Index (continued 2)

Jewish association in, 5, 703.

Austria, the Jews of, fill offices, 3, 516, 567.

protected by Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 567–9.

suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.

suffer from the Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

accused of well poisoning, 4, 110.

suffer during the Hussite agitation, 4, 222–4.

charged with host desecration, 4, 223–4.

banished, 4, 224, 427.

restrictions placed on, 4, 585.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

condition of, improved by Joseph II, 5, 357–8.

letter addressed to, by Wessely, 5, 368.

continued abasement of, 5, 461.

freed from the poll-tax, 5, 464.

new taxes imposed on, 5, 508.

under Francis I, 5, 523.

influence of Mannheimer on, 5, 579.

growing self-respect of, 5, 582.

Austria, Lower, the Jews of, banished, 4, 585.

Austrian Succession, the, War of, and the Jews of Prague, 5, 251–2.

Autobiography of Josephus, 2, 390.

of Uriel da Costa, 5, 64–5.

of Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.

Auto-da-fé, the first, of Marranos, 4, 317.

See also Marranos, the; Inquisition, the.

Auvergne (Arverna), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Auxerre, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Averroës (Ibn-Roshd), commentaries by, on Aristotle, translated, 3, 566–7.

views of, opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.

admired by Narboni, 4, 94.

quoted by Jewish preachers, 4, 232.

system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.

Avesta, the, laws of clean and unclean in, 1, 402.

Avicebrol (Avicebron), name of Solomon Ibn-Gebirol among the schoolmen, 3, 271.

Avicenna. See Ibn-Sina.

Avigedor Kara, rabbi of Prague, on friendly terms with Emperor Wenceslaus, 4, 166.

Avignon, the council of, forbids the employment of Jews in state offices, 3, 503–4.

the papacy at, 4, 162.

Jews remain in, after their banishment from France, 4, 177, 659.

David Reubeni in, 4, 499.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 141.

Jews in, during the French Revolution, 5, 436.

Avignon, the Jews of, oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

tolerated by the popes, 4, 177.

expelled, 4, 592.

honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.

Avila, de, Marrano bishop, burnt by Torquemada, 4, 333.

Avila, the Messiah of, 4, 8–9, 9–10.

religious disputation at, 4, 140–2.

Henry IV deposed at, 4, 278.

law of, 4, 229.

Avila, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Avitus, bishop, presides over the council of Epaone, 3, 37.

forcibly converts the Jews of Clermont, 3, 38–9.

celebrated in a poem, 3, 39.

Avran, commander under Lysimachus the Benjamite, 1, 449.

Ayllon, Solomon (1667–1728),

Sabbatian, profligacy of, 5, 210.

youth of, 5, 214.

rabbi of London, 5, 214.

rabbi of Amsterdam, 5, 215.

on Chacham Zevi, 5, 221.

mistrusted by the Portuguese community, 5, 222.

supports Chayon’s cause, 5, 222–3.

refuses reconciliation with Chacham Zevi, 5, 224.

acquits Chayon of heresy, 5, 224–5.

Brieli writes to, 5, 225.

summons Chacham Zevi before the Council, 5, 226.

abandons Chayon, 5, 231.

Azael, name of a Sefirah, 4, 17.

Azariah. See Uzziah.

Azariah, general of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 476.

Azariah, high priest, contest of, with Uzziah, 1, 245.

Azariah ben Zadok, high priest under Solomon, 1, 167.

Azarya ben Moses deï Rossi (1514–1578), attainments of, 4, 614.

connects the Talmud with other ancient writings, 4, 614.

works by, 4, 615.

as a critic, 4, 615.

declared a heretic, 4, 616.

Azeka, offers opposition to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311.

“Azharoth,” composed by Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, 3, 284.

Aziz, of Emesa, husband of Drusilla, 2, 235.

Azotus. See Ashdod.

Azriel, Kabbalist, reduces the Kabbala to a system, 3, 548; 4, 14.

history of, unknown, 3, 548.

clothes the Kabbala in philosophical language, 3, 549, 556.

Azzel Ibn-Samuel, one of the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 81.

B

Baal, altar to, in Samaria, 1, 197.

priests of, assemble by order of Elijah, 1, 203–4.

Baal, the worship of, among the Canaanites, 1, 54.

by Ammonites and Moabites, 1, 55.

at Ophrah, 1, 62.

in Samuel’s time, 1, 75.

under Omri, 1, 195.

under Athaliah, 1, 212, 214.

removed from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

abolished by Menahem, 1, 244.

See also Astarte; Idolatry.

Baal ha-Turim. See Jacob ben Asheri.

Baal-Peor. See Peor.

Baal-Perazim, mount, scene of a Philistine defeat, 1, 116.

Baal-Shem. See Israel of Miedziboz.

Baal-Zebub, idol, consulted by Ahaziah, 1, 207.

Baalbek, a Karaite center, 3, 158.

captured by Hulagu, 3, 606.

Baalis, king of Ammon, protects Judæan fugitives, 1, 318.

instigates Gedaliah’s murder, 1, 322.

Baaltis. See Astarte.

Baasha, of Israel, kills Nadab, 1, 189.

ascends the throne, 1, 190.

allied with the king of Egypt, 1, 190.

at war with Asa, 1, 190–1.

allied with Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

takes Ramah, 1, 191.

death of, 1, 191.

Bab al Abwab, Persian wall against the Chazars, 3, 138.

Baba ben Buta, follower of Shammai, 2, 133.

Babenberg, the princes of, permit Jews to fill state offices, 3, 567.

Babylon, inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

description of, 1, 330.

fall of, 1, 349–50.

the goddess of love worshiped in, 1, 408.

the Judæans of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

study of the Law in, 2, 358.

Babylonia, the scene of Jewish activity, 2, 503–4, 531, 537; 3, 160; 5, 726.

three meanings of, in Jewish history, 2, 504–5.

resembles the Holy Land, 2, 544.

Jewish public life in, 2, 547.

independent of Judæa, 2, 548.

rise of, 2, 557.

the study of the Law flourishes in, 2, 574–5.

called Irak by the Arabs, 3, 89.

loses intellectual supremacy, 3, 193, 210, 228.

Jewish communal life in, in the tenth century, 3, 194.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Babylonia, Jewish, described, 2, 504.

compared with Judæa, 2, 505.

districts of, 2, 505.

towns of, 2, 505–8.

fertility of, 2, 507–8.

scene of the war between Julian and Shabur II, 2, 601.

Sora the center of, 2, 607.

constitution of, 3, 93–101.

communal constitution of, 3, 98–100.

power of, 3, 100–1.

mystic doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.

Babylonia, the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393, 397.

favorable position of, 2, 508.

political chief of, 2, 508–11.

needs of, produce a new development of the Law, 2, 511.

resort to the academies of Galilee, 2, 511, 531.

religious ignorance of, 2, 513.

immorality of, 2, 516–17, 579.

establish the sanctity of the law of the land, 2, 520.

suffer under Magian supremacy, 2, 524–5.

on friendly terms with the Magi, 2, 525–6.

injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.

luxurious habits of, 2, 588.

oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591–2.

favor Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

well treated by Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

persecuted, 2, 626, 627–8; 3, 8.

suffer under Zendik communism, 3, 2–3.

rebel under Mar-Zutra II, 3, 3–4.

independence of, 3, 3–4.

kindly treated by Bahram Tshubin, 3, 8–9.

prosperous under Chosru II, 3, 9–10.

help the Arabs, 3, 89.

form a separate community under the Exilarch, 3, 89.

oppose Moawiyah, 3, 90, 92.

ill-treated by the caliphs of the East, 3, 176–7.

Babylonia, the Judæans of, kindly treated, 1, 329–30, 331.

government and possessions of, 1, 330.

easily learn Aramaic, 1, 330–1.

practice idolatry, 1, 332.

cherish Hebrew literature, 1, 334–6.

joined by the descendants of the Ten Tribes, 1, 335–6.

mourning of, 1, 337–8.

make proselytes, 1, 338–9.

adopt Chaldæan superstitions, 1, 339–40.

occupations and wealth of, 1, 339–40.

literature produced by, 1, 340–2.

not desirous of returning to Palestine, 1, 340, 341.

beg for permission to return to Palestine, 1, 342–3.

hate Babylon, 1, 343.

persecuted, 1, 343–4.

divided into the worldly and the pious, 1, 349.

interested in the war with Cyrus, 1, 349.

cured of idolatry by the fall of Babylon, 1, 350.

permitted to return to Palestine, 1, 351.

number of, returning under Cyrus, 1, 352.

sympathy of, with the returning exiles, 1, 354–5.

national enthusiasm of, 1, 363–5.

accompany Ezra to Palestine, 1, 366.

send contributions to the Temple, 2, 52.

welcome Hyrcanus II, 2, 90.

own large tracts of land, 2, 202.

in Batanæa, 2, 274.

massacred by Varus, 2, 275.

retreat to Gamala, 2, 275.

Bacchides, Syrian general, sent to Jerusalem, 1, 482.

slays Judæans at Beth-Zachariah, 1, 483.

encamps before Jerusalem, 1, 486.

defeats the Judæans at Eleasa, 1, 487.

reduces the whole country, 1, 491.

leaves Judæa, 1, 492.

makes a truce with Jonathan Haphus, 1, 493–4.

Bacchus, worshiped in Alexandria, 1, 428.

Bacharach, the Jews of, massacred, 3, 636.

Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini, physician, Maimunist, 2, 536, 537.

Bachurim, Talmud students, 4, 640; 5, 567.

Bachya Ibn-Pakuda, moral philosopher, system of, 3, 271–2.

ascetic, 3, 272.

work of, translated, 3, 392, 397.

Badajoz, Henrique Nunes murdered at, 4, 490.

attacked by Spanish Marranos 4, 498.

Baden, the Jews of, the blood-accusation against, 3, 564.

obtain political freedom, 5, 502–3.

persecuted, 5, 530–1.

honor Riesser, 5, 601.

Badis, Berber king, supported by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.

makes him vizir, 3, 258.

makes him chief of the Granada congregations, 3, 259.

avenges Balkin’s death, 3, 275.

orders the massacre of the Granada Arabs, 3, 276.

mistrusts Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 277.

Baffa, sultana, favorite of, 4, 629.

Bagdad, a scientific center, 3, 146.

the Mutazilist theology taught at, 3, 147.

in the Pumbeditha district, 3, 156.

Saadiah at, 3, 196.

Sabbataï Donnolo at, 3, 213.

birthplace of Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

Bagdad, the Jews of, prosperous under Al-Mutadhid, 3, 183.

in the twelfth century, 3, 428.

Talmudical college of, 3, 429, 438.

invited to join David Alrui, 3, 431.

enthusiastic for David Alrui, 3, 432.

Maimunists, 3, 633.

attacked by the Mongols, 3, 649–50.

Bagdad Caliphate, the. See Abbasside Caliphate, the.

Bagoas (Bagoses), Syrian commander, murders Artaxerxes III, 1, 409.

levies a tax on the daily sacrifice, 1, 409–10.

Bahir, a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556, 557.

Bahram Tshubin, Persian general, ascends the throne, 3, 8.

friendly to the Jews, 3, 8–9.

dispossessed by Chosru II, 3, 9.

Bahurim, David passes through, 1, 142.

Bail, defends the Jews, 5, 522.

Bailly, mayor of Paris, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.

Bairut. See Beyrout.

Bajazet (Bajasid) II, sultan, censures the expulsion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 356.

receives Spanish exiles kindly, 4, 364, 400.

Jews under, 4, 402.

Baki, Simon, rabbi, superstition of, 5, 201–2.

Balaam, magician, employed against the Israelites, 1, 28.

Balak, king of Moab, hostile to the Israelites, 1, 28.

“Balance, The,” grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

Balanyiar, Jews settle in, 3, 124, 139.

Balch, birthplace of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 198.

Baldwin IV, of Jerusalem, banishes the Jews, 3, 427.

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, induces Richard I to dismiss the Jews from his palace, 3, 410.

and Benedict of York’s baptism, 3, 411.

Balkin (Bologgin), of Granada, abdicates in favor of Badis, 3, 258.

death of, 3, 258, 275.

partisans of, leave Granada, 3, 258.

Joseph Ibn-Nagrela secretary to, 3, 274.

Bamberg, the council of, enforces Jew badges, 4, 255.

the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 529.

Band of Virtue, the, founded by Berlin Jewesses, 5, 423, 425.

Bandito, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Baptism, the moral meaning of, taught by John the Baptist, 2, 146.

value of, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.

Baptista, John (Solomon Romano), grandson of Elias Levita, apostate, denounces the Talmud, 4, 564.

Bar, the Jews of, slaughtered by Cossacks, 5, 11.

Barak, judge, leads the Israelites against Jabin, 1, 61.

Barbaro, Mark Antonio, Venetian consul, and Solomon Ashkenazi, 4, 605.

Barbary states, the, Marranos emigrate to, 4, 485.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Barbastro, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

the Marranos of, conspire against Arbues, 4, 330.

Barcelona, the disputation at, 3, 598–601.

bishop of, appointed censor of the Talmud, 3, 603.

report of the disputation at, 3, 603–4.

Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.

Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.

the Inquisition established in, 4, 332.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

Barcelona, the Jews of, the leaders of northern Spain, 3, 387–8.

entreat Nachmani to break off the disputation, 3, 600–1.

opposed to the study of science, 4, 29, 33, 40.

charged with causing the Black Death, 4, 102–3.

persecuted, 4, 171–2.

Bar-Chanina, teacher of Jerome, 2, 623–4.

Bar-Cochba, attacks Akiba, 2, 409.

described as the Messiah, 2, 410.

confidence of, 2, 411.

victories of, 2, 411.

coins of, 2, 411.

hostile to Christians, 2, 412.

restores the Jewish state, 2, 412, 413.

strongholds of, 2, 414–15.

particulars of the revolt of, 2, 415–16.

loses the strongholds of the north, 2, 416.

causes the death of Eleazar of Modin, 2, 418.

end of, unknown, 2, 419.

Barebones Parliament. See Parliament, the Short.

Bar-Eleaza, son-in-law of Judah I, 2, 455–6.

Barfat Crescas, imprisoned, 4, 150.

Barfat. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat; Zarak.

Bari, the four Sora emissaries captured at, 3, 203.

Baris. See Acra, the; Antonia.

Bar-Kappara. See Simon bar Kappara.

Bar-Kasha, and Rab, 2, 518.

Bar-Kosiba, real name of Bar-Cochba.

Barlæus, Caspar, Socinian, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Barnabas. See Jose Barnabas.

Barnave, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

Barrios, Miguel (Daniel) de, historian, 5, 202.

versifier, 5, 204.

Bartholomaion, demon exorcised by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.

Baruch, ancestor of the Ibn-Albalias, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.

Baruch of Benevento, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Baruch ben Samuel, Talmudist, member of the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

Baruch Ibn-Albalia, birth of the son of, 3, 322.

Baruch, son of Neriah, reads Jeremiah’s prophecies in the Temple, 1, 304.

taken prisoner by the Chaldæans, 1, 315.

attends Jeremiah in Mizpah, 1, 320.

taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.

rescued, 1, 323.

in Egypt, 1, 324.

in Babylon, 1, 328.

brings Jeremiah’s writings to Babylon, 1, 336.

writes a history of Israel, 1, 336–7.

Letter of, translated, 2, 359.

Baruch Gad, Palestinian emissary, on the Sons of Moses, 5, 126.

Baruch Yavan, carries the Eibeschütz controversy to Poland, 5, 262–3.

Baruch, Jacob, Börne’s father, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.

Baruch, Löb (Louis). See Börne, Ludwig.

Barzaphernes, Parthian commander, 2, 82.

Barzillai, aids David, 1, 144.

Bashan, the inhabitants of, appeal to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474–5.

Basilius (850–866), emperor, tries to convert the Jews, 3, 175–6.

Basilius, Jewish slave-dealer, and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

Basle, the Talmud printed at, 4, 589.

Alsatian Jews escape to, 5, 437.

Basle, the Council of, renews the anti-Jewish measures of previous councils, 4, 245, 248, 251, 264.

excludes Jews from university degrees, 4, 245.

favors baptized Jews, 4, 246.

degrades Eugenius IV, 4, 249, 250.

decree of, concerning Jewish physicians disregarded, 4, 407.

Basle, the Jews of, protected from the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106, 108.

banishment of, demanded, 4, 106–7.

burnt, 4, 107.

Basmath, daughter of Solomon, 1, 177.

Basnage, Jacob (1653–1723), historian of the Jewish dispersion, 5, 195, 593.

on the persecutions of the Jews, 5, 195–6.

consults Jewish historians, 5, 196.

faults of the history by, 5, 196–7.

prejudiced, 5, 197.

importance of the history by, 5, 197.

disciples of, 5, 197.

history of, suggested by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 202.

Bassan, Isaiah, teacher of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 235.

espouses Luzzatto’s cause, 5, 238, 241.

makes Luzzatto promise not to teach Kabbala, 5, 239.

has Luzzatto’s writings in safekeeping, 5, 239.

permits Luzzatto to publish Kabbalistic works, 5, 239.

Bassora, under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.

the Mutazilist theology taught in, 3, 147.

the Gaon of Sora at, 3, 202.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Bassus, Vespasian’s governor of Judæa, 2, 315.

Basula, Moses. See Moses Basula.

Batanæa, given to Philip by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

under Philip, 2, 137.

given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

cavalry from, sent to Jerusalem, 2, 259, 260.

Babylonian Judæans in, 2, 274.

Porphyry a native of, 2, 502.

the Benu-Kainukaa settle in, 3, 77–8.

Batavian Republic, the, the Jews of, emancipation of, 5, 452.

number of, 5, 453, 455.

disabilities of, 5, 453.

writings hostile to, 5, 453.

hold aloof from the National Assembly, 5, 454.

emancipated, 5, 456–7.

appointed to public offices, 5, 458.

protection of, in Germany, 5, 458, 463.

See also Emancipation of the Dutch Jews; Holland.

Bath-Kol, heavenly voice, 2, 337, 338.

Bathori, Stephen, election of, as king of Poland, 4, 642.

the Jews prosperous under, 4, 642–3.

Bathsheba, wife of Uriah the Hittite, becomes David’s wife, 1, 132.

sons of, 1, 133.

made first queen, 1, 134.

pleads for Solomon’s succession, 1, 153.

Bathyra, Judæan fortress in Batanæa, 2, 274.

Baudin, suppresses evidence in favor of the Damascus Jews, 5, 637.

Bavaria, John of Capistrano in, 4, 258.

the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.

Bavaria, the Jews of, suffer from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35–6.

suffer from the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

accused of aiding the Hussites, 4, 222.

assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.

expelled, 4, 253–4.

during John of Capistrano’s visit, 4, 258.

taxed for the defense of the Ratisbon Jews, 4, 305.

take refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

accused of child-murder, 4, 545–6.

partial emancipation of, 5, 508.

Bayonne, the kings of Castile and of France meet at, 4, 2.

Bayonne, the Jews of, addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

prosperity of, 5, 436.

emancipated, 5, 442–3.

Bayreuth, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

Beatrice, wife of Juan I of Castile, heir to Portugal, 4, 158.

proposes David Negro as chief rabbi, 4, 161.

Beaucaire (Belcaire), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 400.

Be-Chatim, home of Achaï bar Huna, 2, 631.

Bechinath ha-Dath, work of Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.

Bechinath Olam, by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 49.

Bedaresi. See Abraham; Yedaya En-Bonet.

Bedr, battle of, between Mahomet and the Koraishites, 3, 76.

Beer of Mizricz (Berish, 1700–1772), founder of new Chassidism, 5, 375, 379.

learning of, 5, 379.

habits of, 5, 379–80.

pilgrimages to, 5, 380, 407.

simulates inspiration, 5, 380–1.

emphasizes the importance of the Sabbath, 5, 381–2.

apostles of, 5, 383.

adopts the Portuguese ritual, 5, 386–7.

death of, 5, 392.

a relative of, supreme Zaddik, 5, 393.

sayings by, 5, 393.

disciples of, 5, 393.

Beer, Jacob, private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 563.

Beersheba, frontier town of ancient Israel, 1, 129.

pilgrimages to, 1, 232.

Behaim, Martin, at João II’s astronomical congress, 4, 367.

Bekashoth ha-Memin, prayer by Yedaya Penini, 4, 43.

Bekiin, center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 348.

Bel, temple of, rebuilt by Alexander the Great, 1, 415.

Bela IV, of Hungary, invites Jewish agents into his country, 3, 613.

introduces Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 613–14.

Belgium, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.

Catholic agitators in, hostile to the Jews, 5, 655.

“Belief of the Universe, The,” by Chayon, 5, 219–20.

Belillos, Jacob, rabbi of Venice, and Luzzatto, 5, 239.

Belisarius, Jewish soldiers fight against, 3, 4.

removes the Temple vessels to Constantinople, 3, 26.

in Italy, 3, 31.

opposed by the Jews of Naples, 3, 32.

Belkis, supposed name of the Queen of Sheba, 1, 173.

“Bellerophon,” satire by Lefrank, 5, 471–2.

Bellieta, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Belmonte, Bienvenida Coen, Jewish poetess, 5, 203.

Belmonte, Jacob Israel, poet, interested in the Amsterdam Marranos, 4, 665.

Belmonte, Manuel, poet, founder of an academy of poetry, 5, 113.

Belmontes, the, millionaires at Amsterdam, 5, 205.

Belvedere, the Nassi palace at Constantinople, 4, 597.

Hebrew printing press at, 4, 628.

Ben-Adret. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

Benaiah, commander of David’s mercenaries, 1, 122.

in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.

opposes Absalom, 1, 141.

acknowledges Solomon king, 1, 153.

kills Adonijah and Joab, 1, 160.

Ben Asai (Azai). See Simon ben Asai.

Ben Asher. See Moses and Aaron ben Asher.

Benavente, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 205.

Ben-Batiach, Zealot leader, aids Jochanan ben Zakkai, 2, 323.

Bendama, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

Ben David, Messiah, 2, 144.

Ben-David, Lazarus (1762–1832), philosopher, 5, 405.

admires Kant’s philosophy, 5, 409.

lectures on Kant, 5, 410.

deplores the decay of morality among Jews, 5, 419.

leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, 5, 469.

influences Heine, 5, 546.

member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Bene Amri, the, attack the Hasmonæans, 1, 491.

Bene Bathyra, presidents of the Synhedrion, 2, 90, 358.

resign in favor of Hillel, 2, 99.

Bene-Berak, home of Akiba, 2, 355.

Benedict XII, pope, unable to protect the Jews, 4, 99.

Benedict XIII (Pedro de Luna), pope, debates with Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.

confers ecclesiastic offices upon Solomon Levi, 4, 184, 190.

employs a Jewish physician, 4, 200.

plans the conversion of the Spanish Jews, 4, 206–7.

arranges the disputation at Tortosa, 4, 207.

plans the annihilation of the Talmud, 4, 209.

and Jewish delegates to Tortosa, 4, 210.

pomp displayed by, 4, 210–11.

refuses to release the Jews from the disputation, 4, 211.

presides over the disputation, 4, 212.

threatens the Jewish delegates with death, 4, 213, 239.

issues a bull against the Talmud and the Jews, 4, 215–16.

deposed by the council of Constance, 4, 216, 228.

sets up a papal court at Peñiscola, 4, 217.

originates the sermon for Jews, 4, 655.

Benedict XIV, pope, acquits the Jews of the blood accusation, 5, 282.

Benedict of York, accepts baptism, 3, 411.

returns to Judaism, 3, 411.

death of, 3, 413.

house of, burnt, 3, 413.

Bene Korach. See Korah, the sons of.

Bene Mikra. See Karaites, the.

Benet, Mordecai, leader of the orthodox party, 5, 567, 572.

Benevento, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the Inquisition for Marranos at, 4, 385.

Benfelden, the council at, banishes the Jews of the upper Rhine, 4, 107.

Ben-hadad I, of Damascus, ally of Israel and Judah, 1, 191.

defeats Omri, 1, 195.

Ben-hadad II, of Damascus, besieges Samaria, 1, 205.

defeated by Ahab, 1, 205.

treachery of, 1, 205.

defeats Ahab and Jehoshaphat, 1, 206.

murdered, 1, 210.

Ben-hadad III, of Damascus, defeated, 1, 221–2.

Benisch, Abraham, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” 5, 703.

Benjamin, the tribe of, acquires Gibeon, 1, 38.

holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.

opposed to intermarriages with the heathen, 1, 56.

aids Ehud against the Moabites, 1, 60.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 64.

aids Saul, 1, 85.

accuses David of destroying the house of Saul, 1, 124.

sides with Absalom, 1, 139–40.

hesitates to recall David, 1, 146.

meets David at the Jordan, 1, 147.

closely united with Judah, 1, 174.

loyal to Rehoboam, 1, 182.

members of, return from the Captivity, 1, 352.

Benjamin of Canterbury, Tossafist, 3, 409.

Benjamin of Fermo, patron of Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.

Benjamin of Tiberias, and Emperor Heraclius, 3, 19, 22.

Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, traveler, 3, 388–9; 4, 127.

Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend (800–820), spreads the Mutazilist philosophy, 3, 150–1.

founder of the Makariyite sect, 3, 151.

Benjamin Assia, physician, scorns the teachers of the Law, 2, 589–90.

Ben-Kafren (Ephraim), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.

Ben Kohelet, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Ben Mishle, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Ben-Naphtali, criticises the Ben Ashers, 3, 207.

Ben-Nazar. See Odenathus.

Ben Shaltiel-Chen. See Serachya ben Isaac.

Ben Soma. See Simon ben Zoma.

Ben Tehillim, work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 260.

Benu-Aus, the, Arabic family, relations of, to the Jews, 3, 55.

conversions among, to Judaism, 3, 61.

hostile to Jewish rule, 3, 67.

the Jews of Yathrib dependent on, 3, 68.

feuds of, 3, 70–1.

Benu-Bachdal, the, Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

Benu-Kainukaa, the, Jewish tribe in northern Arabia, 3, 55.

invited to accept Islam, 3, 74, 76–7.

forced to surrender to Mahomet, 3, 77.

settle in Batanæa, 3, 77–8.

preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

Benu-Kinanah, the, Arab tribe converted to Judaism, 3, 61.

Benu-Kuraiza, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.

make war upon Mahomet, 3, 80.

slaughtered, 3, 81.

Benu-Nadhir, the, a Jewish-Arabic tribe, 3, 54–5.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 77.

meditate treachery against Mahomet, 3, 78.

forced to emigrate, 3, 78–9.

war with, justified in the Koran, 3, 79.

organize an alliance against Mahomet, 3, 79–80.

rouse the Jews of Chaibar to resist Mahomet, 3, 82.

preserve love of Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

Ben Usiel, champion of the orthodox party, 5, 627.

Benvenida Abrabanela, wife of Samuel II Abrabanel, character of, 4, 409.

friend of the duchess of Tuscany, 4, 410, 544.

supports David Reubeni, 4, 493.

prevents the banishment of the Naples Jews, 4, 543.

Benveniste. See Abraham Benveniste Senior; Benveniste Ibn-Labi; Benveniste, Chayim; Isaac; Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi; Judah; Sheshet; Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

Benveniste Ibn-Labi, part translator of Aristotle’s Ethics, 4, 193.

Benveniste, Chayim (1603–1673), rabbi of Smyrna, Sabbatian, 5, 136.

disappointed in Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.

Benveniste family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Gracia Mendesia of, 4, 571.

Ben Yasus. See Abu Ibraham Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus.

Ben-Zeeb, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

Be-Rab, Abba-Areka’s school, 2, 514.

Berab. See Jacob Berab.

Berachoth, the eighteen, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.

Berachya ben Natronaï Nakdan (Crispia, 1230–1270), fabulist, 3, 560.

Berachya, son of Jacob Querido, Messiah, followers of, 5, 211.

soul of, in Jacob Frank, 5, 274.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

Berber princes, the, receive Jewish refugees kindly, 4, 198.

Berbers, the, establish themselves in southern Spain, 3, 256.

hostile to the Spanish Arabs, 3, 261, 276, 316.

incensed against the Jews, 3, 275.

slay Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 278.

Berdaa. See Derbend.

Berenice, daughter of Agrippa I, marriage of, 2, 235.

Drusilla envious of, 2, 236.

appeals to Gessius Florus, 2, 254.

popularity of, 2, 257.

palace of, burnt, 2, 260.

captivates Titus, 2, 289, 299.

wins Tiberius Alexander to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.

influence of, over Titus, 2, 302, 307.

in the arena of Cæsarea Philippi, 2, 312.

honored at the court, 2, 317.

fall of, 2, 317.

obtains pardon for Justus of Tiberias, 2, 319–20.

consoles her conquered coreligionists, 2, 333.

abandoned by Titus, 2, 388.

Berenice, Herod’s niece, marriage of, 2, 112.

friend of Antonia, 2, 176.

Bergamo, Bernardinus of Feltre in, 4, 296.

Berish. See Beer of Mizricz.

Berlin, settlement of Jews in, 5, 174.

Chayon at, 5, 218–20.

subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.

the Free School of, 5, 416.

the progressive party in, 5, 418.

Jewish physicians of, a class, 5, 461.

the University of, arbiter between the Jews and the Senate of Frankfort, 5, 520.

Jacobson transplants the Reform movement to, 5, 562–3.

private synagogues in, closed, 5, 563.

appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.

a German Jewish church in, 5, 683.

rabbinical colleges at, 5, 700.

Berlin, the Jews of, threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

under Frederick I, 5, 190.

split into two parties, 5, 219.

culture of, 5, 294–5.

enterprises of, 5, 396–7.

devoted to literary pursuits, 5, 397.

encourage the Meassef, 5, 399.

influenced by Herz, 5, 407.

disseminators of culture, 5, 410–11.

the salons of, 5, 412–13, 422–23.

millionaires, 5, 414.

begin the emancipation struggle, 5, 414–16.

influence of, 5, 416–17.

apostasy among, 5, 420, 587.

procure an order against anti-Jewish pamphlets, 5, 469.

object to Napoleon’s Synhedrion, 5, 494–5.

antipathy to, weakened, 5, 691.

See also Reform of Judaism, the.

“Berlin religion,” the, opposition to, 5, 333.

Bernal, Abraham Nuñes and Marcus da Almeyda, Marranos, martyrs, 5, 92.

Bernaldez, Andreas, pastor, on the Spanish Jewish exiles, 4, 349.

Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot, preaches the second crusade, 3, 349.

preaches the repudiation of Jewish debts, 3, 349.

prevents a persecution of the French Jews, 3, 351, 356.

appealed to, by the archbishop of Mayence, 3, 352.

denounces Rudolph, 3, 353.

influences Rudolph, 3, 353.

Bernard of Sienna, master of John of Capistrano, 4, 257.

Bernard, Isaac, Mendelssohn’s employer, 5, 296, 303.

Bernardinus of Feltre, Franciscan, preaches against the Jews in Italy, 4, 296.

failure of, 4, 296–7.

in Trent, 4, 297.

raises the blood accusation, 4, 298.

Bernardo, Dominican, incites the mob against Marranos, 4, 487.

Bernays, Isaac (1792–1849), opposes the Hamburg reforms, 5, 574.

characteristics of, 5, 574–5, 577.

chief work by, 5, 575.

criticises Mendelssohn and his school, 5, 575.

appointed to the Hamburg rabbinate, 5, 576.

character of the sermons by, 5, 577.

Heine on, 5, 577.

respected by the orthodox, 5, 577–8.

influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.

influence of, on Steinheim, 5, 602.

Ben Usiel disciple of, 5, 627.

forbids the use of the Reform Temple prayer book, 5, 673.

attacked by the Reform Temple Union, 5, 673.

supported by the rabbi of Altona, 5, 674.

Bernays, Jacob, founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.

Berne, the Jews of, accused of well poisoning, 4, 104–5.

consuls of, spread the charge against the Jews, 4, 105.

Bernhard, treasurer of the Frankish empire, friendly to the Jews, 3, 162.

rebellion against, 3, 166.

Bernstorff, Danish minister, decides against Eibeschütz, 5, 265.

Bernstorff, deputy to the Congress of Vienna, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.

on the emancipation of the Jews at Aix, 5, 527.

Berr, Berr Isaac (1744–1828), member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

delegate to the National Assembly, 5, 438, 440.

on the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 448–9.

projects a French Bible translation, 5, 449.

son of, 5, 460.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.

opposes Sabbath sessions, 5, 486.

candidate for the presidency, 5, 487.

answers the imperial commissioners, 5, 490.

Berr, Cerf (Herz Medelsheim, 1730–1793), representative of the Alsatian Jews, 5, 351.

character of, 5, 430.

services of, to the Alsatian Jews, 5, 430, 431.

services of, to the government, 5, 430.

draws Jews to Strasburg, 5, 431.

member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

accused of bribing, 5, 447.

culture of the family of, 5, 476.

brother-in-law of, 5, 484.

Berr, Lipmann Cerf, speaks in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.

Berr, Michael (1780–1843), first Jewish attorney in France, addresses the princes of Europe, 5, 460.

deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 482.

a state officer in Westphalia, 5, 500.

member of the Westphalian Consistory, 5, 501.

addresses the Congress of Aix on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

Berthold, bishop of Strasburg, at the council of Benfelden, 4, 107.

Bertinoro. See Obadiah di Bertinoro.

Bertolio, abbé, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.

Bertrand, cardinal-legate, forbids baptized children to return to Judaism, 3, 514.

Berytus. See Beyrout.

Besht. See Israel of Miedziboz.

Bessarabia, Frankists in, 5, 283.

Bethany, Jesus in, 2, 160.

the Synhedrion removed to, 2, 240.

suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.

Bethar, fortress, 2, 414.

Bar-Cochba retreats to, 2, 416–17.

legends about, 2, 417.

siege of, 2, 417–19.

fall of, 2, 418–19.

Betharamata. See Beth-Ramatha.

Beth-Din, name of the Synhedrion, 2, 325.

Bethel, taken by the Ephraimites, 1, 34.

description of, 1, 45.

Samuel holds assemblies at, 1, 78.

a center of idolatry, 1, 186.

an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.

visited by Elijah, 1, 208.

bull-worship at, 1, 233.

capital of Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

Amos at, 1, 235, 236.

Cuthæans worship at, 1, 285.

purged of idolatry, 1, 294.

priests of, killed, 1, 295.

military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.

Bethhagla, fortress, besieged by Bacchides, 1, 493.

Beth-Haran, balm of Gilead found near, 1, 43.

Beth-horon, battle of, won by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 462.

camp of Nicanor at, 1, 485.

Cestius Gallus retreats from, 2, 266–7.

Beth Israel, third Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 680.

Beth Jacob, first Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 667, 671.

poem in honor of, 4, 678–9.

Bethlehem, birthplace of David, 1, 95–6.

camp of the Philistines, 1, 116.

children of, murdered by Herod, 2, 116.

the expected birthplace of the Messiah, 2, 161.

statue of Adonis worshiped at, 2, 422.

nunnery at, 2, 623.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Bethmaon, Josephus and the men of Tiberias meet at, 2, 279.

Bethome, Pharisee fortress, 2, 45.

Bethoron. See Beth-horon.

Bethpage, suburb of Jerusalem, 2, 292.

Beth-Ramatha (Betharamata), palace of, destroyed, 2, 125.

re-named Livia, 2, 138.

Bethsaida, Jesus in, 2, 157.

Bethsan (Bethshan). See Bethshean.

Bethshean (Bethsan, Scythopolis), bodies of Saul and Jonathan dishonored at, 1, 104.

Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.

refuge of Antiochus IX, 2, 10.

recovered by the sons of John Hyrcanus, 2, 11.

Judæans of, massacred, 2, 262–3.

sparsely inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.

Bethshearim, temporary seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 452.

Beth-Shemesh, battle of, between the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 224–5.

Bethsur. See Beth-Zur.

Beth-Waad, religious school in the Sopheric age, 1, 396.

Beth-Zachariah, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus defeated at, 1, 479.

Judæans slain at, by Bacchides, 1, 483.

Beth-Zur (Bethsur), Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 469–70.

stronghold against the Idumæans, 1, 473.

garrison of, surrenders to Lysias, 1, 479.

reinforced by Bacchides, 1, 491.

Hellenists take refuge in, 1, 494.

garrisoned by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.

under Simon Tharsi, 1, 523, 524.

Alexander Jannæus and Cleopatra make a league at, 2, 41.

Beugnot, Napoleon’s state councilor, favors Jewish emancipation, 5, 480.

helps to frame the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.

Beyrout, the Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Beyrout (Bairut, Berytus), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

protected by European consuls, 5, 641.

appeal to European Jews, 5, 651.

Bezalel Masserano, requests permission for Jews to own Talmud copies, 4, 658.

Bezetha, suburb of Jerusalem, fortified by Agrippa, 2, 195.

destroyed by Cestius Gallus, 2, 265.

seized by the Romans, 2, 303.

Béziers (Biterræ), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.

Béziers, the council of, inflicts hardships upon the Albigenses, 3, 581.

renews ancient restrictions against the Jews, 3, 581–2.

prohibits Jews from practicing medicine among Christians, 3, 582, 583.

Béziers, the Jews of, attacked at Eastertide, 3, 173–4, 394.

in the twelfth century, 3, 394–5.

under Count Roger, 3, 395.

suffering of, during the Albigensian crusades, 3, 502–3.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

Bible, the. See Law, the; Old Testament, the; Pentateuch, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation; Vulgate, the; and under its various books.

Bible exegesis. See Exegesis.

“Bible for Israelites,” by Sachs, 5, 693.

“Biblical Orient, The,” ascribed to Isaac Bernays, 5, 575.

on the symbolism of Judaism, 5, 575–6.

emphasizes the historical mission of the Jews, 5, 576.

Bidkar, follower of Jehu, 1, 211.

Biester, admirer of Mendelssohn, 5, 372.

Bilbeïs, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

Bing, Isaiah Berr (1759–1805), writes a defense of the Jews, 5, 434.

Birah, the. See Acra, the; Antonia.

Birath, camp of Bacchides, 1, 486.

Birchath ha-Minim, curse of the Jewish Christians, 2, 379–80.

Biri, religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.

Birtha. See Bitra.

Biterræ. See Béziers.

Bither. See Bethar.

Bitra, the Jews of, hostile to Julian the Apostate, 2, 601–2.

Black Death, the, ravages of, 4, 100, 133, 135.

Jews charged with having caused, 4, 101–2, 188; 5, 728.

in southern France, 4, 102.

in Spain, 4, 102–3, 112–13.

in Switzerland, 4, 103–5, 106–7.

in Germany, 4, 105, 111, 133.

in Austria, 4, 110.

in Hungary, 4, 111.

in Poland, 4, 111–12.

in Belgium, 4, 112.

in Catalonia, 4, 112–13.

in Castile, 4, 113.

Black Forest, the, the Jews of, molested by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542–3.

Black Prince, the. See Edward, prince of Wales.

Black Sea, the, Jews settle on the shores of, 3, 123.

serfs on, 5, 2.

Blanche, mother of Louis IX, at the disputation on the Talmud, 3, 576.

refuses to banish the Jews, 3, 585.

Blanche de Bourbon, wife of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 116–17.

party of, 4, 117.

meditates the banishment of the Spanish Jews, 4, 117.

murder of, resolved on, 4, 121–2.

death of, attributed to the Jews, 4, 122.

illegality of the marriage of, 4, 122.

Blandrata, disciple of Servetus, 4, 647.

Bloch, Mattathias, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133, 137.

Blois, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 378–81.

fast prescribed for, 3, 380–1.

Blood accusation, the, first preferred in Blois in 1171, 3, 378–81.

under Philip Augustus, 3, 402.

in Germany in the twelfth century, 3, 418.

preferred by Innocent III, 3, 499.

against the Baden Jews, 3, 564.

in Germany and France in the thirteenth century, 3, 583–5.

disproved by Innocent IV, 3, 584–5, 635.

in England under Henry III, 3, 591.

believed by Alfonso X, 3, 596.

under Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635–7.

at Mayence, 3, 636.

at Munich, 3, 636–7.

in England, 3, 643.

against the Jews of Austria, 4, 223–4.

in South Germany, 4, 227.

against the Jews of Palma, 4, 246–7.

against the Jews of Silesia, 4, 261–2.

forbidden by Casimir IV of Poland, 4, 264.

against the Jews of Trent, 4, 298–9, 304, 307.

in Ratisbon, 4, 301–2, 304–5.

not believed by Emperor Frederick III, 4, 305.

the Jews of Castile charged with, 4, 343–4.

the Jews of Neuburg charged with, 4, 545.

injustice of, shown by a Lutheran pastor, 4, 545–6.

preferred by Dr. John Eck, 4, 546–7.

preferred by Luther, 4, 550.

denounced by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.

preferred by William Prynne, 5, 45.

Manasseh ben Israel defends the Jews from, 5, 47–9.

the Jews of Metz charged with, 5, 174–5.

Richard Simon disproves, 5, 175–6.

Moses Germanus disproves, 5, 177.

denounced by John Wülfer, 5, 185.

denounced by Wagenseil, 5, 187.

endorsed by Eisenmenger, 5, 187, 188.

preferred by the Frankists, 5, 279.

Jews acquitted of, by Benedict XIV, 5, 282.

Jews acquitted of, by Clement XIII, 5, 285.

Believed by the papal nuncio Serra, 5, 286.

not refuted at Lemberg, 5, 287.

threatened to be brought in Damascus, 5, 633.

the Damascus Jews charged with, 5, 636.

alleged to be proved from the Talmud, 5, 639.

brought against the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 640–1.

a Jülich Jew charged with, 5, 642.

groundlessness of, asserted by apostates, 5, 650.

groundlessness of, asserted by the London rabbis, 5, 654–5.

refuted by Mehmet Ali, 5, 661.

firman securing the Turkish Jews against, 5, 662.

refuted by Zunz, 5, 669.

See also Child-murder; Host-desecration.

Boabdil. See Muley Abu-Abdallah.

Bodenlaube, castle, Süsskind of Trimberg at, 3, 420.

Bodo, bishop, accepts Judaism, 3, 168–9.

hatred of, towards Christians, 3, 169.

Boëthius, a notability of the sixth century, 3, 31.

Boëthus, a family of high priests, 2, 108, 237.

Boëthusans, a Sadducee sect, 2, 108.

Bohemia, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

a Talmud center, 3, 420–1.

adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.

Jews emigrate to, from Hungary, 4, 111.

Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.

Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208, 228.

Jews excluded from parts of, 5, 523.

rabbis of, oppose the Brunswick conference, 5, 682.

Bohemia, the Jews of, carry on the slave trade, 3, 305.

suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.

determine to emigrate, 3, 307.

plundered, 3, 308.

suffer during the second crusade, 3, 356.

address Solomon ben Adret on religious questions, 3, 620.

suffer during the Hartmann von Deggenburg persecution, 4, 98.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 164–6.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.

take refuge in Poland, 4, 420, 631–2.

charged with incendiarism, 4, 544.

exiled, 4, 544.

recalled, 4, 545.

submit religious questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

heavily taxed, 4, 652, 702; 5, 508.

rights of, extended, 4, 707.

suspected of treason, 5, 252.

banished, 5, 252.

modify their synagogue service, 5, 582.

Böhme, Jacob, mystic, disciple of, 5, 24.

Boleslav Pius, confirms Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 4, 111, 263.

Bologgin. See Balkin.

Bologna, synod at, 4, 218.

Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.

Bologna, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 421.

persecuted by Pius V, 4, 590–1.

flee to Ferrara, 4, 591.

Bomberg, Daniel, publishes the Babylonian Talmud, 4, 468.

a rabbinical Bible, 4, 476.

Bonafides, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 325.

Bonafoux Vidal, opposes the study of science, 4, 28.

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel, Sabbatian, 5, 207.

convert to Islam, 5, 208.

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, French reactionary leader, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 477–9.

maligns the Jews, 5, 478, 485.

in league with Molé, 5, 479.

Bonastruc de Porta. See Moses ben Nachman.

Bonastruc Desmaëstre, at the Tortosa disputation, 4, 208.

Bonastruc, Isaac. See Isaac Bonastruc.

Bonet. See David Bonet Buen-Giorno.

Bonet, a Jew of Montpellier, 3, 395.

Bonet de Lates, physician, to Pope Alexander VI, 4, 407–8.

to Leo X, 4, 408.

letter to, from Reuchlin, 4, 453, 454.

espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 454.

Bonfed. See Solomon ben Reuben Bonfed.

Bonifaccio, Balthasar, accuser of Sarah Sullam, 5, 70.

Boniface VIII, pope, at odds with Philip IV of France, 4, 44.

Boniface IX, pope, forbids the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 173.

Bonnet, Caspar, work of, translated by Lavater, 5, 309.

works of, criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 312–13, 314–15.

disclaims connection with Lavater, 5, 313–14.

Bonosus, governor of the East, subdues the Jews of Antioch, 3, 18.

“Book of Creation, The,” commentary on, 3, 197.

“Book of Riches, The,” work by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.

“Book of the Pious, The,” by Judah Sir Leon ben Isaac, 3, 408.

Book of the Wars of God, early Hebrew poetry, 1, 29.

“Book of Wisdom, The,” against paganism, 2, 205–8.

Boppard, the blood accusation in, 3, 418, 637, 639.

Boraïta, an apocryphal Mishna, 2, 470.

Boraïtas, explained by Abba-Areka, 2, 515.

by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

Bordeaux, the Marranos in, 5, 341.

German Jews in, 5, 342.

struggle in, between German and Portuguese Jews, 5, 342–3.

foreign Jews ejected from, 5, 343–4.

Bordeaux, the Jews of, maltreated by crusaders, 3, 570.

perish during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.

addressed in behalf of the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 253.

in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

number of, 5, 435.

prosperity of, 5, 436.

join the National Guard, 5, 438.

on the Jewish question, 5, 442.

emancipated, 5, 442–3.

not affected by Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.

Borgia, cardinal. See Alexander VI, pope.

Börne, Ludwig (1786–1837), employed in the Frankfort ducal police, 5, 505, 541.

defends the German Jews, 5, 533.

as a Jew, 5, 536.

as a German, 5, 536–7.

apostle of liberty, 5, 537, 538–9.

resemblance of, to Mendelssohn, 5, 538.

despises the Jews of his time, 5, 538, 540.

sobriety of, 5, 538.

life of, in Frankfort, 5, 539.

style of, 5, 539.

feeling of, for Jews, 5, 539–40.

insults offered to, as a Jew, 5, 540–1.

defends the Jews, 5, 541–2.

publishes a journal, 5, 542.

becomes a Christian, 5, 542.

wit of, 5, 542.

on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 542–3.

answers Dr. Holst, 5, 543–4.

compared with Heine, 5, 544.

early home-life of, 5, 545.

debt of the Jews to, 5, 556.

debt of Germany to, 5, 556.

compared with Erter, 5, 615.

Boso, king of Burgundy, and the Jews, 3, 175.

Bosporus, the, Jews settle on, 3, 123.

a Karaite community on, 3, 182.

Bosporus (Kertch), capital of the Crimea, 3, 222.

Bossuet, bishop, applauds Richard Simon’s exegesis, 5, 179.

Bostanaï, Exilarch, restores the office to power, 3, 10.

recognized as chief of the Jews, 3, 89.

marries a daughter of Chosru, 3, 89.

vassal of the Mahometans, 3, 89.

permitted to wear a signet ring, 3, 89–90.

dissensions among the sons of, 3, 91.

descendants of, and the college presidents, 3, 91.

descendants of, inherit the Exilarchate, 3, 94.

Sherira a descendant of, 3, 232.

line of, described in Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

Bostra, birthplace of Simon ben Lakish, 2, 495.

Botarel, Moses. See Moses Botarel.

Bourbon dynasty, the, restored to the French throne, 5, 512, 596.

Bourges, the archbishop of, anti-Jewish sentiments of, 3, 171.

“Bow and Buckler,” polemic by Simon ben Zemach Duran, 4, 238.

Brabant, soldiers of, enlisted against the Hussites, 4, 225.

Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, and David Gans, 4, 638.

Brancas, duke of, given the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, Jews settle in, 5, 173–4.

Brandenburg, the Mark of, the Jews of, accused of host-desecration, 4, 439–40.

charged with child murder, 4, 440.

burnt, 4, 440.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 652.

Bray, the Jews of, suffer martyrdom, 3, 404.

Brazil, Paul de Pina in, 4, 670.

the Jewish community in, 4, 693–4.

Breidenbach, Wolff (1751–1829), interested in the abolition of the poll-tax, 5, 467, 468, 472.

Bremen, Jews admitted into, 5, 507.

Bremen, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.

banished, 5, 520.

Brendel, professor, attacked for defending the Jews, 5, 528.

Brentano, representative of the romantic school, 5, 515.

Breslau, the clergy of, upbraided by John of Capistrano, 4, 260–1.

Chayon at, 5, 218.

anti-Jewish pamphlets published in, 5, 470.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

a German-Jewish church in, 5, 682.

a Jewish seminary at, 5, 699, 700.

Breslau, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109–10.

engaged in money-lending, 4, 260.

charged with host-desecration, 4, 261.

tortured, 4, 261.

burnt or banished, 4, 262–3.

join the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

apostasy among, 5, 420.

Bresselau, Mendel J., Hebrew style of, 5, 398.

establishes a society and a journal, 5, 398, 399.

compiles a liturgy, 5, 564.

scourges the orthodox party, 5, 572.

secretary of the Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.

Bretagne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

“Bridle for the Jews, The,” by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

Brieli, Jehuda Leon (1643–1722), rabbi of Mantua, innovations of, 5, 200.

opponent of the Kabbala, 5, 200.

opposes Chayon, 5, 225.

Bristol, a Jew of, tortured by King John, 3, 505.

Britain, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.

Brody, the Chassidim in, 5, 388.

ban against the Chassidim published in, 5, 392.

Chassidistic writings burned in, 5, 393.

beginnings of culture among the Jews of, 5, 612.

Broglie, Duc de, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 447.

Bromet, Herz, member of the Felix Libertate, 5, 453.

zealous for the emancipation of the Dutch Jews, 5, 454.

deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 458.

Broussa, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

the Jews of, and the Pesaro trade, 4, 579.

Brühl, Saxon minister. Jewish agent of, 5, 263.

and Eibeschütz’s supporters, 5, 263.

indifferent about Polish affairs, 5, 282.

Bruna, Israel. See Israel Bruna.

Brunetta, a Jewess of Trent, on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 297.

charged with the blood accusation, 4, 298.

Brunhilde, of Austrasia, permits Jews to own slaves, 3, 34.

Brünn, the Jews of, banished, 4, 263.

Israel Bruna exiled from, 4, 302.

Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.

Brunswick, rabbinical conference at, 5, 677–8, 681–2.

Brunswick, the duke of, honors Mendelssohn, 5, 308.

commends Mendelssohn’s reply to Lavater, 5, 313.

conversation of, with Mendelssohn, on Christian dogmas, 5, 315.

Brunswick, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 652.

deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.

Brunswick-Lüneburg abolishes the poll-tax, 5, 467.

Bruria (Valeria), wife of Rabbi Meïr, 2, 436.

Brussels, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112.

expelled, 4, 662.

Brutus, Roman leader, suicide of, 2, 81.

Buchholz, opposes Jewish emancipation, 5, 468, 472.

Buda, the council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 614–15.

Buda-Pesth, rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

See also Pesth.

Budnians, anti-Trinitarian sect, 4, 647.

Budny, Simon, translates the Bible into Polish, 4, 647.

Buen-Giorno. See David Bonet Buen-Giorno.

Buffon, praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Bugia (Buja), refuge for Spanish Jews, 4, 197.

suffering of Spanish exiles in, 4, 361.

Bulan, king of the Chazars, convert to Judaism, 3, 139–40, 327.

Bulgarians, the, friendly to the Jews, 3, 123.

vassals to the Chazars, 3, 138.

Bulls, papal, by Benedict XIII, 4, 215–16.

Boniface IX, 4, 173.

Clement IV, 3, 602.

Clement VI, 4, 103, 105, 173.

Clement VII, 4, 507, 515, 516.

Clement VIII, 4, 671.

Eugenius III, 3, 349–51.

Eugenius IV, 4, 229, 250, 251.

Gregory IX, 3, 564.

Gregory X, 3, 635.

Innocent III, 3, 497.

Innocent IV, 3, 584–5; 4, 165.

Julius III, 4, 565.

Martin V, 4, 219–20, 226.

Nicholas V, 4, 253, 254, 256, 287.

Paul III, 4, 516, 522, 526.

Paul IV, 4, 566.

Pius IV, 4, 588, 589.

Pius V, 4, 591.

Sixtus IV, 4, 311, 319, 321, 322.

Sixtus V, 4, 655–6, 658.

against the immigration of Jews in Palestine, 4, 274.

Buol Schauenstein, Count von, protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 530.

Burgos, Kabbala taught in, 4, 6.

disputation at, 4, 140.

coronation of Juan I at, 4, 156.

Burgos, the cortes of, make the Jews responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5.

oppose the employment of Jews, 4, 229.

Burgos, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

taxed heavily, 4, 123, 124.

persecuted, 4, 170.

converted, 4, 205.

Burgundians, the, the empire of, the Jews of, not considered a distinct race, 3, 35.

occupations of, 3, 35–6.

discriminated against, 3, 37.

Burgundy, the Jews of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.

Burnt-offerings, Samuel on the importance of, 1, 74.

Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 324, 325.

Burrus, Nero’s secretary, bribed to oppose the Judæans, 2, 247.

Bury St. Edmunds, the Jews of, butchered, 3, 415.

Busche, Hermann von, partisan of Reuchlin, 4, 456.

Buxtorf, John, senior (1564–1639), renders rabbinical studies accessible to Christians, 5, 21.

Buxtorfs, the, introduce rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

Byk, Jacob Solomon, Hebrew style of, 5, 617.

Byron, quoted, 4, 127.

Byzantine emperors, the, Jews under, 5, 725–6.

Byzantine empire, the, attacked by the Agadists, 3, 16.

in fear of the Chazars, 3, 138.

fall of, 4, 267.

toleration of, 4, 285.

Byzantine empire, the, the Jews of, under Arcadius, 2, 615–16.

forbidden to build synagogues, 2, 617.

treated with hostility, 3, 10.

forced into Christianity, 3, 122–3.

emigrate, 3, 123–4.

in the ninth century, 3, 175–6.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424–8.

not admitted to military offices, 3, 425.

brutal treatment of, 3, 425.

poets among, 3, 426.

C

Cabades. See Kobad.

Caballeria, Alfonso de, Marrano, tries to suppress the Aragon Inquisition, 4, 329.

Caballo, Jules, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Cabiri, the seven planets worshiped by the Canaanites, 1, 54.

Cabrera, governor of the castle of Segovia, 4, 283.

Cabul, fortress, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

religiousness of the inhabitants of, 2, 480.

Caceres, Simon de, opens a Jewish burial-ground in London, 5, 49.

Cacina, Roman consul, and Titus, 2, 317.

Cadiz, Marranos flee to, 4, 313.

victims of the Inquisition in the archbishopric of, 4, 317.

taken by the English, 4, 665.

Cæsar, Julius, in the first triumvirate, 2, 73.

frees Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

favors Antipater, 2, 75–6.

kindly disposed to the Judæans, 2, 76, 179.

hated by the Judæans of Palestine, 2, 77.

murder of, 2, 79.

remits the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.

Cæsar, Sextus, governor of Syria, honors Herod, 2, 78.

makes Hyrcanus II responsible for the life of Herod, 2, 78.

Cæsarea (Mazaca). See Mazaca.

Cæsarea (Straton), beautified by Herod, 2, 106.

trade and shipping of, 2, 118.

seat of the procurator, 2, 129.

residence of Herod (Philip), 2, 173.

favored by Agrippa I, 2, 194.

destroyed by an earthquake, 2, 408–9.

made an academic city, 2, 543.

anti-Christian riot in, 3, 17.

played into the hands of the Arabs, 3, 87.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over Agrippa I’s death, 2, 196.

hate the Judæans, 2, 246–7.

quarrel with the Judæans, 2, 252–3.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Jews of, Greek culture of, 2, 538.

devoted to circus sports, 2, 626.

Cæsarea (Straton), the Judæans of, deprived of civil rights, 2, 247.

exterminated, 2, 262.

perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Cæsarea Philippi, built by the tetrarch Philip, 2, 138.

capital of Philip’s tetrarchy, 2, 158.

Judæans of, perish in the arena, 2, 312.

Cæsars, the, sacrifices offered for, 2, 103.

Cafri, native town of Rabba bar Chana, 2, 454.

Cain, the Choic type of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

Cainites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Cairo (Fostat), a Karaite community in, 3, 182.

Talmud study encouraged in, 3, 208, 210.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 340–1.

two synagogues of, 3, 444.

Karaites of, 3, 444; 4, 71.

Maimonides at, 3, 457–92.

hospital at, 3, 495.

Spanish spoken at, 4, 388.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 392–96.

Purim of, 4, 396.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 76.

Cairo, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 444.

maltreated, 4, 396.

establish schools, 5, 664.

reconciled with the Karaites, 5, 664.

Calabrese. See Chayim Vital Calabrese.

Calabria, the Jews of, subject to curial duties, 2, 616.

invaded by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

Calahorra, Abraham Ibn-Ezra dies at, 3, 374.

Calatayud, the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.

Calatayud, the Jews of, excommunicate anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.

converted, 4, 214.

Calatrava, fortress, taken by Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 361.

Calderon, dramatist, 5, 112.

Calderon, the Jewish, 5, 110–11.

Calendar, the, arranged by the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 326.

fixed by astronomical calculations, 2, 336.

fixed by the Patriarchs, 2, 362–3.

corrected by Akiba’s disciples, 2, 433.

arranged by Chananya, 2, 443.

drawn up by Mar-Samuel, 2, 521–2, 574.

the computation of, forbidden, 2, 571.

fixed adopted by Hillel II, 2, 572–4.

method of calculating, 2, 573.

Jewish, adopted by the Arabs, 3, 59–60.

fixed, abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 131.

fixed, rejected by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.

key to, by Nachshon ben Zadok, 3, 179.

Karaite, attacked by Saadiah, 3, 190–1.

rules of, collected by Saadiah, 3, 196.

work on, by Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.

Isaac Ibn-Albalia on, 3, 283.

accuracy of, demonstrated, 3, 313.

work on, by Maimonides, 3, 451.

used by the Karaites, 4, 270.

See also Ibbur.

Caligula, emperor, distinguishes Agrippa I, 2, 174–5, 176.

divine honor to the images of, 2, 183–4.

hates the Judæans, 2, 187.

statues of, in the Temple, 2, 188–9.

assassinated, 2, 189.

Judaism defended before, 5, 654.

Caliphate of the East, the. See Abbasside Caliphate, the.

Calixtus, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376; 4, 275.

Callimandrus, Egyptian general against the Judæans, 2, 11.

Calliopas, charioteer, causes a riot, 3, 11.

“Calumniator, The,” sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, 4, 217.

Calvin, and Michael Scotus, 4, 541.

Cambridge, the Jews of, expelled, 3, 641.

Cambyses, of Persia, death of, 1, 358.

Camith, family of high priests, 2, 237.

Campanton. See Isaac ben Jacob Campanton.

Campeggio, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

Campo Formio, peace of, and the poll tax of French Jews in Germany, 5, 464.

Campo-Mayor, refuge for Spanish Marranos, 4, 498.

“Can the Jews remain in their present condition without harm to the state?” anti-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 469–70.

Canaan, entry of Israelites into, 1, 1, 32.

description of the coast of, 1, 2–3.

claimed by the Israelites, 1, 4–5.

rapid conquest of, 1, 39–40.

becomes the Holy Land, 1, 41.

not entirely conquered, 1, 50–1.

See Palestine.

Canaanites, the, description of, 1, 2–4.

subdivisions of, 1, 3.

trade of, 1, 3.

cities of, 1, 3.

at war with Asher and Naphtali, 1, 37.

dwell with the tribe of Judah, 1, 39.

in dread of the Israelites, 1, 40.

heathenism of, 1, 51.

idol worship of, 1, 54.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–8.

suffer under David, 1, 131.

help to build the Temple, 1, 163.

See Gibeonites; Jebusites; Philistines, etc.

Candia. See Crete.

Canea, the Jews of, importance of, 4, 406.

Canon, the, of the Holy Writings, completed, 2, 344.

See Scriptures, the.

Cansino family, the, dragomans in Oran, 5, 169.

Cantheras, family of high priests, 2, 237.

Caorsini (Ultramontanes), usury practiced by, 3, 510.

Capernaum (Kephar Nahum), Jesus successful in, 2, 153–7.

the first church at, 2, 565.

Capets, the first, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.

Caphar-Salama, the battle of, Judas Maccabæus victorious at, 1, 484.

Caphtor, the original home of the Philistines, 1, 54.

Capistrano. See John of Capistrano.

Capnion. See Reuchlin, John.

Capo d’Istrias, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

Cappadocia, study of the Law in, 2, 358.

the Jews of, under Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.

“Captives of Hope, The,” drama by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Captivity, the, the return from, 1, 351–6.

See Babylonia, the Judæans of.

Captivity, the, Princes of. See Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs, the.

Capua, the Jews of in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.

Carabas, impersonates Agrippa I, 2, 182.

Caracalla, emperor, vices of, 2, 468.

relation of, to the Jews, 2, 468–9.

exacts the tax during the Sabbatic year, 2, 469.

Caraffa, Pietro. See Paul IV, pope.

Çarça, Samuel. See Samuel Çarça.

Carcassonne, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Cardoso, Abraham Michael (1630–1706), Marrano, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.

occupations and morality of, 5, 164.

figures as a Sabbatian prophet, 5, 164–5.

proclaims himself Sabbataï’s successor, 5, 207.

writings of, 5, 208, 248.

writings of, burned, 5, 220.

Cardoso, (Isaac) Fernando (1615–1680), Marrano physician, resumes Judaism, 5, 163.

occupations and life of, 5, 164.

anti-Sabbatian, 5, 164, 165.

Sachs compared with, 5, 688.

Cardozo, Elihu Aboab, erects a synagogue at Hamburg, 4, 689.

Carenton, the Jews of, attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.

Carians, the, mercenary troops employed by Athaliah, 1, 214.

in sympathy with Joash, 1, 215–6.

Carinthia, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 427.

Carlovingians, the last, the Jews oppressed under, 3, 241–2.

Carlsruhe, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530.

the Hamburg reforms adopted in, 5, 573.

Carmel, Mount, description of, 1, 44.

considered holy by the Canaanites, 1, 51.

Elijah lives on, 1, 203.

Elisha lives on, 1, 208.

north-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Carmelite district, the, of Paris, commends the Jews, 5, 444.

Carmona, the Marranos of, resist the Inquisition, 4, 313.

conspirators of, burnt, 4, 317.

Carpentras, rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Carpentras, the Jews of, not banished by Charles VI, 4, 177.

wealth of, 4, 592.

number of, 5, 436.

honor Crémieux and Montefiore, 5, 658.

Carrion, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

persecuted, 4, 170.

Carthage, captured by Genseric, 2, 611.

the Temple vessels removed from, 3, 26.

Carvajal, Fernandez (Isaac), a Jew secretly living in London, 5, 38.

opens a Jewish burial ground, 5, 49.

Casalmaggiore, the Jews of, number of, 4, 653.

Casimir III, the Great, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 111, 263.

protects the Jews, 4, 111.

Jewish mistress of, 4, 112.

Casimir IV, of Poland, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 263–5, 419.

under Capistrano’s influence, 4, 265–6.

revokes the privileges of the Jews, 4, 266.

sons of, 4, 419, 631.

statute of, confirmed by Sigismund III, 4, 643.

Caspe, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

Caspian Sea, the, Jews settle on the coast of, 3, 123.

island in, refuge of the Chazars, 3, 222.

Cassander, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.

Cassel, meeting place of the Westphalian consistory, 5, 501.

Cassiodorus, minister of Theodoric, 3, 30.

homiletic exposition of the Psalms by, 3, 31.

on the Jews, 3, 31.

Cassius, Avidius, rebel, death of, 2, 463.

Cassius Longinus, Caius, legate of Crassus, retreats before the Parthians, 2, 74.

defeats the Judæan army, 2, 74.

governor of Syria, forces contributions from Judæa, 2, 80.

suicide of, 2, 81.

Cassius Longinus, Caius, governor of Syria, occupies Jerusalem, 2, 197.

Castel-Branco, João Rodrigo de. See Amatus Lusitanus.

Castellane, de, deputy to the National Assembly, 5, 439.

Castel-Narbonnais, refuge of the Jews from the Pastoureaux, 4, 56.

Castile, lacks Talmud schools in the twelfth century, 3, 322.

Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

war of, with Morocco, 4, 84.

civil war in, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.

union of, with Portugal, 4, 161.

quarrel about the rabbinate of, 4, 161–2.

forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.

Marranos of, 4, 309. See under Marranos.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

See also under Spain.

Castile, the Jews of, under Alfonso VI, 3, 292–3.

under Alfonso Raimundez, 3, 361, 363.

oppose the Almohades, 3, 387.

under Alfonso VIII, 3, 499.

first persecution of, 3, 507.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530, 536, 544.

under Alfonso X, 3, 592–6.

under Ferdinand III, 3, 592.

employed at court, 3, 593–4.

degraded by Alfonso X, 3, 594–6.

fined, 3, 616.

under Sancho, 3, 616–17.

taxed, 3, 617; 4, 125–6.

send deputies to Huete, 3, 617.

number of, 3, 617.

opponents of science, 4, 38.

in the fourteenth century, 4, 51–3.

leaders of the Spanish-Jewish community, 4, 75.

under Alfonso X, 4, 75–6.

guilty of usury, 4, 80.

Gonzalo Martinez conspires against, 4, 84–5.

neglect Jewish science, 4, 86–7, 91.

not held responsible for the Black Death, 4, 113.

under Pedro the Cruel, 4, 113–26.

aid Maria de Padilla, 4, 117.

in the civil war, 4, 118–19, 120–2, 123–6.

Pedro’s opponents hostile to, 4, 120–1.

held responsible for the civil war, 4, 124–5, 167.

reduced to beggary by the civil war, 4, 137.

under Henry II, 4, 137–8.

hostility to, 4, 138.

degraded by outward signs, 4, 139.

forced into religious debates, 4, 140–2.

possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.

deprived of criminal jurisdiction, 4, 157.

accusations against, 4, 157.

under Henry III, 4, 193.

under Juan II, 4, 194, 203–4, 205–6, 228–9.

assaulted, 4, 204–5.

bull against, 4, 250–1.

appeal to Juan II, 4, 251.

insecurity of, under Juan II, 4, 252–3.

under Henry IV, 4, 274–6.

low position of, in Henry IV’s statute book, 4, 278.

indispensable as financiers, 4, 279–80.

warned of approaching danger, 4, 336.

protected by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 343–4.

help the Marranos, 4, 344.

proclamation expelling, 4, 347–8.

See also under Spain.

Castile, New, the Jews of, taxed, 3, 617.

Castro, an English Jew, and the Damascus affair, 5, 653.

Castro, de, a noble Castilian family, 3, 363.

Castro, Abraham de, Selim I’s master of the mint, benevolence of, 4, 393.

informs against the Egyptian viceroy, 4, 395.

Castro, Balthasar (Isaac) Orobio de (1620–1687), Marrano, professor of metaphysics at Salamanca, tortured, 5, 116.

professor of medicine at Toulouse, 5, 117.

associates with Spinoza, 5, 117.

refutes Spinoza’s views, 5, 167.

prominence of, 5, 199–200.

Castro, Bendito (Baruch Nehemiah) de, physician, Sabbatian, 5, 140, 150.

Castro, Moses de, antagonist of Jacob Berab, 4, 534–5.

Castro, Rodrigo de (1560–1627), Marrano physician, ability of, 4, 686–7.

owns landed property, 4, 688.

Castro-Tartas, Isaac de, Marrano, martyrdom of, 5, 31–2.

Casuistry, in the Mishna, 2, 475–6.

Catalina of Lancaster, regent for Juan II of Castile, 4, 193.

issues edicts concerning the Jews, 4, 203–4, 205–6, 275.

death of, 4, 217, 228.

Catalonia, part of Aragon, 3, 387.

Catalonia, the Jews of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 530.

massacred, 4, 102–3.

provide against the Black Death persecutions, 4, 112–13.

possess penal jurisdiction, 4, 155.

persecuted in 1391, 4, 172.

converted, 4, 214.

loyal to their faith, 4, 215.

possessions of, sequestrated, 4, 349.

Catechumens, the house of, supported by the Jews, 4, 566.

Catherine, empress of Russia, member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.

at war with Poland, 5, 388.

Catherine, of Portugal, hostile to the Marranos, 4, 489.

Catherine de Medici, queen mother in France, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 598.

proposes her son for the Polish throne, 4, 604.

Catholic Church, the, rise of, 2, 500.

Catholic Church, the German, established, 5, 682.

Catholic reaction, the, 4, 650–1.

the Jews suffer under, 4, 652–3.

Catholicism, more hostile to the Jews than Arianism, 3, 26.

overthrown in England, 4, 541.

and the romantic movement, 5, 516.

See Christianity.

Catholics, the, toleration of, under Valentinian I, 2, 603.

hate Theodoric, 3, 29, 30.

antagonized by the Arian Visigoths, 3, 44–5.

in the Damascus affair, 5, 650–1, 662.

See Christians, the.

Catholics, the Greek, molest the Turkish Jews, 4, 552–3.

Cathunho, Isaac, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Catullus, Roman governor of Cyrene, executes Zealots, 2, 318.

Caucasus, the, Jews settle in, 3, 123.

under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.

Cavilhão, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

Ceba, Ansaldo, priest and poet, tries to convert Sarah Sullam, 5, 69–70.

Cendebæus, Syrian general, invades Judæa, 1, 529.

Ceneda, wagers a pound of his own flesh, 4, 657.

Cenedæus, of Adiabene, relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

Censorship of the press introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.

in Germany, 5, 532.

Censorship of the Talmud under Jayme I of Aragon, 3, 603.

advised by two popes, 4, 658.

abuses of, 4, 659, 660.

See under Talmud, the.

Census, a, taken by David, 1, 137–8.

of Judæans ordered by Augustus, 2, 129.

arouses terror and dissension, 2, 130.

resisted by the Zealots, 2, 133–4.

in 66, 2, 251.

“Centuries,” by Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 570.

Cervera, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 94, 103.

Cesis, de, cardinal, on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

Ceuta, the Jews of, emigrate, 3, 424.

battle of, 4, 390.

Ceylon, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 436.

Chabar, teacher of the Law among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

Chaberim, fellows, 2, 364.

Chabib. See Amatus Lusitanus.

Chabulon. See Cabul.

Chaburah, order, 2, 364.

Chacham, officer of the Synhedrion, 2, 360.

office of, ceases, 2, 453.

title of the Amsterdam rabbis, 4, 681.

title of the Hamburg rabbis, 4, 689; 5, 577.

Chacham Zevi. See Zevi Ashkenazi.

Chacon, Castilian farmer of taxes, 4, 275.

Chadija, wife of Mahomet, 3, 71.

Chages, Jacob (1620–1674), recluse at Jerusalem, 5, 126.

teacher of Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.

threatens Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.

Chages, Moses, denounces Chayon’s work as heretical, 5, 222.

excommunicates Chayon, 5, 224.

abused by the Amsterdam Portuguese Jews, 5, 224.

excommunicated and driven from Amsterdam, 5, 226.

in Altona, 5, 231.

opposes Luzzatto’s Kabbala, 5, 238.

threatens Kabbalistic writers with the ban, 5, 239.

forbids the study of Kabbala to young men, 5, 241.

deprecates leniency towards Eibeschütz, 5, 249–50.

opposes the Eibeschütz Talmud edition, 5, 251.

returns to Palestine, 5, 256.

Chaggai (Haggai), teacher of the Law, attacks Judah II, 2, 485.

a Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.

member of the last Synhedrion, 2, 567.

Chaibar, Israelites settle in, 3, 54.

the Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Chaibar, the Jews of, descendants of the Rechabites, fortifications held by, 3, 55.

threatened by Mahomet, 3, 81–2.

roused against Mahomet, 3, 82–3.

driven away by Omar, 3, 85.

preserve love for Arabic, 3, 111.

object to Talmudic restraints, 3, 119.

in the twelfth century, 3, 437.

Chaifa, burial place of Nachmani and Yechiel of Paris, 3, 608.

“Chain of Tradition, The,” by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya, 4, 616.

Chaireas, commander of the fortress Joazer, 1, 474.

Chakan (Chagan), title of the Chazar kings, 3, 138.

Chalafta, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

Chalcis, prince of. See Herod II.

Chaldæan garrison in Judah, 1, 321.

Chaldæans, the. See Nebuchadnezzar.

Chaldaic translations of Scriptures, 2, 581–2.

Chaldee, taught as a means of conversion, 4, 245.

Chalil, vizir, tries to save Esther Kiera, 4, 630.

Chama of Nahardea (356–377), Amora, 2, 593.

principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 594.

insignificance of, 2, 594–5.

Chama ben Anilaï, a Jew of Sora, 2, 545–6.

Chamath, military station under Hadrian, 2, 419.

Chambéry, supposed center of the well poisoners, 4, 102.

Chamiz, Joseph, physician, and Leo Modena, 5, 67.

Kabbalist, 5, 74.

Champagne, the home of Talmud studies after Rashi, 3, 289.

Talmud college of, 3, 403.

Chanan, prince of the Jews of Taima, 3, 437.

Chanan of Iskia, restores the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 9.

Chananel ben Chushiel, recognized as a Talmud authority, 3, 211, 248.

busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, 3, 249.

consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.

eulogizes Haï Gaon, 3, 253.

Alfassi disciple of, 3, 285.

writings of, the basis of Nathan ben Yechiel’s lexicon, 3, 290.

Chananel Ibn-Askara, Kabbalist, 4, 74.

Chananya, Agadist, 2, 575–6.

Chananya (Achunaï), brother of Anan ben David, candidate for the Exilarchate, 3, 129.

death of, 3, 137.

Chananya, nephew of Joshua ben Chananya, joins Christianity, 2, 370.

withdrawn from Jewish Christian influences, 2, 443.

establishes a Synhedrion at Nahor-Pakod, 2, 443.

arranges the calendar, 2, 443.

and Simon II, 2, 443–4.

dissolves his Synhedrion, 2, 444.

Chananya, principal of the Sora academy, 3, 10.

Chananya. See also Chanina.

Chanceller, Jewish Portuguese official, 4, 159.

Chanilaï. See Anilaï.

Chanina, teacher of the Law, 2, 330.

Chanina. See Mar-Chanina.

Chanina bar Chama, refused permission to teach, 2, 456.

to be appointed teacher by Gamaliel III, 2, 466.

the oldest of the Amoraim, 2, 490.

work of, 2, 490–1.

compared with Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 491.

deserted by his disciples, 2, 491.

veneration for, 2, 491.

characterizes the people of Sepphoris, 2, 491–2.

old age of, 2, 492.

protects Mar-Samuel’s daughter, 2, 528.

disciples of, 2, 531.

Chanina ben Abbahu, at Tiberias, 2, 543.

Chanina (Chananya) ben Teradion, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

refuses obedience to Hadrian’s decrees, 2, 427.

suffers martyrdom, 2, 429.

wife and daughter of, 2, 429, 436.

Chaninaï, Babylonian Jewish judge, declares Bostanaï’s son legitimate, 3, 91.

Chaninaï, Exilarch, 3, 10.

Chaninaï, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 10.

Chaninaï Kahana ben Huna (765–775), Gaon of Sora, 3, 137.

Chanoch ben Moses (940–1014), attainments of, 3, 229.

rabbi of Cordova, 3, 230.

chief of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 236.

dispute about the position of, 3, 237–8.

deposed and re-instated, 3, 240.

on the death of Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 241.

death of, 3, 241.

Chanukah (Hanukkah), Feast of Lights, instituted, 1, 472–3.

introduced into Egypt, 2, 6–7.

observed by pagans, 2, 384.

abolished by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

Charag, poll-tax of the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508.

Chares, leader of the Zealots in Gamala, 2, 289.

Charisi. See Jehuda Alcharisi.

Charlemagne, predecessors of, and the Jews, 3, 40.

contributes to the advancement of the Jews, 3, 141, 143.

protects the Jews, 3, 142.

embassy of, to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

oath imposed by, on Jews testifying against Christians, 3, 144.

Charles IV, emperor, protects the Jews, 4, 106.

gives the Jews of Worms to the town, 4, 108.

at war with Gunther of Schwarzburg, 4, 109.

punishes the murderers of Jews, 4, 109–10.

and the Jews of Nuremberg, 4, 110.

asked to permit Jews to return to Augsburg, 4, 127–8.

grants “servi cameræ” to the electors, 4, 128.

deed of, concerning the Jews, 4, 695.

Charles V, emperor, ambassador of, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.

opposed to Reuchlin, 4, 464.

adherents of, 4, 468.

declares Luther an exile, 4, 469.

refuses freedom of belief to Marranos, 4, 484.

empowers the Inquisition to proceed against Lutherans, 4, 485.

Nunes sent to, to learn about the Inquisition, 4, 490.

threatens the liberty of Italy, 4, 492.

treats Rome as a hostile city, 4, 497.

liberates Reubeni from the Spanish Inquisition, 4, 499.

crowned king of Italy, 4, 503.

instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 509, 517, 518.

delivers Molcho and Reubeni to the Mantua Inquisition, 4, 510.

imprisons Reubeni, 4, 511.

hated by Clement VII, 4, 514.

victorious at Tunis, 4, 517.

hostile to Paul III, 4, 526.

banishes the Jews from Naples, 4, 544.

renews the privileges of the Jews, 4, 547.

in debt to the Mendes bank, 4, 572.

orders the Mendes property to be seized, 4, 573.

expels the Jews from the Netherlands, 4, 661–2.

Charles VII, anti-emperor, occupies Prague, 5, 251.

Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, employs a Jewish physician, 3, 628.

Charles, of Baden, grants the Jews political freedom, 5, 502–3.

Charles I, of England, promotes the cause of liberty, 5, 25.

Charles II, of England, the Jews under, 5, 141.

Charles II, the Bald (843), king of the western Franks, friendly to the Jews, 3, 170, 172.

condition of the Jews under, 3, 170–4.

Charles III, the Simple (899–914), of France, grants the possessions of the Narbonne Jews to the Church, 3, 175.

Charles IV, of France, death of, 4, 77.

Charles V, of France, permits Jews to return, 4, 129.

increases the privileges of the Jews, 4, 131, 133.

prohibits forced attendance of Jews at churches, 4, 132.

death of, 4, 150.

Charles VI, of France, protects the Jews, 4, 152.

and the rights of Jewish creditors, 4, 174.

banishes the Jews, 4, 175–6.

protects the exiles, 4, 176.

Charles VIII, of France, conquers Naples, 4, 360.

alliance against, 4, 373.

Charles IX, of France, and the election of a Polish king, 4, 604.

Charles X, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.

Charles III, of Navarre, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 184.

Charles X, of Sweden, at war with Poland, 5, 15.

Charles XI, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 182.

Charles XII, of Sweden, inquires into Karaism, 4, 184.

Chasda of Cafri (217–309), a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.

disciple of Rab, 2, 552–3.

good fortune of, 2, 553, 576, 585.

estrangement between, and Huna, 2, 553.

principal of the Sora academy, 2, 553.

death of, 2, 553, 583.

Chasdaï (670–730), Exilarch, 3, 92.

Chasdaï ben Abraham Crescas (1340–1410), philosopher, 4, 145–7.

as Talmudist, 4, 146.

exposes the weakness of Aristotelianism, 4, 146.

disciple of Nissim Gerundi, 4, 146.

character of, 4, 147.

orthodoxy of, 4, 149.

authority of, 4, 149–50, 230.

imprisoned, 4, 150, 155.

appealed to about the French rabbinate, 4, 150, 153.

son of, martyr, 4, 172.

describes the persecution of 1391, 4, 172.

intrigue against, 4, 185.

attacks the Christian dogmas, 4, 187–8.

influences Profiat Duran, 4, 190.

religious philosophy of, 4, 191–3, 240.

creed of, 4, 193.

disciple of, 4, 208, 239.

anti-Christian polemic by, translated, 4, 235.

views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

Chasdaï ben Solomon of Tudela, rabbi, denounces Chayim ben Gallipapa, 4, 149.

ambition of, 4, 162.

Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut (915–970), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187.

first representative of Judæo-European culture, 3, 188.

protects Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209–10, 228.

corresponds with Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211, 217.

the founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215, 223.

modern character of, 3, 215–16.

attainments of, 3, 216.

as diplomat, 3, 216, 218–19.

homage paid to, 3, 217.

corresponds with Dossa, son of Saadiah, 3, 217.

translates the work of Dioscorides, 3, 218.

grieves over the Jewish dispersion, 3, 219.

communicates with the king of the Chazars, 3, 219–22.

honored by Alhakem, 3, 222.

inspires poets, 3, 223–4.

and Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5, 226–7.

invites Dunash Ibn-Labrat to Cordova, 3, 226.

encourages the study of the Talmud in Spain, 3, 227–8.

favors Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 230.

death of, 3, 230.

unique in Spanish-Jewish history, 3, 313.

Chassidim (Chasidim, Assidæans), the, Nazarites under Simon the Just, 1, 422.

opposed to the Hellenists, 1, 435–6.

piety of, 1, 436, 490.

exponents of the teachings of, 1, 436.

incite the Judæans to steadfastness, 1, 457.

hiding-places of, betrayed, 1, 457–8.

killed in the caves, 1, 458.

follow Mattathias the Hasmonæan, 1, 460.

betrayed by Alcimus, 1, 483.

a distinct party, 1, 489.

compared with the Hasmonæan party, 1, 489–90.

incensed at the destruction of the “Soreg,” 1, 492.

withdraw from public life, 2, 16.

called Essenes, 2, 16. See Essenes, the.

give rise to the Pharisees, 2, 16. See Pharisees, the.

See also under Hasmonæans, the; Maccabees, the.

Chasinaï. See Asinaï.

Chassidim, the, Polish Sabbatian sect, emigrate, 5, 212.

exhort to penance, 5, 212.

supported by Samuel Oppenheim, 5, 213.

accept Islam and Christianity, 5, 213.

Chassidim, the (new), mock at the Talmudists, 5, 379.

form a brotherhood, 5, 383–5.

introduce innovations, 5, 386.

divide into two branches, 5, 388.

slander Elijah Wilna, 5, 391.

excommunicated, 5, 391–2.

conduct of, under persecution, 5, 392–3.

put themselves under “Rebbes,” 5, 392.

read only Chassidistic works, 5, 393.

second interdict against, 5, 393–4.

writings of, burned, 5, 393.

resist the opening of secular schools, 5, 394.

writings of, forbidden in Galicia, 5, 394.

efforts to suppress, 5, 394.

persecute readers of non-Hebrew books, 5, 608, 611.

attacked by Joseph Perl, 5, 612.

joined by Erter, 5, 613.

Chassidism, the (new), opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 375, 379.

founders of, 5, 375.

character of, 5, 380–1.

the leaders of, 5, 381–3.

circumstances favoring the spread of, 5, 383–6, 387.