Index (continued 9)

Usque, Solomon

Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi,

Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig

Yedaya En-Bonet,

Zarak Barfat.

Poitou, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Poitou, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

maltreated by crusaders, 3, 570.

persecution of, 3, 573.

Polak, Jacob. See Jacob Polak.

Poland, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

Jewish exiles from Austria settle in, 4, 224.

a refuge for persecuted Jews, 4, 263, 418–19, 420, 631–2.

clergy of, hostile to the Jews, 4, 265.

at war with the Teutonic knights, 4, 266.

the rabbis of, important to the crown, 4, 420.

rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.

Messianic hopes in, connected with Solomon Molcho, 4, 497.

refuge of the Bohemian Jews, 4, 544.

election of a king of, 4, 603–5.

a party in, hostile to the Jews, 4, 632.

number of Jews in, 4, 632.

influence of the Reformation in, 4, 633, 646–7.

Talmudical schools in, 4, 634, 639–40.

refuge for the Jewish victims of the Thirty Years’ War, 5, 2.

value of Jews to, 5, 2.

Joseph Delmedigo in, 5, 76–7.

exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

Karaites in, 5, 182–3.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 209, 212.

spread of Sabbatianism in, 5, 228.

the rabbis of, express willingness to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.

the rabbis of, excommunicate Eibeschütz’s opponents, 5, 261.

the Eibeschütz-Emden controversy transplanted to, 5, 262–3.

subscribers to Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation in, 5, 329.

feverish Messianic expectations in, 5, 377.

power of the Kabbala in, 5, 382.

dismembered, 5, 392.

second partition of, 5, 394.

the rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Poland, the Jews of, begin the study of the Talmud, 3, 421.

indispensable to the country, 3, 613; 4, 263.

proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

privileges of, extended by Casimir III, 4, 111.

protected by Casimir III during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 111, 112.

the liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.

privileges granted to, by Casimir IV, 4, 263–5.

privileges of, revoked, 4, 266.

occupations of, 4, 418–19.

under Casimir IV, John Albert, Alexander, and Sigismund I, 4, 419.

supported by the Polish nobility, 4, 419–20.

culture of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 633–4.

influenced by Talmud study, 4, 634.

Talmudic attainments of, 4, 639–41.

language of, 4, 641; 5, 206.

privileges of, 4, 642–3.

profit by the elective monarchy, 4, 642.

well treated by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642–3.

assailed by Klonowicz, 4, 643.

under Sigismund III, 4, 643.

organize regular conferences, 4, 643–5.

influence of the Reformation on, 4, 647–8.

helped by those of Germany, 4, 707–8.

persecuted at the instigation of the Jesuits, 5, 1.

made tax farmers in Cossack districts, 5, 3.

form a state within the state, 5, 3–4.

devoted to the study of the Talmud, 5, 4–6.

help to enslave the Cossacks, 5, 6.

slain by the Cossacks, 5, 6.

plundered and murdered by Tartars and Cossacks, 5, 7–8.

sufferings of, from the Haidamaks, 5, 8–10, 11–12.

protected by Vishnioviecki, 5, 10.

banishment of, from Cossack provinces, stipulated by Chmielnicki, 5, 12.

banished from the Cossack provinces, 5, 12.

attacked by the Cossacks, 5, 14.

rights of, guarded in the second treaty with Chmielnicki, 5, 14.

suffering of, from Russians and Cossacks, 5, 14–15.

suffering of, in the Swedish war, 5, 15.

ill-used by Czarnicki, 5, 15.

ill-used by Ragoczi, 5, 15.

losses of, during the Cossack wars, 5, 15.

as fugitives in Europe, 5, 15–16.

spread their method of Talmud study throughout Europe, 5, 16–17.

poverty of, 5, 205–6.

fill the rabbinates of Europe, 5, 206.

suffer during the Confederation War, 5, 387–8.

Poland, the Sabbatians of, encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 272.

Jacob Frank the leader of, 5, 273.

scoff at Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 276.

See Frankists, the.

Poland, Greater, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

Poland, Little, the Jews of, represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

Poland, Southern, the Karaites emigrate from, 4, 269.

Polemical works against Christianity, by Jews in Spain in the seventh century, 3, 50–1.

under Wamba, 3, 105.

by Joseph Kimchi, 3, 392–3.

by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623.

by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut, 4, 142.

by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.

by Joshua Vives, 4, 187.

by Profiat Duran, 4, 188–90.

by Isaac ben Kalonymos, 4, 234.

by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

by Chayim Ibn-Musa, 4, 237.

by Simon and Solomon Duran, 4, 237–8.

by Abraham Farissol, 4, 413.

by Isaac Troki, 4, 648.

by Jacob Jehuda Leon (?), 4, 691–2.

Polemon, prince of Cilicia, allied with Agrippa I, 2, 196.

husband of Berenice, 2, 235.

Polish Jews in intercourse with Mendelssohn, 5, 317–18.

Polish translation of the Bible, 4, 647.

Poll-tax (Leibzoll), the, on Jews, levied by Domitian, 2, 388–9.

reduced by Nerva, 2, 391–2.

paid by the Babylonian Jews, 2, 508; 3, 5.

imposed by Wenceslaus, 4, 166.

removed by Joseph II, 5, 357.

the abolition of, agitated in Prussia, 5, 414.

partially abolished in Prussia, 5, 415.

abolished in France and Austria, 5, 415.

abrogated by Louis XVI in France, 5, 432.

objected to by the Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.

abrogated by Austria and Prussia, 5, 464.

imposed upon foreign Jews in Germany, 5, 464.

objected to by the French government, 5, 465.

removed in several small German states, 5, 465.

the removal of, agitated before the Congress of Ratisbon, 5, 466.

the agitation against, led by Jacobson and Breidenbach, 5, 466–7.

abolished in Brunswick Lüneburg, 5, 467.

the agitation against by Breidenbach, 5, 467–8.

abolished in some districts, 5, 468.

not completely abolished, 5, 472.

paid by Jews in Lübeck, 5, 506.

in Bremen, 5, 507.

retained in Saxony, 5, 509.

See also Tax.

Polonnoie, the Jews of, massacred by the Cossacks, 5, 11.

Polygamy, forbidden by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 244.

the abrogation of Gershom ben Jehuda’s ordinance on, 3, 378.

discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.

discussed by the Synhedrion, 5, 497.

Polytheism, effects of, 5, 709.

Pompey, legate of, in Judæa, 2, 61–2.

bribed by Aristobulus II, 2, 62–3.

summons Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II to Damascus, 2, 63.

favors Hyrcanus II, 2, 64.

takes the field against Aristobulus II, 2, 64.

besieges Jerusalem, 2, 64–6.

enters the Holy of Holies, 2, 66.

makes Hyrcanus II ethnarch, 2, 66.

treats Judæa as a conquered province, 2, 67.

a member of the first triumvirate, 2, 73.

partisans of, poison Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

Pons Judæorum in Rome, 2, 68.

Pontus, the soldiery of Vibius Marsus banished to, 2, 197.

Popes, the, tolerant of the Jews, 3, 25, 33.

denounced by Arnold of Brescia, 3, 370.

fugitive, convene Church Councils in France, 3, 376–7.

employ Jewish physicians, 3, 628; 4, 200, 407–8, 411, 515, 569.

in Avignon, tolerate the Jews after their banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.

See also Bulls; Papacy, the.

Porcelain, forced on the Berlin Jews, 5, 415.

Porobischa, the Jews of, surrender to the Tartars, 5, 8.

Portugal, Jews in, in the twelfth century, 3, 384.

union of, with Castile, 4, 161.

Marranos escape to, from the Inquisition, 4, 318.

Jewish exiles from Spain go to, 4, 352.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 365–81.

fever for discoveries in, 4, 368.

the Spanish exiles leave, 4, 369.

Spanish exiles sold as slaves in, 4, 371.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

considered a refuge for Marranos, 4, 486.

the plague in, attributed to the Marranos, 4, 486, 487.

Marranos a profitable population to, 4, 527–8.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91.

discusses the re-admission of Jews, 5, 532.

Portugal, the Jews of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 617–18.

under Ferdinand I, 4, 158–9.

under João I, 4, 173.

spared Vincent Ferrer’s propaganda, 4, 218.

prosperity of, under Alfonso V, 4, 338–9.

oppose the settlement of the Spanish exiles, 4, 366.

kindly treated by Manoel, 4, 372.

banished, 4, 374.

delay departure, 4, 374–5.

children of, baptized, 4, 375–6.

urged to accept Christianity, 4, 377–8.

depart, 4, 380–1.

in the Netherlands, 4, 662.

See also Marranos, the Portuguese.

Porphyry (Malchus), philosopher, writes a commentary on Daniel, 2, 502.

Portaleone, Guglielmo. See Guglielmo di Portaleone.

Portalis, imperial commissioner to the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 485.

Porteiro jurado, Jewish-Portuguese sheriff, 4, 159.

Porto, Jewish center in Portugal, 4, 159.

Posen, the Jewish charter burnt at, 4, 263.

number of the Jews of, 4, 632.

the Jews of, protected by Stephen Bathori, 4, 642.

the German population of, 5, 3.

Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation forbidden in, 5, 332.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Posidonius, Nicanor’s envoy to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.

Posidonius, Stoic philosopher, maligns Judaism, 2, 178.

Posquières, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 399.

Potocki, Polish general, delivered to the Tartars by the Cossacks, 5, 7.

Potocki, the house of, controls Cossack colonization, 5, 3.

Prague, Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

refuses to admit Chayon, 5, 231.

Eibeschütz as teacher in, 5, 249.

occupied by Charles VII, 5, 251.

appoints no rabbi, 5, 566.

the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

Prague, the Jews of, suffering of, during the first crusade, 3, 305.

charged with host desecration, 4, 164–6.

massacred, 4, 165.

attacked on account of the Alenu prayer, 4, 178.

plundered, 4, 417.

lack of rabbinical learning among, 4, 418.

exiled by Ferdinand I, 4, 544, 586.

deprived of their prayer books, 4, 584.

suffer from fire, 4, 585.

in bad repute, 4, 585–6.

appeal to Pius IV, 4, 586.

recalled, 4, 587.

submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

number of, in the seventeenth century, 4, 694.

accuse Lipmann Heller, 4, 704–5.

participation of, in the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 707.

suffering of, on being banished, 5, 252.

restrictions against, 5, 253.

welcome Joseph II’s reforms, 5, 370.

establish a secular school, 5, 371.

modify their divine service, 5, 582.

Prayer, the order of, introduced by the Sopherim, 1, 401.

mystical importance of, in the Kabbala, 3, 553–4.

book, Karaite, 4, 71.

devotion in, emphasized in Lurya’s Kabbala, 4, 626.

See also Liturgy, the.

“Prayer Book for Israelites,” compiled by the Reform Temple Union in Hamburg, 5, 673.

the use of, forbidden by Chacham Bernays, 5, 673.

Prayer books. See under Confiscation; Liturgy.

Prayers, penitential, commemorating the Cossack massacres, 5, 13.

Prayers for rain, 2, 492, 541–2, 579.

Prayers, set, introduced by Gamaliel II, 2, 363.

See also Liturgy, the.

Press, the, censorship of, introduced by Caraffa, 4, 563.

Prester John, alluded to, 4, 368.

Preteau, president of the National Assembly, on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 440–1.

Priesthood, the, defended by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.

Priests, the, at Shiloh, 1, 57.

under Samuel, 1, 79.

under Ahaz abet licentiousness and idolatry, 1, 261.

recalled to the Temple under Josiah, 1, 289.

instigate an attack on Jeremiah, 1, 302–3.

carry the Pentateuch into captivity with them, 1, 334.

abandon the Temple after the sack of Jerusalem by Apollonius, 1, 454.

re-instated by the Maccabees, 1, 473.

members of the Hellenist party, 1, 489.

fugitive, officiate in the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.

See also Aaronides, the; High priests, the; Levites, the.

Primates, heads of the Jewish communities of Palestine, 2, 612, 613.

Primo, Samuel, private secretary of Sabbataï Zevi, accompanies him to Smyrna, 5, 133.

spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.

wishes to modify the Rabbinical system, 5, 142.

abolishes the Fast of Tebeth, 5, 143.

accompanies Sabbataï to Constantinople, 5, 146.

spreads reports of Sabbataï’s reception at Constantinople, 5, 147–8.

accompanies Sabbataï to his Abydos prison, 5, 148.

proposes capital punishment for the Kofrim, 5, 150.

abolishes the Fast of Tammuz, 5, 151.

clings to Sabbataï after his apostasy, 5, 156.

proves Sabbataï the true Messiah through his conversion, 5, 157–8.

and Chayim Malach, 5, 213.

and Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 216.

Prince, title of the president of the Synhedrion, 2, 334.

“Prince and the Dervish, The,” moral romance by Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï, 3, 388, 560.

Princes of the Captivity, the. See Exilarchate, the; Exilarchs, the.

Printing, the art of, among the Jews of Italy in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.

Printing presses, Hebrew, in Italy, 4, 289.

in Prague, 4, 418.

at Isny, 4, 474.

at Ferrara closed, 4, 580.

of the Soncin family, 4, 586.

established by Reyna Nassi, 4, 628.

in Amsterdam, 4, 675.

in Altona, 5, 255.

in Berlin, 5, 416.

Priscus, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.

Procopius, historian, on the bravery of the Jews of Naples, 3, 32.

Procurator, the, title of the representative of Imperial Rome in Judæa, 2, 128.

duties of, 2, 129.

installs the high priests, 2, 129.

Procurators of Judæa, the, list of:

Ambivius, Marcus

Albinus,

Coponius,

Cumanus,

Fadus, Cuspius

Felix,

Festus,

Florus, Gessius

Gratus, Valerius

Pilate, Pontius

Rufus, Annius

Tiberius Julius Alexander.

See also Judæa, the Roman governors of; Syria, the Roman governors of.

Profiat (Profatius). See Jacob ben Machir Tibbon.

Profiat Duran (Isaac ben Moses, Efodi), Marrano, scholar, returns to Judaism, 4, 188.

attacks Christianity, 4, 188–90, 235.

commentaries, mathematical work, and grammar by, 4, 191.

Prophecies, the, before the exile, summed up, 1, 335.

Prophecy, meaning of, 1, 14–15.

displaced by the written law, 1, 385.

as explained in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 482–3.

in Maimonides’ system, 3, 523.

“Prophet of Samaria,” Elisha, 1, 218.

Prophet, the, of the Captivity, Isaiah the Babylonian, 1, 345.

Prophets, the, activity of, under Jehoiakim, 1, 301.

characteristics of, 5, 719.

Prophets, the associations of, 1, 205.

development of, under Jeroboam II, 1, 234.

Prophets, the, the writings of, carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 334.

collected by the Sopherim, 1, 400.

rejected by the Samaritans, 1, 400.

Chaldaic translation of, 2, 131.

translated into Chaldaic by Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 581–2.

commentaries on, by Joseph Kara, 3, 346.

contain philosophical doctrines, 3, 479.

Prophets, the, list of:

Ahijah of Shilo,

Amos,

Deborah,

Elijah,

Elisha,

Ezekiel,

Gad,

Habakkuk,

Haggai,

Hosea (I),

Hosea (II),

Huldah,

Isaiah, son of Amoz,

Isaiah the Babylonian,

Jeremiah,

Joel,

Jonah,

Malachi,

Micah (II),

Michaiah (Micah I),

Moses,

Nathan,

Obadiah,

Shemaiah,

Uriah,

Zechariah I,

Zechariah II,

Zephaniah.

“Prophets of the Old Testament, The,” by Ewald, 5, 696.

Prophets, the Earlier, four historical books in the Scriptures, 1, 400.

commentary on, by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342–3.

Prophets, the false, under Ahaz, 1, 262.

under Manasseh, 1, 283.

under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.

instigate an attack upon Jeremiah, 1, 302–3.

urge Zedekiah to revolt, 1, 310.

Prophets, the Later, fifteen prophetical books in the Scriptures, 1, 400.

Prophets, the Twelve, commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

“Proposals in Favor of the Jews,” pamphlet by Grégoire, 5, 437.

Prosbol, the statute concerning debts, enacted under Hillel, 2, 100.

Proselytes, standing of, according to Ezra, 1, 367.

various authorities on the admission of, 2, 384–5.

true, in the daily prayers, 2, 384.

severely treated by Domitian, 2, 388–9.

under Nerva, 2, 391–2.

See also Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism.

Proselytes, list of:

Fulvia, Roman patrician, 2, 136, 215.

the royal house of Adiabene, 2, 194, 216–19.

Polemon of Cilicia, 2, 235.

Aziz of Emesa, 2, 235.

Akylas, 2, 385.

Clemens, Flavius, 2, 387.

the inhabitants of Machuza, 2, 507, 586–8.

Issor, 2, 587–8.

Abraham, a monk, 3, 21.

the kings of the Jewish-Himyarite empire, 3, 51.

Arab tribes before the sixth century, 3, 61.

Abu-Kariba, 3, 62–3.

Harith Ibn-Amru, 3, 63.

the Kendites, 3, 63.

Waraka Ibn-Naufal, 3, 71.

the Chazars, 3, 139–41.

Bodo, bishop, 3, 168–70.

Wecelinus, chaplain, 3, 245.

the inhabitants of the Moshic hills in Armenia, 3, 439–40.

a dignitary of the Church in England, 3, 516.

Redingge, Robert de, 3, 640–1.

La Asumção, Diogo de, 4, 668–70.

Speeth, John Peter, 5, 177–8.

See also Circumcision; Conversions to Judaism.

Proselytism, Manasseh ben Israel exonerates the Jews from, 5, 42.

Prosnitz, Chayon at, 5, 218.

Protection-Jews (Schutz-Juden), in Hamburg, 4, 688.

Mendelssohn one of the, 5, 304.

an insulting epithet in Westphalia, 5, 500.

in Lübeck, 5, 506.

abolished in Prussia, 5, 507.

Protestant Reformation, the. See Reformation, the Protestant.

Protestantism hostile to the Jews, 4, 552.

Provence, the Talmudists of, use the works of Maimonides, 3, 624.

French Jews expelled by Philip IV, settle in, 4, 49.

Marranos flee to, from the Inquisition, 4, 318.

Provence, the Jews of, dependent on vassal princes, 3, 242.

culture of, in the twelfth century, 3, 373, 389–91.

use Jacob Anatoli’s Malmed, 3, 566.

neglect Jewish studies, 4, 133.

persecuted in 1392, 4, 173.

presented to the Church, 4, 175.

Proverbs, the, collected and amplified under Hezekiah, 1, 279.

carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 335.

produced during the exile, 1, 341.

Provost, title of the chief Jewish officer in France in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

Prussia, the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

at war with Austria, 5, 251.

willing to grant citizenship to the Jews, 5, 518.

protects the Frankfort Jews, 5, 520.

hatred of Jews in, 5, 524–5.

in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.

Prussia, the Jews of, under Frederick I, 5, 190–1.

prejudice aroused against, 5, 191.

the “general privilege” issued for, 5, 304.

make efforts to obtain political rights, 5, 414–16.

restrictions against, 5, 415.

decay of morality among, 5, 419–20, 422.

apostasy among, 5, 420.

continued abasement of, 5, 461.

freed from the poll-tax, 5, 464.

mourn over the national defeats, 5, 495.

patriotism of, 5, 507.

partial emancipation of, 5, 507.

in the French wars, 5, 511, 518.

the emancipation of, a dead letter, 5, 524.

laws for, 5, 524.

restricted in commerce, 5, 524–5.

forbidden to bear Christian names, 5, 630.

Prynne, William, publishes an anti-Jewish pamphlet, 5, 45–6.

Psalm, at the celebration of Passover in Jerusalem, 1, 295–6.

of the return from the Captivity, 1, 352.

LXXII, commentary on, by Juan de España, 4, 233.

Psalms, composed in celebration of Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 278.

in honor of Hezekiah, 1, 279.

penitential, originate among the Babylonian exiles, 1, 337.

produced during the Captivity, 1, 340.

Psalms, the, carried into the Babylonian exile, 1, 335.

introduced into the Temple service, 1, 401.

homiletic exposition of, by Cassiodorus, 3, 31.

the singing of, at Jewish funerals forbidden, 3, 47.

certain of, attributed to a late period by Moses Ibn-G’ikatilia, 3, 290.

commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

translated into Spanish by Templo, 5, 115.

translated into Spanish by Lopez Laguna, 5, 203.

imitated by Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 234.

Mendelssohn’s translation of, 5, 335.

translated by Sachs, 5, 693.

Psammetich, king of Egypt, propitiates the Scythians, 1, 287.

Psusennes, king of Egypt, Solomon marries the daughter of, 1, 161.

Psychics. See Gnosticism.

Ptolemais. See Accho.

Ptolemy, of Chalcis, protects Aristobulus II’s family, 2, 75.

son-in-law of Aristobulus II, 2, 75.

conspires against Herod and Phasael, 2, 80–1.

Ptolemy I Soter, of Egypt, conquers Cœlesyria, 1, 416.

opposed by Antigonus, 1, 417.

defeats Antigonus, 1, 417–18.

protects the Judæans, 1, 418.

Ptolemy II Philadelphus, of Egypt, threatens to divide Judæa among foreign colonists, 1, 423.

and the Septuagint, 1, 514.

Ptolemy III Euergetes, of Egypt, makes Joseph tax-gatherer, 1, 425.

Ptolemy IV Philopator, of Egypt, retains Joseph, son of Tobiah, in office, 1, 425.

defeats Antiochus the Great, 1, 426.

introduces bacchanalian revelries, 1, 428.

son of, 1, 429.

favors Hyrcanus, 1, 430.

death of, 1, 432.

Ptolemy V Epiphanes, of Egypt, Cœlesyria re-conquered for, 1, 433.

makes Hyrcanus governor of trans-Jordanic territory, 1, 437.

Ptolemy VI Philometor, of Egypt, treaty of, with Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 450.

proclaimed king, 1, 452.

daughter of, marries Alexander Balas, 1, 496.

receives Onias IV kindly, 1, 506.

ally of Demetrius I, 1, 506.

struggle of, with Ptolemy Physcon, 1, 506–7.

assisted by the Judæans, 1, 507.

presents Onias IV with land for a Temple, 1, 508.

permits Onias IV to fortify his Temple, 1, 510.

entrusts the Egyptian ports to Onias IV, 1, 510.

causes a Greek translation of the Law to be made, 1, 510–11.

appoints a conference between the Judæans and the Samaritans, 1, 517.

death of, 1, 518.

heir of, slain, 1, 518.

Ptolemy VII Physcon, of Egypt, proclaimed king, 1, 450.

reconciled with his brother, 1, 452.

conspires against Ptolemy VI, 1, 506, 507.

Cyrene given to, 1, 507.

marries Cleopatra, his brother’s widow, 1, 518.

cruelty of, 1, 518–19.

revenge of, on the Judæans, 1, 519.

as author, 1, 519.

supports Alexander Zabina, 2, 6.

Ptolemy VIII Lathurus, of Egypt, aids Antiochus IX, 2, 10–11.

flees from Alexandria, 2, 12.

defeats Alexander Jannæus, 2, 40.

ravages Judæa, 2, 40.

retreats to Cyprus, 2, 41.

Ptolemy, astronomer, work of, translated into Arabic, 3, 146.

Ptolemy, brother of Nicolaus of Damascus, and Herod’s will, 2, 119.

Ptolemy ben Habub, son-in-law of Simon Tharsi, governor of Jericho, 1, 530.

assassinates Simon Tharsi at Dok, 1, 530.

meditates treachery against John Hyrcanus, 1, 530–1.

shuts himself up in Dok, 1, 531.

besieged by John Hyrcanus, 2, 2–3.

Ptolemy, son of Dorymenes, general under Lysias, 1, 466.

Ptolemy Macron, advocate of the Judæans at the Syrian court, 1, 476–7, 478.

Publicans, the, addressed by Jesus, 2, 152.

Pucci, Antonio, cardinal of Santiquatro, grand penitentiary of the pope, instrumental in the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507.

on the commission on the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 514.

opposed to the Marranos, 4, 516.

Pucci, Lorenzo, grand penitentiary of the pope, attached to Molcho, 4, 503.

opposes the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 505.

death of, 4, 507.

Puffendorf, John, interested in the Karaites, 5, 183.

Pul, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel, 1, 246–7.

Menahem of Israel submits to, 1, 247.

Pulcelina, innocently causes a persecution of the Jews of Blois, 3, 379.

saved by Theobald of Chartres, 3, 379.

death of, 3, 380.

Pumbeditha, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Pumbeditha, capital of Jewish Babylonia, description of, 2, 506.

cunning of the inhabitants of, 2, 506.

homage paid at, to the Exilarchs, 2, 607.

Pumbeditha, the academy of, superior to the Palestinian academies, 2, 532.

founded by Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 545, 549.

pre-eminence of, 2, 549–50.

method pursued at, 2, 574–5.

numerical strength of, 2, 576–7.

prosperity of, under Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

fund established for, 2, 580.

generosity of Ifra-Ormuzd to, 2, 581.

under Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584–5.

produces the Talmud, 2, 591.

rise of, 2, 593.

during Ashi’s time, 2, 606.

closed under Hormisdas IV, 3, 8.

re-opened under Bahram Tshubin, 3, 9.

prosperity of, under Chosru II, 3, 9.

districts under the jurisdiction of, 3, 98.

quarrels in, about the principalship, 3, 155–6.

gains by the decline of the Exilarchate, 3, 177, 183.

independent of the Exilarch, 3, 177.

claims an increase of revenue, 3, 184.

inferior to Sora, 3, 193.

importance of, under Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu, 3, 202, 207.

decay of, under Sherira, 3, 233.

place of, taken by the Spanish schools, 3, 236.

dissolution of, 3, 253.

Isaac Ibn-Sakni teacher at, 3, 285.

See also Academies, the Babylonian.

Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of, poor, 2, 580.

office of, religious, 3, 93.

bear the title of Gaon by courtesy, 3, 93, 177.

elected from among the members of Sora, 3, 94.

at the installation of an Exilarch, 3, 94–5.

rank of, 3, 96.

appoint the judges of their district, 3, 98.

Pumbeditha, the academy of, the principals of (Geonim), list of:

Aaron Ibn-Sarjadu,

Abyi Nachmani,

Chama of Nahardea,

Chanan of Iskia,

Chaninaï,

Chiskiya,

Dudaï ben Nachman,

Haï ben David,

Haï ben Sherira,

Huna ben Chiya,

José,

Joseph bar Abba,

Joseph ben Chiya,

Kohen Zedek II ben Joseph,

Malka bar Acha,

Mar-Abraham ben Sherira,

Mari bar Mar,

Mar-Raba,

Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,

Nachman ben Isaac,

Natronaï ben Nehemiah,

Nehemiah,

Paltoi ben Abayi,

Raba bar Joseph bar Chama,

Rabba bar Nachmani,

Rabba ben Ami,

Semuna,

Sherira ben Chanina,

Zemach ben Kafnaï.

Puoto. See Bodo.

Purgation, the oath of, introduced by Nachman ben Jacob, 2, 556.

Purgatory, the dogma of, in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

Purim, pleasantry on, punished by Theodosius II, 2, 620–1.

treatise on, by Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 63.

the feast of, ridiculed by Solomon Levi, 4, 185.

Purim of Cairo, 4, 396.

Purim-Vincent celebrated in Frankfort, 4, 700.

Puritans, the, obtain religious liberty for England, 5, 26.

inspired by the Old Testament, 5, 26.

regard the Jews kindly, 5, 27.

Jewish spirit among, 5, 27–8.

Pyrenees, the, Jews defend the passes of, 3, 45.

Pyrenees, the Lower, the department of, the Jews of, excepted from Napoleon’s restrictive laws, 5, 499.

Q

Quadratus, Church teacher, demonstrates the independence of Christianity from Judaism, 2, 431.

Quadratus, Umidius, governor of Syria, arbiter between Judæans and Samaritans, 2, 244.

Quadruple Alliance, the, against France, 5, 658.

Quemadero, place of burning, in Seville, 4, 317.

Querido, Jacob. See Jacob Querido.

Quietus, Lucius, Trajan’s commander in the district of the Euphrates, 2, 397.

lays waste Babylonian towns, 2, 398.

governor of Palestine, 2, 399.

desired by Trajan as his successor, 2, 399.

war of, in Judæa, 2, 400–1.

destroys the Synhedrion in Jamnia, 2, 400.

removal of, asked by the Jews, 2, 400–1.

execution of, 2, 401.

Quinon, Denis, receiver-general of taxes in Languedoc, 4, 132.

Quirinius, governor of Syria, instructions of, with regard to Judæa, 2, 129.

deposes the high priest, 2, 135.

R

Rab. See Abba Areka.

Raba. See Mar-Raba.

Raba bar Joseph bar Chama (299–352), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.

informed of calendar changes, 2, 571.

disciple of Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 575, 580.

proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 583.

precocity of, 2, 584.

rival of Abayi Nachmani, 2, 584–5.

dialectics of, 2, 585, 591.

principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 585.

characteristics of, 2, 585–6.

rebukes Zeïra II, 2, 586.

and the Machuzan marriages, 2, 587.

covetousness of, 2, 587–8.

heartlessness of, 2, 588.

partiality of, in applying the Law, 2, 588–9, 628.

and Benjamin Assia, 2, 590.

discourses of, popular, 2, 590.

method of, 2, 590–1.

authority of, 2, 591.

prevents persecutions, 2, 591–2.

punished by Shabur II for exercising criminal jurisdiction, 2, 592.

assisted by Ifra-Ormuzd, 2, 592.

death of, 2, 593, 602.

Rab Abba. See Rabba bar Huna.

Rabaï of Rob, a Saburean, 3, 5.

Rabba bar Abbahu, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.

Rabba bar Chana, authorized by Judah I to teach, 2, 454.

Rabba bar Huna (Rab Abba, 309–320), principal of the Sora academy, 2, 548, 583.

modesty of, 2, 585.

Rabba bar Matana, Amora, proposed as principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 583.

Rabba bar Nachmani (270–330), Babylonian Amora, 2, 560.

dialectics of, 2, 575, 576.

a member of the family of Eli, 2, 575.

brothers of, 2, 575–6.

emigrates to Judæa, 2, 576.

returns to Babylonia, 2, 576.

proposed as the principal of the academy of Pumbeditha, 2, 576.

and Joseph ben Chiya, 2, 577.

principal of Pumbeditha, 2, 578.

subjects treated by, 2, 578.

method of, 2, 578–9.

position of, among students of the Law, 2, 579.

rebukes the immorality of the Jews, 2, 579.

and Mar-Ukban, 2, 579.

death of, 2, 580–1.

foster-father of Abayi Nachmani, 2, 583.

Rabba ben Ami (869–872), Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 178.

Rabban, title of the president of the Synhedrion in his capacity as teacher of the Law, 2, 335.

Rabbana, title of honor in Babylonia, 2, 544.

title given to Ashi, 2, 606.

Rabbanism, certain features of, adopted by Benjamin Nahavendi, 3, 151.

Rabbanites, the, partisans of authority, opponents of the Karaites, 3, 134.

denounce the Karaites as heretics, 3, 134.

literary unfruitfulness of, in the eighth century, 3, 136.

antagonistic to science, 3, 149.

adopt Karaite teachings, 3, 157.

begin scientific work in the ninth century, 3, 180.

shunned by the Karaites, 3, 182.

neglect the Scriptures, 3, 189.

endeavor to effect a reconciliation with the Karaites, 4, 69–70, 71–2, 270.

in Jerusalem in the fourteenth century, 4, 74–5.

teach Karaites, 4, 269–70.

bigotry of, 4, 403.

See also Rabbinical Judaism; Talmudical Judaism, etc.

Rabbath Ammon (Philadelphia), capital of the Ammonites, 1, 126.

taken by David, 1, 128.

taken by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

refuge of Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 3.

Aretas defeated at, 2, 62.

Rabbenu, title given to Judah II, 2, 480.

Rabbi. See Judah I ha-Nassi.

Rabbi, title of a teacher of the Law, 2, 335.

introduction of the title, 2, 357.

title given to Judah II, 2, 480.

Rabbi, chief, of England, functions of, 3, 588.

“Rabbi of Bacharach,” by Heine, 5, 549–50, 552.

Rabbinical conference, the, at Brunswick, composition of, 5, 677–8.

dominated by Holdheim, 5, 678, 681.

spirit of, 5, 682.

protests against, 5, 682.

Rabbinical conference, the, at Frankfort, to ratify the programme of the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 683.

excitement aroused by, 5, 683–4.

the orthodox party represented at, 5, 684, 685.

discusses the abolition of the Hebrew language, 5, 685.

attitude of, towards the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 685–6.

Rabbinical Judaism proved to rest on unbroken tradition, 3, 366.

originates in Jacob Asheri’s code, 4, 89.

practical, 4, 534.

beginnings of the criticism of, 5, 55.

defended by Immanuel Aboab, 5, 55.

attacked and defended by Leo Modena, 5, 72–4.

attacked by Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.

as viewed by Sabbatians, 5, 142, 143–4.

guarded by the Kofrim, 5, 144.

at variance with the Kabbala, 5, 144.

set at defiance by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 148–9, 152, 159.

exalted by Richard Simon, 5, 180.

attacked by Mordecai ben Nissan, 5, 184.

destruction of, aimed at by Chayim Malach, 5, 214.

opposed by the Frankists, 5, 274–5.

scoffed at in Poland, 5, 276.

opposed by the Kabbala, 5, 277.

attacked by Mendelssohn’s followers, 5, 371, 375, 379.

attacked by the Chassidim, 5, 375, 379.

inadequacy of, 5, 385.

undermined by Holdheim, 5, 680–1.

See also Talmudical Judaism.

Rabbinical literature, studied by Christians, 5, 21–2, 179.

Rabbinical schools, established in Poland by German exiles, 4, 420. See under Colleges.

Rabbinical synod, the, of Konstantinov, appeals to Jacob Emden, 5, 277.

of Lublin, decision of, on cases of supposed death, 5, 13.

of Mayence, decision of, on commercial honesty, 3, 517.

of Mayence, on the marriage law, 4, 135.

of Nuremberg, taxes the Bavarian Jews, 4, 305.

of Weissenfels, 4, 163.

of Worms, rejoices over the Dominican defeat, 4, 452–3.

Rabbinical synod, the first, under the presidency of Jacob Tam, 3, 376–7.

members of, 3, 377.

resolutions of, 3, 377.

Rabbinical synods, instituted, 3, 376–7.

the Italian, 4, 218.

See also under Rabbinical conference.

Rabbis, the, disinterestedness of, in the Middle Ages, 3, 287.

superior to other religious leaders in the twelfth century, 3, 347.

high morality of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 162.

compared with the Christian clergy, 4, 162.

characteristics of, in the seventeenth century, 5, 200–1.

of Europe, recruited from Poland, 5, 206.

lack of culture among, 5, 559.

not respected, 5, 566.

Rabbis, lists of:

of Alexandria:

Aaron ben Zion Ibn-Alamâni,

Phineas ben Meshullam.

of Algiers:

Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat,

Simon ben Zemach Duran,

Simon Duran II,

Solomon Duran.

of Alkolea de Cinca:

En-Zag Vidal de Tolosa.

of Amsterdam:

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca,

Ayllon, Solomon

Manasseh ben Israel,

Morteira, Saul Levi

Musaphia, Benjamin

Pardo, David

Pardo, Joseph

Pardo, Josiah

Uziel, Isaac

Vega, Judah

Weil, Moses

Zevi Ashkenazi.

of Arad:

Chorin, Aaron.

of Barcelona:

Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret,

Nissim Gerundi ben Reuben.

of Berlin:

Fränkel, David

Hirschel, Lewin

Sachs, Michael

Wolf, Aaron Benjamin.

of Béziers:

Meshullam.

of Bologna:

Ishmael Chanina.

of Breslau:

Phineas.

of Brunswick:

Eger, Samuel.

of Cairo:

Algazi, Moses Joseph

David Ibn-Abi Zimra,

Moses ben Maimun.

of Canea:

Delmedigo, Judah

Elias ben Elkanah Kapsali.

of Castile:

Abraham Senior,

Meïr Alguades.

of Casale:

Baki, Simon.

of Château-Thierry:

Samuel ben Solomon.

of Cuito:

Nepi, Graziadio.

of Cologne:

Eleazer ben Samson.

of Constantinople:

Elias Mizrachi,

Fresco, Moses

Moses Kapsali.

of Cordova:

Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik,

Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.

of Damascus:

Anteri, Jacob

Halfen, Azaria

Halfen, Solomon.

of Fez:

Jacob Berab.

of France:

Johanan ben Mattathiah Provenci,

Matthiah ben Joseph Provenci.

of Frankfort:

Falk, Jacob Joshua

Hurwitz, Phineas Levi

Kahana, Jacob.

of Germany:

Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

of Gerona:

Moses ben Nachman.

of Hamburg:

Athias, Isaac

Bernays, Isaac

Salomon, Gotthold.

of Jampol:

Landau, Ezekiel.

of Jerusalem:

Levi ben Jacob Chabib,

Obadiah di Bertinoro.

of Joigny:

Menachem ben Perez.

of Leghorn:

Cohen, Malachi

Samun.

of Lemberg:

Orenstein, Jacob.

of London:

Abendana, Jacob

Ayllon, Solomon

Herschel, Solomon

Jacob,

Meldola, David

Nieto, David

Sasportas, Jacob.

of Lucena:

Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi,

Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash Halevi.

of Mantua:

Brieli, Jehuda Leon

Joseph ben Solomon Kolon,

Judah ben Yechiel,

Vita, Abraham, di Cologna.

of Mayence:

Eleazer ben Nathan,

Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.

of Mecklenburg-Schwerin:

Holdheim, Samuel.

of Melun:

Jehuda ben David.

of Metz:

Eibeschütz, Jonathan

Falk, Jacob Joshua.

of Minsk:

Heilprin, Jechiel.

of Naples:

David Ibn-Yachya.

of Navarre:

Orabuena, Joseph.

of Neustadt:

Shalom.

of Nikolsburg:

Benet, Mordecai.

of Nuremberg:

Sprinz, David.

of Padua:

Ghirondi,

Judah Menz.

of Palma:

En-Vidal Ephraim Gerundi.

of Pampeluna:

Chayim ben Gallipapa.

of Paris:

Yechiel.

of Perpignan:

Vidal Menachem ben Solomon Meïri.

of Persia:

Sar Shalom.

of Portugal:

Moses Navarro,

Simon Maimi.

of Posen:

Janow, Hirsch.

of Prague:

Avigedor Kara,

Heller, Lipmann

Landau, Ezekiel

Oppenheim, David

Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.

of Presburg:

Sofer, Moses.

of Ratisbon:

Bruna, Israel.

of Safet:

Moses ben Jehuda Cohen.

of Saint Esprit:

Andrade, Abraham.

of Saragossa:

Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.

of Sepulveda:

Solomon Picho.

of Smyrna:

Benveniste, Chayim

Papa, Aaron de la.

of Strasburg:

Sinzheim, Joseph David.

of Tamarica:

Lagarto, Jacob.

of Tarnopol:

Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda.

of the Three Communities:

Cohen, Raphael

Eibeschütz, Jonathan

Katzenellenbogen, Ezekiel.

of Toledo:

Aboab, Isaac

Asher ben Yechiel,

Isaac de Leon,

Jehuda Asheri,

Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia,

Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach.

of Trieste:

Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim.

of Tudela:

Chasdaï ben Solomon.

of Venice:

Aboab, Samuel

Belillos, Jacob

Cohen, Nehemiah Vital

Merari, Moses Menachem.

of Vercelli:

Segre, Joshua Benzion.

of Vienna:

Eskeles, Issachar Berush

Heller, Lipmann

Jonah,

Mannheimer, Isaac Noah

Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

of Worms:

Kalonymos of Rome.

of Würzburg:

Isaac ben Eliakim.

Rabbis, itinerant:

Conforte, David

Moses of Coucy.

Rabbis, the German, insignificance of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 134–5.

appointed by order of Sigismund, 4, 227.

Rabbis, the Spanish, hostile to science, 4, 143.

slight attainments of, 4, 144.

Rabed II. See Abraham ben David.

Rabina (488–499), Amora, principal of the Sora academy, 2, 630.

completes the Babylonian Talmud, 2, 630–1.

death of 2, 631.

Rab-shakeh, Assyrian official sent to Hezekiah, 1, 274–5.

Rachel, wife of Akiba, 2, 351, 355.

Rachel Formosa, mistress of Alfonso the Noble, 3, 386.

Radziwill, prince, employs Joseph Delmedigo as physician, 5, 76.

Ragesh (Razis), demanded as hostage by Nicanor, 1, 485.

Ragoczi, Prince of Transylvania, ill-uses the Jews of Poland, 5, 15.

Raimuch, Astruc. See Astruc Raimuch.

Ralbag. See Levi ben Gerson.

Ramadhan, the fast of, instituted by Mahomet, 3, 75.

Ramah, home of Samuel, 1, 73.

meeting of elders at, 1, 78.

David at, 1, 96–7.

taken and fortified by Baasha, 1, 191.

re-conquered by Asa, 1, 191.

Jeremiah released at, 1, 320.

Ramathaim, taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.

Rambam. See Moses ben Maimun.

Ramban. See Moses ben Nachman.

Rameru, the Jews of, attacked during the second crusade, 3, 355–6.

center of Talmud study, 3, 403.

Rameses, rallying place of the Israelites on leaving Egypt, 1, 17.

Rami, brother of Judah ben Ezekiel, his critic and opponent, 2, 550–1.

Ramon Berengar IV, unites Aragon and Catalonia, 3, 387.

Ramoth-Gilead taken by Ben-hadad II, 1, 205, 206.

Jehu made king of Israel at, 1, 210.

Ramson, defender of the Jews, 5, 470.

Raphael, the healer, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Raphia, Antiochus the Great defeated at, 1, 426.

south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Rapoport, Solomon Jehuda (1790–1867), founder of the Galician school, 5, 607.

disciple of Krochmal, 5, 610.

descent of, 5, 610.

learning of, 5, 610–11.

and Erter, 5, 614.

makes pilgrimages to Krochmal, 5, 614, 617.

excommunicated, 5, 614.

rabbinical appointments of, 5, 615, 619.

style of, 5, 617.

influence of Krochmal on, 5, 617–18.

devotes himself to biographical research, 5, 618–19.

the father of Jewish science, 5, 619.

system of, used by Zunz, 5, 620.

contributor to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 621–2.

inspires Luzzatto, 5, 624.

influence of, on Sachs, 5, 690.

Rashba. See Solomon ben Abraham ben Adret.

Rashbam. See Samuel ben Meïr.

Rashi. See Solomon Yizchaki.

Rastadt, the Peace Congress at, to abolish the poll-tax on Dutch Jews in Germany, 5, 458.

“Summons” addressed to, by Michael Berr, 5, 460.

addressed by Christians on the subject of Jewish emancipation, 5, 463.

Rationalists, Mahometan. See Mutazilist.

Ratisbon, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

council of, protects the Jews during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 110.

under the ban of the empire, 4, 305.

fined by the emperor, 4, 306.

Molcho and Reubeni at, 4, 510.

Ratisbon, the diet at, refuses to form a crusade against the Turks, 4, 267–8.

petitioned in behalf of the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 465.

petition to, supported by the Austrian representative, 5, 466.

Ratisbon, the Jews of, suffer during the first crusade, 3, 305.

privileges granted to, 3, 635.

not permitted to appear on the street at Easter, 3, 635.

saved from the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 36.

protected from persecution, 4, 99.

contributions exacted from, 4, 254.

brutal treatment of, 4, 258–9.

held in high esteem, 4, 300.

morality of, 4, 300.

claimed by various parties, 4, 300.

appeal to the Hussites for protection, 4, 301.

slandered by apostates, 4, 301–2.

imprisoned on the blood accusation, 4, 304.

assisted by the Bavarian Jews, 4, 305.

protected by Frederick III, 4, 305–6.

released, 4, 306.

refuse to pay unjust fines, 4, 306–7.

strained relations between, and the Christians, 4, 416–17.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 417.

send a defender of their cause to Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.

the extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.

Ratisbonne family, the, culture of, 5, 476.

Ratti Menton, French consul in Damascus, opponent of the Jews, 5, 633.

appealed to, to search for the murderer of Tomaso, 5, 635.

suspects the Damascus Jews of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 635.

employs a spy against the Jews, 5, 635.

cross-examines Jewish suspects, 5, 636.

orders the Jewish suspects to be tortured, 5, 637–8.

hushes up evidence in favor of the Jews, 5, 637.

abetted by the European consuls, 5, 639.

has an anti-Jewish book circulated, 5, 639.

pronounces the Jews guilty of Tomaso’s murder, 5, 640.

publishes the Damascus affair in French journals, 5, 643.

deceives the vice-consul of France, 5, 645.

conduct of, described in the Austrian report, 5, 646.

excluded from the consular court of justice, 5, 649.

defended by Thiers, 5, 650, 659.

accused by Isambert, 5, 650.

shielded by Cochelet, 5, 660.

Ravenna, a Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

asks for Jewish bankers, 4, 286.

Ravensburg, the Jews of, burnt on the blood accusation, 4, 227.

Rawitz, the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Raymond V, of Toulouse, the Jews of Bourg de St. Gilles under, 3, 399.

Raymond VI, of Toulouse, persecuted by Innocent III, 3, 400.

reproached with employing Jews, 3, 501.

forced to promise not to employ Jews, 3, 501–2, 503.

laid under the ban, 3, 503.

deposition of, 3, 508, 509.

Raymond VII, of Toulouse, victorious over the crusaders, 3, 513.

promotes Jews to offices, 3, 514.

Raymund Roger, of Béziers, during the Albigensian crusade, 3, 502, 503.

Raymund Trencaval, count of Béziers, the Jews under, 3, 394.

assassination of, 3, 394–5.

“Raza di Yechuda,” by Nehemiah Chayon, 5, 217.

Razi, Arabic medical authority, taught by a Jew, 3, 146.

Razio. See Ragesh.

Reaction, the, in France under the Bourbons, 5, 596.

Reactionary movement, the, in Germany, 5, 508–9.

after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512–13.

Real estate, Jews of Visigothic Spain forbidden by Egica to hold, 3, 107–8.

owned by Jews in France in the tenth century, 3, 242.

German Jews under the Saxon emperors forbidden to own, 3, 242.

owned by German and French Jews in the eleventh century, 3, 281, 297.

owned by French Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

owned by Silesian Jews in the twelfth century, 3, 418.

owned by the Jews of Tyre, 3, 426.

Jews forbidden to buy, from Christians, 3, 592.

acquired by Jews in Castile, 4, 193.

Silesian Jews forbidden to own, 4, 260.

owned by Jews in Poland, 4, 419.

Jews forbidden to own in Hamburg, 4, 688.

Jews forbidden by Paul IV to own, 4, 566–7.

Reason, the religion of, established in France, 5, 450–1.

and the Jews, 5, 451–2.

Rebbe, leader of a Chassidistic group, 5, 392, 393.

subordinate to the Zaddik, 5, 393.

Recanate, the Jews of, annoyed by apostates, 4, 581.

Reccared, Visigothic king, hostile to the Jews, 3, 34, 46–7.

commended by Pope Gregory I, 3, 46.

laws of, fall into desuetude, 3, 47.

Receiver-general of taxes for the Jews of France, 4, 130, 132.

See also Taxes, farmers of.

Receswinth, Visigothic king, forces Christianity upon the Jews, 3, 102–4.

forbids Christians to befriend Jews, 3, 104.

Recha, character in “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 324.

Rechabites, the, Nazarites, 1, 200.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 55.

Recife, Jews settle in, 4, 693.

siege of, 4, 694.

Red Sea, the, passage of the Israelites through, 1, 18–19.

Redemption, the dogma of, expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.

Redingge, Robert de, Dominican, converted to Judaism, 3, 640–1.

“Reflections,” by Isaac Pinto, 5, 344–5.

Reform Association, the, of Berlin, founded by Stern, 5, 683.

programme of, 5, 683.

and the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 683–4.

partially condemned by the conference, 5, 685–6.

forms itself into a congregation, 5, 686.

innovations of, 5, 686–7.

antagonized by Michael Sachs, 5, 687.

Reform of Judaism, the, difficulties in the way of, 5, 559–60.

begins in Germany, 5, 560.

objections to, by the orthodox, 5, 561, 571.

undertaken by Jacobson, 5, 561–2.

protests against, 5, 562.

encouraged in Berlin, 5, 563.

interfered with by Frederick William III, 5, 563.

Hamburg made the center of, 5, 563–5.

in Leipsic, 5, 573.

in various places, 5, 573.

in Vienna, 5, 580.

advocated by Zunz, 5, 621.

Geiger devoted to, 5, 626.

opposition to, 5, 627.

forced upon German Jews, 5, 628.

attitude of the school of, 5, 629–30.

progress of, in Hamburg, 5, 672–4.

causes a rupture among German Jews, 5, 674.

in Frankfort, 5, 674–7.

discussed at rabbinical conferences, 5, 677.

in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.

in Breslau, 5, 682–3.

in Berlin, 5, 682–3, 686–7.

Frankel’s attitude towards, 5, 684–5.

attitude of Sachs to, 5, 689.

in the United States, 5, 702.

Reform of Judaism, the moderate, Bernays exponent of, 5, 574–8.

Mannheimer exponent of, 5, 578–82.

in Germany, France, and Italy, 5, 582.

Reform party, the, in Judaism, beginning of, 5, 563.

leaders of, 5, 568.

cause of, advanced by Jacobson and Libermann, 5, 568–9.

joined by Aaron Chorin, 5, 569.

Reform Temple Union, the, in Hamburg, origin of, 5, 564.

principles of, 5, 565.

achievements of, 5, 565.

produces a split in Judaism, 5, 565–6.

aided by Jacobson, 5, 568.

liturgy of, approved by some authorities, 5, 569.

action of the Hamburg Dayanim against, 5, 570.

supported by Lazarus Riesser, 5, 570.

innovations of, declared heterodox, 5, 571.

branches of, 5, 573.

members of, belong to the Society for Culture, 5, 584.

precipitates a quarrel, 5, 672.

compiles a new prayer book, 5, 672–3.

charges of, against Bernays, 5, 673.

Reformation, the Protestant, in Germany, 4, 422.

affected by the Talmud, 4, 423.

affected by the study of Hebrew, 4, 434.

beginnings of, 4, 467.

pantomime on, 4, 468.

spread of, 4, 469.

effect of, on the Jews, 4, 470–1.

effect of, on Judaism, 4, 471.

results of, 4, 540–3.

influence of, in Poland, 4, 633.

in Poland and Lithuania, 4, 646–7.

effect of, on the Jews of Poland, 4, 647–8.

Reggio, Italian Jewish scholar, 5, 622.

Reggio, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Isaac (II) Abrabanel, physician at, 4, 385.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

Jews invited to settle in, 4, 675.

Mordecai of Eisenstadt in, 5, 209.

Regnault, French state councilor, advocates Jewish emancipation, 5, 480–1.

Rehoboam, son of Solomon, 1, 177.

undisputed succession of, 1, 179.

lacks ability, 1, 179–80.

and the rebellious Shechemites, 1, 180–1.

flees from Shechem, 1, 182.

makes a treaty with the king of Damascus, 1, 183.

fortifies Jerusalem, 1, 184.

defeated by Shishak, 1, 184–5.

indifference of, 1, 188.

permits Astarte worship, 1, 188–9.

end of the reign of, 1, 189.

Reign of Terror, the, suffering of the Jews under, 5, 450.

end of, 5, 452.

Reimarus, Eliza, friend of Lessing, 5, 320.

collects subscriptions for Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 329.

brother-in-law of, 5, 333.

Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, predecessor of, 5, 179.

rejects revealed religion, 5, 319–20.

work by, published by Lessing, 5, 320–3.

Reïs, Arabic word for Nagid, 3, 443.

Reischer, Nehemiah, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.

Release, the year of. See Sabbatical year, the.

Relics, the miracle working power of, discussed by the Jews of France, 3, 343.

Religious offices, not to be accepted from Christians, 3, 518.

“Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” by Sachs, 5, 693–4.

Rembrandt, supplies engravings for a work by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.

Remonstrants, the, a religious party in Holland, 4, 673.

complain of the Jews, 4, 673, 674.

Renaissance, the, of the Jewish race, 5, 291–2.

Renaissance of Judaism, the, consequences of, 5, 374–5.

description of, 5, 589–90, 591–2.

shaped by Poland, 5, 607.

Rephaim, the original inhabitants of Canaan, 1, 2.

Rephidim, station of the Israelites on their journey through the desert, 1, 21.

Resettlement, the, of the Jews in England. See under England.

Resh-Galutha. See Exilarch.

Resh-Kalla, title of the professors in Babylonia, 2, 547.

title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210.

title given to Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 217.

Resh-Lakish. See Simon ben Lakish.

Resh-Metibta, director of the school sessions in Babylonia, 2, 547.

Resh-Sidra, principal of a school, 2, 512.

“Restorers of the Law,” Simon ben Shetach and Judah ben Tabbaï, 2, 49.

Resurrection of the dead, the, a foreign element in the divine service, 1, 401, 405–6.

and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.

bodily, denied by the Tiflisites, 3, 158.

as taught by Maimonides and his disciples, 3, 475–6, 487–8.

treatise on, by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 476.

treatise on, by Maimonides, 3, 488.

Retribution, the doctrine of, among the Pharisees, 2, 18.

among the Sadducees, 2, 21.

according to the Mishna, 2, 472–3.

in the Kabbala, 3, 555.

Return from the Captivity, the, 1, 351–6.

“Return of the Jewish Warrior, The,” painting by Oppenheim, 5, 601.

“Return of the Jews, The,” by Isaac La Peyrère, 5, 25.

Reubell, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441, 448.

Reuben, the tribe of, asks for land east of the Jordan, 1, 29–30.

harassed by the Moabites, 1, 125.

district of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.

Reubeni, David. See David Reubeni.

Reuchlin, John (Capnion, 1455–1522), suggested as Pfefferkorn’s coadjutor, 4, 431–2.

rôle of, in the Protestant Reformation, 4, 432.

as a humanist, 4, 432.

studies Hebrew, 4, 433.

writes a panegyric on the Hebrew language, 4, 433–4.

taught by Obadiah di Sforno, 4, 434, 473.

compiles a Hebrew grammar, 4, 434.

disciples of, 4, 434.

prejudice of, against Jews, 4, 435.

charges the Jews with blasphemy, 4, 435.

honors conferred upon, 4, 435.

discredited with the Dominicans, 4, 435–6.

invited to join Pfefferkorn, 4, 436.

appointed to direct the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

issues an opinion favorable to Jewish literature, 4, 441–3.

advises the teaching of Hebrew at German universities, 4, 443.

declares the Jews entitled to the privileges of the Holy Roman empire, 4, 443.

defends the Jews from the charge of heresy, 4, 443–4.

opinion of, on Jewish literature opened by Pfefferkorn, 4, 445.

complains to Maximilian I of Pfefferkorn, 4, 446.

publishes the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 446–8.

charged with having been bribed to defend the Talmud, 4, 447.

summoned to answer the charge of heresy, 4, 450.

charges against, 4, 450–1.

appears in Mayence, 4, 451.

execution of the judgment against, delayed, 4, 452.

appeals to Leo X, 4, 453, 454.

examination of, ordered by Leo X, 4, 454.

appears in Speyer, 4, 454.

exonerated, 4, 455.

enemies of, 4, 456.

adherents of, 4, 456–7.

excused from appearing at Rome, 4, 458.

Maximilian I intercedes for, 4, 458–9.

cause of, in Paris, 4, 459–60.

supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.

cause of, submitted to the fifth Lateran Council, 4, 464.

cause of, favorably decided, 4, 465.

on the Kabbala, 4, 466–7, 481, 583.

in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.

publishes a work on Hebrew accents, 4, 471.

encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.

cause of, espoused by Lorenzo Pucci, 4, 503.

introduces Rabbinical literature to Christians, 5, 179.

Reuchlinists, the, composed of Young Germany, 4, 456–7.

motto of, 4, 457.

friends of the Jews, 4, 457.

conspire against Hoogstraten, 4, 465.

Reuel, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 14.

Revelation, the belief in, shaken in the time of Saadiah, 3, 198.

the belief in, 5, 715–16.

“Revelation according to the System of the Synagogue,” by Steinheim, 5, 604–6.

Revolution. See February revolution, the; French revolution, the; July revolution, the.

Rezin, becomes king of Damascus, 1, 177.

allies himself with the kings of Israel and Judah, 1, 248.

ally of Pekah against Judah, 1, 258.

slain, 1, 259.

Rhabanus Maurus, abbot of Fulda, dedicates his works to the empress Judith, 3, 162.

indebtedness of, to Jews, 3, 163.

Rheims, rabbinical synods meet at, 3, 377.

rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

study of Hebrew at the university of, 4, 474.

Rheingau, the, the Jews of, molested, 4, 543.

Rhenish Confederation, the, Prince Primate of, 5, 504.

dissolution of, 5, 505.

Rhine district, the, the Jews of, origin of, 3, 40–1.

during the first crusade, 3, 300, 305.

devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 345.

during the second crusade, 3, 352.

protected by Bernard of Clairvaux, 3, 353.

observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380.

emigrate, 3, 638.

assaulted by the imperial army, 4, 225.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

Rhine district, the Lower. See Alsace; Lorraine.

Rhine district, the Upper, the Jews of, banished, 4, 107.

propose a distinction for Crémieux, 5, 670.

Rhineland, the, the Jews of, during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97.

urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

the poll-tax abolished in, 5, 468.

present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Rhinokolura, the river of Egypt, boundary of Israel under David, 1, 129.

south-western limit of Judæa under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

Rhodes, Herod presents himself before Octavius at, 2, 101.

criminal colony of Turkey, 4, 599.

prophets at, silenced by Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 157.

Rhodes, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

the blood accusation brought against, 5, 640–1.

tortured, 5, 640, 641.

revision of the trial of, 5, 647.

acquitted, 5, 647.

Rhodez, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 373, 374.

Rhodosto, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Cardoso at, 5, 207.

Rhyme, introduced into neo-Hebraic poetry under Arab influences, 3, 116.

Rhynsburg, Spinoza at, 5, 95.

Rhynsburgians, a Dutch sect, 5, 94.

Ri. See Isaac ben Samuel.

Riba. See Isaac ben Asher Halevi.

Riban. See Jehuda ben Nathan.

Ribash. See Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat.

Riblah, Necho at, 1, 299.

Nebuchadnezzar at, 1, 313.

dignitaries of Jerusalem beheaded at, 1, 314.

Riccio, Paul, apostate, translates the Kabbalistic writings of Joseph Jikatilla, 4, 466.

Richard I, of England, concludes a truce with Saladin, 3, 405.

first persecution of English Jews at the coronation of, 3, 409–10.

protects the Jews, 3, 411.

joins the third crusade, 3, 411.

orders those guilty of the massacre of the Jews to be punished, 3, 416.

capture of, 3, 418.

wishes to appoint Maimonides his physician, 3, 474.

Richard, brother of Henry III, the Jews of England pledged to, 3, 590.

Richelieu, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 111.

Richelieu, due de, expels the German Jews from Bordeaux, 5, 343–4.

Richter, Friedrich (Jean Paul), attitude of, towards the Jews, 5, 533.

Riess, David, permitted to have a private synagogue in Prussia, 5, 191.

Riesser, Gabriel (1806–1860), grandfather of, 5, 330.

father of, 5, 570–1.

character of, 5, 598.

attitude of, towards Judaism, 5, 599.

unable to procure a position as jurist, 5, 599.

works for the emancipation of the German Jews, 5, 599.

criticises the Germans and the Jews, 5, 599–600.

advocates the formation of societies for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 600.

influence of, 5, 600–1, 602.

honored by the Jews of Baden, 5, 601.

contest of, with Judæophobists, 5, 601–2.

puts the Jewish question on the liberal programme, 5, 602.

friend of, 5, 602.

proposes means of commemorating the services of Montefiore and Crémieux, 5, 669–70.

secretary of the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 672.

and the proscription of the new prayer book, 5, 673.

asked to join the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675–6.

in the Prussian Landtag, 5, 697.

Riesser, Lazarus, supports the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 570–1.

Rieti. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.

Rigle, the, festival lectures at Sora, 2, 515.

of the Exilarch, 2, 607.

Rihana, a woman of the Benu-Kuraiza, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 81.

Rimmon, the plain of, battle on, in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 416.

Rindfleisch persecution, the, of the German Jews, 4, 35–7.

“Rites, The,” by Leo Modena, translated by Richard Simon, 5, 180.

Ritual, the, work on, by Samuel ben Chofni, 3, 253.

Ritual murder. See Blood accusation, the.

Rivarola, cardinal, promises to remove Tomaso’s tombstone, 5, 668.

Rizba. See Isaac ben Abraham.

Rizpah, wife of Saul, 1, 95.

coveted by Abner, 1, 110.

sons of, killed, 1, 123.

devotion of, 1, 123–4.

“Roaring of the Lion, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.

Robert, archbishop, ordered to enforce the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council in Hungary, 3, 521.

Robert of Anjou, king of Naples, protector of the Jews, 4, 59.

appealed to by the Jews of Rome, 4, 61.

patron of Kalonymos ben Kalonymos, 4, 61, 63.

taught by Leone Romano, 4, 68.

patron of Shemarya Ikriti, 4, 69, 70.

Robert, Ludwig, brother of Rachel Levin, 5, 534.

Robert, Rachel. See Levin, Rachel.

Robespierre, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441.

fall of, 5, 452.

Robles, Antonio, Marrano, indicted as a Papist, 5, 49.

Rocamora, Vincent (Isaac) de (1601–1684), Marrano monk, poet and physician, returns to Judaism, 5, 109–10.

judge of poetry, 5, 113.

Roderic, the last of the Visigothic kings of Spain, 3, 109.

Rodosto. See Rhodosto.

Rodrigo, physician of, at the congress summoned by João II, 4, 367.

Rodrigo, João, de Castel-Branco. See Amatus Lusitanus.

Rodrigues, Isaac, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.

Roger, count of Béziers, Jews under, 3, 395.

Roger II, of Sicily, permits the Jews to have their own jurisdiction, 3, 422–3.

brings Jews from Greece, 3, 424.

Rohrer, Joseph, writes against the Jews, 5, 472.

Roïm. See Pastoureaux.

Rokeach. See Eleazar ben Jehuda.

Rolls, the, contain a register of the property of English Jews, 3, 588.

Romagna, the, the Talmud burnt in, under Julius III, 4, 565.

Roman, distinction between, and non-Roman disappears, 2, 468.

Roman eagle, the, torn down by Judæans, 2, 115, 121.

Roman era, the, used in public documents, 2, 134.

Roman exile, the, 2, 321.

Roman garrison of Jerusalem, the, under Metilius, 2, 255.

capitulates to the Zealots, 2, 260.

retreats to the towers of the wall, 2, 260.

destroyed by the Zealots, 2, 261.

Roman governors of Judæa, the, severity of, 2, 241. See Judæa, the Roman governors of.

Roman provinces, the, rebel against Hadrian, 2, 399.

the Jews of. See under Jews, the.

Roman Senate, the, acknowledges the rights of Ptolemy VI, 1, 506.

gives Cyrene to Ptolemy VII, 1, 507.

defied by Ptolemy VI, 1, 507.

promulgates a law against Judaism in Rome, 2, 136.

Roman standard, the, obnoxious emblems on, 2, 139.

Romano, Solomon. See Baptista, John.

Romans, the, defeat Antiochus the Great, 1, 434.

in the second century before the common era, 1, 443.

favor Antiochus IV, 1, 443.

espouse the cause of Egypt against Antiochus IV, 1, 453.

order Lysias to give up elephants in the army, 1, 481–2.

Judas Maccabæus negotiates with, 1, 485–6.

allies of Judæa under Simon Tharsi, 1, 525–6.

embassy sent to, by John Hyrcanus, 2, 4–5.

forbid Antiochus IX to molest the Judæans, 2, 9.

besiege the Temple, 2, 123.

take of the Temple treasures, 2, 124.

end the revolt against Sabinus, 2, 126.

leaning of, towards Judaism, 2, 136–7.

in Judæa despise the Judæans, 2, 246–7.

of Judæa receive Hadrian with servility, 2, 406.

kindly treated by the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411–12.

under Antoninus Pius, persecute the Jews, 2, 446.

See also Rome.

Romantic movement, the, in Germany, 5, 515–16.

Romanus, teacher of Alexander Severus in Jewish customs, 2, 482.

Rome (city), Judæans in, before Pompey’s time, 2, 67.

Judæan quarter in, 2, 68.

struggle of parties in, after Cæsar’s death, 2, 79–80.

conversions to Judaism in, 2, 383–5.

the bishops of, bring about the Catholic Church, 2, 500.

a synagogue in, burnt by Christians, 2, 614.

the fall of, and the Jews, 3, 27–8.

the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

riot in, against Jewish slave-owners, 3, 30–1.

immorality of, in the ninth century, 3, 169.

Council of, decrees against Jews’ holding offices, 3, 293–4.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 369–71.

declared a republic, 3, 370.

exiled Jews settle in, 4, 408.

David Reubeni at, 4, 492, 493.

sack of, confirms Messianic hopes, 4, 497.

Marranos of, permitted to profess Judaism, 4, 500.

Solomon Molcho at, 4, 502–4, 505–7.

flood in, 4, 505.

the Inquisition at, authorized, 4, 525.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 525.

the Talmud burnt at, 4, 565.

Nathan Ghazati at, 5, 161.

Rome (city), the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

do honor to Alexander III, 3, 421.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

live secure until the fourteenth century, 4, 58.

prosperity and culture of, 4, 58–9.

order a translation of Maimonides’ works, 4, 60.

threatened with banishment, 4, 61.

oppose the influx of Spanish exiles, 4, 363.

ill-treated by Paul IV, 4, 567.

do homage to Pius IV, 4, 588.

obtain privileges from Pius IV, 4, 588.

permitted to remain on the expulsion of Jews from the Papal States, 4, 591, 659.

number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.

under Sixtus V, 4, 655–6.

intercede for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

return to the Ghetto under Pius VII, 5, 518.

Rome (city), the Judæans of, power of, 2, 68.

banished to Sardinia, 2, 136–7.

first religious persecutions of, 2, 137.

number of, 2, 202.

in part banished by Claudius, 2, 202.

avoid the arch of Titus, 2, 314–15.

Rome (empire), Herod’s submission to, 2, 105.

the Temple placed under the protection of, 2, 111.

Judæa wholly in the possession of, 2, 128.

subdued by Christianity, 2, 174, 559.

Agrippa I makes plans against, 2, 195–6.

the yoke of, on Judæa, 2, 233–4.

the Judæan insurrection against, begun, 2, 255.

taxes of, not paid in Judæa, 2, 258.

allegiance to, renounced in Judæa, 2, 259.

in the estimation of the Jewish and the Pagan Christians, 2, 369.

the last emperors of, 2, 526.

weakness of, at home, 2, 526–7.

invaded by Parthians and Goths, 2, 527.

loses its importance, 2, 560.

revolt of the Jews against, under Constantius, 2, 570.

dissolution of, 2, 604–5.

See also East, the, empire of; Romans, the; West, the, empire of.

Rome (empire), the Jews of, appeal to Marcus Aurelius for the abolition of anti-Jewish laws, 2, 449.

favored by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

under Theodosius the Great, 2, 614–15.

See also Jews, the.

the Judæans of, favored by Cæsar, 2, 76.

mourn the murder of Cæsar, 2, 79.

favored by Octavius, 2, 103.

See also Judæans, the.

Rome, Little, name of Cæsarea, 2, 106.

Ronda, Berber ruler of, slain by the Arabs, 3, 276.

Rosales, a Jewish author, made count palatine, 4, 692.

Rosh, title of the chief of the Kairuan community, 3, 210, 211.

Rostock, the theological faculty of, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 692.

Rothenburg on the Tauber, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.

Rothschild, James de, entertains the diplomatic corps at Paris, 5, 529.

action of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 653.

Rothschild, Lionel de, refused his seat in Parliament, 5, 698.

Rothschild, Mayer Amschel, obtains the emancipation of the Frankfort Jews, 5, 505.

civic honors of, 5, 514.

the son of, before the Congress of Vienna, 5, 514.

Rothschild, Nathaniel M. de, acts in the Damascus affair, 5, 645, 651.

obtains a revision of the trial of the Jews of Rhodes, 5, 647.

dignity of, 5, 653.

an English Peer, 5, 698.

Rothschilds, the, the house of, a power, 5, 513.

the residence of, mobbed, 5, 529.

awe of, 5, 530.

zealous in the Damascus affair, 5, 646.

hostile to Thiers, 5, 649.

appeal to, from Damascus, 5, 651.

attempt to extort money from, 5, 655.

Rotterdam, the second Jewish colony of Holland, 4, 685.

Röttingen, the Jews of, burnt by Rindfleisch, 4, 35.

Rouelle, the, a Jew badge introduced into France in the fourteenth century, 4, 131.

Rouen, the Jews of, persecuted, 3, 299.

Rouen, the Council of, forbids Jews to keep Christian slaves or nurses, 3, 294.

re-enacts the decrees of the fourth Lateran Council, 3, 520.

Roundheads. See Puritans.

Rousseau praises Pereira’s sign language, 5, 343.

Roussillon, French exiles emigrate to, 4, 49.

Rubianus, Crotus (Johann Jäger), espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.

writes the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461–2.

Rubio, Abraham, Sabbatian, 5, 145.

Ruchaïm. See Solomon ben Yerucham.

Rückert, inspires Sachs, 5, 692.

Rüdiger, Huozmann, bishop of Speyer, grants privileges to the Jews, 3, 297–8.

Rudolph (I) of Habsburg, emperor, Jews persecuted before the crowning of, 3, 611.

extorts money from the Jews of Germany, 3, 634.

grants privileges to the Jews of Ratisbon, 3, 635.

confirms the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 635.

ratifies papal bulls protecting the Jews, 3, 635.

blood accusations under, 3, 635–7.

confiscates the property of the Jews of Mayence, 3, 636.

imprisons Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639.

Rudolph II, emperor, attitude of, towards the Jews, 4, 652.

Rudolph, a French monk, preaches the second crusade in Germany, 3, 351.

arouses the people against the Jews, 3, 351.

denounced by the clergy, 3, 352–3.

disappears, 3, 353–4.

Ruez, Juan, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312.

Rufinus, chamberlain of Arcadius, favorably disposed to the Jews, 2, 615–16.

Rufus, commander of the Tenth Legion, takes Simon bar Giora prisoner, 2, 313.

Rufus, Annius, third procurator of Judæa, 2, 135.

Rufus, Tinnius, governor of Judæa, retreats before Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

Rufus, Turnus, general, sent to Judæa by Hadrian, 2, 421.

draws the plow over Jerusalem, 2, 421.

severity of, towards Akiba, 2, 428.

cruelty of, to the dead, 2, 430.

wife of, and the Jews, 2, 432.

Rühs, Friedrich, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 517.

Rupert of the Palatinate, emperor, accession of, 4, 178.

privileges granted by, to Jews, confirmed, 4, 219.

Russia, Jews not allowed in, under Ivan IV, 4, 633.

allied with the Cossacks, 5, 14.

inflicts suffering upon the Polish Jews, 5, 14–15.

supports Turkey, 5, 634.

in the Quadruple Alliance, 5, 658.

Russia, the Jews of, begin to study the Talmud, 3, 421.

represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

condition of, inquired into by Alexander I, 5, 472–3.

certain classes of, exempt from exceptional laws, 5, 473.

forced to attend schools, 5, 473.

forced into the cities, 5, 473.

Russia, Little, the Cossacks enjoy independence in, 5, 2.

the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.

Russia, West, the Haidamaks in, 5, 11.

the Jews banished from, 5, 12.

Russians, the, wage war with the Chazars, 3, 221.

Ruta al Jahud, a fortress near Saragossa, 3, 42.

Ruth, the Book of, composed to counteract Ezra’s views on intermarriage, 1, 370–1.

Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, permits the massacre of Jews by crusaders, 3, 303, 306.

accused before Henry IV, 3, 307.

flees to Erfurt, 3, 307.

Ruthenia, rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.

Ruy Capron, ancestor of the Jew hater Pacheco, 4, 278.

S

Saad-Addaula (Mordecai Ibn-Alcharbiya), physician to Argun, 3, 638.

regulates the finances of Argun, 3, 646.

advises diplomatic connections with Europe, 3, 647.

administration of, 3, 647–8.

patron of learning, 3, 648.

intrigue against, by the Mahometans, 3, 648–9.

Mongol enemies of, 3, 649.

execution of, 3, 649.

Saadiah ben Joseph (892–942), makes science a principle of Judaism, 3, 187, 188.

last important exponent of Eastern Judaism, 3, 188.

wide knowledge of, 3, 188.

decided character of, 3, 188.

attacks the Karaites, 3, 189.

translates the Bible into Arabic, 3, 189–90.

Hebrew grammar and lexicon by, 3, 190.

attacks the Karaite calendar, 3, 190–1.

later works of, against Karaism, 3, 192.

appointed Gaon of Sora, 3, 193.

dissatisfaction of, with Babylonian-Jewish communal life, 3, 193–4.

refuses to abet the injustice of the Exilarch, 3, 195–6.

deprived of his office, 3, 195.

names Josiah Hassan Exilarch, 3, 195.

deposed by Caliph Kahir, 3, 196.

at Bagdad, 3, 196.

arranges a prayer book, 3, 196.

collects the rules of the calendar, 3, 196.

writes against Aaron ben Asher, 3, 196–7, 207.

philosophical works of, 3, 197–8.

skepticism of the time of, 3, 198–9.

combats the opinions of Chivi Albalchi, 3, 199.

in favor with the caliph Abradhir, 3, 200.

reconciled with David ben Zaccaï, 3, 200–1.

restored to the Gaonate of Sora, 3, 201.

responses of, 3, 201.

son of, 3, 202.

attacked by Karaites, 3, 203, 204.

defended by Jacob ben Samuel, 3, 204.

objects to meter in Hebrew, 3, 223.

lexicographical work of, supplanted by Menachem ben Saruk’s, 3, 225.

works of, criticised by Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 226.

compared with Haï Gaon, 3, 250.

philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

denounced as a heretic, 3, 624.

Saadio Longo, poet, patronized by Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II, 4, 609.

Saatz, Hussite victory at, 4, 226.

Saba, Abraham. See Abraham Saba.

Sabako, king of Egypt, designs of, on Palestine, 1, 257.

Sabbaï, champion of the Samaritan religion, 1, 517.

Sabbataï ben Solomon, Italian scholar, 3, 630.

Sabbataï Donnolo (913–970), taken prisoner by the Mahometans, 3, 212.

ransomed in Trani, 3, 213.

physician to the Byzantine viceroy of Calabria, 3, 213.

offers to treat Nilus the Younger, 3, 213.

poetry of, 3, 223.

Sabbataï Raphael, emissary of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 133.

spreads abroad the Messiah’s fame, 5, 137.

clings to the Messiah after his apostasy, 5, 157.

encourages the Sabbatian movement in Italy, Germany, and Amsterdam, 5, 160–1.

Sabbataï Zevi (1626–1676), compared with Spinoza, 5, 118.

attractive appearance of, 5, 118.

boyhood and studies of, 5, 119.

early marriage of, 5, 119.

teaches the Kabbala, 5, 119.

father of, 5, 119–20.

interested in Messianic speculations, 5, 120–1.

reveals himself as the Messiah, 5, 122.

excommunicated and banished from Smyrna, 5, 122.

gains followers, 5, 123.

the Messiahship of, confirmed by an old document, 5, 123.

celebrates his marriage with the Torah, 5, 124.

banished from Salonica, 5, 124.

meets opposition at Athens, 5, 124.

introduced to Raphael Joseph Chelebi, 5, 125, 127.

attracts the Jews of Jerusalem, 5, 127.

sent as a messenger to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.

journey of, to Cairo, 5, 128.

second marriage of, 5, 128–9.

beginning of public career of, 5, 129.

becomes acquainted with Nathan Ghazati, 5, 131.

threatened with excommunication in Jerusalem, 5, 132.

preparations for the arrival of, in Smyrna, 5, 133.

reception of, in Aleppo and Smyrna, 5, 133.

declares himself the Messiah in Smyrna, 5, 134.

enthusiasm for, in Smyrna, 5, 134–5.

sole ruler at Smyrna, 5, 136.

attracts wide attention, 5, 137.

honors paid to, 5, 141–2.

divides the world among his adherents, 5, 145.

goes to Constantinople, 5, 145–6.

arrested on his arrival, 5, 146.

reception of, in Constantinople, 5, 146–7.

imprisoned with debtors, 5, 147.

enthusiasm aroused by, in Constantinople, 5, 147–8.

imprisoned at Abydos, 5, 148.

celebrates the Passover illegally, 5, 148–9.

visitors crowd to, 5, 149.

homage paid to, 5, 149–50.

abolishes the fast of Tammuz, 5, 151–2.

summons Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 152.

betrayed by Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 153.

conversion of, to Islam resolved on, 5, 153.

taken to Adrianople, 5, 154.

converted to Islam, 5, 154.

third marriage of, 5, 154.

letters of homage to, from Amsterdam, 5, 155.

Messianic claims of, acknowledged after his apostasy, 5, 156–7.

proved the true Messiah by his apostasy, 5, 157–8.

joined by Nathan Ghazati, 5, 158.

begins his Messianic doings anew, 5, 162.

preaches before Jews at Adrianople, 5, 162–3.

lives as a Jew and a Mahometan, 5, 165–6.

banished to Constantinople, 5, 166.

fourth marriage of, 5, 166.

banished to Dulcigno, 5, 166.

death of, 5, 166.

Cardoso declares himself the successor of, 5, 207.

cause of the failure of, 5, 209.

supposed son of, 5, 209.

immorality of the widow of, 5, 209–10.

successors of, 5, 211, 230, 274.

biography of, 5, 212, 266.

See also Sabbatian movement, the; Sabbatians, the.

Sabbataï Zevi, the followers of, list of:

Aboab, Isaac, de Fonseca

Abudiente, Abraham Gideon

Aguilar, Raphael Moses d’

Ashkenazi, Jacob

Ayllon, Solomon

Benveniste, Chayim

Berachya,

Bloch, Mattathias

Bonafoux, Daniel Israel

Cardoso, Abraham Michael

Castro, Bendito de

Chayim Malach,

Chayon, Nehemiah Chiya

Chelebi, Raphael Joseph

Cuenqui, Abraham

Duchan, Jacob Israel

Eibeschütz, Jonathan

Faliachi, Jacob

Galante, Moses

Isaiah Chassid,

Jacob Querido,

Judah Chassid,

Leb Herz,

Levi, Isaiah

Löbele Prosnitz,

Mordecai of Eisenstadt,

Moses Meïr Kamenker,

Naar, Isaac

Nathan Benjamin Levi (Ghazati),

Penya, Chayim

Pereira, Abraham

Pinheiro, Moses

Primo, Samuel

Rubio, Abraham

Sabbataï Raphael,

Salvador, Jonah

Silveira, Isaac

Sofino, Raphael

Texeira, Manoel

Wolf, Levi

Yachini, Abraham

Zacut, Moses.

Sabbath, the, the observance of, by Babylonian proselytes, 1, 339.

by Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.

as ordered by Nehemiah, 1, 386–7.

after Nehemiah, 1, 397–8.

forbidden by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 456.

according to the school of Shammai, 2, 131, 132.

by the disciples of Jesus, 2, 155.

forbidden in Alexandria, 2, 184.

by Pagans, 2, 384.

forbidden by Hadrian, 2, 422.

respected by Honorius, 2, 617.

forbidden by Jezdijird III, 2, 627, 628.

as ordained by Anan ben David, 3, 132.

among the Karaites, 3, 132, 157, 158, 435; 4, 269–70.

on Cyprus, 3, 425.

a sign of heresy, 4, 316.

by the Marranos of Lisbon, 4, 489.

song for, 4, 538.

the center of Lurya’s mystic system, 4, 626.

Jews of France compelled to violate, 5, 451.

national according to Holdheim, 5, 680.

on Sunday, 5, 687, 702.

“Sabbath Epistle, The,” by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.

Sabbatian movement, the spread of, from Smyrna over Europe, 5, 135–41.

and Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 142, 143–4.

the Messiah in, 5, 142–3.

opposed by the Kofrim, 5, 144.

strengthened by the Messiah’s imprisonment, 5, 149–51.

causes stagnation of trade, 5, 149.

in Italy, 5, 160–1.

after Sabbataï Zevi’s death, 5, 207–14.

profligacy sanctioned in, 5, 210.

growth of, 5, 211–13, 228–9.

in Poland, 5, 212, 228.

in Podolia, 5, 228.

generally opposed by the rabbis, 5, 245.

history of, 5, 266.

Sabbatians, the, accept Islam, 5, 154, 211.

ridiculed on Sabbataï’s conversion to Islam, 5, 155.

threatened with persecution in Turkey, 5, 156.

refuse to believe Sabbataï’s apostasy, 5, 156–7.

excommunicated, 5, 157.

at Adrianople, 5, 159.

abrogate fasts, 5, 159.

in Italy, 5, 160–1.

adhere to Sabbataï, 5, 163.

character of, unknown, 5, 259.

existence of, denied, 5, 271.

encouraged by the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 273.

Jacob Frank the leader of, 5, 273.

Sabbatical year, the, kept after Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 393.

Alexander the Great remits the tax in, 1, 415.

abolition of, contemplated by Judah I, 2, 459–60.

tax during, exacted by Caracalla, 2, 469.

Jannaï permits the cultivation of the land during, 2, 469.

Sabea, a province of southern Arabia, 3, 54.

Sabina, Poppea, wife of Nero, preference of, for Judaism, 2, 248.

favorable to Judaism, 2, 248.

appoints Gessius Florus procurator of Judæa, 2, 249.

death of, 2, 251.

releases Pharisees at the instance of Josephus, 2, 276.

Sabinus, treasurer of Augustus, sent to seize Herod’s treasures, 2, 123.

instigates a siege of the Temple by the Romans, 2, 123–4.

appropriates treasures from the Temple, 2, 124.

urges Quintilius Varus against the Judæan insurgents, 2, 125.

Sabureans (Saboraim), the, post-Amoraic teachers of the Law, render the Talmud available for practical use, 3, 6.

commit the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.

chronicle of, by Sherira, 3, 233.

See under Law, the, the teachers of.

Sabureans, the, list of:

Ahunai,

Chanan of Iskia,

Chananya,

Chaninaï,

Giza,

Mar bar Huna,

Mari bar Mar,

Mar-Zutra III,

Rabaï of Rob,

Semuna.

Sacharya. See Mar-Sacharya.

Sachs, Michael (1808–1864), author of the “Religious Poetry of the Jews in Spain,” 5, 555, 693–4.

contributor to the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 622.

antagonizes the Berlin Reform Association, 5, 687.

compared with Holdheim, 5, 687–8, 692.

compared with the Marranos, 5, 688.

Hebrew and Greek studies of, 5, 688.

characteristics of, 5, 688–9.

attitude of, to the Reform movement, 5, 689.

dislikes organized action, 5, 689.

as a preacher, 5, 689–90, 692.

friendship of, with Rapoport, 5, 690.

as a Talmudist, 5, 690, 691.

appointed rabbi in Berlin, 5, 691.

scorn of, for the German Jewish church, 5, 691–2.

scientific activity of, 5, 692–4.

exegetical work of, 5, 692–3, 695, 699.

Sacrifices, the, place of, in the Sinaitic teaching, 1, 24–5.

in Israel’s early history, 1, 57.

Samuel’s view of, 1, 74.

diminished importance of, 1, 79.

how replaced by the synagogue services, 1, 401.

to Jupiter, 1, 455, 456.

daily, paid for by the half-Shekel contributions, 2, 52.

during the siege of Jerusalem by Aretas, 2, 60.

offered to the Cæsars, 2, 103.

offered by Vitellius, 2, 173.

not opposed by Jesus, 2, 155.

Jochanan ben Zakkai on, 2, 209, 324, 325.

offered by heathens, 2, 258–9.

system of, admired by Julian the Apostate, 2, 597.

Sadducæism, revived by the high priest Anan, 2, 248.

Sadducees, the, the sect opposed in religion and politics to the Pharisees, 2, 17.

wherein opposed to the Pharisees, 2, 18.

pay a tribute to the purity of the Pharisees, 2, 20.

the kernel of the Hasmonæan following, 2, 21.

derivation of the name of, 2, 21.

patriotism of, 2, 21.

political and religious principles of, 2, 21–2.

position of, with regard to the Pentateuchal laws, 2, 22–3.

unpopularity of, 2, 23.

employed as diplomatists by John Hyrcanus, 2, 31.

replace the Pharisees in state offices, 2, 33.

actively opposed by the Pharisees under Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.

compose the Great Council, 2, 42.

favored by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 42–3.

deprived of their seats in the Synhedrion, 2, 50.

make the sacrifices depend on voluntary contributions, 2, 52.

persecuted by the Pharisees, 2, 53, 55.

protected by Salome Alexandra, 2, 55.

support Aristobulus, 2, 58.

reconciliation of, with the Pharisees, begun by Hillel, 2, 98.

a sect of, 2, 108.

opposed to the oral or traditional law, 2, 327, 462.

the opposition of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

Sadolet, bishop of Carpentras, on Paul III’s friendliness to the Jews, 4, 515.

Safa Berurah, grammatical work by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 374.

Safet, the Jews of, excommunicate the Anti-Maimunists, 3, 633.

Kabbalistic center, 4, 74, 399, 405, 622–3.

importance of, 4, 399, 531.

Spanish exiles in, 4, 399.

influence of Solomon Molcho in, 4, 529–30.

Joseph Karo at, 4, 538.

Azarya deï Rossi’s works declared heretical at, 4, 616.

Chayim Vital in, 5, 52.

Luzzatto at, 5, 244.

Safi (Assafi), Spanish exiles in, 4, 389.

Safia, daughter of Hujej Ibn-Achtab, taken captive by Mahomet, 3, 83.