrion at Usha, 2, 405.
Tekoah, the woman of, employed to plead for Absalom, 1, 135–6.
home of Simon ben Jochai, 2, 441.
Telesina, a Jew of, the friend of Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.
Teller, consistorial councilor, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline, 5, 363.
letter addressed to, by Jews, 5, 421–2.
Templars. See Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg.
Temple, the first (Solomon’s), the site of, 1, 162.
materials for, 1, 162–4.
internal decoration and arrangement of, 1, 164–6.
transfer of the ark to, 1, 166.
consecration of, 1, 166–7.
service of, 1, 167–8.
breaches of, repaired by Josiah, 1, 218–19.
ransacked by Jehoash of Israel, 1, 225.
the people of Israel permitted to make pilgrimages to, 1, 232.
the ornaments of, removed, 1, 274.
image of Mylitta in, 1, 282.
decay of, under Josiah, 1, 288–9.
idol-worship in, under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.
Jeremiah’s prophecies read in, 1, 304.
the treasures of, taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.
burnt by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.
the treasures of, taken to Babylon, 1, 315.
the slaves of, live together in Babylon, 1, 330.
the vessels of, restored by Cyrus, 1, 351.
Temple, the second, beginnings of, under Zerubbabel, 1, 356–7.
difficulties in the way of building, 1, 359.
consecration of, 1, 359.
spared by the Samaritans, 1, 372.
the service of, neglected during Nehemiah’s absence, 1, 383–4.
the service of, restored by Nehemiah, 1, 386.
the form of prayer used in, 1, 399.
Joshua slain by his brother in, 1, 409.
renovated by Simon the Just, 1, 421.
Hyrcanus stores his wealth in, 1, 437–8.
despoiled by Menelaus and Lysimachus, 1, 448, 449.
desecrated by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.
abandoned, 1, 454.
the statue of Jupiter placed in, 1, 455.
re-consecrated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 472.
fortified by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 473.
attacked by the Hellenists, 1, 478.
besieged by Lysias, 1, 479.
the fortifications of, razed by Lysias, 1, 480.
occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.
the sacrifices in, maintained by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.
taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.
a tower of, falls on Pompey’s attack, 2, 66.
entered by Pompey, 2, 66.
votive offerings of, taken by Flaccus, 2, 68.
robbed by Crassus, 2, 74.
ravaged by Sosius, 2, 88.
remodeled by Herod, 2, 109–11.
courts of, 2, 110.
gates of, 2, 111.
dedication of, 2, 111.
placed under the protection of Rome, 2, 111.
besieged by the Romans, at the instigation of Sabinus, 2, 123–4.
the treasures of, taken by the Romans, 2, 124.
polluted by the Samaritans, 2, 135.
offerings sent to, by Roman proselytes, 2, 136.
the treasures of, used for an aqueduct, 2, 139–40.
Jesus in, 2, 161.
Vitellus sacrifices in, 2, 173.
Caligula orders, to be desecrated, 2, 188.
the bringing of first fruits to, in the time of Agrippa I, 2, 194.
the center of the dispersed Judæans, 2, 201.
portal presented to, by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 218.
golden vessels given to, by Monobaz II, 2, 219.
despoiled by the high priests, 2, 237.
Cumanus places a cohort in, 2, 242.
watched by Agrippa II, 2, 247–8.
the treasures of, demanded by Gessius Florus, 2, 253.
attacked by Gessius Florus, 2, 255.
occupied by the Zealot chief Eleazar ben Ananias, 2, 259.
barred against the Peace party, 2, 260.
besieged by Anan, 2, 295.
the western colonnade of, destroyed, 2, 305.
siege of, begun by Titus, 2, 306–7.
fire-brand thrown into, 2, 307.
burnt to the ground, 2, 308.
the vessels of, in Titus’ triumph, 2, 314.
the vessels of, deposited in the Temple of Peace, 2, 315.
contribution to, changed into the fiscus Judaicus, 2, 316.
the restoration of, attempted under Hadrian, 2, 401–3, 411.
the vessels of, seen in Rome by Eleazar ben Joseph, 2, 449.
preparations for rebuilding, by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597, 598, 599.
the rebuilding of, superintended by Alypius, 2, 599.
Jews not interested in the rebuilding of, 2, 599–600.
obstacles to the rebuilding of, 2, 600.
the vessels of, in the possession of the Vandals, 2, 611.
the vessels of, taken from Carthage to Constantinople, 3, 26–7.
the vessels of, removed to Jerusalem, 3, 27.
in the Kabbala, 3, 553.
the model of, made by Jacob Jehuda Leon, 5, 114–15.
Temple, the, of Onias, in Heliopolis, built by Onias IV, 1, 508.
appearance and furnishings of, 1, 508.
as regarded by Judæans in Egypt and Judæa, 1, 509–10.
fortified, 1, 510.
closed by Vespasian, 2, 318.
Temple, the, of Peace, the spoils from the Jerusalem Temple deposited in, 2, 315.
Temple, the, on Gerizim, built by the Samaritans, 1, 390.
destroyed by John Hyrcanus, 2, 8.
Templo. See Leon, Jacob Jehuda.
Ten Categories, the, of the Aristotelian philosophy, compared with the Ten Commandments, 3, 197.
Ten Commandments, the, part of the morning service in the Sopheric age, 1, 399.
commentary on, by Saadiah, 3, 197.
Ten Tribes, the, the dispersion of, 1, 265.
a part of, join the Judæans in Babylonia, 1, 335–6.
the Samaritans declare themselves a remnant of, 1, 390–1.
supposed to be in Chazaria, 3, 141.
the descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.
in Chaibar, 3, 437.
theory of, held by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 30–3.
Simone Luzzatto on, 5, 81.
Ten Tribes, the, kingdom of. See Israel, the kingdom of.
Tenes, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
Tenth Legion, the, defeated by the Judæans, 2, 303.
Tephillah, the principal prayer in the morning service of the Sopheric age, 1, 399. See Liturgy, the.
Tephillin. See Phylacteries.
Teraphim, the, the Israelites believe in, 1, 75.
Tertullian, Church Father, prohibits intercourse between heathens and Christians, 2, 476–7.
Teruel, opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.
“Teshuboth,” by Dunash ben Labrat against Saadiah, 3, 226.
Tetragrammaton, the, pronounced by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 122.
Tetrarch, title of the governors of Judæa, 2, 81.
See also Herod I; Herod Antipas; Phasael; Philip.
Teutomania, retards the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 516.
Texeira, a family of Marranos in Holland, 4, 690.
Texeira, Diego, de Mattos, banker in Hamburg, 4, 690–1; 5, 140.
Texeira, Manoel (Isaac Señor, 1630–1695), diplomat in Hamburg, Sabbatian, 5, 140.
intercedes for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.
Texeiras, the, millionaires in Hamburg, 5, 205.
Texel, Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.
Thabit, a friend of the Benu-Karaiza, 3, 81.
Thafar. See Zafara.
Thapsacus (Tiphsah), frontier town of Israel under David, 1, 129.
Theatre, the, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 542.
Thebes, Zealots flee to, after the destruction of Jerusalem, 2, 318.
Thebes, the Jews of, occupations of, 3, 425.
fine Talmudists, 4, 406.
Themudo, George, inquires into the life of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489.
Theobald, count of Chartres, imprisons the Jews of Blois on the blood accusation, 3, 379.
offers to release them for a sum of money, 3, 379.
has them burnt at the stake, 3, 380.
Theodatus, Ostrogoth, supported by the Jews, 3, 31–2.
Theodebert, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.
Theodora, wife of Justinian I, and her Samaritan favorite, 3, 17.
Theodoric, of Burgundy, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.
Jews in the army of, 3, 36.
Theodoric, founder of the Ostrogothic empire, 3, 27.
hostile to the Jews, 3, 29–30.
protects Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.
successors of, 3, 31.
Theodosia. See Kaffa.
Theodosia, the straits of, the Jews of the Byzantine empire settle on, 3, 123.
Theodosius I (the Great, 379–395), emperor, protects the Jews and the Patriarchs from the bishops, 2, 612–13.
orders the rebuilding of a synagogue at Callinicus, 2, 614.
enacts laws for and against the Jews, 2, 615.
division of the Roman empire under, 2, 615.
the laws of, govern the Jews of Italy, 3, 28–9.
Theodosius II, emperor of the East, forbids the building of synagogues, 2, 617.
bestows distinctions on Gamaliel V, 2, 617–18.
orders the Spanish Jews to cease mockery of Christianity, 2, 620.
rebuked by Simon Stylites, 2, 621–2.
anti-Jewish laws of, enforced by Justin I, 3, 10.
expels the Jews from their quarter in Constantinople, 3, 26.
anti-Jewish decree of, revived, 3, 171.
Theodosius, Samaritan champion in the dispute with the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 517.
Theodotion, translation of the Scriptures by, used by Origen, 2, 489.
Theodotus, Egypto-Samaritan poet, extols Shechem, 1, 517.
Theodotus, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.
Theodus, introduces a substitute for the Paschal lamb, 2, 68.
“Theologico-Political Treatise, The,” by Spinoza, an apology for freedom of thought, 5, 95.
on the source of law, 5, 96.
on the state, 5, 96–7.
on freedom of thought, 5, 97.
displays hatred of Jews and Judaism, 5, 97–8, 100–3.
on God, 5, 98–9.
on man, 5, 99–100.
on knowledge, 5, 100–1.
on Christianity, 5, 102–3.
on the Jewish state, 5, 103–7.
published anonymously, 5, 108.
produces a stir, 5, 108.
Theology, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, 2, 327.
“Theorica,” astronomical work translated by Moses Isserles, 4, 638.
Theosophy, in the Kabbala, 3, 550.
Thessalonica, Judæans in, 2, 203.
Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 228.
See Salonica.
Thessaly, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
Theudas, a false Messiah, end of, 2, 198.
Thibaut, of Champagne, agrees to surrender Jews from the Isle de France to Philip Augustus, 3, 406.
Thibaut, professor, protects the Jews of Heidelberg, 5, 531.
Thibet, under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.
Thiers, struggle of, with Louis Philippe, 5, 648.
espouses the side of Ratti Menton, 5, 648–9, 650, 658.
questioned by Fould on the Damascus affair, 5, 649.
opposes the Jewish envoys in Egypt, 5, 659.
Thiery, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434.
Thirty Years’ War, the, effect of, on the Jews, 4, 701–2, 707.
Jewish victims of, seek refuge in Poland, 5, 2.
awakens Messianic hopes, 5, 23.
Tholuck, exegete, 5, 695.
Thomas à Becket, rouses fanaticism, 3, 409–10.
Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas.
Thomists, the, opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 456.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
Thompson, chairman of the Mansion House meeting, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.
Thonon, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
Thrace, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
“Three Communities, The,” Altona, Hamburg, Wandsbeck, 5, 238.
Eibeschütz rabbi of, 5, 254, 256.
espouse the cause of Eibeschütz, 5, 260.
Throne Chamber, the, in the House of the Forest of Lebanon, 1, 168–9.
Thuringia, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.
Thuringia, the Jews of, perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.
assaulted by the imperial army against the Hussites, 4, 225.
Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir Tibbon; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul; Samuel ben Judah Ibn-Tibbon.
Tibbon family, the, instructors in medicine, 3, 582.
Tibbonide party, the, in favor of the study of science, 4, 32, 34.
appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.
obtains the ascendancy in Montpellier, 4, 39.
issues a counter-ban against the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.
appeals to the secular authorities in Montpellier, 4, 41.
defends Maimonides, 4, 42.
emigrates to Perpignan, 4, 50.
Tiberias, built by Herod Antipas, capital of his tetrarchy, 2, 137.
pious Judæans refuse to live in, 2, 137–8.
conference at, called by Agrippa I, 2, 195–6.
given to Agrippa II by Nero, 2, 246.
a focus of insurrection in Galilee, 2, 272.
population of, Zealots, 2, 273–4.
partisans of Rome in, 2, 274.
jealous of Sepphoris, 2, 276.
men of, meet with Josephus at Bethmaon, 2, 279.
ordered by the Synhedrion not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.
rebellion in, fomented by Josephus, 2, 283.
seat of Agrippa II’s Jewish governors of Galilee, 2, 333.
declared clean by Simon ben Jochai, 2, 448–9.
the seat of the Patriarch, 2, 480.
the new-moon announced in, 2, 480.
meeting place of disciples, 2, 493–4.
sinks into insignificance, 2, 560.
the first church at, built by Joseph, the apostate, 2, 565.
partially destroyed, 2, 570.
the birthplace of the Jerusalem Talmud, 2, 612.
the text of the Bible studied at, 2, 623.
seat of authority for the Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.
seat of a bishopric, 3, 12.
Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.
burial place of Maimonides, 3, 493.
rebuilt by Joseph Nassi, 4, 610–11.
grave of Luzzatto at, 5, 244.
Tiberias, the Jews of, flee to escape taxation, 2, 463.
join Sharbarza, 3, 19.
join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.
driven out by Omar, 3, 87.
in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
Tiberias, the school of, 2, 148.
loses prestige, 2, 532, 537.
end of, under Constantius, 2, 567.
gives religious instruction to the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.
Tiberias, lake, description of, 1, 42.
district about, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.
tract near, given to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596, 610.
Tiberinus, Matthias, physician, testifies to Simon of Trent’s violent death, 4, 298.
Tiberius, emperor, lightens the taxes of Judæa, 2, 135.
antipathy of, towards Judæans, 2, 135–6.
instrumental in banishing Judæans from Rome, 2, 136–7.
friendly to Judæans, 2, 172–3.
helps Herod Antipas against the Nabathæans, 2, 173.
death of, 2, 174.
kindness of, to Agrippa I, 2, 176.
imprisons Agrippa I, 2, 176.
Tiberius, emperor of the East, the Jews under, 3, 18.
Tiberius Julius Alexander, son of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, renegade from Judaism, 2, 184, 235.
procurator of Judæa, 2, 198.
unpopularity of, 2, 198–9.
governor of Egypt, 2, 199.
orders a massacre of Judæans, 2, 263–4.
won over to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.
aids Titus in the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 302.
Tibni, king of Israel, chosen by the opponents of Omri, 1, 192.
Ticini, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against the Jews in, 4, 296.
Tiflis, a Karaite center, 3, 158.
Tiflisites, a Karaite sect, 3, 158.
Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria, designs of, on Palestine, 1, 258–9.
captures Damascus, 1, 259.
invades the kingdom of Israel, 1, 259–60.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, threatens to invade Judæa, 2, 55–6.
attacked by Lucullus, 2, 56.
Tigranes, son of Alexander and Glaphyra, king of Armenia, 2, 128.
Tigris, the district of, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 428–33.
Tikkunim, Sabbatian prayer books, 5, 139.
Tilly, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.
Timnath-Serah, seat of Joshua 1, 41.
Timotheus, Ammonite leader, defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.
attacks the trans-Jordanic provinces, 1, 475, 476.
Tiphsah (Tapuach), refuses to admit Menahem, the murderer of Shallum, 1, 244.
Tirado, Jacob, leader of the Portuguese Marranos emigrating to the Netherlands, 4, 664, 665.
saves the Marranos of Amsterdam, 4, 666.
builds the first synagogue in Amsterdam, 4, 667.
Tirhakah, king of Egypt, at war with Sennacherib, 1, 276.
Tirzah, capital of the kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam, 1, 189.
under Baasha, 1, 190.
revolution in, 1, 191.
abandoned as the capital of Israel, 1, 192–3.
Tithes, collected under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 382.
the laws of, moderated by Judah I, 2, 458–9.
Tithes, exacted from Jews, by Innocent III, 3, 499.
by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.
Titus, brings Vespasian two legions from Alexandria, 2, 285.
captivated by Berenice, 2, 285.
kindly disposed to Josephus, 2, 288.
takes Gischala, 2, 290.
goes to Rome to do homage to Galba, 2, 299.
urges his father to proclaim himself emperor, 2, 299.
wins Licinius Mucianus to his father’s side, 2, 300.
in Egypt, 2, 300.
prepares to besiege Jerusalem, 2, 301–2.
three Judæan traitors help, 2, 302.
summons Jerusalem to surrender, 2, 302.
begins the siege, 2, 303.
cruelty of, to Judæan prisoners, 2, 304.
again summons the besieged to surrender, 2, 305.
hesitates to destroy the Temple, 2, 307.
enters the Holy of Holies, 2, 308.
saluted as emperor, 2, 308.
besieges the upper city, 2, 309.
treatment of Judæans by, 2, 312–13.
celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 313–15.
arch of, 2, 314.
rewards Josephus, 2, 317.
protects Josephus from calumny, 2, 318.
permits the establishment of a school at Jamnia, 2, 324.
kindly treatment of the Jews by, after the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 331.
and Berenice, 2, 332–3.
abandons Berenice and Agrippa II, 2, 388.
said to have settled Jews in Spain, 3, 43.
Titus Aurelius Antoninus Pius. See Antoninus Pius.
Tlemçen, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.
the Spanish exiles in, 4, 390.
“To my Co-religionists in Hamburg,” by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570–1.
“To the Confusion of the Jews,” polemic work by Samuel Ibn-Abbas, 3, 442.
“To the Friends of Lessing,” by Jacobi, 5, 372.
Tobba, name of the Himyarite kings, 3, 62.
Tobiades, the, partisans of Antiochus the Great, 1, 432.
opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.
banished by Onias III, 1, 438.
Tobiah, Ammonite leader, marries a Judæan, 1, 362.
son of, marries a Judæan, 1, 362.
hostility of, to the Judæans, 1, 369–70.
vexed at Nehemiah’s appointment, 1, 374.
disturbs Nehemiah’s work, 1, 375.
intrigues against Nehemiah, 1, 376.
a Temple court assigned to, 1, 383.
expelled from the Temple, 1, 385.
Tobiah, son-in-law of Simon the Just, son of, 1, 423–5.
Tobias, Jewish physician in Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 297.
Tobiene, the Judæans in, slaughtered, 1, 475.
Tobit, the Book of, composed under Hadrian, 2, 430.
admitted into the canon by the Christians, 2, 488.
Toble Shacharith, 2, 26. See Essenes, the.
Toda, queen of Navarre, concludes a treaty with Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 216.
Todros of Beaucaire, ally of Abba-Mari, 4, 31.
Todros ben Joseph Halevi Abulafia (1234–1304), Kabbalist, 4, 1, 2–3.
prominent at the court of Sancho IV, 4, 2, 52.
opponent of philosophy, 4, 2.
Kabbalistic work dedicated to, 4, 3.
Tôi, king of Hamath, congratulates David on his Ammonite victory, 1, 127.
Tokat, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
the Jews of, accused of murder, 4, 553.
Toland, John, favors the emancipation of the Jews in England, 5, 197–8.
“Toldoth Jesho,” a Hebrew parody of the gospels, 5, 185–6.
Toledano, Daniel, adviser of Muley Ismail, 5, 168.
Toledo, early settlement of Jews in the environs of, 3, 43.
played into the hands of Tarik by the Jews, 3, 109.
Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.
the Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.
taken by Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 294.
made Alfonso VI’s capital, 3, 295.
Jehuda Halevi in, 3, 324.
college at, presided over by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 338.
Jews of Lucena emigrate to, 3, 361.
center of Jewish science in the twelfth century, 3, 361, 362.
scene of a civil war, 3, 363.
synagogue in, erected by Joseph Ibn-Shoshan, 3, 384.
study of the Talmud at, 3, 386.
the center of the supposed well poisoners, 4, 101.
synagogue built in, by Samuel Abulafia, 4, 119–20.
lost by Pedro, 4, 124.
cortes of, disapprove of the Inquisition, 4, 313.
tribunals of the Inquisition in, 4, 325.
cortes of, enforce Jew quarters, 4, 335.
rabbis of, ordered to inform against Judaizing Marranos, 4, 335.
refuge of the Abrabanels, 4, 341.
synagogue of, turned into a church, 4, 354.
exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.
Toledo, the Council of (589), passes anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 46.
(633), decrees of, against back-sliding converts, 3, 49–50, 51.
(the eighth) confirms the anti-Jewish laws of the fourth Council, 3, 102.
cited by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511.
Toledo, the Jews of, give a written assurance of their acceptance of Christianity, 3, 103–4.
well treated by Alfonso VI, 3, 295.
prosperity and culture of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.
assist Alfonso VIII against the Almohades, 3, 386–7.
attacked by foreign crusaders, 3, 507.
try to prevent the enforcement of Jew badges, 3, 513.
in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 537–8, 540–1.
under Sancho, 3, 617.
supposed to be opposed to the study of science, 4, 38.
ravages of the Black Death among, 4, 113.
suffer during the civil war between Pedro and Henry II, 4, 118–19, 124, 126, 136–7.
efforts to reorganize, 4, 140.
decadence of, 4, 140, 142.
persecuted in 1391, 4, 169–70.
Toletum. See Toledo.
Tomaso, Father, in Damascus, disappearance of, 5, 634–5.
Jews suspected to be the murderers of, 5, 635.
reward for the murderer of, 5, 652.
inscription on the tomb of, 5, 668.
Tongern, Arnold of, Dominican professor of theology, 4, 424.
tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.
satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.
Torah, the. See Law, the; Pentateuch, the.
Toro, fortress of, Pedro decoyed into, 4, 118.
the cortes of, petition that restrictions be laid on the Jews, 4, 138–9.
the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.
Toron de los Caballeros, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
Torquemada, Thomas de, confessor of Isabella of Castile, 4, 310.
refutes the work of a Marrano, 4, 312.
appointed inquisitor, 4, 319.
appointed inquisitor-general of Spain, 4, 324.
appoints Inquisition tribunals in different parts of Spain, 4, 324.
appoints inquisitors for Aragon, 4, 326.
publishes the “Constitutions” for inquisitors, 4, 326–7.
has two Marrano bishops burned, 4, 333.
bids the rabbis of Toledo inform against Judaizing Marranos, 4, 335–6.
condemns Jews to the stake on the blood accusation, 4, 343.
urges the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346, 348.
forbids intercourse between Christians and the exiled Jews, 4, 350.
tries to convert the Jews, 4, 350.
complains of the Marranos, 4, 355.
victims delivered to the Inquisition by, 4, 356.
in fear of assassination, 4, 356.
Torre de Montcorvo, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
Tortosa, traces of early Jewish settlements near, 3, 42–3.
birthplace of Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.
the Jews of, converted, 4, 206.
Tortosa, the religious disputation at, 4, 207–15.
Jewish delegates to, not firm, 4, 208, 210.
Jewish delegates to, unfairly treated, 4, 212.
Vincent Ferrer’s converts brought to, 4, 215.
Tossafists, the, disciples of Rashi, 3, 344, 345.
acumen of, 3, 344–5.
divide the study of the Talmud into two branches, 3, 345.
as Bible exegetes, 3, 345.
in Champagne, 3, 403–4.
in England, 3, 409.
in Germany, 3, 419.
leniency of, 3, 470.
methods of, transplanted to the East, 3, 506.
of northern France, anti-Maimunists, 3, 529.
activity of, during Louis IX’s persecutions, 3, 586–7.
compilers in the thirteenth century, 3, 587.
See in the list of Talmudists.
Tossafoth, supplements to Rashi’s commentary on the Talmud, 3, 344.
on the Pentateuch, 3, 345.
“the Old,” collected by Isaac ben Samuel, 3, 404.
“Sens,” compiled by Samson ben Abraham, 3, 408.
new collection of, by Samuel ben Solomon Sir Morel, 3, 586.
Tossafoth Yom-Tob, commentary on the Mishna, by Lipmann Heller, 4, 704.
Tou. See Tôi.
“Touchstone, The,” satire by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 63.
Toulouse, Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 176.
the Talmud burnt at, 4, 55.
Toulouse, the Jews of, attacked at Easter, 3, 174.
persecuted by Alice of Montmorency, 3, 514.
protected by Simon de Montfort, 3, 514.
not forced to wear the Jew badge, 3, 514.
converted under Philip IV, 4, 48.
during the Pastoureaux massacre, 4, 56.
Touraine, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.
Tours, the Council of, re-enacts the anti-Jewish decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 520.
Elias Montalto dies at, 4, 673.
Tovey, on the treatment of Jews under Edward I, 3, 642.
“Tower of Strength, The,” Sabbataï Zevi’s prison at Abydos, 5, 148.
Trachonites, the, conquered and converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.
Trachonitis, given to Philip, son of Cleopatra, by Herod’s will, 2, 119.
under Philip, 2, 137.
given to Agrippa II as a royal province, 2, 245.
cavalry from, assists the Peace party, 2, 259, 260.
Trade. See Commerce.
Trades, among the Jews of the Frankish and Burgundian kingdoms, 3, 35.
pursued by the German and French Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281.
pursued by the Jews of Poland, 4, 419.
forbidden to the Jews of Alsace, 5, 348.
opened to the Jews of Austria, 5, 357.
See also Artisans; Handicrafts.
Tradition, rejected by the Sadducees, 2, 22.
among the Karaites, 3, 159.
See also Halacha; Law, the oral; Mishna, the; Talmud, the; Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism.
Trajan, emperor, hostility of, to the Jews, 2, 350.
conquest of Parthia by, 2, 393.
opposed by the Jews, 2, 393–7.
conquers Adiabene, 2, 393–4.
fails to make Parthia a Roman province, 2, 399.
death of, 2, 399.
Trani, the Jews of, ransom Sabbataï Donnolo, 3, 213.
in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
Translation of the Pentateuch, into Chaldaic, 2, 581–2.
into Syriac, 2, 582.
into Persian, 4, 401.
by Mendelssohn, 5, 328–35.
Translation of the Scriptures, into Arabic by Saadiah, 3, 189–90.
into German by Luther, 4, 469, 475.
into the European languages, 4, 475.
into Spanish by Abraham Usque, 4, 475.
during the Reformation, 4, 540.
into Polish by Simon Budny, 4, 647.
by Sachs, 5, 693.
See also Akylas; Septuagint, the; Vulgate, the.
Translations of the Scriptures, various, 2, 489, 581–2.
ordered to be read in Jewish congregations, 3, 14–15.
not authoritative, 4, 237.
Transmigration of souls (Metempsychosis), the, the doctrine of, adopted by Isaac the Blind, 3, 547–8.
in the Kabbala, 3, 554.
as explained by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.
Leo Modena on, 5, 67.
Transubstantiation, the dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.
Travelers, Jewish, list of:
Abraham de Beya,
Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela,
Joseph Zapateiro de Lamego,
Petachya of Ratisbon.
“Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul, A,” by Samuel da Silva, 5, 59.
“Treatise on the Position of the Hebrews, A,” by Simone Luzzatto, 5, 81–4.
“Treatises of the Righteous Brethren,” adapted by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 62.
“Tree of Life, The,” by Aaron (II) ben Elia Nicomedi, 4, 95.
Trent, the Council of, to deal with the Protestants, 4, 525.
Paul III abused at, 4, 525–6.
the Marranos’ right of emigration defended at, 4, 526.
deals with the Talmud, 4, 589.
Trent, the Jews of, Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 297.
charged with the blood accusation, 4, 297–9.
burnt, 4, 298.
Treves, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.
Treves, pilgrimage to the holy coat of, 5, 682.
Treves, the Jews of, kill their children in the first crusade, 3, 300.
baptized, 3, 300.
Tria, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.
“Trial of the World, The,” by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 49.
Triana, castle in, the first house occupied by the Inquisition, 4, 314.
Tribal government, under David, 1, 122.
Trier, Solomon, invites opinions on the obligation of circumcision, 5, 677.
Trieste, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
Trieste, the Jews of, address Mendelssohn in behalf of their normal school, 5, 369.
letter addressed to, by Wessely, 5, 370–1.
Trietsch, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.
Trigland, Jacob, inquires into Karaism, 5, 183–4.
Trimberg, castle in which Süsskind sang his poems, 3, 420.
Trinity, the, the doctrine of, introduced into Christianity, 2, 500–1.
derived from the Old Testament, 2, 501.
attacked by Simlaï, 2, 501–2.
supposed protests against, in Jewish literature, 3, 15.
discussed by the French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.
refuted by Nachmani, 3, 601.
in the Zohar, 4, 23.
refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.
refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.
attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.
found in the Kabbala by Pico di Mirandola, 4, 292.
inculcated by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216–17, 220.
in the Frankist confession of faith, 5, 280, 281, 285, 287.
belief in, threatened, 5, 682.
Tripoli, Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.
Triumvirate, the first, divides the Roman possessions, 2, 73–4.
Triumvirate, the second, formation of, 2, 81.
purpose of, 2, 143.
Trok (Troki), Karaite center, 4, 265; 5, 182.
Troyes, the birthplace of Rashi, 3, 286.
Rashi the rabbi of, 3, 287.
rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377, 378.
college of, sold, 4, 48.
the Jews of, compelled to violate the Sabbath, 5, 451.
“True Shepherd, The,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.
Tryphon. See Diodotus Tryphon.
Tryphon, Judæan envoy to Claudius, 2, 197–8.
Tsiruf, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5.
Tuch, exegete, 5, 695.
Tucker, Josiah, favors the naturalization of the Jews in England, 5, 338.
Tudela, protects Marranos concerned in the murder of Arbues, 4, 357.
Tudela, the Jews of, enjoy equality with Christians and Mahometans, 3, 388.
attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.
baptized, 4, 358.
Tugaï Bey, Tartar chieftain, defeats the Polish troops, 5, 11.
Tugendbund, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.
Tulczyn, the Jews of, betrayed by the Poles to the Cossacks, 5, 9–10.
Tunis, Louis IX dies at, 3, 612.
forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.
Spanish exiles in, 4, 391–2.
Turbo, Martius, Trajan’s general, in Egypt, 2, 397–8.
cruelty of, 2, 398.
Ture Zahab. See Levi, David.
Turim (Tur), religious code compiled by Jacob ben Asheri, 4, 88.
based on Maimonides’ code, 4, 88.
treats of religious practice, 4, 88.
compared with Maimonides’ code, 4, 89.
Kabbalistic elements in, 4, 89.
reception of, 4, 89–90.
Turkey, the beginnings of, 4, 267.
hospitable to Jews, 4, 268.
the Karaites in, 4, 269–71.
tolerance of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
Spanish exiles go to, 4, 358.
treatment of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 364.
the chief refuge of the Spanish exiles, 4, 383, 400.
the Spanish exiles in, 4, 400–5.
the Jewish fugitives in, dispose themselves in national groups, 4, 478.
the Kabbala in, 4, 481.
Portuguese Marranos emigrate to, 4, 485.
Solomon Molcho in, 4, 496.
Messianic enthusiasm in, 4, 497.
Marranos in, 4, 529.
refuge of the Neapolitan and Bohemian Jews, 4, 544.
refuge of the exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
war of, with Venice, enriches Smyrna, 5, 119.
refuge of the Ancona Marranos, 4, 570.
victorious over Ferdinand I, 4, 597.
victorious over Venice, 4, 601.
peace of, with Venice, 4, 605–6.
supported by Russia, 5, 634.
Turkey, the Jews of, happy condition of, 4, 271–3.
granted liberties, 4, 400.
occupations of, 4, 401.
linguists, 4, 402.
molested by the Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.
trade with Pesaro instead of Ancona, 4, 578–9.
prosperity of, 4, 593.
under Selim II, 4, 602, 607.
interested in the choice of a king for Poland, 4, 604.
culture of, 4, 607–10.
mediocrity of, 4, 611–12.
religious stagnation among, 4, 627.
submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.
ransom Polish Jews from the Tartars, 5, 8.
free from persecution, 5, 168.
join Jacob Frank, 5, 273.
emancipated, 5, 641.
hated, 5, 641.
praised by Delaborde, 5, 649.
secured against the blood accusation, 5, 662.
urged to use Turkish, 5, 664.
Tur-Simon, stronghold fortified by Bar-Cochba, 2, 415.
fall of, 2, 416.
Tus. See Jacob Tus.
Tuscany, the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 297.
Tuster. See Susa.
Tusti, Father, suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 635.
Tyre (Zor), built by the Canaanites, 1, 3.
founded, 1, 80.
subdued by Shalmaneser, 1, 263.
surrenders to Shalmaneser, 1, 264.
besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306, 307.
messengers from, urge Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.
merchants from, desecrate the Sabbath in Jerusalem, 1, 387.
taken by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.
Olympian games celebrated at, 1, 446.
court held at, to try Menelaus, 1, 449.
inhabitants of, threaten the Galilean Judæans, 1, 475.
inhabitants of, meditate the massacre of the Christians, 3, 20.
Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.
Tyrol, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 297–9.
excludes Jews, 5, 523.
U
Ubaid-Allah, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, patron of Isaac Israeli, 3, 180–1.
Ubaid-Allah Ibn-Suleiman, vizir, appoints Jews to state offices, 3, 183.
Ucles, the battle of, Mahometans victorious at, 3, 312.
Ueberlingen, the Jews of, charged with well poisoning, 4, 105.
burnt on the blood accusation, 4, 227.
Ukba. See Mar-Ukba.
Ukban. See Mar-Ukban.
Ukraine, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.
Jews banished from, 5, 12.
Jews permitted to live in, 5, 14.
devastated by the Cossacks, 5, 388.
Ulam, an open vestibule in the Temple, 1, 165.
Ulamma, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.
Ulla, friend of Judah ben Ezekiel, on the purity of the Jewish race, 2, 551.
insulted by Yalta, 2, 556.
Ulla bar Kosher, political offender against Zenobia, 2, 530.
Ulm, conference at, to transfer the claims of Jews upon Christians to Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.
the Jews of, banished, 4, 416.
Ulpianus Trajan. See Trajan.
Ultramontanes. See Caorsini, the.
Unger, Christian Theophilus, supplements Basnage’s work, 5, 197.
“Union of American Hebrew Congregations, The,” the objects of, 5, 702.
Unitarians, the, a Christian sect of the Reformation period, 4, 541.
meetings of, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.
influence of, in Poland, 4, 647.
United States, the, espouse the cause of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633, 657.
early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.
Unity of God, the, ceases to be a doctrine of Christianity, 2, 500.
defended by Simlaï, 2, 501–2.
University degrees, Jews forbidden by the Council of Basle to take, 4, 245.
“Upon Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism.” See “Jerusalem.”
“Upon Mendelssohn and the Political Reform of the Jews,” by Mirabeau, 5, 432.
“Upon the Aim of Jesus and his disciples,” one of the “Fragments” published by Lessing, 5, 321.
“Upon the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews,” by Dohm, 5, 352–62.
emphasizes political advantages, 5, 352–3.
describes the condition of the Jews, 5, 353.
reviews the history of the Jews in Europe, 5, 354.
programme outlined in, 5, 355–6.
effect of, 5, 356–7.
discussion of, 5, 358–62.
appendix to, 5, 362.
spread in Alsace by Cerf Berr, 5, 431.
“Upon the Inutility of the Jews in the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Moravia,” called forth by Dohm’s apology, 5, 359.
Uranso, Vidal de, assassin hired against Arbues, 4, 330.
Urban V, pope, enemy of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 122, 126.
Urbib, of Alexandria, generosity of, 3, 23.
Urbino, Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 6.
refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.
Uriah, high priest, summoned as witness against Ahaz, 1, 259.
Uriah, the Hittite, betrayed by David, 1, 131–2.
Uriah of Mayence, apostate, sets fire to the synagogue, 3, 303.
Uriah, son of Shemaiah, prophet, slain by Jehoiakim, 1, 301.
Uriel, name of an angel, 1, 403.
Urim and Thummim, in the Zohar, 4, 23.
Urraca, queen of Castile, marries Alfonso I of Aragon, 3, 316.
Ursicinus, legate of Gallus, oppresses the Jews of Judæa, 2, 568–9.
punishes the inhabitants of Sepphoris, 2, 570–1.
falls into disfavor with Constantius, 2, 572.
Usal. See Sanaa.
Usha, school of, 2, 148.
a center for the teaching of the Law, 2, 356.
the Synhedrion removed to, 2, 405.
a second time the meeting place of the teachers of the Law, 2, 433–4.
home of Judah ben Ilai, 2, 433, 442.
See Synhedrion, the, of Usha.
Ushaya, the Elder, adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.
compilation of, authoritative, 2, 471.
establishes an academy at Cæsarea, 2, 543.
Ushaya, the Younger, brother of Rabba bar Nachmani, Agadist, 2, 575–6.
Usque, Abraham (Duarte de Pinel), Marrano, translates the Bible into Spanish, 4, 475.
editor of the Ferrara Spanish Bible, 4, 576.
printing press of, closed, 4, 581.
Usque, Samuel, poet, on the Inquisition, 4, 324–5, 522.
on the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 380.
on Salonica, 4, 404–5.
on Samuel II Abrabanel, 4, 409.
Jewish historical subjects of, 4, 588.
historico-poetical dialogue of, 4, 558–61.
describes Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575–6.
Usque, Solomon (Duarte Gomez), poet and historian, 4, 555, 558.
tragedy by, on Esther, translated, 5, 90.
Usques, the three, protected by Gracia Mendesia, 4, 576.
Usury, the laws of, as enforced by Meïr, 2, 439.
taken by Jews from Christians, 3, 376, 393.
practiced in France in the twelfth century, 3, 400.
restrictions of, by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 510.
prohibited by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.
in England and France in the thirteenth century, 3, 571.
practiced by Jews in England under Henry III, 3, 591.
prohibited by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.
among the Jews of Castile, 4, 80.
in France in the fourteenth century, 4, 174.
legalized in Mantua, 4, 286.
charged against the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 415.
Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from the charge of, 5, 41.
practiced by Christian capitalists, 5, 205.
practiced by the Jews of Alsace, 5, 349, 350–1.
charged against the Jews of France, 5, 481, 482.
discussed in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 492.
discussed by the Synhedrion, 5, 497.
Utrera, the Marranos of, adopt means of defense against the Inquisition, 4, 313.
Uzza, the garden of, burial place of Manasseh, 1, 285.
Uzzah, son of Abinadab, sudden death of, 1, 119.
Uzziah, son of Amaziah of Judah, 1, 226.
king of Judah, character and ability of, 1, 228–9.
the earthquake under, 1, 229.
drouth under, 1, 229–30.
conquests of, 1, 230–1.
fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 231.
friendly relations of, with Jeroboam II, 1, 231, 232.
models his kingdom after Solomon’s, 1, 231.
warlike spirit of, 1, 244.
attempts to sacrifice in the Temple, 1, 245.
attacked by leprosy, 1, 245.
last years of, passed in solitude, 1, 246.
death of, 1, 248.
Uziel, Isaac, preacher at Amsterdam, influence of, 4, 672.
scourges the immorality of the Amsterdam Jews, 4, 680.
disciples of, 4, 682, 683, 689.
threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, 5, 58.
V
Vaad Arba Arazoth. See Four Countries, the, the Synod of.
Valavigny, surgeon, suspected of poisoning wells, 4, 104.
“Vale of Weeping,” by Joseph Cohen, 4, 590, 608.
Valencia, quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 162.
Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.
opposition to the Inquisition in, 4, 328.
refuge of the last king of Toledo, 3, 295.
Valencia, the Jews of, possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.
exterminated in 1391, 4, 170–1.
accept baptism, 4, 205, 206.
charged with the blood accusation, 4, 344.
possessions of, sequestrated by Ferdinand the Catholic, 4, 350.
Valencia de Alcantara, Gonzalo Martinez besieged in, 4, 86.
Valens, Emperor of the East, tolerance of, 2, 603.
Valensino, Alexandrian Jew, seconds Munk’s efforts to establish schools, 5, 663.
Valentinian I, Emperor of the West, tolerance of, 2, 603.
Valerianus, emperor, taken prisoner, 2, 527.
Valladolid, besieged by Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 79.
the Marranos of, attacked, 4, 280–1.
Valladolid, the cortes of, petition Alfonso XI against usury, 4, 80.
petition for the curtailment of Jewish privileges, 4, 116.
pass anti-Jewish regulations, 4, 158.
Valladolid, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.
deny the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 83.
despoiled, 4, 125.
accept baptism, 4, 205.
Van den Enden, Dr. Franz, philologist, Spinoza’s teacher, 5, 88–9.
Vandals, the, the empire of, conquered by Belisarius, 3, 26.
antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44.
Vangioni, the, marry Jewish women, 3, 41.
Vannes, the Council of, forbids the clergy to take part in Jewish banquets, 3, 36.
Vanni, mufti, proposes the conversion of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153.
instructs Sabbatian converts, 5, 154.
teaches Sabbataï Zevi Mahometan customs, 5, 162.
Van Oven, Bernard, English Jew, interested in the Damascus affair, 5, 653.
Van Swieden. See Swieden, van.
Vantabiet, Armenian bishop, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.
Varnhagen von Ense, husband of Rachel Levin, 5, 443.
attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 533.
Varus, representative of Agrippa II, treachery of, 2, 275.
dismissed, 2, 275.
Varus, Quintilius, governor of Syria, convicts Antipater of attempted parricide, 2, 114.
given charge of Jerusalem, 2, 122–3.
orders out Roman troops against the Judæan insurgents, 2, 125–6.
subdues the Judæan insurgents, 2, 126.
Vayol, Hans, calumniates Israel Bruna, 4, 302, 303.
retracts his calumnies, 4, 304.
Vaz, Diego, Marrano, murders Henrique Nunes, 4, 490.
Vecinho, Joseph, physician and astronomer, at the congress summoned by João II, 4, 367.
Vega brothers, the, found an academy at Jerusalem, 5, 126.
Vega Enriques, Rachel de, marriage of, 5, 242.
Vega, Judah, rabbi in Amsterdam, indulgent towards the weaknesses of the Jews, 4, 680.
Veit, in the Prussian Landtag, 5, 697.
Veit, Simon, husband of Dorothea Mendelssohn, 5, 424.
Veitel, Ephraim, Voltaire’s agent, 5, 339.
school founded by, 5, 405.
Velasquez de Tordesillas, bishop of Segovia, accuses the Jews of host desecration, 4, 195–6.
Venaissin, Jews in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.
the Jews of, expelled by Pius V, 4, 592.
Venice, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.
the Abrabanel family at, 4, 385–6.
Spanish spoken at, by the exiles, 4, 388.
exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.
the Marranos of, unmolested, 4, 500.
Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 504–5.
Marranos well treated at, 4, 526.
the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.
the rulers of, prosecute Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.
ordered by Turkey to liberate Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.
ambassador of, denounces Joseph Nassi, 4, 595.
hostility of, to Joseph Nassi, 4, 600.
war of, with Turkey, 4, 600.
imprisons the Levantine merchants, 4, 600.
peace of, with Turkey, 4, 605–6.
Elias Montalto in, 4, 673.
the war of, with Turkey enriches Smyrna, 5, 119.
the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 138, 150.
Nathan Ghazati in, 5, 161.
Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.
Nehemiah Chayon at, 5, 216–17.
honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
Venice, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.
threatened with expulsion, 4, 600–1.
depart, 4, 606.
position of, secured by Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 606–7.
number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 650.
in the time of Leo Modena, 5, 68.
order Luzzatto to justify himself, 5, 238.
Venice, the rabbis of, exact a promise from Luzzatto not to teach the Kabbala, 5, 239.
offended by Luzzatto, 5, 239–40.
excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 240, 242.
excommunicate the writer of Sabbatian amulets, 5, 263, 264.
Venus, temple to, on Golgotha, 2, 422.
Vera y Alarcon, Lope de, martyr, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.
Verdun, fortress of, refuge of the Jews, 4, 56.
Verona, Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.
Vesoul family, the, privileges of, 4, 150.
extinction of, 4, 152.
Vespasian, general of the Roman army in Judæa, 2, 284.
met at Ptolemais by Judæan partisans of Rome, 2, 285.
army of, 2, 285.
defeats Josephus, 2, 285.
defeated at Jotapata, 2, 285–6.
takes Gabara, 2, 286.
takes Jotapata, 2, 287.
kindly disposed to Josephus, 2, 288.
takes Gamala, 2, 289–90.
truce declared by, 2, 290.
hesitates to attack Jerusalem, 2, 297, 298.
in fear of Licinius Mucianus, 2, 300.
fealty sworn to, in Syria and Egypt, 2, 300.
declares Judæa his property, 2, 312.
celebration of the birthday of, 2, 312.
celebrates his triumph over Judæa, 2, 314–15.
appoints Bassus governor of Judæa, 2, 315.
institutes the fiscus Judaicus, 2, 316.
rewards the Judæans friendly to Rome, 2, 316–17.
closes the Temple of Onias, 2, 318.
treats the Jews kindly after the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 331.
gives Galilee to Agrippa II, 2, 333.
Viana, the Jews of, attacked at the instigation of Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 78.
Victoria, of England, congratulates Montefiore upon his success in the East, 5, 669.
honors Montefiore, 5, 670.
approves of the abolition of the form of oath, 5, 698.
Vidal. See Bonafoux Vidal; Crescas Vidal.
Vidal, Maëstro. See Moses ben Joshua Narboni.
Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi (Ferrer), champion of Judaism at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 207, 211.
holds the Agada to be authoritative, 4, 214.
refuses to accept Christianity, 4, 215.
relations of, become converts, 4, 215.
neo-Hebraic poet, 4, 230.
defends the Talmud, 4, 233–4.
Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri (1249–1306), rabbi of Perpignan, style of, 4, 26–7.
Vieira, Antonio, Jesuit, characterizes Isaac Aboab and Manasseh ben Israel, 4, 683.
Vienna, the Council of, confirms the anti-Jewish decrees of Innocent III, 3, 611–12.
court Jews appointed in, 4, 702.
Jews re-admitted into, 5, 189.
Judah Chassid at, 5, 213.
Chayon at, 5, 218, 230.
Jews allowed to live in, under certain conditions, 5, 358.
a Jewish salon in, 5, 413–14.
intercourse with, awakens a desire for culture in Galicia, 5, 611.
honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.
Vienna, the Congress of, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 513, 518–20.
statesmen of, favor the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 514.
Vienna, the Jews of, declared ineligible to office, 3, 635.
protected from the Deggenburg persecution, 4, 99.
kill themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
number of, 4, 694.
importance of, during the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 702.
privileges of, 4, 702–3.
build a synagogue, 4, 702.
tax paid by, 5, 170.
banished at the instigation of Empress Margaret, 5, 170.
call upon outsiders to have the decree revoked, 5, 171.
go into exile, 5, 171–2.
dispersion of, 5, 172–4.
suppress “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 189–90.
join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
heterogeneous character of, 5, 579–80.
reforms of, 5, 580.
the Temple service of, 5, 581.
importance of, 5, 582.
Viennet, French deputy, proposes the abolition of a state religion, 5, 597.
Villadiego, the Jews of, exterminated by Pedro’s English allies, 4, 125.
Villafranca, Oran Jews settle at, 5, 169.
Villareal, tribunals of the Inquisition established in, 4, 325.
Villaris, treasurer, insists upon the payment of taxes by the Jews of Spain, 4, 344.
Ville-Neuve, the Jews of, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.
“Vindiciæ Judæorum,” by Manasseh ben Israel, translated by Marcus Herz, 5, 362.
fundamental idea of, 5, 363.
Virgin Mary, the, doctrine of, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.
refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.
Viseu. See Vecinho.
Vishnioviecki, prince, Polish general, protects the Polish Jews against Cossack cruelty, 5, 10.
retreats before the Cossacks, 5, 10–11.
Vishnioviecki, the house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.
Visigothic code, the, the Jews under, 3, 292.
translation of, 3, 594–5.
Visigoths, the, the kings of, dependent on the Church, 3, 37.
antagonistic to the Catholics, 3, 44–5.
treat the Jews kindly until Catholic times, 3, 45–6.
the anti-Jewish decrees of, revived by the Council of Meaux, 3, 171.
Vismes, the secretary of, shows the injustice done the Jews of Metz, 5, 446.
Vital. See Chayim; Samuel.
Vitellius, proclaimed emperor in Lower Germany, 2, 299.
drives Otho to suicide, 2, 299.
death of, 2, 300.
Vitellius, governor of Syria, appealed to, against Pontius Pilate, 2, 172.
befriends the Judæans, 2, 172–3.
offers sacrifices in the Temple, 2, 173.
Vitoria, the Jews of, deed their cemetery to the town, 4, 352.
left without physicians by the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 353.
Vivo. See Yechiel of Paris.
Vizeu, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.
Vladislav, of Poland, death of, 5, 8.
Volga (Itil, Atel), the, Jews settle at the mouth of, 3, 123.
kingdom of the Chazars founded on, 3, 138.
Volhynia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.
Haidamaks in, 5, 11.
Vologeses, king of Parthia, and Izates of Adiabene, 2, 218.
Vologeses, king of Parthia, defeats Atidius Cornelianus, 2, 447.
Voltaggio, Joseph Cohen at, 4, 555.
Voltaire, Arouet de, compared with Lessing, 5, 296.
hostility of, to Jews, 5, 338–9.
financial losses of, through Medina, 5, 339.
quarrel of, with Hirsch, 5, 339.
Frederick the Great enraged at, 5, 339.
slanders the Jews, 5, 340.
answered by Pinto, 5, 345.
compliments Portuguese Jews, 5, 345.
“Jewish Letters” addressed to, 5, 346–7.
admired by Jews, 5, 411.
Von Bohlen, exegete, 5, 695.
Von der Recke, countess, and David Friedländer, 5, 534.
Voss, Julius von, defends the Jews, 5, 533.
Vossius, Dionysius, translates a work by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
Vossius, Isaac, recommends Manasseh ben Israel to Christine of Sweden, 5, 22.
Manasseh ben Israel dedicates a work to, 5, 37.
Vossius, John Gerard, friendly to Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.
Vowel-points, added to the Hebrew consonants, 3, 112.
Vries, Simon de, friend of Spinoza, 5, 107.
Vulgate, the, Latin translation of the Bible by Jerome, 2, 625.
placed above the Hebrew Bible, 4, 444–5.
W
“Waage, Die,” journal published by Börne, 5, 542.
Wadil-Kora, inhabited by Jews, 3, 55–6.
submits to Mahomet, 3, 83.
the Jews of, driven away by Omar, 3, 85.
the Jews of, bring love of the Arabic to Babylonia, 3, 111.
Wagenseil, John Christopher, Hebraist, accuses the Jews of blaspheming Jesus, 5, 185–6.
interested in the conversion of Jews, 5, 186.
tolerance of, 5, 186–7.
denounces the blood accusation, 5, 187.
Wala, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.
Waldenses, the, crusades against, begin with massacres of the Jews, 4, 222.
Wales, the Jumpers in, 5, 378.
Wallachia, the Jews of, join Frank, 5, 273.
Wallenstein, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.
Walter Cornutus, archbishop of Sens, and the burning of the Talmud, 3, 578.
Walther von der Vogelweide, the style of, adopted by Süsskind von Trimberg, 3, 420.
Wamba, Visigothic king, revolt against, 3, 104–5.
expels the Jews from Narbonne, 3, 105.
Jews enjoy religious freedom under, 3, 105, 106.
forced by Erwig to become a monk, 3, 106.
“War for God,” defense of Maimonides by his son, 3, 545.
“War of the Fosse,” between Mahomet and an alliance of tribes, 3, 80.
Waragi, the, wage war with the Chazars in the tenth century, 3, 221.
Waraka Ibn-Naufal, convert to Judaism, influences Mahomet, 3, 71.
Wars of God, the, book of, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.
Warsaw, Frank’s baptism at, 5, 288.
the duchy of, created by Napoleon, 5, 500.
Wartburg, the, Luther on, 4, 469, 475.
Wasit, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.
the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.
Water-gate, the, Ezra reads the Law near, 1, 378.
Water libation, the, mocked at by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 43.
re-introduced under Salome Alexandra, 2, 51.
as celebrated on the Feast of Tabernacles, 2, 51.
Water-Town, the. See Rabbath-Ammon.
Way, Lewis, addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 525–7.
Wecelinus, chaplain, proselyte, lampoons Christianity, 3, 245.
Weil, Jacob, teacher of Israel Bruna, defends him, 4, 302.
death of, 4, 303.
Weil, Moses, rabbi of the German Jews of Amsterdam, 4, 681.
Weissenburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.
indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.
Weissenfels, rabbinical synod at, 4, 163.
Well poisoning. See Black Death, the.
Wenceslaus, emperor, punishes the priests, 4, 164.
appealed to, by the Bohemian Jews, 4, 165–6.
exacts a poll-tax from the Jews, 4, 166.
friend of the rabbi of Prague, 4, 166.
deposed, 4, 178.
Wenzel, Francis, apostate, tries to arouse prejudice against the Jews, 5, 191.
Werner, archbishop of Mayence, protects the Jews, 3, 636.
“Werner, the good,” supposed to have been murdered for ritual purposes, 3, 637.
Werry, English consul at Damascus, abets Ratti Menton, 5, 639.
Wertheimer, Joseph, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.
Wessely, Moses, aids Lessing, 5, 326.
Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig, (1725–1805), poet, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.
inspired by Mendelssohn, 5, 366.
youth and education of, 5, 366–7.
interested in the Bible, 5, 367.
piety of, 5, 367.
poetic gifts of, 5, 367–8.
composes a hymn to Joseph II, 5, 368.
on general culture for the Jews, 5, 368, 370–1.
in negotiation with the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.
censured by the pious, 5, 369, 370.
encouraged by Italian rabbis, 5, 371.
contributor to the Meassef, 5, 399.
permits the study of the sciences, 5, 402.
last poem by, 5, 404.
poetry of, compared with Luzzatto’s, 5, 623.
compared with Munk, 5, 663.
West India Company, the, Jews interested in, 4, 677.
West, the, the empire of, the Jews of, under Honorius, 2, 616–17, 622.
forbidden to enter military service, 2, 617.
Westphalia, the kingdom of, created by Napoleon, 5, 500.
constitution of, 5, 500.
the Jews of, emancipated, 5, 500.
Jewish consistory in, 5, 501–2.
functions of the consistory in, 5, 502.
added to Prussia, 5, 525.
reforms of Judaism in, 5, 562.
Wetterau, the, the Jews of, emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
“White Company,” the, troops of Henry de Trastamare, 4, 123.
Widmannstadt, prosecutes Hebrew studies, 4, 434.
William I, of England (the Conqueror), forbids Jews to keep Christian slaves and nurses, 3, 294.
William III, of England, addressed by Oliger Pauli on the Jews, 5, 177.
assisted by Suasso, 5, 205.
William VIII, of Montpellier, unfriendly to the Jews, 3, 395.
William of Orange, appeals to Joseph Nassi, 4, 601.
tolerance of, 4, 663.
well disposed towards Jews, 4, 678.
William II, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own jurisdiction, 3, 422–3.
William, bishop of Béziers, discontinues the Easter persecution of the Jews, 3, 394.
William, bishop of Paris, entrusted with the persecution of the Talmud, 3, 575.
William the Carpenter, leader of the first crusade, and the Jews, 3, 299–301.
Wilna, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Russians, 5, 14.
the Chassidim in, 5, 388, 391.
rabbis of, excommunicate the Chassidim, 5, 391–2.
Wimpfen, Süsskind Alexander, ransoms the body of Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 640.
Wine, on the Sabbath and the Passover, 1, 398.
Wintzenheim, the consistory of, rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.
“Wisdom and Wealth,” dialogue by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, 3, 559.
Wisdom, the Book of. See Ecclesiasticus.
Witiga, Visigothic king, 3, 109.
Witnesses, Christian, against Jews recognized by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 422.
Samaritan, testimony of, admissible, 2, 457.
baptized Jews, evidence of, valid, 4, 36–7.
Witnesses, Jewish, competent only in Jewish cases, under Justinian, 3, 12–13.
cannot testify against Christians, 3, 102, 520; 4, 250.
the oath of, under Charlemagne, 3, 144.
not recognized in the Visigothic code, 3, 292.
See also Jurisdiction, Jewish, autonomous.
Witold, duke of Lithuania, grants privileges to the Karaites, 4, 265.
Wittenberg, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.
Wolf, Aaron Benjamin, rabbi of Berlin, and Chayon, 5, 219, 220.
Wolf, John Christopher, supplements Basnage’s work, 5, 197.
Wolf, Levi, apostate, Sabbatian, 5, 213.
Wolfkan of Ratisbon, apostate, charges the Jews with the blood accusation, 4, 298, 304.
Wolfram of Eschenbach, style of, adopted by Süsskind of Trimberg, 3, 420.
Wolfssohn, Aaron, editor of the Meassef, 5, 400.
founder of the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.
Wolkenburg, the castle of, refuge of the Cologne Jews, 3, 352.
Wolowski, Frankist family, 5, 289.
“Woman-Hater, The,” satire by Jehuda ben Sabbataï, 3, 559–60.
“Wonderful Word, The,” panegyric on the Hebrew language by Reuchlin, 4, 433–4.
“Wonderworker by Means of Invocation in the Name of God.” See Israel of Miedziboz.
Wood-festival, the, as celebrated in the second Temple, 2, 52.
Worcester, the Jewish Parliament meets in, 3, 590.
“Word to the Impartial, A,” philo-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 470.
“Words of Peace and Truth,” by Wessely, 5, 368–9.
Worms, founders of the Jewish community of, 3, 41.
Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.
congregation of, one of the oldest in Germany, 3, 518.
decisions of, 4, 135.
rabbinical synod at, 4, 452–3.
deputies from, consider the Jewish question, 4, 463.
Luther at the diet of, 4, 469.
Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.
Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.
Worms, the Jews of, faithful to Henry IV, 3, 293.
during the first crusade, 3, 301–2.
defend the city, 3, 417.
emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.
burn themselves to escape the Black Death persecutions, 4, 108–9.
threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.
the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.
number of, 4, 694.
antipathy to, 4, 694–5.
the expulsion of, urged, 4, 698.
ordered to leave, 4, 699.
suffering of, 4, 699.
re-admitted, 4, 699.
restrictions upon, 4, 700.
protected by Ferdinand II, 4, 701.
Wratislaw II, duke of Bohemia, 3, 305.
prevents the emigration of the Jews, 3, 307.
Writers (Historians, Pamphleteers, Scholars, etc.), non-Jewish, on Jewish subjects, list of:
Abdel-latif,
Abu Ishak al-Elviri,
Abul-Ala,
Abul-Arab Ibn-Moïsha,
Adams, Hannah
Agobard,
Alexander Polyhistor,
Alfonso de Spina,
Alfonso Burgensis,
Alsaid Ibn-Sina Almulk,
Alvarez, Alfonso, de Villasandino
Apion,
Apollonius Malo,
Apollonius Molo,
Appian,
Aristides,
Augustine,
Bail,
Barlæus, Caspar
Basnage, Jacob
Buchholz,
Buxtorfs, the
Cassiodorus,
Ceba, Ansaldo
Chateaubriand,
Cicero,
Closener of Strasburg,
Collier, Thomas
Czechowic, Martin
Delitzsch, Franz
Diebitsch, von
Diego de Valencia,
Diez,
Dio Cassius,
Dohm, Christian William
Duns Scotus,
Dury, John
Eck, John
Erasmus,
Eusebius,
Ewald, Heinrich
Ewald, Johann Ludwig
Felgenhauer, Paul
Ferrajo, Lucio
Fichte,
Frankenberg, Abraham
Fries, J. F.
Gesenius,
Goethe,
Graes, Ortuin de
Grattenauer,
Grégoire,
Grund, Christian
Hartmann, Frederick Traugott
Hengstenberg,
Herder,
Holmes, Nathaniel
Holst, Ludwig
Hooghe, Romein de
Hoornbeck, John
Hosiander,
Hundt, Hartwig
Hutten, Ulrich von
Ibn-Alfara,
Isidore, arch-bishop of Seville,
Jerome,
Jesse, Henry
Jurieu, Pierre
Klonowicz,
Kölbele, John Balthasar
Kosmann,
Krämer, August
Lamartine,
La Peyrère, Isaac
Lavater, John Caspar
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
Longinus,
Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala
Luther, Martin
Manetho,
Martin, Harry
Martin, Raymund
Martinet, Adam
Matthew Paris,
Megerlin, David Frederick
Meyer, Edward
Michaelis, John David
Miller, John
Mirabeau,
Münster, Sebastian
Nicholas, Edward
Nicolaus of Damascus,
Paalzow,
Porphyry,
Posidonius,
Procopius,
Prynne, William
Ramson,
Reuchlin, John
Rhabanus Maurus,
Rohrer, Joseph
Rubianus, Crotus
Rühs, Friedrich
Scaliger, Joseph
Schleiermacher,
Schmidt of Hildburghausen,
Schudt,
Schwager,
Simon, Richard
Speeth, John Peter
Strabo,
Streckfuss,
Surenhuysius, William
Swieden, van
Tacitus,
Tovey,
Unger, Christian Theophilus
Varnhagen van Ense,
Voss, Julius von
Vossius, Dionysius
Wagenseil, John Christopher
Wülfer, John.
Wülfer, John, Hebraist, attacks the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.
denounces the blood accusation, 5, 185.
Würtemberg, the liturgy of, introduced into Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.
Würzburg, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom during the second crusade, 3, 354.
blotted out during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35.
perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.
the “hep, hep!” persecution of, 5, 528–9.
Wycliffe, denounces the Church, 4, 202.
inspires Huss, 4, 221.
X
Xeres, battle of, gives the Mahometans possession of Visigothic Spain, 3, 109.
Xerifs, the, a powerful family of Fez, 4, 390.
Xerxes (Ahasuerus), king of Persia, the Judæans under, accused of disloyalty, 1, 361.
Ximenes de Cisneros, third inquisitor-general, forbids Charles V to tolerate the Jews, 4, 484.
Xystum, colonnade before the Hasmonæan palace, 2, 14.
Y
Yachini, Abraham, preacher at Constantinople, confirms Sabbataï Zevi’s Messiahship, 5, 123, 131.
rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.
Yachya Ibn-Mondhir, patron of Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, 3, 266.
Yachya Alkader, last Mahometan king of Toledo, 3, 295.
Yalkut, the, a Midrash collection by Simon Kara, 3, 346.
Yalta, wife of Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 554–5.
pride of, 2, 556.
Yarche Kalla, months of assembly at Sora, 2, 514–15.
Yarchinaï. See Samuel, son of Abba.
Yarob, ancestor of the Arabs, 3, 61.
Yathrib. See Medina.
Yazates, Persian good spirits, 1, 403.
“Year of Flying,” the, era for the Jews of Bagdad, 3, 433.
“Year of Penitence,” the, inaugurated by Asher Lämmlein, 4, 483.
Year of Release, the. See Sabbatical year, the.
Year, the Jewish, character of, 2, 362–3. See Calendar, the.
Yechiel (Vivo) of Paris, Talmudist, invited to defend the Talmud against Donin, 3, 576.
refuses to answer questions, 3, 576.
refuses to take an oath, 3, 577.
disproves the charge of immorality and blasphemy, 3, 577.
maintains that there are no references to Jesus in the Talmud, 3, 577.
disciples of, 3, 586.
obtains supplies from Palestine, 3, 586.
emigrates to Palestine, 3, 587.
buried at Chaifa, 3, 608.
Yechiel of Pisa, financier and patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 286.
friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 286.
ransoms Jewish prisoners, 4, 287.
on Jewish physicians in Italy, 4, 287.
accused of protecting the Jews by means of bribery, 4, 297.
instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.
sons of, help the Spanish exiles, 4, 360.
Yechiel ben Abraham, manages the finances of Pope Alexander III, 3, 421.
Yedaya En-Bonet Bedaresi (Penini, 1280–1340), poet, bombastic style of, 4, 26, 42–3.
works of, 4, 43.
defends the study of science, 4, 43–4.
on the expulsion of the French Jews, 4, 49.
Yekum Purkan, blessing for the Exilarchs and Geonim, 3, 95.
Yekutiel (Kussiel) of Wilna, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237, 245.
spreads Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.
Yekutiel Ibn-Hassan, protector of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 266.
Yemen, a part of southern Arabia, 3, 54.
king of, converted to Judaism, 3, 62–3.
under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 429.
Yemen, the Jews of, numerous, 3, 56.
prevent the spread of Christianity, 3, 56.
in the twelfth century, 3, 436.
benevolence of, 3, 436.
forced into Islam, 3, 461–2.
consoled by Maimonides, 3, 462–4.
devoted to Maimonides, 3, 464.
rescued from persecution by Maimonides, 3, 474.
See also Himyarite kingdom, the.
Yezid I, Ommiyyade Caliph, tolerance of, 3, 110.
patron of learning, 3, 110.
cross-questions the false Messiah Serene, 3, 121.
Yishaï ben Chiskiya, of Damascus, Exilarch, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 627.
excommunicates Solomon Petit, 3, 632–3.
reports the condemnation of the Anti-Maimunists of Accho, 3, 633.
Yizchaki. See Abraham; Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus; Solomon.
Yoktan, ancestor of the Himyarites, 3, 60.
Yom bar Gerizim, anniversary of the destruction of the Samaritan Temple, 2, 8.
Yom Tob, of Joigny, counsels the Jews of York to slay one another, 3, 414–15.
Yom-Tob Kahana ben Jacob (926–928), Gaon of Sora, 3, 192.
Yom Trajanus, a half-holiday, 2, 401.
York, the governor of, deposed, 3, 416.
York, the Jews of, persecuted under Richard I, 3, 413–15.
take refuge in the citadel, 3, 413.
refuse to admit the governor, 3, 414.
besieged, 3, 414–15.
kill each other, 3, 415.
Yotabe, island, a Jewish free state on, 3, 56.
“Youth,” drama by Mendel Bresselau, 5, 398.
Yussuf Ibn-Teshufin, Almoravide prince, aids the Mahometans against Alfonso VI of Castile, 3, 296.
forces Islam upon the Jews of Lucena, 3, 311–12.
Z
Zab, the, Antiochus Sidetes defeats the Parthians at, 2, 5.
Zaba, tribal contingent to David’s army, 1, 122.
Zabir Ibn-Bata, survivor of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 81.
Zaccaï, head of the Jewish congregation at Mosul, 3, 429–30.
tries to influence David Alrui, 3, 433.
Zaccaï ben Achunaï, pretender to the Exilarchate, confirmed in the office, 3, 137.
Zachariah ben Jehoiada, high priest, stoned, 1, 220.
Zachariah. See also Zechariah.
Zacharias, founder of a Judaizing sect in Poland, 4, 633.
Zachib as-Schorta, minister of police, 3, 313.
Zachot, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.
Zacuto. See Abraham; Moses; Samuel.
Zaddik, the, in the Kabbala, 5, 121.
Zaddik, the, Chassidean leader, requirements of, 5, 380, 381.
importance of, magnified by Beer of Mizricz, 5, 381–2.
pilgrimages to, 5, 382, 384.
gifts to, 5, 382–3, 384.
superior to the Rebbe, 5, 393.
Zadok, high priest, at Gibeon, 1, 120.
faithful to David, 1, 141.
urges the recall of David, 1, 146.
ranked above Abiathar, 1, 152.
anoints Solomon king, 1, 153.
of the house of Eleazar, 1, 155.
made sole high priest, 1, 160.
Zadok, leader of the Sadduceans, 2, 21.
Zadok, Talmudist of Accho, 3, 427.
Zadok, teacher of the Law, follower of Shammai, 2, 133, 330, 338.
leader of the Zealots, 2, 133.
resists the Roman census, 2, 133.
maxim of, 2, 338–9.
Zadukim. See Sadducees.
Zafara (Thafar), falls into the hands of the Ethiopian king, 3, 66.
Zag. See Isaac Benveniste.
Zag (Isaac) ben Meïr de Malea, Almoxarif under Alfonso X, 3, 593, 615–16.
Zag (Isaac) Ibn-Said, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, 3, 593–4.
Zähringen, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, 4, 108.
Zainab, sister of Marhab, tries to poison Mahomet, 3, 83–4.
Zain-Eddin, commander of Amadia, patron of David Alrui, 3, 430.
brings about the death of David Alrui, 3, 433.
Zaken, title of the ordained, 2, 361.
Zalmunna, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, 1, 63.
Zamaris, founder of the colony of Babylonian Judæans in Batanæa, 2, 274.
Zamora, the Council of, renews anti-Jewish laws, 4, 52.
the Jews of, accept baptism, 4, 205.
Zamosc, Israel. See Israel Zamosc.
Zapateiro, Joseph. See Joseph Zapateiro.
Zaporogians, the. See Cossacks, the.
Zarak Barfat, poet, 4, 140.
Zarephath (Sarepta), Elijah lives in, 1, 203.
Zarfati. See Simon; Solomon ben Abraham.
Zarko, Jehuda, poet, 4, 609.
Zarzal. See Abraham Ibn-Zarzal.
Zarzel. See Moses Zarzel.
Zaslaw, the fair of, the Polish Talmudists meet at, 4, 640.
Zealand, admission of Jews into, opposed, 4, 663.
Zealots, the, republican party in Judæa, principles and leaders of, 2, 133.
resist the Roman census, 2, 133–4.
object to the use of the Roman era, 2, 134.
conception of the Messiah held by, 2, 144.
disapprove of Jesus, 2, 162.
depredations of, 2, 238–9.
a band of, called Sicarii, 2, 239.
kill the Samaritan inhabitants of Acrabatene, 2, 243.
in favor of war with Rome, 2, 256.
allied with the royal house of Adiabene, 2, 256.
leader of, 2, 256.
supported by Shammai’s followers, 2, 256.
hold the Temple mount, 2, 259.
keep the Peace party out of the Temple, 2, 260.
increased by the masses of the people and the Sicarii, 2, 260.
force the Roman garrison to capitulate, 2, 260.
disagree with the Sicarii, 2, 260–1.
disinterestedness of, 2, 261.
defeat Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.
occupy the inner town, 2, 265.
force Cestius to retreat, 2, 266–7.
exaltation of, 2, 267–8.
coins of, 2, 268.
avenge the massacre of Judæans, 2, 269–70.
forbid the purchase of certain articles of food from the heathen, 2, 270.
in Galilee, 2, 272–4.
in Jerusalem after the conquest of Galilee, 2, 291, 292.
treatment by, of those suspected of Roman proclivities, 2, 294.
besieged in the Temple by Anan, 2, 295.
dissolve the aristocratic Synhedrion, 2, 296.
reign of terror under, 2, 296–7.
at war with Simon bar Giora, 2, 297–8.
split up into factions, 2, 301.
heroism of, 2, 306, 316.
massacred by the Romans, 2, 315.
flee to Arabia, Egypt, etc., 2, 317–18; 3, 54.
end of the movement of, 2, 318–19.
and Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 323.
war of, immortalized by Josephus, 2, 415.
Zebah, Midianite king, punished by Gideon, 1, 63.
Zebaoth, Adonai, meaning of, 1, 130–1.
Zebedee, the sons of, disciples of Jesus, 2, 153.
suggest the necessity of a precursor to the Messiah, 2, 158.
Zebulon, the tribe of, settles north of Mount Tabor, 1, 37.
relation of, to the Phœnicians, 1, 53.
extends its territory, 1, 67.
descendants of, around Nishabur, 3, 433.
Zebulon, tribesmen of, join Gideon, 1, 62.
join Solomon’s fleet, 1, 170.
Zechariah, king of Israel, murder of, 1, 243.
Zechariah (I), prophet, son of Berechiah, prophecies of, 1, 254–6.
summoned as witness against Ahaz, 1, 259.
Zechariah (II), prophet, urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.
extols the high priest Joshua, 1, 360.
Zechariah. See also Zachariah.
“Zeda la-Derech,” by Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach, 4, 145.
Zedekiah (Mattaniah), made king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 308.
swears fealty to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 308.
character of, 1, 309.
urged to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 309–10.
refuses tribute to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310–11.
flight of, 1, 314.
blinded and taken to Babylon, 1, 315.
Zedekiah, the daughters of, in Gedaliah’s care, 1, 319.
taken prisoners by Ishmael, 1, 322.
rescued by Johanan, 1, 323.
Zedekiah, Jewish physician of Charles the Bald, 3, 170.
Zeïra I, Amora, a Babylonian, 2, 531.
emigrates to Judæa, 2, 557.
method of, 2, 557–8, 590.
modesty of, 2, 558.
death of, 2, 558.
Zeïra II, Amora, proposed as principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 583.
and the Machuzan marriages, 2, 586–7.
Zeïra bar Chanina, political offender against Zenobia, 2, 529–30.
Zekenim, elders among the Israelites, 1, 7.
Zelah, family tomb of Saul, 1, 124.
Zemach. See Mar-Zemach.
Zemach ben Kafnaï, Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 200.
Zemach ben Shahin, candidate for the Sora Gaonate, 3, 192–3.
Zemach, Jacob, Marrano physician, Kabbalist, 5, 125–6.
Zemach David, history by David Gans, 4, 638–9.
Zend-Avesta, Persian code, compiled by Ardashir, 2, 524.
Zendiks, the, adherents of the Magian religion reformed by Mazdak, 3, 2.
recruited from the lower classes, 3, 2.
Zenki, makes Mosul a capital of the Eastern Caliphate, 3, 429.
kindly disposed to Jews, 3, 429.
Zeno, Emperor of the East, hostile to the Jews, 3, 10–11.
Zeno Cotylas, governor of Philadelphia, protects Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 3.
Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, the court of, 2, 529.
feeling of the Jews against, 2, 529–30.
end of, 2, 530.
Zephaniah, captain of the Temple, beheaded, 1, 314.
Zephaniah, prophet, prophecy of, 1, 286–7.
Zerah, Egyptian general, defeated by Asa, 1, 190.
Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoiachin, intercedes with Cyrus for the return of the Judæans, 1, 351.
leader of the exiles returning under Cyrus, 1, 351–2.
governor of Judæa, 1, 352.
erects an altar on the site of the Temple, 1, 356.
refuses the help of the Cuthæans, 1, 357–8.
urges the completion of the Temple, 1, 359.
returns to Babylon, 1, 360.
great-grandson of, accompanies Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.
the Exilarchs descended from, 2, 509.
Zevi. See Elijah; Joseph; Mordecai; Sabbataï; Sarah Zevi; Jacob Querido.
Zevi Ashkenazi, Chacham, anti-Sabbatian, 5, 221.
as a Talmudist, 5, 221.
rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 221.
and Solomon Ayllon, 5, 221.
denounces Chayon, 5, 221–2.
refuses to co-operate with Ayllon, 5, 222.
excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.
abused by the Portuguese Jews of Amsterdam, 5, 224.
deserted by the German community, 5, 225.
laid under the ban, 5, 226.
compelled to leave Amsterdam, 5, 226.
cause of, espoused by Jews elsewhere, 5, 227.
the son of, 5, 254.
Ziadeth-Allah, Aghlabite prince, Isaac Israeli physician to, 3, 180.
Ziba, slave of Saul, appointed Mephibosheth’s steward, 1, 124.
Zicareo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 560.
Zidon. See Sidon.
Ziklag, given to David by Achish, 1, 101.
burnt by the Amalekites, 1, 106.
Zimra. See David Ibn-Abi Zimra.
Zimri, commander of the war-chariots, kills Elah, 1, 192.
short reign of, in Israel, 1, 192.
Zinzendorf, count, addressed by the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.
Zion, celebrated by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 325–6.
Zion, Hebrew journal devoted to Jewish science, 5, 693.
Zion, mountain, description of, 1, 45.
taken from the Jebusites, 1, 113.
on the west side of Jerusalem, 1, 115.
the Ark of the Covenant transferred to, 1, 120.
permission to build a synagogue on, 4, 273–4.
Zion, mourners of, in Babylon, 1, 338.
Zion, the songs of, by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 337–8, 342.
Zion, upper city of Jerusalem, plundered by Gessius Florus, 2, 254.
taken by Titus, 2, 309.
Zipporah, wife of Moses, 1, 14.
Zisca, Hussite leader, bravery of, 4, 225, 226.
Zoar (Tamarah), city of palms, 1, 43.
south-eastern limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.
Zohar, the, authorship of, 4, 11–12.
attributed to Simon bar Yochaï, 4, 12.
glorifies Simon bar Yochaï, 4, 12–14.
description of, 4, 14.
the underlying principle of, 4, 14–15.
interpretation of the Scriptures in, 4, 15–16.
theory of, on the soul, 3, 16–18.
the Messiah in, 4, 18.
on the Talmud, 4, 19.
spread of, 4, 19.
discovery of, attributed to Nachmani, 4, 20.
discovered to be a forgery, 4, 20–1.
reception of, among the Kabbalists, 4, 21–2.
influence of, 4, 22–3.
and Christian dogmas, 4, 23.
the Kabbalistic authority, 4, 196.
denounced as a forgery by Elias del Medigo, 4, 292.
affects the liturgy, 4, 481.
printed at Mantua, 4, 583.
edited by Vittorio Eliano, 4, 584.
a canonical book, 4, 584.
influence of, on Isaac Lurya, 4, 618–19.
a system evolved from, by Isaac Lurya, 4, 619–22.
esteemed at Safet, 4, 622.
placed above the Bible and the Talmud, 4, 625.
fixes the Messianic year, 5, 6, 24, 121–2.
the genuineness of, defended by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 78.
annihilates Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 144.
opposed by Jehuda Brieli, 5, 200.
the style of, imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 235.
accepted by the Frankists, 5, 274–5.
exposed as a forgery by Emden, 5, 278.
teaches the Trinity, 5, 287.
Zohar Tinyana, by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.
Zoharites. See Frankists.
Zoilus, governor of Gaza, 2, 40.
Zolkiew, home of Krochmal, 5, 608, 614.
Zollikofer, approves of Mendelssohn’s views on Church discipline, 5, 363.
Zor. See Tyre.
Zorah Yussuf Dhu-Nowas (520–530), Jewish king of Yemen, retaliates upon the Byzantine emperors, 3, 64.
defeated by Aidug, 3, 64.
takes Najaran, 3, 65.
levies a tribute upon the Christians of Himyara, 3, 65.
enemies of, 3, 65–6.
war of, with the Nejus of Ethiopia, 3, 66.
end of, 3, 66.
Zorba-me-Rabbanan, master of the Law in Babylonia, 2, 544.
Zoroaster, the doctrines of, restored by Ardashir, 2, 524.
Zosina, Russian metropolitan, joins a Judaizing sect, 4, 633.
Zuhara, castle of the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.
Zunz, Leopold, founder of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.
staunchness of, 5, 587–8.
uses Rapoport’s methods, 5, 620.
issues his first great work, 5, 620–1.
contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 622.
on the blood accusation, 5, 669.
on Jewish mediæval poetry, 5, 694.
Zurich, the Jews of, charged with poisoning wells, 4, 105.
Zütphen, adviser of the Duke of Alva, 4, 662.
Zutra. See Mar-Zutra.
Zwingli, declares himself against the papacy, 4, 469.