Index (continued 8)

on tradition, 3, 459.

on the Sayings of the Fathers, 3, 459.

draws up a creed of thirteen articles, 3, 459–60.

reputation of, spread abroad by his disciples, 3, 460–1.

consoles the Yemen Jews for their forced conversion to Islam, 3, 462–4.

as rabbi of Cairo, 3, 465.

views of, on the Karaites, 3, 465.

abolishes the silent prayer, 3, 465–6.

completes the “Mishne-Torah,” 3, 466, 472.

physician to Saladin’s court, 3, 472–3.

as a medical writer, 3, 473.

refuses to become Richard I’s physician, 3, 474.

accused and acquitted of apostasy from Islam, 3, 474.

head of the Egyptian congregations, 3, 474.

rescues the Yemen Jews from persecution, 3, 474.

traduced by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 475.

on the doctrine of resurrection, 3, 475–6, 488.

correspondence of, with Samuel ben Ali, 3, 476–7.

attacked by Mar-Sacharya, 3, 477.

writes the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 477–85.

philosophical work of, intended only for Jews, 3, 486.

weakness of the philosophy of, 3, 486–7.

reverence for, in southern France, 3, 488–9.

illness of, 3, 489.

attacked by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.

advises Samuel Ibn-Tibbon on the translation of the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 490–1.

activity of, 3, 491.

describes the state of Talmud studies in the twelfth century, 3, 492.

opinion held by, of the Jews of Provence, 3, 492.

death of, 3, 492.

mourning for, 3, 492–3.

son of, 3, 493.

epitaph of, 3, 493.

effects of the death of, 3, 494–5.

no successor to, 3, 495–6.

philosophy of, non-Jewish, 3, 522.

rationalism of, 3, 523.

on the Agada, 3, 523.

attacked by Meïr ben Todros Abulafia, 3, 524–5.

attacked by Daniel ben Saadiah, 3, 525–6.

reverence for, in the East, 3, 526.

theories of, in France and Spain, 3, 526–7.

vilified by Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 528–9.

desires to bring Talmudic reasoning to a conclusion, 3, 532–3.

system of, opposed by Nachmani, 3, 533–4, 608.

works of, burnt in Montpellier, 3, 543.

defended by his son, 3, 545.

causes division in Judaism, 3, 546–7.

grandson of, 3, 620.

works of, used by Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

reverence for, in France and Spain, 3, 624.

denounced as a heretic by Moses Taku, 3, 624.

agitation against, by Solomon Petit, 3, 626–34.

philosophical writings of, influence the Italian Jews, 3, 629–30.

works of, excommunicated by Accho Kabbalists, 3, 631.

epitaph of, desecrated, 3, 631.

defended by his grandson, 3, 632–3.

censured by Todros Abulafia, 4, 2.

the religious philosophy of, induces the allegorization of the Scriptures, 4, 23.

works of, fall under the ban against science, 4, 40.

admired by Yedaya Bedaresi, 4, 43.

translation of the works of, for the Italian Jews, 4, 60.

described as a Kabbalist, 4, 74.

certain views of, opposed by Gersonides, 4, 93.

admired by Narboni, 4, 94.

authority of, questioned by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 146, 192.

Isaac ben Sheshet’s view of, 4, 147.

the Messianic belief formulated by, 4, 149.

philosophy of, expounded by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.

accused of heresy by Shem Tob ben Joseph, 4, 197.

condemned by Kabbalists, 4, 239.

system of, expounded by Elias del Medigo, 4, 290.

defended by Moses ben Isaac Alashkar, 4, 392.

synagogue reform by, nullified, 4, 395.

philosophical writings of, condemned by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 479.

on the preparation for the Messianic time, 4, 530.

on ordination in Palestine, 4, 531.

writings of, studied by Polish Jews in the sixteenth century, 4, 633.

studied by Spinoza, 5, 88.

influence of, on Mendelssohn, 5, 295.

deficient in historical sense, 5, 302.

influence of, on Erter, 5, 613.

philosophy of, explained by Munk, 5, 655.

See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Guide of the Perplexed, the; Maimunists, the; Maimunist controversy, the; “Mishne-Torah.”

Moses ben Nachman (Nachmani Gerundi, Ramban, Bonastruc de Porta, 1195–1270), devotion of, to the Talmud, 3, 531–2.

Talmudical commentaries of, 3, 532, 607–8.

opposition of, to Maimonides’ Talmudic and philosophic views, 3, 532–4.

inveighs against Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 534.

denounces Aristotle, 3, 534.

not an opponent of philosophy, 3, 534–5.

view of, on the Agada, 3, 535, 599–600.

aided by the Kabbala, 3, 535.

aids the anti-Maimunists, 3, 536.

letter to, from Meïr Abulafia, 3, 537–8.

proposes a reconciliation between Maimunists and their opponents, 3, 539–40.

deplores Dominican interference in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 544.

a Kabbalist, 3, 556–7.

as an exegete, 3, 562.

invited to enter into a disputation with Pablo Christiani, 3, 598.

demands freedom of speech, 3, 598.

suggests three topics for discussion, 3, 599.

refutes the assertion that Jesus is the Messiah of the Talmud, 3, 599.

characterizes the true Messiah, 3, 600.

victorious over Pablo Christiani, 3, 601.

refutes the doctrine of the Trinity, 3, 601.

publishes a report of the Barcelona disputation, 3, 603–4.

charged with blasphemy against Christianity, 3, 603–4.

exiled, 3, 604.

protected by the king against the Dominicans, 3, 604–5.

goes to Jerusalem, 3, 605.

grief of, over Jerusalem, 3, 606–7.

transplants Jewish science to Palestine, 3, 607.

disciples of, 3, 607, 609, 626; 4, 28.

in correspondence with Spain, 3, 608.

death of, 3, 608.

influence of, 3, 609.

the discovery of the Zohar attributed to, 4, 20.

commentary of, used by Aaron ben Joseph, 4, 71.

introduces the Kabbala into Palestine, 4, 75.

predicts the beginning of the Messianic period, 4, 120.

ancestor of Solomon Duran, 4, 238.

views of, endorsed by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

exegesis of, praised by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia, Biblical exegesis of, 3, 290, 393.

Moses ben Shem Tob (Moses de Leon, 1250–1305), Kabbalist, 4, 3, 10–11.

character of, 4, 11.

wanderings of, 4, 11.

forgery by, 4, 11–12.

attributes the Zohar to Simon ben Yochaï, 4, 12–14.

on the Messiah, 4, 18.

said to have obtained the Zohar through Nachmani, 4, 20.

death of, 4, 20.

wife of, reveals his forgery, 4, 20–1.

Moses Ibn-Ezra (Abu-Harun, 1070–1139), poet, elegy by, on Alfassi, 3, 310.

and Joseph Ibn-Sahal, 3, 314.

parentage of, 3, 318–19.

early history of, 3, 319.

compared with Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 319.

style of, 3, 319–20.

song cycle by, 3, 320.

liturgical poems by, 3, 320.

on the poetic art, 3, 320.

as a philosopher, 3, 320.

contemporary fame of, 3, 321.

elegy by, on his lady-love, 3, 321.

tribute to, by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 321.

friendship of, with Jehuda Halevi, 3, 323.

and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

Moses Ibn-Tibbon (1250–1285), physician in Montpellier, 3, 582.

Moses Ibn-Yachya, philanthropist, 4, 609.

Moses Abudiel, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 84, 86.

institutes a fast, 4, 85.

Moses Almosnino, scientist in Salonica, 4, 405.

preacher, as historian of Turkey, 4, 607–8.

Moses Bashyasi, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Moses Basula, elegy on, by Leo Modena, 5, 65.

Moses Botarel, Kabbalist, announces himself as the Messiah, 4, 197.

Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, Jewish champion at the disputation of Avila, 4, 141.

debates with a disciple of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 141–2.

Moses Gerundensis. See Moses ben Nachman.

Moses Hamon. See Hamon, Moses.

Moses Iskafat Meles, opponent of science, 4, 44–5.

Moses Kapsali (1420–1495), chief rabbi of Turkey, dignities and functions of, 4, 268–9.

opinion of, on the study of the Talmud by Karaites, 4, 270–1.

raises money for the relief of the Spanish exiles, 4, 364.

death of, 4, 402.

Moses Kimchi (1170–1190), grammarian and exegete, 3, 393.

grammar of, printed by Justiniani, 4, 474.

Moses Meïr Kamenker, Sabbatian, spreads Sabbatianism, 5, 228–9.

doctrines of, 5, 229.

regarded as the Messiah, 5, 230.

sentence pronounced on, 5, 230.

Moses Menz, Talmudist, in Posen, 4, 294.

Moses Navarro, chief rabbi of Portugal, 4, 173.

Moses Uri Halevi (1544–1620), advises the Portuguese Marranos to go to Amsterdam, 4, 665.

teacher and rabbi of the Marranos, 4, 665.

imprisoned, 4, 666.

activity of, 4, 671.

Moses Vital, sells Isaac Lurya’s manuscripts, 5, 53.

Moses Zacuto (1630–1697), Kabbalist, pupil of the Amsterdam Talmud Torah, 4, 682.

mysticism of, 5, 87–8.

encourages the Sabbatian movement in Venice, 5, 138.

superstition of, 5, 201–2.

Moses Weil. See Weil, Moses.

Moses Zarzel, physician to Henry III of Castile, Spanish poet, 4, 190.

Moslems, disciples of Mahomet, 3, 73. See Mahometans, the.

Mostarabi, the, the original Jewish community in Egypt, ruled by the Spanish exiles, 4, 395.

Mosul (New Nineveh), the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 429–30.

ignorance of, 3, 430.

invited by Alrui to join him, 3, 431.

“Mourners of Zion,” the, 1, 338; 3, 182, 362, 437.

Mourning, signs of, decreed under Hadrian, 2, 400, 420.

Mourning customs, regulated by Gamaliel II, 2, 404.

abolished in the time of Judah II, 2, 484–5.

Mozarabs, the, Christians living among Mahometans, lose their identity, 3, 215.

conspire against the Mahometans of Granada, 3, 316.

Moznaim, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

Mucate, Jacob, Marrano in Pernambuco, 4, 693.

Mucianus, Licinius, governor of Syria, under Nero, 2, 284.

won over to Vespasian’s side, 2, 300.

Mujahid, prince of Denia, patron of Yizchaki, 3, 273.

Muley Abu-Abdallah (Boabdil), last king of Granada, secret treaty of, with Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 345.

goes to Africa, 4, 345.

Muley Arshid, sultan of Morocco, oppresses the Jews, 5, 168.

Muley Ismail, sultan of Morocco, patron of the Jews, 5, 168.

Müller, Adam, reactionary leader, 5, 477.

representative of the romantic school, 5, 516.

Müller, Johannes von, Swiss historian, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 359.

assists in framing the Westphalian constitution, 5, 500.

Mulot, Abbé, president of the Assembly of the Paris Commune, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 443–4, 445.

Munich, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 636–7.

perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

Munk, Solomon (1802–1867), scholar, accompanies Crémieux to Egypt, 5, 658.

discovers Mehmet Ali’s subterfuge, 5, 660.

exhorts the Egyptian Jews to establish schools, 5, 663.

establishes schools in Cairo, 5, 664.

reconciles Karaites with Rabbanites, 5, 664.

character and learning of, 5, 664–5.

Arabic attainments of, 5, 665.

blindness of, 5, 665.

studies of, on the Jewish Middle Ages, 5, 665–6.

Karaite studies of, 5, 666.

scientific results of the Eastern trip of, 5, 666.

on the Damascus affair, 5, 671–2.

expounds Jewish religious philosophy, 5, 699.

Münster, Sebastian, prosecutes Hebrew studies, 4, 434.

translates Elias Levita’s Hebrew grammar, 4, 472.

Murad III, son of Selim II, becomes sultan, 3, 627.

gives Joseph Nassi land near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596.

confiscates Joseph Nassi’s property, 4, 628.

influence of Jewish women under, 4, 629.

Murad el Fallat, Turkish servant of a Damascus Jew, tortured, 5, 637, 638.

Murcia, embassy to, under Solomon Ibn-Farussal, 3, 312.

the Jews of, taxed under Sancho, 3, 617.

Murder, laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, 2, 424.

Murex, a dye, 1, 3.

Murviedro, the Jews of, spared in the persecution of 1391, 4, 171.

Musa (Mesvi) of Akbara, founds a Karaite sect, 3, 157.

Musaphia, Benjamin (Dionysius, 1616–1676), physician to Christian IV of Denmark, 4, 692.

philologist and rabbi, 5, 115.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

Sabbatian, 5, 139.

sends a letter of homage to Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 155.

clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, 5, 161.

Mushka, a Judghanite, tries to force rationalistic doctrines upon the Jews, 3, 150.

Mustapha Pasha, deputy vizir, cross-examines Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 147.

Sabbataï betrayed to, 5, 153.

Mutafarrica, the, Turkish life guard, Joseph Nassi a member of, 4, 595.

Mutazilists, (heretics), the, the theology of, 3, 147.

method of, borrowed by Saadiah, 3, 197.

teachings of, foster unbelief, 3, 199.

Muza Ibn-Nosair, governor of Africa, aided by the Jews of Spain, 3, 109.

Mylitta, Assyrian goddess of love, worshiped in Israel, 1, 247.

image of, in the Temple under Manasseh, 1, 282.

temple of, in Philistia, burnt, 1, 287.

Mysticism, in Judaism, 3, 152–4.

denounced by Haï Gaon, 3, 251–2.

See Kabbala, the.

Mytilene, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

N

Naamah, first wife of Solomon, 1, 161.

Naaman, Syrian general, confesses the God of Israel, 1, 224.

Naar, Isaac, mystic, companion of Spinoza, 5, 88.

induces Spinoza to betray his unbelief, 5, 92.

Sabbatian, 5, 139.

prepares to join Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 150.

encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.

Naarda. See Nahardea.

Naasites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Nabathæans (Nabatæans), the, contributions levied on, by Hyrcanus, 1, 437.

dispossess the Idumæans, 1, 474; 2, 8.

friendly to the Hasmonæans, 1, 491.

See also Aretas; Malich; Obeda.

Nabonad, a Babylonian noble, usurps the throne, 1, 342.

permits native kings to rule Phœnicia, 1, 342.

entreated to permit the return to Palestine, 1, 342–3.

ally of Lydia and Egypt, 1, 343.

persecutes the Judæans, 1, 343–4.

indifferent about the war with Cyrus, 1, 349.

Nabopolassar, of Babylon, independent of Assyria, 1, 296.

puts an end to Assyria, 1, 303.

Naboth, killed at the instigation of Jezebel, 1, 202.

avenged, 1, 211.

Nachman ben Isaac (280–356), Amora, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 593.

Nachman ben Jacob (235–324), Amora, 2, 545.

summons Judah ben Ezekiel to justify his conduct, 2, 552.

haughtiness of, 2, 554–5.

treats his slaves inhumanly, 2, 555.

introduces the oath of purgation, 2, 556.

establishes a school at Shekan-Zib, 2, 557.

Nachman ben Samuel Levi, Frankist rabbi, 5, 275.

Nachmani. See Moses ben Nachman.

Nachshon ben Zadok (881–889), Gaon of Sora, explains difficult Talmudical words, 3, 179.

discovers the key to the calendar, 3, 179.

Nachum of Gimso, teacher of the Law, supplements Hillel’s rules of interpretation, 2, 330–1.

teacher of Akiba, 2, 351.

Nachum the Mede, teacher of the Law at the fall of Jerusalem, 2, 330.

Nadab, king of Israel, at war with the Philistines, 1, 189.

death of, 1, 189.

Nagid, title of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

of Joseph Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 274.

of Abu Mansur Samuel ben Chananya, 3, 340.

See also Nassi.

Nagid (Reïs), chief of the Egyptian Jews, authority of, 3, 443; 4, 392.

functions and privileges of, 4, 393–4.

office of, abolished, 4, 394.

See also Nassi.

Nahardea, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Nahardea (city), treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 53.

Judæan center for Mesopotamia, 2, 202.

center for the study of the Law, 2, 358.

boundary of Babylonia in the most limited sense, 2, 504.

a Babylonian Jerusalem, 2, 505.

destroyed by Odenathus, 2, 527.

the Amoraim of, flee, 2, 527–8.

homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 607.

Nahardea, the academy of, beginning of, 2, 498–9.

the principal of, 2, 512.

eclipsed by that of Sora, 2, 522.

re-opened, 2, 606.

Nahardea, the academy of, principals of, list of:

Amemar,

Samuel,

Shila.

Nahar Malka, a canal in Babylonia, 2, 507.

Naharowan, the Exilarch’s income from, 3, 96.

Nahar-Pakod, a Synhedrion established at, 2, 443–4.

a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Nahar-Samara, Ezra’s supposed grave at, 3, 441.

Nahash, king of Ammon, invades the territories of Gad and Manasseh, 1, 80.

besieges Jabesh-Gilead, 1, 89–90.

in friendly relations with David, 1, 100.

death of, 1, 126.

Nahavendi, Benjamin. See Benjamin ben Moses of Nahavend.

Najara, prince of, converted to Christianity, 3, 56.

Najaran, in Yemen, inhabited by Christians, 3, 64.

besieged by Zorah Yussuf, 3, 65.

heavy tribute laid on, 3, 65.

Christians of, driven away, 3, 85.

Nancy, the Jews of, threatened with pillage, 5, 440.

compelled to attend the National Temple, 5, 451.

Naphtali (mountain), description of, 1, 44.

Naphtali (town), returned to Ahab, 1, 205.

Naphtali, the tribe of, acquires land in the north, 1, 37.

members of, join Gideon, 1, 62.

mountainous lands of, subjugated, 1, 191.

descendants of, near Nishabur, 3, 433.

Naples, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 358–61.

the plague in, 4, 359–60.

conquered by Charles VIII of France, 4, 360.

occupied by the French, 4, 384.

the Inquisition established at, 4, 385.

Samuel II Abrabanel at, 4, 409, 410.

the Marranos of, threatened with the Inquisition, 4, 543.

Naples, the Jews of, support Theodatus, 3, 31–2.

defend the city, 3, 32.

bravery of, described by Procopius, 3, 32.

in the twelfth century, 3, 422, 424.

wear Jew badges, 3, 518; 4, 258.

help the Spanish exiles, 4, 359.

banishment of, opposed by Gonsalvo de Cordova, 4, 385.

annihilated, 4, 408.

leave the city, 4, 543–4.

Napoleon Bonaparte, victories of, in the East, 5, 459–60.

at the summit of his power, 5, 474.

dislikes the Jews, 5, 474, 476–7.

lays the Jewish question before his council, 5, 479.

opposes the Jews in his council, 5, 480.

modifies his views on the Jews, 5, 481.

conceives the idea of convening Jewish notables, 5, 481–2.

expresses satisfaction with the Jewish Notables, 5, 490, 492.

proposes the convening of a Synhedrion, 5, 493.

unmindful of the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

resolutions of the Synhedrion submitted to, 5, 498.

Jewish legislation by, 5, 498–9.

creates new states, 5, 500.

the Russian campaign of, 5, 510.

fall of, 5, 510–11.

return of, from Elba, 5, 518.

Napoleon III, emperor, protests in the Mortara case, 5, 701.

Napoleonic wars, the, awaken a desire for culture in Galicia, 5, 611, 612.

Naraga, canal near Nahardea, 2, 505.

Narbata, the Judæans of Cæsarea flee to, 2, 253.

Narboni. See Moses ben Joshua Narboni.

Narbonne (city), the Jews of, expelled by Wamba, 3, 105.

Machir founds a Talmud school at, 3, 143.

Talmud study in, encouraged by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 3, 208.

the Talmud school of, 3, 242.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra at, 3, 374.

principal Jewish community of southern France in, 3, 392.

home of the Kimchi family, 3, 392.

the Jews of, excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

the archbishop of, presides over the Council of Béziers, 3, 581.

Narbonne, the Council of, forbids Psalm singing at Jewish funeral services, 3, 47.

confirms the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 518.

Narbonne (province), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

Narbonne (province), the Jews of, enjoy equality under the early Visigoths, 3, 45.

punished for conspiring against Egica, 3, 108.

the possessions of, presented to the Church, 3, 175.

Narcissus, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, 2, 196.

Nares, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

an academy founded in, 2, 593.

Narol, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 11.

Nasas, Jewish family name in Palermo, 3, 28.

synagogue erected by, razed, 3, 33–4.

Nassi, the family of, traces descent from David, 3, 43.

See Mendes, Diogo; Francisco; Gracia; and Nassi, Joseph; Reyna; Samuel.

Nassi, Joseph (João Miques), nephew of Gracia Mendesia, favorite of Maria of the Netherlands, 4, 572.

reported to have fled to Venice, 4, 573.

intercedes with the sultan for Gracia Mendesia, 4, 574.

brings Gracia Mendesia to Constantinople, 4, 577.

marries Reyna Nassi, 4, 577.

in favor with Sultan Solyman, 4, 577, 594.

beneficence of, 4, 577.

gives up the trade with Ancona, 4, 579–80.

power of, 4, 594.

partisan of Selim, 4, 595.

member of the Mutafarrica, 4, 595.

denounced by the European ambassadors, 4, 595.

given a tract of land near the Sea of Tiberias, 4, 596, 610.

antagonized by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 596.

made duke of Naxos, 4, 596.

titles of, 4, 596.

negotiates with Ferdinand I, 4, 597.

seizes French merchant vessels, 4, 597.

traduced by Daud, 4, 598.

clears himself of the charges made by Daud, 4, 599.

incites a war with Venice, 4, 600.

appealed to, by European sovereigns, 4, 601–2.

head of a Turkish party, 4, 602.

hopes to found a Jewish state, 4, 610–11.

rebuilds Tiberias, 4, 610–11.

influence of, not permanent, 4, 611.

supplanted by Mahomet Sokolli, 4, 627.

death of, 4, 627.

property of, confiscated, 4, 628.

Nassi, Reyna, reported to have fled to Venice, 4, 573.

the son of Moses Hamon sues for, 4, 575.

betrothed to Joseph Nassi, 4, 577.

sets up a Hebrew printing press, 4, 628.

Nassi, Samuel, nephew of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 577.

moves to Constantinople, 4, 581.

Nassi, the, of the Great Council, a Pharisee, 2, 49.

Nassi, name of the intercalary month in a lunar leap year, 3, 59.

Nassi, prince, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.

of Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.

of Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, 3, 361.

(Reïs), of the chief rabbi of the Cairo Karaites, 3, 444.

See also Nagid.

Nassir Mahomet (1299–1341), Mameluke sultan, the Jews of Palestine under, 4, 73.

Naszi-Beth-Ab, the head of the oldest family of a tribe, 1, 122.

Nathan, the house of, junior branch of the house of David, power of, 1, 249.

Nathan, president of the school of Cordova, corrected by Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 209, 217.

Nathan, prophet, and David, 1, 113.

rebukes David, 1, 132–3.

parable by, 1, 133.

forbids David to build a temple, 1, 150–1.

opposed to Adonijah, 1, 153.

anoints Solomon, 1, 153.

Nathan, sheriff of Béziers, 3, 395.

Nathan, son-in-law of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544.

Nathan the Babylonian, vice-president of the Synhedrion at Usha, 2, 434, 445.

teacher of the Law in Judæa, 2, 442–3.

ambassador from Simon II, 2, 443–4.

conspires against Simon II, 2, 445.

proposed for the Patriarchate, 2, 445.

expelled from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.

at peace with Simon II, 2, 446.

the last of the Tanaites, 2, 462.

“Nathan the Wise,” by Lessing, Mendelssohn the hero of, 5, 323.

story and characters of, 5, 323–5.

effect produced by, 5, 326–7.

Nathan bar Assa, disciple of Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 582.

Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, emissary from Sora, settles at Narbonne, 3, 208.

founder of true Talmud study in Narbonne, 3, 242.

Nathan ben Yechiel, of Rome, compiler of a Talmudic lexicon, 3, 290, 421.

Nathan ben Yehudaï, titular Gaon of Sora, 3, 192.

Nathan Benjamin Levi (Ghazati, 1644–1680), studies of, 5, 130.

marriage of, 5, 130.

follower of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 130–1.

professes to be Elijah, 5, 131.

Messianic speculations of, 5, 131–2.

proclaims Gaza the Holy City, 5, 132.

spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.

addresses circulars to Amsterdam and Hamburg, 5, 138–9.

continues to proclaim Sabbataï as the Messiah after his apostasy, 5, 157.

excommunicated, 5, 157, 159.

joins Sabbataï Zevi at Adrianople, 5, 158–9.

in Salonica, the Greek Islands, and Italy, 5, 160, 161.

death of, 5, 161–2.

Nathan Nata, father of Jonathan Eibeschütz, 5, 246.

Nathaniel (Abul Barkat Hibat-Allah ben Malka), physician in Bagdad, apostate, 3, 442.

writes a commentary on Ecclesiastes, 3, 442.

Nathaniel (Hibat-Allah Ibn-Aljami), physician, Nagid of the Egyptian Jews, 3, 443.

Nathaniel Ibn-Almali, physician, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

National Assembly, the Batavian, Jews keep aloof from, 5, 454.

petitioned to emancipate the Jews, 5, 455.

deputies to, oppose the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 455–6.

establishes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 456.

Jewish deputies to, 5, 458.

agrees to protect Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.

National Assembly, the French, champions of the Jews in, 5, 435.

deputies to, instructed to attack the Jews, 5, 436.

addressed on the subject of outrages upon Jews, 5, 437.

Jewish deputies to, 5, 438.

religious freedom discussed in, 5, 439.

the Jewish question before, 5, 439–441.

passes an equivocal resolution on the Jewish question, 5, 442.

action of, objected to by the Bordeaux Jews, 5, 442.

the emancipation of the Paris Jews demanded of, 5, 445.

discusses finances, 5, 446.

emancipates the Jews of France, 5, 448.

National Guard, the French, joined by Jews, 5, 438.

Jewish members of, petition the Paris Commune, 5, 443.

Natkes, Galician scholar, excommunicated, 5, 614.

style of, 5, 617.

Natronaï ben Chabibaï, pretender to the Exilarchate, 3, 137.

Natronaï ben Nehemiah (Mar-Yanka, 719–730), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, on Serene’s adherents, 3, 121–2.

Natronaï II, son of Hillaï (859–869), Gaon of Sora, corresponds in Arabic, 3, 178.

opposes the Karaites, 3, 178.

Naturalization Act, the, for the Jews of England, 5, 337–8.

Navarre, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 352, 357–8.

Navarre, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

take part in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 536.

letter to, denouncing Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 544.

hated in the fourteenth century, 4, 76.

feeling against, aroused by Pedro Olligoyen, 4, 77–8.

under Philip III, 4, 78.

settle in Aragon, 4, 142.

Navigation, pursued by the Burgundian Jews, 3, 35.

by the Jews of Tyre, 3, 426.

Naxos, to be given to Joseph Nassi, 4, 596.

Joseph Nassi made duke of, 4, 596.

as a Jewish, state, 4, 611.

Nazarenes, the, a sect of the early Christians, 2, 168, 370.

take advantage of the leaning towards Judaism, 2, 219.

increased by Essenes and Greek Judæans, 2, 219.

persecuted by Paul, 2, 222.

proselytize the Judæans in the Greek cities, 2, 222.

in Antioch and Damascus, 2, 222–3.

joined by Paul, 2, 226.

displeased with Paul, 2, 230.

separate wholly from the Jews, 2, 371–2.

revile Judaism, 2, 371–2.

disappearance of, 2, 373.

merged into the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

imprecation of, in the Jewish prayer book, 4, 83.

See also Jewish Christians, the; Judæan Christians, the.

Nazareth, birthplace of Jesus, 2, 148, 149.

Jesus successful in, 2, 153.

first church at, 2, 565.

inhabited by Jews in the sixth century, 3, 12.

the Jews of, join Sharbarza, 3, 19.

Nazarite practices, under Simon the Just, 1, 422.

Neander, Augustus, church historian, declares the groundlessness of the blood accusation, 5, 650.

Neapolis. See Shechem.

Neapolitanus, deputy of Cestius Gallus in Jerusalem, 2, 257.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylonia, beginning of the career of, 1, 303–4.

Jehoiakim the vassal of, 1, 306.

besieges Tyre, 1, 306, 307.

ravages Judah, 1, 306.

takes Judah, 1, 307.

generals of, besiege Jerusalem, 1, 307.

banishes Jehoiakim, 1, 307.

makes Zedekiah king, 1, 308.

subdues Judah, 1, 311.

besieges Jerusalem, 1, 311–14.

defeats Apries, 1, 313.

generals of, take Jerusalem, 1, 313–14.

beheads the dignitaries of Jerusalem at Riblah, 1, 314.

blinds and exiles Zedekiah, 1, 315.

appoints Gedaliah over the Palestinian Judæans, 1, 319.

punishes the murder of Gedaliah, 1, 325.

treats the Babylonian Judæans kindly, 1, 329–30.

death of, 1, 331.

Nebuzaradan, chief of Nebuchadnezzar’s guard, charged to destroy Jerusalem, 1, 315.

entrusts Zedekiah’s daughters to Gedaliah, 1, 319.

exiles the last remnant of Judah, 1, 325.

Necho, king of Egypt, defeats Josiah, 1, 296–7.

makes Jehoiakim king, 1, 299.

exacts tribute from Judah, 1, 299.

Nechunya, abettor of Chananya at Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443, 444.

Nechunya ben Hakana, teacher of the Law, adherent of Hillel’s methods, 2, 331.

reputed author of a Kabbalistic manuscript, 3, 556.

Neglib-Eddin, supposed assassin of Mongols, 3, 649.

Negro. See Ibn-Yachya.

Negropont, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.

Nehemiah, cup-bearer of Artaxerxes, appealed to by the Judæans, 1, 372.

national enthusiasm of, 1, 373.

governor of Judæa, 1, 373.

journeys to Jerusalem, 1, 374.

rebuilds the fortifications of Jerusalem, 1, 374–5.

disturbed by Sanballat and Tobiah, 1, 375–6.

rebukes the Judæans for the enslavement of the poor, 1, 376–7.

unselfishness of, 1, 377.

invites settlers to Jerusalem, 1, 377–8.

exacts observance of the Law from the Judæans, 1, 380–1.

consecrates the walls of Jerusalem, 1, 381–2.

internal improvements by, 1, 382–3.

returns to Persia, 1, 383.

returns to Jerusalem, 1, 385.

reforms the Judæan community, 1, 385–8.

memoir of, 1, 387–8.

formation of a Jewish sect under, 1, 387.

Nehemiah, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.

Nehemiah (960–968), Gaon of Pumbeditha, position of, contested, 3, 208.

Nehemiah, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544.

Nehemiah, teacher of the Law in Beth-Deli, 2, 358.

Nehemiah Ashkafa, a Granada Jew, supports Balkim, 3, 258.

Nehushta, mother of Jehoiachin, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

exiled, 1, 307.

Neidhard, inquisitor-general, 5, 169.

Neïth, queen of heaven, worshiped in Judæa, 1, 300.

worshiped by Judæans in Egypt, 1, 326–7.

Nekelo, chamberlain of the Duke of Austria, 3, 567.

Nemirov, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 8–9.

the massacre of, commemorated, 5, 13.

Neo-Hebraic poetry, the rise of, under Arabic influences, 3, 112–13.

subjects of, 3, 113.

liturgical character of, 3, 113.

form subservient to the subject-matter in, 3, 115.

rhyme introduced into, 3, 116.

suffers by the Maimunist controversy, 3, 558–9.

the decay of, 3, 560.

in the Persian khanate, 3, 648.

as developed by Immanuel Romi, 4, 63–4, 65, 67.

in Spain in the fifteenth century, 4, 230, 231.

in Italy, 4, 230–1.

See also Poetry; Hebrew literature.

Neo-Persians, the, described by Levi bar Sissi, 2, 525.

campaign of Gallus against, 2, 568.

See also Sassanides, the; Magi, the.

Neo-Platonism, as presented by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 328.

identified with the Kabbala, 5, 54.

Neo-Platonist view, a, of the book of Daniel, 2, 502.

Nepi, Graziadio (1760–1836), deputy to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 488.

Nergal-Sharezer, son of Sennacherib, murders him, 1, 280.

Neriglissar murders Evil-Merodach, 1, 331.

death of, 1, 342.

Nero, emperor, favorably inclined to the Herodians, 2, 245–6.

deprives the Judæans of Cæsarea of civil rights, 2, 247.

kindly inclined to the Judæans, 2, 248.

informed of the turbulent state of Judæa, 2, 250–1.

informed of the number of Judæans, 2, 252.

allegiance to, renounced by the Judæans, 2, 259.

loyalty of Judæans defended before, 2, 268.

apprised of the Judæan revolt, 2, 284.

appoints Vespasian general in Judæa, 2, 284.

death of, 2, 297, 299.

kindly disposed towards the Jews, 2, 391–2.

coins of, 2, 392.

successor of, 2, 393.

Meïr said to be the descendant of, 2, 435.

Nesselrode, Russian plenipotentiary, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

Netherlands, the, rebellion of, against Spain, 4, 601.

united with Spain, 4, 661.

the Inquisition in, 4, 662.

refuge of the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 662–3.

thwart Philip II’s plans, 4, 667–8.

second large emigration of Marranos to, 4, 671.

settlement of the Jewish quarter in, 4, 674.

Netherlands, the, the Jews of, suffering of, 4, 661.

expelled by Charles V, 4, 661–2.

intolerant treatment of, 4, 673–4.

Nethinim, Temple slaves, live together in Babylon, 1, 330.

Netira, the sons of, espouse Saadiah’s cause, 3, 195.

Neto, Bras, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, and the establishment of the Inquisition, 4, 500, 505.

Molcho announces the Lisbon earthquake to, 4, 504.

honors Molcho, 4, 505.

fears Molcho’s influence against the Inquisition, 4, 506.

refuses to countenance the denunciation of Molcho, 4, 506.

Netter, Charles, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Neuburg, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 545–6.

Neumann, Andrew, invites Jewish exiles to settle in Brandenburg, 5, 173.

Neus, a city of refuge for Cologne Jews, 3, 304.

Neuwied, the Jews of, present an address to the French Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Neve, teachers of the Law in, permit leavened bread on Passover for the Roman army, 2, 568.

Neve Shalom, second Jewish synagogue in Amsterdam, 4, 671.

Nevers, count, threatened by Innocent III, for favoring the Jews, 3, 500.

New Christians, the. See Marranos, the.

New Moon, the, announcement of, 2, 362–3.

two days celebrated as, 2, 363.

announced at Ain-tab, 2, 458.

announced in Tiberias, 2, 480.

as determined by Judah III, 2, 532.

observance of, renewed by Anan ben David, 3, 131.

New Nineveh. See Mosul.

Newport, early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.

New Testament, the, relation of, to the Old, examined by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.

translated into German, 4, 475.

New Year’s day, celebrated two days in Palestine, 3, 428.

New York, early Jewish immigrants in, 5, 702.

Nibridius, bishop of Narbonne, letter to, concerning the Jews, 3, 166–7.

Nicanor, gate of, entrance to the second Temple, 2, 111.

Nicanor, son of Patroclus, Syrian general, 1, 467.

Nicanor, Syrian general, sent to Judæa by Demetrius I, 1, 484.

sends envoys to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.

admires Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.

defeated, 1, 484.

demands the surrender of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484–5.

killed in battle, 1, 485.

Nicaso, daughter of Sanballat, married to a Jew, 1, 383, 386.

Nice, Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.

Nice, the Council of, completes the separation of Judaism and Christianity, 2, 563–4.

incorporates apocryphal books in the Holy Canon, 2, 624.

intolerance of, 3, 25.

Nicholas. See Donin.

Nicholas III, pope, reproaches Alfonso X for employing Jews, 3, 594, 615.

Nicholas V, pope, issues anti-Jewish bulls, 4, 253, 254.

establishes the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 256.

orders the Marranos to be treated as equals, 4, 256–7.

appoints John of Capistrano inquisitor of the Jews, 4, 257, 258.

preaches a crusade against the Turks, 4, 267–8.

bull of, against Jewish physicians unheeded, 4, 287.

Nicholas I, of Russia, on the Damascus affair, 5, 633, 657.

Nicholas, interpreter sent by Constantine VIII to Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 218.

Nicholas de Cusa, scholastic philosopher, advocates a union of all religions, 4, 255.

action of, in the Jewish question, 4, 255.

Nicholas de Lyra, Franciscan, praises Rashi, 4, 185.

charges of, against the Jews renewed, 4, 232.

charges of, refuted by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

exegetical works by, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

exegesis of, dependent on Rashi’s, 4, 442.

Nicholas, Edward, secretary to Parliament, apologist for the Jews, 5, 28–9.

Nicodemus, envoy of Aristobulus II to Pompey, 2, 63.

Nicolai, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 300.

proposes to erect a statue to Mendelssohn, 5, 372.

Nicolaus of Damascus, historian, friend of Herod, 2, 90.

accuses Antipater of attempted parricide, 2, 114.

brother of, 2, 119.

friendly to the Judæans, 2, 179.

Nicopolis, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 405.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 537.

Nicosia, taken by the Turks, 4, 600.

Nidui. See Excommunication.

Niemerz, son of Casimir III, 4, 112.

Nieto, David (1654–1728), rabbi of London, culture of, 5, 200.

denounces Chayon, 5, 227.

Niger, emperor, cruelty of, to the Jews, 2, 463–4.

defeated by Severus, 2, 464.

Niger, a Judæan hero in the Roman rebellion, 2, 264.

executed, 2, 296.

Nikolsburg, the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 150.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

Chayon at, 5, 218.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Nile, the harbors of, under the control of the Judæan Alabarch, 2, 102.

Nilus the Younger, refuses to be treated by a Jewish physician, 3, 213–14.

“Nineteen Letters on Judaism,” by Ben Usiel, 5, 627.

Nineveh, Israelites colonized in, 1, 265.

besieged by Cyaxares, 1, 287.

fall of, 1, 303.

Nishabur. See Khorasan.

Nisibis, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contribution to the Temple, 2, 53.

Judæan center for Mesopotamia, 2, 202.

destroyed by Lucius Quietus, 2, 298.

center for the study of the Law, 2, 358.

the Jews of, oppose Trajan, 2, 393.

the Christians of, persecuted by the Magi, 2, 524.

Nîsmes, the Jews of, show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, 5, 658.

Nissim bar Jacob Ibn-Shahin (1015–1055), Talmudic authority of northern Africa, 3, 248.

busies himself with the Jerusalem Talmud, 3, 249.

consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.

son-in-law of, 3, 274.

disciple of, 3, 285.

Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben (1340–1380), Talmudist, opposed to Messianic speculations, 4, 120.

attainments of, 4, 144.

disciple of, 4, 146.

appealed to by Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 148.

death of, 4, 149.

imprisonment of, 4, 150.

Nissi Naharvani, effects a reconciliation between Kohen-Zedek and David ben Zaccaï, 3, 186.

consulted upon the appointment of a Gaon of Sora, 3, 192–3.

Nitra (mountain), the monks of, stone the prefect of Alexandria, 2, 619.

Nizuz, divine spark, Kabbalistic term, 4, 620.

Nizuzoth, the original soul, 5, 120.

Nob, made a sacerdotal town, 1, 79.

Noel, French ambassador to the Batavian Republic, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 456.

interferes in the internal affairs of the Amsterdam Jewish community, 5, 457.

Nófeth Zufim, Hebrew rhetoric by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289.

Nomologia, by Immanuel Aboab, 5, 55.

Nomology, Jewish, first developed by Hillel, 2, 327.

Norden, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Nördlingen, the Jews of, murdered, 4, 163.

banished, 4, 416.

Normandy, rabbis of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

Northampton, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 3, 643.

Northmen, the, invade France, 3, 172.

Norwich, the Jews of, massacre of, 3, 412.

Notables, Jewish, the Assembly of, planned by Napoleon, 5, 481–2.

deputies to, 5, 482–4.

to hold its first session on a Sabbath, 5, 484.

imperial commissioners to, 5, 485.

deputies to, hold a caucus, 5, 486.

first meeting of, 5, 487.

president of, 5, 487.

Italian deputies to, 5, 488.

questions propounded to, 5, 489.

appoints a commission to answer the questions, 5, 489.

parliamentary tact of, appreciated by Napoleon, 5, 490, 492.

discusses the report of the commission, 5, 491–2.

answers of, to be made Synhedrial decisions, 5, 493.

approves of the Synhedrion, 5, 493.

members of, to become members of the Synhedrion, 5, 493.

proclamation of, concerning the Synhedrion, 5, 494.

dissolution of, 5, 495.

re-convened, 5, 498.

Notaricon, transposition of letters, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5, 512.

Novak, Peter, bishop of Breslau, invites John of Capistrano to Silesia, 4, 260.

Novi, refuge of Marranos, 4, 553–4.

Nubia, Christians of, at war with the Jews of Aden, 3, 436.

Numenius, delegate to Rome sent by Simon Tharsi, 1, 526.

Numeo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 560, 575.

Nunes, Henrique (Firme-Fé), apostate, spies upon the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 489–90.

accuses the Marranos, 4, 490.

murdered, 4, 490.

Nuñes, Maria, Portuguese Marrano, taken to England, 4, 664.

goes to Holland, 4, 664.

in Holland, 4, 667.

Nuñez, Alvar, removed from office by Alfonso XI, of Castile, 4, 79.

Nureddin, Turkish chieftain, attacks the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem, 3, 349.

makes Aleppo the second capital of the Eastern caliphate, 3, 426.

power of, 3, 431.

adherents of, at war with Saladin, 3, 472.

Nuremberg, a refuge for the Jews, 3, 351.

diet of, issues the “Golden Bull,” 4, 128.

rabbinical synod at, 4, 305.

honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.

Nuremberg, the Jews of, massacred during the Rindfleisch persecutions, 4, 36.

perish during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

charges against, 4, 415.

banished, 4, 415–16.

Nurses. See Christian nurses.

O

Oath, required of Jewish witnesses by Charlemagne, 3, 144.

Jewish form of, 4, 159.

concerning the blood accusation, 5, 49, 655.

“on the true faith of a Christian” abolished, 5, 698.

Oath of allegiance, to Herod, opposition to, 2, 108.

Oath of purgation, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.

Obadiah, king of the Chazars, has his people taught Judaism, 3, 140.

successors of, 3, 141.

Obadiah, palace superintendent under Ahab, protects the prophets, 1, 201.

Obadiah, prophet, prophesies against Edom, 1, 326.

Obadiah (Obadya) di Bertinoro (1470–1520), rabbi of Jerusalem, improves Jerusalem morally, 4, 397, 399.

characterization of, 4, 398.

ordinances by, 4, 398.

Mishna commentary by, 4, 704.

Obadiah (Servadeus) de Sforno (1470–1550), physician and writer, 4, 411.

Reuchlin’s teacher, 4, 434, 473.

Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, precursor of the Messiah, 3, 124.

peculiar system of Judaism taught by, 3, 124–5.

leader of a rebellion, 3, 125.

adherents of, 3, 125.

Obeda, Nabathæan king, opposes Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44.

Oberwesel, the Jews of, murdered, 3, 637.

murderers of, fined, 3, 639.

“Observations of an Alsatian upon the Present Quarrels of the Jews of Alsace,” 5, 350.

Ocaña, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.

the cortes of, demand anti-Jewish legislation, 4, 279.

O’Connell, urges the emancipation of the English Jews, 5, 653.

on the Damascus affair, 5, 657.

Octavius, Caius. See Augustus.

Octavius, Cneius, Roman ambassador to Syria, 1, 481.

death of, 1, 482.

Odenathus, predatory incursions of, 2, 527.

destroys Nahardea, 2, 527.

takes Mar-Samuel’s daughters prisoners, 2, 528.

prince of Palmyra, 2, 528.

wife of, 2, 529.

Odo, bishop of Paris, forbids Christians to have intercourse with Jews, 3, 407.

Odo, legate of Innocent IV, enemy of the Talmud, 3, 579.

Odura, the family of, in the Hellenist party, 1, 489.

Offices. See under Civil; Magisterial; Religious.

Og, king of Bashan, 1, 29.

Ojeda, Alfonso de, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310.

commissioner to frame the Inquisition statute, 4, 312.

preaches the sermon at the first auto-da-fé, 4, 317.

Okaz, fair of the Arabs at, 3, 60.

Olam ha-Ba, the future world, 1, 405–6.

Olam ha-Tikkun, divine order of the world, Kabbalistic term, 4, 619; 5, 121, 142.

Old Testament, the, connected with the New, 2, 488.

Christian doctrines found in, 2, 499, 501, 502; 4, 141–2.

contrasted with the New, 4, 540–1.

system of, adopted by an English political party, 4, 541–2.

slandered, 4, 547.

inspires the Puritans, 5, 26, 27.

See Scriptures, the.

Oldenburg, Heinrich, on the Sabbatian movement, 5, 139.

Olesnicki, Zbigniev, bishop of Cracow, hostile to the Jews, 4, 265.

invites Capistrano into Poland, 4, 265.

induces the king to revoke the privileges of the Jews, 4, 266.

Olianow, Elijah, follower of Luzzatto, 5, 245.

testifies in favor of Eibeschütz, 5, 262.

Olivença, the Marranos of, burnt, 5, 499.

Oliver y Fullana, Nicolas de (Daniel Jehuda), cartographer, 5, 113.

wife of, 5, 114.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

Olives (Olivet), Mount of, description of, 1, 45, 115.

David on, on his flight from Jerusalem, 1, 141.

altars raised on, to idols, 1, 175.

camp of the Tenth Legion on, 2, 303.

fire-signals on, 2, 362.

Nachmani on, 3, 606–7.

Olligoyen, Pedro, arouses the hatred of the Navarrese against the Jews, 4, 77.

imprisoned, 4, 78.

Olmutz, the Jews of, banished at the instigation of Capistrano, 4, 263.

Jews under restrictions in, 5, 523.

Olympian games, the, introduced into Palestine and Phœnicia, 1, 445.

celebrated at Tyre, 1, 446.

Omar I, second Caliph, repulsed at Kamus, 3, 82.

drives away the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 85.

takes Jerusalem, 3, 87.

covenant of, 3, 87–8.

rewards the Jews of Babylonia, 3, 89.

death of, 3, 90.

anti-Jewish enactments of, revived, 3, 120, 145, 176–7, 247.

Omar II (717–720), caliph, re-enacts the anti-Jewish laws of Omar I, 3, 120.

Ommiyyah, the caliphate of, extent of, 3, 100.

Ommiyyades, the, tolerance of, 3, 110.

overthrow of, in the East, 3, 125.

prosperity of, 3, 214.

overthrown by civil wars, 3, 255.

Omri, chosen king of Israel, 1, 192.

war of, with Tibni, 1, 192.

removes to Samaria, 1, 193.

character of, 1, 193.

friendly relations of, with Judah, 1, 194.

allied with Phœnicia, 1, 194.

wars of, 1, 194–5.

introduces Phœnician idolatry, 1, 195–6.

“On the Errors of the Trinity,” by Michael Servetus, 4, 646.

“On the Speedy Glory of Judah and Israel,” by Henry Jesse, 5, 35.

Onias (Menelaus), the Benjamite. See Menelaus.

Onias I, high priest, does homage to Alexander the Great, 1, 413.

Onias II, high priest, son of Simon the Just, minority of, 1, 423.

partisan of Seleucus II Callinicos, 1, 423.

authorizes Joseph to treat with Ptolemy II, 1, 424.

Onias III, high priest, head of the Chassidim, enemies of, 1, 437.

allied with Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, 1, 437.

banishes Hellenists, 1, 438.

refuses to surrender the Temple treasures, 1, 438.

appeals to Seleucus II against the Hellenists, 1, 438–9.

accused of partisanship with the Ptolemies, 1, 444.

murdered, 1, 448.

son of, 1, 504, 505.

Onias IV, son of Onias III, kindly received by Ptolemy Philometor, 1, 506.

commander of Ptolemy VI’s troops, 1, 506, 507.

builds a Temple at Leontopolis, 1, 508–10.

fortifies his Temple, 1, 510.

offices and titles of, 1, 510.

receives a province, 1, 519.

assists Cleopatra, 1, 519.

informed of the independence of Judæa, 1, 522–3.

sons of, 2, 10, 12, 40–1.

Onias, a pious man, killed by the soldiers of Hyrcanus II, 2, 60–1.

Onias, the Temple of, origin of, 1, 508–10.

closed, 2, 318.

effect of closing, on the Alexandrian Judæans, 2, 322.

Onion, a district of Heliopolis, containing the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.

Onkelos. See Targum Onkelos.

Ophel, offshoot from Mount Moriah, 1, 115.

outside of Jerusalem, 1, 119.

Ophir (Scinde, India), Solomon sends his fleet to, 1, 171.

trade with, under Uzziah, 1, 230.

under the jurisdiction of the Sora academy, 3, 98.

Ophites, a Gnostic sect, 2, 375.

Ophla, a quarter of Jerusalem, 2, 219.

retreat of Menahem, the leader of the Sicarii, 2, 261.

burnt by Titus, 2, 308.

Ophrah, seat of Baal worship, 1, 62.

center for pilgrims, 1, 63.

Oporto, Isaac Aboab dies at, 4, 366.

port open to the exiled Portuguese Jews, 4, 374.

Oppenheim, painting by, presented to Riesser, 5, 601.

Oppenheim, David, chief rabbi of Prague, library of, 5, 217.

opposes the Eibeschütz edition of the Talmud, 5, 251.

Oppenheim, Joseph, patron of Chayon, 5, 217.

Oppenheim, Samuel, settles in Vienna, 5, 189.

Christians assault the house of, 5, 189–90.

obtains the suppression of “Judaism Unmasked,” 5, 190.

supports the Chassidim, 5, 213.

heir of, 5, 217.

Oppenheim, the Jews of, emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.

Oppenheimer, Amshel, creditor of Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 634.

Orabuena, Joseph. See Joseph Orabuena.

Oral Law. See Law, the oral.

Oran, a refuge for persecuted Spanish Jews, 4, 197.

suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 361.

the Jews of, banished, 5, 169.

Ordenaçoens de Alfonso V, Portuguese code containing anti-Jewish ordinances, 4, 338, 339.

“Order of Tradition, The,” historical work by Abraham Ibn-Daud, 3, 366.

Ordinances of Usha, 2, 405.

Ordination (Semichah), meaning of, 2, 356.

by the teachers of the Law, 2, 361.

forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 426.

of Akiba’s disciples, 2, 429.

by Moses ben Chanoch, 3, 229.

necessity for re-introducing, 4, 530, 535.

efforts to revive, made by Jacob Berab, 4, 531.

revival of, antagonized, 4, 534–5.

abandoned, 4, 536.

Orenstein, Jacob, excommunicates young Galician scholars, 5, 614.

compelled to withdraw his ban, 5, 614.

satirized by Erter, 5, 615.

Orestes, prefect of Alexandria, stoned, 2, 619.

Oria, Talmudical scholars in, 3, 212.

plundered by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

Orient, the, German-Jewish journal, 5, 693.

Origen, Church Father, protected by Mammæa, 2, 481.

consults Hillel II, 2, 487.

learns Hebrew, 2, 488.

taught Bible exegesis by the Jews, 2, 488.

attempts the revision of the Septuagint, 2, 488–9.

discussion of, with Simlaï, 2, 501–2.

Original Sin, dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.

attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.

criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

Organ, the, in Jewish divine service, 5, 569, 571.

Orleans, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

councils of, pass anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 37.

the college of, sold, 4, 48.

Ormuzd. See Ahura-Mazda.

Ornah, the Jebusite, offers Moriah to David, 1, 138.

Orpheus, in Judæo-Greek writings, 2, 204.

Orthodox party, the, opposes the efforts of the Mendelssohnians, 5, 417.

opposed by the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

in Berlin complains of the Reform movement, 5, 563.

not a well defined party, 5, 566.

without leaders, 5, 567–8.

inactivity of, 5, 569–70, 571.

formulates its objections to the Hamburg innovations, 5, 571.

scourged by Bresselau, 5, 572.

denies the justification of Reform, 5, 627.

fails to support Bernays, 5, 673–4.

protests against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.

represented at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 684.

Osius, bishop of Cordova, forbids Christians to trade with Jews, 2, 620.

presides over the Council of Illiberis, 3, 44.

Osorio, David, forms a third congregation in Amsterdam, 4, 680.

Osorius, bishop, on King Manoel’s relation to the Jews, 4, 372.

Osorkon. See Zerah.

Ostrog, the Jews of, slaughtered by the Cossacks, 5, 12.

Ostrogoths, the, empire of, founded, 3, 27.

hated in Italy, 3, 32.

Othman, the third Caliph, killed, 3, 90.

Othniel, Caleb’s brother, takes Kiryath-Sepher, 1, 38.

Othniel, judge, delivers the southern tribes from the Idumæans, 1, 60.

Otho, emperor, struggle of, with Vitellius, 2, 299.

Otranto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Otto I, emperor, offended by Abdul-Rahman III, 3, 219.

grants the revenue derived from Jews to a church, 3, 243.

attended by an Italian Jew, 3, 243.

Otto II, emperor, presents the Jews of Merseburg to the bishop, 3, 243.

Ottolenghi, Joseph, Talmudist, opens a school at Cremona, 4, 582.

Ottos, the, emperors, rule of, not favorable to the Jews, 3, 243.

Ouderkerk, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, 4, 672.

Ouvidor, Jewish-Portuguese judge, 4, 159.

Oxford, the Council of, anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 516.

Oxford, the University of, pays honor to Samuel ben Israel, 5, 38.

the library of, Jews said to intend to buy, 5, 45.

Ozaïr, Arabic name for Ezra, 3, 76.

P

Paalzow, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 468, 472.

Pablo Christiani, apostate, tries to convert Jews, 3, 597–8.

enters into a disputation with Nachmani, 3, 598.

proves Jesus the Messiah of the Talmud, 3, 599.

defeated by Nachmani, 3, 601.

sent on missionary journeys, 3, 602.

denounces the Talmud, 3, 602.

authorized to exercise censorship over the Talmud, 3, 603.

charges Nachmani with blasphemy of Christianity, 3, 603–4.

induces Louis IX to insist upon the Jew badge, 3, 612.

policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.

Pachda, brother-in-law of Mar-Zutra II, Exilarch during his minority, 3, 3.

Pacheco, marquis of Villena, adviser of Henry IV of Castile, kindles a civil war, 4, 278.

instigates an assault upon the Marranos, 4, 283.

Pacorus, prince of the Parthians, makes Antigonus king of Judæa, 2, 82–3.

Padua, lawyers from, attacked by an anti-Jewish mob in Trent, 4, 299.

exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.

Italian center of Talmudic studies, 4, 410.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

a rabbinical college at, 5, 624, 700.

Padua, the Jews of, protected, 4, 299.

threatened with excommunication, 5, 238.

abandon Luzzatto, 5, 241.

Padua, the University of, appoints Elias del Medigo umpire, 4, 291.

Elias del Medigo lectures at, 4, 291.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 75.

Pagan Christians, the, 2, 365, 366.

differences between, and Jewish Christians, 2, 367.

chief seat of, 2, 367.

views of, in the evangels, 2, 369.

submission of, to the Romans, 2, 369.

absorb the Jewish Christians, 2, 373.

Paganism, conversions to, in Alexandria, 2, 184.

as viewed by the Judæans, 2, 204.

futility of, set forth by Judæo-Greek writers, 2, 205–8.

combated by Philo, 2, 213, 214–15.

disintegration of, 2, 373.

in the view of the Gnostics, 2, 377.

influenced by Judaism, 2, 382–3.

conversions from, to Judaism, 2, 383–5.

Tacitus on the conversions from, 2, 384.

attempt to graft, on Judaism, 2, 422.

end of, 2, 559.

See also Heathen, the.

Pahath-Moab, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.

Pakotia, Sabbatians in, 5, 272.

Palæologus family, the, dynasty of the Byzantine empire, 4, 267.

Palæstina Secunda, capital of, 3, 12.

Palermo, the Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

Jewish captives transported to, 3, 213.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

a Ghetto established at, 3, 567.

Abraham Abulafia in, 4, 7–8.

Palestine, name for Canaan, 1, 1.

regarded as the Holy Land, 1, 41–2.

physical features of, 1, 42–8.

products of, 1, 46–8.

climate of, 1, 45, 47–8.

picturesqueness of, 1, 48–9.

land of the Philistines, 1, 55.

colonization of, after the captivity, 1, 355–6.

Joseph the governor of, 1, 425.

the Olympian games introduced into, 1, 445.

the Greek inhabitants of, rejoice over the death of Agrippa I, 2, 196.

Lucius Quietus governor of, 2, 399.

laws hostile to, promulgated by Severus, 2, 464.

depredations in, by Odenathus, 2, 527.

the schools of, in good repute with Babylonians, 2, 531.

poverty of, 2, 535.

Babylonian Jews emigrate to, 3, 4.

succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.

subordinates itself to Jewish Babylonia, 3, 100.

Anan ben David settles in, 3, 130.

mystical doctrines flourish in, 3, 154.

part of the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 248, 249.

as viewed by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 336–7.

longed for by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 338.

under Christian rule, 3, 341.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Yechiel of Paris emigrates to, 3, 587.

Karaites of, inclined to Rabbanism, 4, 72.

accessible to Jews, under the Egyptian Sultans, 4, 73.

emigration to, 4, 74.

Karaites of, use a calendar of their own, 4, 270.

emigration of Jews to, forbidden by the pope, 4, 273–4.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 396–9.

Marranos in, 4, 529–30.

influence of the Kabbala in, in the sixteenth century, 4, 617.

the mountains of, in Rëuel Jesurun’s religious poem, 4, 678–9.

the Kabbala in, 5, 52.

Napoleon in, 5, 459.

wrested from Turkey, 5, 633.

the Christians of, under French protection, 5, 634.

hope of the return to, given up by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.

See also Canaan; Judæa, etc.

Palestine, the Jews of, persecuted by Verus Commodus, 2, 447.

deprived of their own courts of justice, 2, 447.

injured by Odenathus, 2, 527.

oppressed by Ursicinus, 2, 568–9.

burdened with taxes, 2, 569.

revolt against Rome under Constantius, 2, 569–70.

sober Bible exegesis of, 2, 624–5.

condition of, in the sixth century, 3, 10–13.

educational system of, 3, 12.

enjoy religious liberty until Justinian, 3, 12.

under Justinian I, 3, 13–17.

fined for celebrating the Passover before Easter, 3, 13.

oppressed by Stephanus, 3, 16.

aid the Samaritans in an anti-Christian riot, 3, 17.

under Justin II, Tiberius, and Mauritius, 3, 17–18.

join Sharbarza, 3, 19.

destroy Christian sanctuaries, 3, 19–20.

banished to Persia, 3, 21.

allied with Heraclius, 3, 21–2.

extirpation of, asked by Modestus, 3, 22.

persecuted by Heraclius, 3, 22–3.

help the Arabs, 3, 87.

persecuted under the sons of Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.

influenced by European immigrants, 3, 427–8.

ritual of, changed by Maimonides, 3, 466.

participate in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624, 626, 631–3.

occupations of, 4, 74–5.

“Palingénésie,” by Caspar Bonnet, 5, 314.

Pallache, Samuel, consul, tries to have Portuguese Marranos received into Zealand, 4, 663.

zeal of, 4, 665.

Pallas, favorite of Claudius, opposes Agrippa II, 2, 196.

brother of, 2, 242, 245.

Pallas, wife of Herod, 2, 119.

Palm Sunday. See Eastertide.

Palma, Marrano fugitives in, ask for Gibraltar, 4, 282–3.

Palma, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 171.

charged with the blood accusation, 4, 246.

flee, 4, 247.

converted, 4, 247.

Palmerston, English minister, appealed to in the Damascus affair, 5, 645.

promises to check the cruelties in the East, 5, 645–6.

on the Damascus affair, 5, 652.

supports Montefiore, 5, 659.

congratulates Montefiore, 5, 669.

Palmyra (Tadmor), proselytes from, discussed, 2, 384.

kingdom of, 2, 528–30.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Paloma, Spanish exile, drowns herself to escape disgrace, 4, 362.

Paltoi ben Abayi (842–858), Gaon of Pumbeditha, noted for frequent use of excommunication, 3, 177.

Pamier, the Jews of, under the protection of the Count de Foix, 4, 176.

Pampeluna, the Jews of, escape massacre, 4, 78.

a religious disputation at, 4, 142.

Panegyric, the favorite subject of Jewish Andalusian poetry, 3, 224.

Panias, given to Philip by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

given to Agrippa II by Claudius, 2, 245.

Diocletian summons Judah III to, 2, 533.

Panion, Scopas defeated near 1, 433.

Pantæus, Church Father, critical spirit of, 2, 488.

Papa bar Chanan (300–375), Amora, founds an academy at Nares, 2, 593–4.

confused discourses of, 2, 594.

method of, 2, 594.

Papa bar Nazar, Jewish name of Odenathus, 2, 527.

Papa, Aaron de la, rabbi of Smyrna, banished by the Sabbatians, 5, 136, 144.

Papacy, the, ascendancy of, affects the position of the Jews, 3, 494.

power of, established, 3, 503.

viciousness of, at Avignon, 4, 162.

attacked by Huss, 4, 221–2.

efforts to re-establish the supremacy of, 4, 562.

See also Bulls; Popes, the.

Papal States, the, Ferrara incorporated into, 4, 660.

Papal States, the, the Jews of, taxed for the benefit of the catechumens, 4, 566.

shut up in Ghettos, 4, 566.

restrictions against, 4, 566–7.

annoyed by apostates, 4, 581.

persecuted by Pius V, 4, 590.

expelled by Pius V, 4, 591–2.

under Sixtus V, 4, 655–6.

expelled by Clement VIII, 4, 659.

received in Pisa, 4, 659.

Pappos ben Judah, teacher of the Law, in prison with Akiba, 2, 428.

Pappus, leader of the rebellion against Trajan in Judæa, 2, 395.

life of, threatened, 2, 401.

Paradise, the belief in, introduced into Judaism, 1, 404.

Paran, table-land of, 1, 45.

Parchi. See Estori.

Parchon. See Solomon ben Abraham.

Pardes, a book of morals, by Yedaya Penini, 4, 43.

Pardo, David, rabbi of the third Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 680.

member of the first Amsterdam rabbinical college, 4, 682.

mediocrity of, 4, 682.

Pardo, Joseph, rabbi of the Amsterdam Marranos, 4, 671.

indulgent towards the weaknesses of the Amsterdam Jews, 4, 680.

threatens Uriel da Costa with excommunication, 5, 58.

Pardo, Josiah, rabbi of Rotterdam, 4, 685.

Paris, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

half of, owned by Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

the rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Maimonides’ works burnt at, 3, 543.

a seat of Talmud study, 3, 575.

the Talmud burnt at, 3, 579.

receives Crémieux coolly, 5, 668.

Paris, the Commune of, discusses the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 443–5.

requests the emancipation of the Paris Jews of the National Assembly, 5, 445.

Paris, the Council of (615), forbids the Jews to hold magisterial power or enter military service, 3, 40.

(846), summoned by Charles the Bald, 3, 172.

forbids the employment of Christian midwives by Jews, 3, 508.

Paris, the Jews of, attacked by a mob, 4, 150–1.

attacked by the Maillotins, 4, 152.

prosecuted for the disappearance of an apostate, 4, 175.

number of, 5, 435.

in the National Guard, 5, 438.

send deputies to the National Assembly, 5, 438.

commended by the Carmelite district, 5, 444–5.

emancipation of, demanded by the Paris Commune, 5, 445.

compelled to worship in the Temple of Reason, 5, 452.

excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.

Paris, the Talmudical college of, closed, 3, 403.

sold, 4, 48.

re-established, 4, 133.

Paris, the University of, directed to banish philosophical writings from its curriculum, 3, 528.

appealed to by Hoogstraten, 4, 458.

appealed to by the Dominicans, 4, 459–60.

gives judgment against Reuchlin, 4, 460, 473.

satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

teaches and prints Hebrew, 4, 473.

Parliament, three petitions to, in favor of the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 35.

admission of Jews to, 5, 698.

See also House of Commons, the.

Parliament, the Jewish, summoned by Henry III, 3, 589–90.

Parliament, the Long, and the cause of religious liberty, 5, 25.

the dissolution of, 5, 34.

Parliament, the Short, the convening of, 5, 34.

the Jewish character of, 5, 34.

entertains the re-settlement of the Jews in England, 5, 34.

the dissolution of, 5, 35.

Parnesé ha-Keneset, the commission entrusted with public interests in Jewish Babylonia, 3, 99.

Paro, Joseph Nassi duke of, 4, 596.

Parosh, the family of, forms a league in Babylon, 1, 330.

Parsophin (Parzufin), Kabbalistic term, 4, 619; 5, 217.

Parthia, the number of Judæans in, 2, 202.

the Jewish communities of, in sympathy with the Zealots, 2, 256.

conquered by Trajan, 2, 393.

the Jews of, resist Trajan, 2, 393–4.

escapes being made a Roman province, 2, 399.

rebels against Trajan, 2, 399.

war of, with the Romans, 2, 447.

laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.

the dynasty of, overthrown, 2, 523.

Parthians, the, defeat the Syrians, 2, 5.

defeated by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 5.

the campaign of Crassus against, 2, 74.

dethrone Hyrcanus, 2, 82–3.

characterized by Levi bar Sissi, 2, 525.

invade the Roman empire, 2, 527.

Parties, in Judæa after the death of Judas Maccabæus, 1, 489–90.

Paruta, disciple of Michael Servetus in Poland, 4, 647.

Parzufin. See Parsophin.

Pascal, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376.

Paschal lamb, the, offered at Jerusalem by order of Hezekiah, 1, 268.

a substitute for, introduced in Rome, 2, 68.

Paschal sacrifice, the, supersedes the Sabbath, 2, 99.

Pasquier, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.

Passau, the Jews of, charged with host desecration, 4, 306.

Passion Week. See Eastertide.

Passover, celebrated under Hezekiah, 1, 268.

celebrated under Josiah, 1, 295.

under Zerubbabel, 1, 359.

in the Sopheric age, 1, 398.

the celebration of, forbidden by Archelaus, 2, 121–2.

of the Crushing in 66, 2, 251.

the celebration of, before Easter forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 13.

observed by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.

as celebrated by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 148–9.

the celebration of, hindered during the Reign of Terror, 5, 452.

Pastor, a Galician scholar, excommunicated, 5, 614.

Pastor, a lawyer of Naples, opposes the progress of Belisarius, 3, 32.

murdered, 3, 32.

“Pastor Fido,” translated by Isabel Correa, 5, 114.

Pastoureaux (Pastorelli, Roïm), the, massacre of the French Jews by, 4, 55–7.

Patras, the Spanish exiles in, 4, 406.

Patriarch, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.

Patriarchate, the, invested with autocratic power under Judah I, 2, 452–4.

on a level with the Exilarchate, 2, 454.

extinction of, a condition of the advent of the Messiah, 2, 457.

royal authority of, under Judah II, 2, 485.

decline of the authority of, 2, 535.

decline of, 2, 560.

power of, over non-Palestinian communities ends with the adoption of a fixed calendar, 2, 573.

constitutes Judæa the head of the Jewish communities of the Roman empire, 2, 611.

fall of, 2, 612, 617–18.

Patriarchs, the, levy a tax from the time of Judah II, 2, 487.

support of, 2, 535–6.

titles of, 2, 560–1, 612.

regarded as the chief of the Jews in the Roman empire, 2, 561.

compelled to go to Sora, 2, 607.

exclude apostates from the Jewish community, 2, 612–13.

exempt from civil duties, 2, 616.

enjoy civil jurisdiction, 2, 616.

tax of, forbidden to be collected, 2, 617.

dignities bestowed on, 2, 617–18.

number of, 2, 618.

tax of, collected by imperial officials, 2, 622.

the Jews under, 5, 725.

See also Synhedrion, the, presidents of.

Patriarchs, the, list of:

Gamaliel II,

Gamaliel III,

Gamaliel IV,

Gamaliel V,

Gamaliel VI,

Hillel II,

Judah I,

Judah II,

Judah III,

Judah IV,

Simon III.

See also Synhedrion, the, presidents of.

Patricius (Patrick Netira), leader of the Jews in a revolt against Rome, 2, 570.

Patriotism, towards France discussed in the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 492.

in the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Paul III (Farnese), pope, well disposed to Jews, 4, 515.

worked upon by João III and Duarte de Paz, 4, 515.

orders a reconsideration of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 516.

protects the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 516, 520, 521–2.

deprecates the assault on Duarte de Paz, 4, 517.

objects to forcible conversions, 4, 517–18.

sanctions the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 518, 527.

recommends gentle measures for the Marranos, 4, 518, 527.

Marranos complain to, of the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 519–20.

submits his Inquisition bull to a commission, 4, 520.

cripples the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 522.

authorizes the order of Jesuits and the Inquisition at Rome, 4, 524–5.

under obligations to Spain and Portugal, 4, 525.

abused at the Council of Trent, 4, 525–6.

defends the Marranos’ right of emigration, 4, 526.

hostile to Charles V, 4, 526.

death of, 4, 528.

grants privileges to the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568.

Paul IV (Pietro Caraffa), pope, proposes the Inquisition at Rome, 4, 525.

efforts of, to re-establish papal supremacy, 4, 562.

introduces the censorship of the press, 4, 563.

decrees the burning of the Talmud, 4, 565.

issues two bulls against the Jews, 4, 566–7.

ill-treats the Jews of Rome, 4, 567.

persecutes the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568, 571.

compelled to set free the Turkish Jews in Ancona, 4, 578.

employs apostates to annoy Jews, 4, 581, 584.

persecutes the Marranos, 4, 581–2.

has the Talmud burnt at Cremona, 4, 582–3.

death of, 4, 586, 587.

Paul (Saul of Tarsus), apostle, proselytizes the heathen, 2, 219.

defends the integrity of the Law, 2, 221.

chief promoter of Christianity, 2, 223, 365.

characterization of, 2, 223.

opponent of the Greek Nazarenes, 2, 224.

and the conversion of the heathen world, 2, 224–5.

conversion of, to Christianity, 2, 225.

vision of, 2, 225.

and the doctrine of resurrection, 2, 225–6.

joins the Nazarenes of Damascus, 2, 226.

flees to Arabia, 2, 226.

second visit of, to Damascus, 2, 227.

at Jerusalem, 2, 227.

establishes Greek Christian communities, 2, 227–8.

teaches Judaism as an introduction to Christianity, 2, 228.

inveighs against the Law, 2, 229–30.

causes a schism in Christianity, 2, 230.

quarrel of, with Peter, 2, 231.

anathematizes his opponents, 2, 231.

hated by the Jewish Christians, 2, 367, 368.

followers of, submit to Roman domination, 2, 369.

teaching of, becomes true Christianity, 2, 373.

Paul, bishop of Constantinople, asperses Judaism, 2, 562.

Paul Burgensis. See Solomon Levi.

Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, at the court of Zenobia, 2, 529.

Paul de Santa Maria. See Solomon Levi.

Pauli, Oliger, an enthusiast for the Jews, 5, 177.

Paulus, opponent of the Jews, 5, 601.

Pauw, Reinier, burgomaster of Amsterdam, and intermarriages between Jews and Christians, 4, 674.

Pavia, a Jewess of, apostatizes and returns to Judaism, 4, 288.

the Jews of, expelled, 4, 660.

Paz, Duarte de, advocate of the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 4, 512.

betrays the confidence of João III, 4, 512.

influences Clement VII against the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 513.

obtains a papal brief protecting Marranos, 4, 513–14.

influences Paul III, 4, 515.

bribes church officials, 4, 516.

assaulted by order of the Portuguese court, 4, 517.

misappropriates funds, 4, 518.

tries to have the Inquisition bull revoked, 4, 519.

Paz, Enrique Enriquez de (Antonio Enriquez de Gomez, 1600–1660), playwright, as soldier, 5, 110.

tried by the Inquisition, 5, 110.

in France, 5, 110.

burnt in effigy at Seville, 5, 111.

Jewish poem by, 5, 111.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

Peace Congress, the. See Rastadt.

Peace party, the, in Jerusalem, supporters of, 2, 256.

justifies the revolt of the people, 2, 257.

declares the refusal of heathen sacrifices unlawful, 2, 259.

asks the authorities for troops, 2, 259.

kept out of the Temple by the Zealots, 2, 260.

loses its influence, 2, 268.

Peasants, Jewish, influence of Christianity on, 2, 364–5.

Pechah, a Persian governor of Judæa, 1, 352, 361.

Pecht, an Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.

Pedro II, of Aragon, the Jews under, 3, 497–8.

Pedro IV, of Aragon, the Jews under, 4, 145.

Pedro IV, the Cruel (1350–1369), of Castile, revolt against, 4, 102.

character of, 4, 113.

family relations of, 4, 113–14.

neglected by his father, 4, 114.

Jews attached to, 4, 114.

the Jews under, 4, 115–26.

refuses to curtail the privileges of the Jews, 4, 116.

wives of, 4, 116–17.

decoyed into the fortress of Toro, 4, 118.

mentioned on the inscriptions in the Toledo synagogue, 4, 120.

deposes and tortures Samuel Abulafia, 4, 121.

determines to kill his wife, 4, 121.

acknowledges Maria de Padilla his wife, 4, 122.

alliance against, 4, 122.

maligned by his brother, 4, 122–3.

compelled to leave Burgos, 4, 123.

loses Toledo and Seville, 4, 124.

aided by the Black Prince, 4, 124.

calls in the Mahometan king of Granada, 4, 125.

death of, 4, 126.

the Jews hated on account of the civil war under, 4, 167.

Pedro de la Caballeria, apostate, Christian propagandist, 4, 231–2.

Pedro de Herrera, Marrano, asks for Gibraltar as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282–3.

Pedro de Luna, cardinal. See Benedict XIII, pope.

Pedro de Toledo, viceroy of Naples, employs Samuel II Abrabanel, 4, 409.

daughter of, 4, 410.

Peel, Sir Robert, introduces the Damascus affair in Parliament, 5, 652.

Pekah, king of Israel, characterization of, 1, 248.

allies of, 1, 248.

licentiousness of the nobles under, 1, 250.

allies himself with Rezin of Damascus, 1, 258, 259.

submits to Tiglath-Pileser, 1, 260.

murdered, 1, 260.

Pekahiah, king of Israel, murdered, 1, 248.

Pelethites, the, mercenary troops under David, 1, 122.

in the Ammonite war, 1, 126.

faithful to David in the civil war with Absalom, 1, 141.

in the war against Sheba, 1, 149.

attend Solomon, 1, 153.

Pelham, English minister, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 337.

Pelka, son of Casimir III, 4, 112.

Pella, destroyed by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Pelusium, besieged by Sennacherib, 1, 276, 277.

the Egyptians defeated at, 1, 450.

Penal law, the, of Judaism, 2, 473.

Penini. See Yedaya En-Bonet.

Peñiscola, Benedict XIII holds papal court at, 4, 217.

Penitential hymns, by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 246.

Penitential prayers. See Prayers.

Penso, Isaac, Marrano banker, philanthropist, 5, 111–12.

Penso, Joseph (Felice de la Vega, 1650–1703), Marrano poet, Hebrew dramas by, 5, 112–13.

novels by, 5, 113.

celebrated by Isaac Gomez de Sosa, 5, 113.

unaffected by Spinoza’s attack upon Judaism, 5, 117.

compared with Luzzatto, 5, 234.

Pentapolis, five Philistine cities, 1, 54.

Pentateuch, the. See Law, the; Scriptures, the; Septuagint, the; Translation.

Pentateuch, the, Mendelssohn’s translation of, for his children, published, 5, 328–9.

commentary for, by Solomon Dubno, 5, 329.

subscribers to, 5, 329, 334.

arouses the opposition of pious Jews, 5, 330–2.

interdict against, 5, 332.

forbidden in Polish towns, 5, 332.

interdicted by Raphael Cohen, 5, 333.

co-workers in, 5, 334.

appeals to the young, 5, 334–5.

influence of, on German Jews, 5, 395–6.

disseminated in Alsace, 5, 430.

Pentecost, the Feast of, as fixed by Anan ben David, 3, 131.

Pentekaka, prays for rain, 2, 541–2.

Penuel (Peniel), fortified by Jeroboam, 1, 185.

Penya, Chayim, opponent of Sabbataï Zevi, ill-treated, 5, 136.

daughters of, Sabbatians, 5, 136.

turns Sabbatian, 5, 136.

rewarded by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 145.

Penyaforte, Raymond de, Dominican-General, devotes himself to the conversion of Mahometans and Jews, 3, 519–20, 597.

arranges a disputation between Pablo Christiani and Nachmani, 3, 598.

cautions Nachmani against blaspheming Christianity, 3, 598.

continues the disputation in the Barcelona synagogue, 3, 601.

on the Trinity, 3, 601.

sends Pablo Christiani on missionary journeys, 3, 602.

appointed censor of the Talmud, 3, 603.

accuses Nachmani of blasphemy, 3, 604.

monks trained by, act as conversionists, 3, 621.

has Hebrew taught for conversion purposes, 3, 640–1.

arouses the persecuting spirit against the Jews of Aragon, 4, 77.

policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

Peor, Mount, idolatry at, 1, 28.

scene of the death of Moses, 1, 31.

Peræa, land east of the Jordan, 1, 30.

given to Herod Antipas by Herod’s will, 2, 119.

under Herod Antipas, 2, 137.

given to Agrippa I by Caligula, 2, 177.

Pereira, Abraham, Sabbatian, 5, 139.

prepares to journey to Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 150.

encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, 5, 160.

Pereira, Emile and Isaac, grandfather of, 5, 342.

Pereira, Jacob Rodrigues (1715–1780), inventor of the sign language, 5, 342–3.

partial to Portuguese Jews, 5, 343.

has the statute against foreign Jews in Bordeaux ratified, 5, 343–4.

Perez, Alvar, de Guzman, mayor of Seville, protects the Jews, 4, 168.

Pergamus, treasure house in, for the half-Shekel contributions to the Temple, 2, 53.

Peringer, Gustavus, inquires into Karaism, 5, 182–3.

Perizzites, the, a subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.

declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.

Perl, Joseph (1773–1839), founds a high school in Tarnopol, 5, 612.

attacks the Chassidim, 5, 612.

member of the Society for Culture, 5, 612.

Pernambuco, Amsterdam Jews settle in, 4, 693.

congregation of, 4, 693.

Perpignan, French Jews expelled by Philip IV settle in, 4, 50.

Perpignan, the Jews of, in the thirteenth century, 4, 25.

protect Levi of Villefranche, 4, 29.

agitation among, in behalf of Abba-Mari’s cause, 1, 33–4.

Persia, revolt against, 1, 407–9.

the goddess of love, worshipped in, 1, 408.

conquered by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

Alexander Severus’ campaign in, 2, 482.

succumbs to the Arabs, 3, 86.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

under the jurisdiction of the Exilarch, 3, 428.

the khanate of, under Argun, 3, 637–8, 646, 650.

Persia (Sassanian empire), the Jews of, persecuted by Firuz, 2, 628–30.

under Kobad, 3, 4.

well treated by Bahram Tshubin, 3, 8–9.

in the twelfth century, 3, 434–5.

Persian influence on Judaism, 1, 402–5.

Perushim. See Pharisees.

Pesakim, practical application of the legal enactments of the Talmud, 3, 345.

Pesaro, Molcho at, 4, 501.

a refuge for Marranos, 4, 569.

the Jews of, invite Turkish trade, 4, 578–9.

the Marranos banished from, 4, 580–1.

refuge of Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.

Pescennius, Niger. See Niger.

Peshat, simple text explanation, 3, 288, 345.

Peshito, the Syriac translation of the Law, 2, 582.

Pessach-Peter, apostate, brings charges against the Jews of Germany, 4, 177–8.

Pesth, the Jews of, modify their divine service, 5, 582.

See also Buda; Buda-Pesth.

Petachya of Ratisbon (1175–1190), traveler in the East, 3, 421.

on the Jews of Susa, 3, 435.

on the Jews of India, 3, 435–6.

on the conversion of Armenians to Judaism, 3, 440.

Peter (Simon, Kephas, Petrus), apostle, disciple of Jesus in Capernaum, 2, 153.

calls Jesus the Christ, 2, 158.

loyal to Jesus, 2, 163.

leader of the early Christians, 2, 169.

leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes at Jerusalem, 2, 222.

teachings of, opposed to those of Paul, 2, 230.

quarrel of, with Paul, 2, 231.

on the solidarity of the Jews, 2, 367–8.

Peter, Tossafist, martyr, 3, 355.

Peter of Amiens, preaches the crusades, 3, 297.

the army of, leaves the Jews unmolested, 3, 298.

Peter of Benevento, papal legate, convenes the synod of Montpellier, 3, 508.

Peter Martyr, describes the terrors of the Inquisition, 4, 484.

Peter the Venerable, abbot of Clugny, rouses the crusaders against the Jews, 3, 349–50.

Peters, Hugh, secretary to Cromwell, employed to dispose the English in favor of the Jews, 5, 43.

on the commission for the admission of Jews, 5, 45.

Petit, Guillaume Haquinet, confessor of Louis XII, influences him against Reuchlin, 4, 459.

patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 473.

Petit, Solomon. See Solomon Petit.

Petra, capital of Edom, 1, 222.

refuge of Hyrcanus II, 2, 59.

Petronius, governor of Syria, ordered to turn the sanctuary into a pagan temple, 2, 188.

ordered to set up Caligula’s image in the Temple, 2, 189.

ordered to prevent the desecration of synagogues, 2, 193.

Petrus. See Peter, apostle.

Peyret, rabbi, supposed manufacturer of the poison for wells, 4, 102.

Pfefferkorn, Joseph, immorality of, 4, 423–4.

becomes an apostate, 4, 424.

puts his name to Ortuin de Graes’ “Mirror for Admonition,” 4, 425.

advises the burning of the Talmud, 4, 425–6.

lends his name to Dominican writings, 4, 426.

thwarted by Jewish physicians, 4, 427.

not trusted by Christians, 4, 427.

publishes “The Enemy of the Jews,” 4, 427–8.

obtains a letter to Maximilian I from Kunigunde, 4, 428–9.

obtains an imperial mandate, 4, 429.

orders the Frankfort Jews to surrender their books, 4, 429.

forbids the Frankfort Jews to attend the synagogue on Tabernacles, 4, 430.

opposed by Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 430, 431.

coadjutors of, suggested, 4, 432.

tries to make Reuchlin his confederate, 4, 436.

applies for a second mandate, 4, 436, 437.

a second time confiscates Hebrew books in Frankfort, 4, 438.

censured by the public, 4, 438.

publishes “In Honor and Praise of Emperor Maximilian,” 4, 439.

directed to report the decision of his commission to Maximilian, 4, 441.

motives of, suspected by Reuchlin, 4, 442.

breaks the seal of Reuchlin’s “Opinion,” 4, 445.

publishes the “Handspiegel,” 4, 446.

attacked by Reuchlin, 4, 446–48.

preaches in Frankfort, 4, 449.

tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.

tears down the notice of Reuchlin’s exoneration, 4, 455.

suggests the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfort, Worms, and Ratisbon, 4, 463.

anti-Jewish charges of, repeated by Luther, 4, 548–9.

Pfizer, governor of Heidelberg, permits an assault upon the Jews, 5, 531, 602.

Phabi, family of high priests, 2, 237.

“Phædon, or the Immortality of the Soul,” by Mendelssohn, popularity of, 5, 304–5.

object of, 5, 306.

dialogue form of, 5, 306.

argument of, 5, 306–7.

popularity of, 5, 307–8.

Phalles, king of Tyre, murdered, 1, 194.

Phaltiel, Michal’s husband, 1, 110.

Phanagoria (Taman), Jews of the Byzantine empire settle in, 3, 123.

Pharaoh, in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Pharaohs, the, the Egyptian kings, 1, 8.

worshiped, 1, 10.

Pharisees, the, a national party, offshoot from the Assidæans, 2, 17.

aims of, 2, 17.

explanation of the name of, 2, 18.

principles of, 2, 18.

wherein opposed to the Essenes and Sadducees, 2, 18–19.

defenders of tradition, 2, 19–20, 22.

morality of, 2, 20.

charge of hypocrisy against, unfounded, 2, 20.

position of, with regard to Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.

contrasted with the Essenes, 2, 30.

employed as civil functionaries, 2, 31.

lose their state offices, 2, 32–3.

favored by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 39.

actively oppose the Sadducees, 2, 42–3.

hated by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 43.

instigate revolts against Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44.

take refuge in the fortress of Bethome, 2, 45.

crucified, 2, 45.

flee from Judæa, 2, 45.

rejoice over the death of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.

favored by Salome Alexandra, 2, 48.

obtain the chief post in the Great Council, 2, 48–9.

the interpretations of, in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.

introduce the Water Libation and the Wood festival, 2, 52.

institute the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.

persecute the Sadducees, 2, 53.

support Hyrcanus II, 2, 58.

reconciliation of, with the Sadducees begun by Hillel, 2, 98.

divided on the subject of swearing allegiance to Herod, 2, 108.

hate Herod, 2, 114–15.

urge revenge against Herod, 2, 121.

not in opposition to John the Baptist, 2, 147.

disapprove of Jesus, 2, 162.

aid Christianity by their methods of interpretation, 2, 166.

neglect the lower classes, 2, 220.

object to the Sadducee high priest Anan, 2, 248.

laws introduced by, justified, 2, 327.

as described by the Nazarenes, 2, 372.

accept tradition, 2, 462.

Pharos, the island of, Judæans celebrate the completion of the Septuagint on, 1, 511–12.

Phasael, brother of Herod, governor of Judæa, 2, 77.

urges mild measures upon Herod, 2, 79.

made tetrarch in Judæa, 2, 81.

opposed by the Parthians, 2, 82.

commits suicide, 2, 82.

Phasael, son of Pallas and Herod, disinherited, 2, 119.

Phasael, tower of, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 260.

left undemolished by Titus, 2, 309.

Phasaelis, revenue from, left to Salome, 2, 120.

Phasiron, the sons of, members of the Hellenist party, 1, 489.

Pheroras, brother of Herod, wife of, a Pharisee, 2, 108.

Herod suspicious of, 2, 112.

conspires against the sons of Mariamne, 2, 112–13.

conspires against Herod, 2, 113.

Philadelphia. See Rabbath-Ammon.

Philanthropin, school at Frankfort, hearth of the Reform movement, 5, 674.

Philibert, Dr., a German writer, offers to defend the Damascus Jews, 5, 655.

Philip, Arab emperor of Rome, 2, 526.

Philip II Augustus, of France, leniency of, in the execution of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 401, 508.

expresses money from the Jews, 3, 401–2.

banishes the Jews from the Isle de France, 3, 402–3.

executes the Jews of Bray, 3, 404.

in the third crusade, 3, 404.

receives exiled Jews, 3, 405–6.

agrees to surrender Jews from Champagne, 3, 406.

charged with disregarding anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 498–9.

Philip III, of France, re-introduces Jew badges, 3, 613.

Philip IV, of France, meets Sancho IV of Castile, 4, 2.

in strife with Boniface VIII, 4, 44.

expels the Jews, 4, 46.

avarice of, 4, 47.

Philip V, the Long, of France, extends the privileges of the Jews, 4, 54.

conceives the idea of a crusade, 4, 55.

charges the Jews with poisoning wells, 4, 57, 58.

Philip VI, of France, first of the House of Valois, 4, 77.

Philip II, of Macedon, contemplates war with Persia, 1, 411–12.

murdered, 1, 412.

Philip V, of Macedon, takes Egypt, 1, 432.

Philip III, of Navarre, punishes the ringleaders in the massacre of the Jews, 4, 78.

Philip II, of Spain, hated by Paul IV, 4, 566.

tries to introduce the Inquisition into the Netherlands, 4, 601.

obtains peace with Turkey through Jewish mediators, 4, 607.

pays for the polyglot Bible, 4, 651.

Jews under, in the Netherlands, 4, 661, 667–8.

hated by the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 663.

death of, 4, 668.

Philip III, of Spain, condition of Spain at the accession of, 4, 668.

debtor to the Marranos, 4, 670–1.

Philip IV, of Spain, makes a Jew count palatine, 4, 692.

praises the Jews of Oran, 5, 169.

Philip, tetrarch, son of Cleopatra of Jerusalem, in Herod’s will, 2, 119.

builds Cæsarea Philippi and Julias, 2, 138.

character of, 2, 138.

tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa I, 2, 177.

tetrarchy of, given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

Philip, favorite of Antiochus Epiphanes, regent of Syria, 1, 477.

in Antioch, 1, 480.

Philip, papal legate, presides over the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

Philip, Syrian commander, kills the Chassidim in the caves, 1, 458.

Philip of Bathyrene, leader of Agrippa II’s troops against the Zealots, 2, 259, 274.

leaves Jerusalem, 2, 260.

escapes the machinations of Varus, 2, 274–5.

Philippi, the republican army of Rome, defeated at the battle of, 2, 81.

Judæans in, 2, 203.

Paul establishes a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.

Philippi, Francis Lothair. See Wolf Levi.

Philippion, prince of Chalcis, husband of Alexandra, daughter of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

Philistia, overrun by Scythians, 1, 287.

Philistines, the, characteristics of, 1, 54–5.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–59.

oppress the Israelites, 1, 61.

attack Israelite tribes, 1, 64.

harass the Israelites, 1, 66.

have possession of the Ark of the Covenant, 1, 70–2.

defeated at Eben-ha-Ezer, 1, 78.

choose a king, 1, 80.

warfare of, with the Israelites, 1, 80.

lay waste Sidon, 1, 80.

oppress Israel at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.

garrison of, at Gibeah, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.

encamp at Michmash against Saul, 1, 85–6.

defeated at Michmash, 1, 86–8.

champion of, killed by David, 1, 95, 97.

defeated by David, 1, 98–9.

under Achish, wage war with the Israelites, 1, 102–4.

wage war with David, 1, 115–118.

defeated at Mount Baal-Perazim, 1, 116.

surrender Gath to the Israelites, 1, 117.

champions of, in the war with David, 1, 117.

routed by David, 1, 118.

at war with Nadab, 1, 189.

at war with Elah, 1, 192.

sell Judæan captives as slaves, 1, 227, 231.

attack Judah, 1, 258.

subdued by Sennacherib, 1, 270.

allied with Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.

molest Judæan fugitives, 1, 318.

in possession of Judæan territory under the Seleucidæ, 1, 435.

join Gorgias in his invasion of Judæa, 1, 467.

hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 473.

Philo the Elder, Egypto-Judæan poet, extols Jerusalem, 1, 517–18.

Philo Judæus, conception of the Messianic age held by, 2, 144–5.

brother of the Alabarch Alexander Lysimachus, 2, 176.

gives an account of Jewish renegades, 2, 184.

characterization of, 2, 184–5.

relation of, to Judaism, 2, 185.

wife of, 2, 186.

style of, 2, 186.

representative of the Alexandrian Judæans before Caligula, 2, 186.

contrasted with Apion, 2, 186–7.

as a writer, 2, 191.

visit of, to Jerusalem, 2, 194.

an allegorist, 2, 210.

reconciles the Law and his philosophy, 2, 210.

emphasizes obedience to the Law, 2, 210–11.

shows the beauty of the Jewish laws of humanity, 2, 211–12.

writes a philosophic commentary on the Pentateuch, 2, 212.

compared with Hillel and Jesus, 2, 214.

describes heathen proselytes of his day, 2, 215.

system of, aids Christianity, 2, 373.

the works of, read at the court of Louis the Pious, 3, 162.

the works of, connected with the Talmud, 4, 614.

studied by Frankel, 5, 684.

Philologists, Hebrew. See Grammarians, Hebrew.