Index (continued 7)

Literature, Jewish, in Hasmonæan times, 2, 15–16.

becomes known to the heathen, 2, 502.

Reuchlin on, 4, 441–3.

attractive to Christians, 5, 178, 179.

See under Hebrew literature; Judæo-Greek literature; Rabbinical literature; Poetry.

Literature, Jewish mediæval, treated by Sachs, 5, 693–4.

by Zunz, 5, 694.

Lithuania, a refuge for exiled Jews, 4, 418–19.

rabbinical schools established in, 4, 420.

united with Poland, 4, 631.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 646–7.

Karaites in, 5, 182–3.

the Chassidim in, 5, 388.

Lithuania, the Jews of, the blood accusation launched against, 4, 642.

represented in the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

suffer from the Cossacks, 5, 14.

“Little Book about the Jews, The,” disproves the blood accusation, 4, 545–6.

Liturgical poetry, introduced, 3, 113–14, 117–18.

cultivated by the Jewish Andalusian school, 3, 224.

by minor poets, 3, 236, 259–60, 367, 376, 419.

by Simon ben Abun, 3, 245.

by Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 320.

See under Neo-Hebraic poetry; Piyutim; Poetanim; Poetry; Poets.

Liturgy, the, arranged by the Sopherim, 1, 398–400.

Gamaliel II introduces the Berachoth into, 2, 363.

amplification of, by poetanic compositions, 3, 113–14, 117–18.

of the Karaites, 3, 132; 4, 71, 73–4.

of the European Jews, compiled by Mar Amram ben Sheshna, 3, 178.

arranged by Saadiah, 3, 196.

Sephardic, adopted in northern Africa, 4, 198.

German, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.

affected by the Kabbala, 4, 481.

of the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.

Liturgy, the changes in, made by Maimonides, 3, 466.

made by Abi Zimra, 4, 395.

in Amsterdam, 5, 457.

made by Jacobson, 5, 562.

made by Kley, 5, 564.

approved by some authorities, 5, 569.

in Vienna, 5, 580, 581–2.

made by the Hamburg Temple Reform Union, 5, 673.

in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 5, 679.

Livia, empress, heiress of Salome, sister of Herod, 2, 128.

Livia. See Beth-Ramatha.

Livorno. See Leghorn.

Loans. See Jacob ben Yechiel; Joseph ben Gershom.

Lobato, Diego Gomez, and Paul de Pina, 4, 669–70.

Löbele Prossnitz, Sabbatian, supporter of Chayon, 5, 219.

denounced, 5, 229.

in intercourse with Eibeschütz, 5, 248, 249.

Lodi, the Jews of, number of, in the sixteenth century, 4, 653.

expelled, 4, 660.

Lodomeria, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

Logos, the, in Philo’s philosophy, 2, 213.

in the Church, 2, 500, 501.

Logrono, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.

Lombards, the, usury practiced by, 3, 510.

Lombardy, German Jewish immigrants held up in, 3, 638.

London, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 373–4.

Jews secretly domiciled in, 5, 38.

excitement in, about the admission of Jews, 5, 44.

Jewish burial ground in, 5, 49.

first synagogue in, 5, 50.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 141.

the Mansion House meeting in, 5, 655–7.

celebration of Montefiore’s return to, 5, 670.

rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

London, the Jews of, prosperous under Henry II, 3, 409.

attacked by a mob at Richard I’s coronation, 3, 410–11.

protected by John, 3, 505.

attacked, 3, 591–2, 643.

protected by Henry III, 3, 592.

hold a meeting on the Damascus affair, 5, 653–4.

London, the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.

hold aloof from the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 264.

Longinus, rhetorician, at the court of Zenobia, 2, 529.

Longobard code, the, no mention of Jews in, 3, 33.

Lope de Vega, dramatist, 5, 112.

Lopes de Almeida, Portuguese ambassador to Rome, 4, 340.

Lopes-Dubec, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.

Lopez, Portuguese Marrano, protected by Sixtus V, 4, 655.

Lopez, Balthasar, Marrano, burnt at the stake, 5, 91–2.

Lopez, Juan, del Barco, inquisitor appointed by Sixtus IV, 4, 312.

Lopez, Pedro, de Ayala, poet, on the Jews of Castile, 4, 121, 122.

Lorch, the Jews of, the murderers of, punished, 3, 635.

Lord Mayor, office of, held by Jews, 5, 698.

Lord’s Supper, the. See Transubstantiation.

Lorqui. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

Lorraine, rabbis from, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Lorraine, the Jews of, petition for alleviation, 5, 431.

representatives of, in Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 431.

number of, 5, 435.

complain to the National Assembly, 5, 436.

send a delegate to the National Assembly, 5, 438.

emancipation of, opposed by the Duc de Broglie, 5, 447.

“Los Rumbos peligrosos,” novels by Joseph Penso, 5, 113.

Lost Islands, the. See San Thomas.

Louis the Pious (814–840), emperor, the Jews under, 3, 161–70.

wife of, 3, 162.

refuses to countenance Agobard’s anti-Jewish proceedings, 3, 165–6.

sons of, excited against his wife, 3, 166, 168.

heresy of, in protecting the Jews, 3, 167.

letter addressed to, by the bishops assembled at Lyons, 3, 167–8.

and the conversion of Bishop Bodo, 3, 168–70.

originates the theory that the Jews are the emperor’s wards, 3, 170.

Louis II (855), emperor, decrees the banishment of the Italian Jews, 3, 174.

Louis the German, king of Germany, Bible commentary dedicated to, 3, 163.

Louis IV, the Bavarian, emperor, imposes a tax on the Jews, 4, 96–7.

tries to protect the Jews during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 98.

sons of, deliver the Jews to the mob, 4, 110.

Louis VI, of France, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 343.

Louis VII, of France, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 343.

joins the second crusade, 3, 349.

roused against the Jews by Peter the Venerable, 3, 349–50.

permits the repudiation of debts owing to Jews, 3, 351.

friendly to Jews, 3, 400–1.

resists the anti-Jewish decrees of the third Lateran Council, 3, 508.

Louis IX, of France, has the Talmud burnt, 4, 460, 578–9.

hostile to the Jews, 3, 519.

encourages the conversion of Jews, 3, 570.

fixes the rate of interest, 3, 571.

orders a disputation on the Talmud, 3, 576.

brother of, 3, 583.

confiscates the property of Jews to organize a crusade, 3, 585.

taken prisoner, 3, 585.

banishes the Jews from his hereditary dominions, 3, 585–6.

insists upon the Jew badge, 3, 612.

Louis X, of France, recalls the Jews, 4, 53–4.

Louis XII, of France, influenced against Reuchlin, 4, 459, 464.

confessor of, patron of Hebrew literature, 4, 473.

Louis XIV, of France, celebrated by Enriquez de Paz, 5, 110.

renews the privileges of the Jews of Metz, 5, 174.

orders criminal charges against the Jews to be tried by the royal council, 5, 176.

presents the Jews of Metz to the house of Brancas, 5, 348, 446.

Louis XV, of France, confirms the right of the Portuguese to expel German Jews from Bordeaux, 5, 342, 343.

Louis XVI, of France, implored to expel the Jews from Alsace, 5, 350.

orders lawsuits against usurers to be decided by the state councilor, 5, 350–1.

abolishes the poll-tax on Jews, 5, 415, 432.

government of, helped by Cerf Berr, 5, 430.

grants privileges to Cerf Berr, 5, 431.

disposed to ameliorate the condition of the Jews, 5, 431.

approves of the emancipation of the Portuguese Jews, 5, 442.

grants special protection to Alsatian Jews, 5, 446.

removes taxes from the Jews of Alsace, 5, 446.

ratifies the Constitution, 5, 447.

confirms the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 448.

Louis XVIII, of France, reactionary court of, 5, 512.

government of, does not renew the anti-Jewish restrictions, 5, 524–5.

the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596.

Louis I, of Hungary and Poland, banishes the Jews, 4, 111.

Louis, duke of Anjou, regent of France, confirms the privileges of the French Jews, 4, 50.

protects the Jews of Paris, 4, 151, 152.

Louis the Rich, duke of Bavaria, plunders and expels the Jews, 4, 253–4.

under the influence of John of Capistrano, 4, 258.

Louis, duke of Bavaria-Landshut, claims the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300.

attempts to convert the Jews, 4, 301.

Louis of Brandenburg, orders the Jews of Königsberg to be burnt, 4, 110–11.

Louis, count of Darmstadt, protects the Jewish exiles from Worms, 4, 699.

Louis Philippe, of France, the emancipation of the Jews under, 5, 596–7.

ratifies the law making rabbis state officers, 5, 597.

supports Mehmet Ali, 5, 633, 634.

appealed to on the Damascus affair, 5, 645.

struggle of, with Thiers, 5, 648.

deceives the hopes of the French Jews, 5, 651, 658.

ambiguous attitude of, 5, 668.

receives Montefiore, 5, 668.

Louise, of Prussia, death of, mourned by the Berlin Jews, 5, 508.

Louvain, the university of, sanctions the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 452.

Löwe, Joel, editor of the Meassef, 5, 400.

mediocrity of, 5, 417.

Löwisohn, Solomon (1789–1822), Jewish historian, 5, 594.

Löwy, Albert, founder of the “Anglo-Jewish Association,” 5, 703.

Loyola, Ignatius, power of, over Paul III, 4, 525.

efforts of, to re-establish the supremacy of the papacy, 4, 562.

Lübeck, objects to Jewish inhabitants, 5, 506.

Jews admitted into, 5, 506.

Lübeck, the Jews of, threatened with banishment, 5, 512.

banished, 5, 520.

Lubienski, Wratislaw, archbishop of Lemberg, Frankist petition to, 5, 284–5.

Lublin, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640.

meeting place of the Synod of the Four countries, 4, 644, 645; 5, 3.

the German population of, 5, 3.

synod of, relaxes the Jewish marriage laws, 5, 13.

Lucca, home of the Kalonymos family, 3, 143.

Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 371–3.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Lucena (city), the Talmud school of, famous, 3, 236.

refuge of the Jews of Granada, 3, 279.

a Jew of, threatens to betray his coreligionists, 3, 317.

Jehuda Halevi studies at, 3, 322, 323.

the school of, closed by the Almohades, 3, 361, 384.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

Lucena, the Jews of, correspond in Arabic with the Gaon of Sora, 3, 178.

famous through Alfassi, 3, 311.

Islam forced on, 3, 311–12.

pretend to accept Islam, 3, 361.

Lucena (district), early settlement of Jews in, 3, 43.

Lucero, Diego Rodriguez, hangman in Cordova, cruelty of, 4, 484.

disciple of, 4, 489.

Lucilla, daughter of Marcus Aurelius, cured by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.

Lucuas (Andreias), leader of the Jews of Cyrene against Trajan, 2, 395.

Lucullus, Roman commander, attacks Tigranes, of Armenia, 2, 56.

Luna, Alvaro de, favorite of Juan II of Castile, invites the aid of Jews, 4, 228.

protects the Jews, 4, 251–2.

complains of the backsliding of the Marranos, 4, 256.

confessor of, 4, 277.

Luna, Pedro de. See Benedict XIII.

Lünel, Serachya Halevi Gerundi at, 3, 389.

letter to the wise men of, by Meïr Abulafia, 3, 524.

synagogue of, sold, 4, 48.

Lünel, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 396–8.

learning of, 3, 396.

scientific tendency of, 3, 397.

letter to, from Maimonides, 3, 489.

ask Maimonides to translate his “Guide of the Perplexed” into Hebrew, 3, 491–2.

exhorted by Maimonides to study the Talmud scientifically, 3, 492.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

oppose the study of science, 4, 33.

accused of outraging the image of Jesus, 4, 55.

Luneville, deputies from, to the National Assembly, and Isaac Berr, 5, 438.

the peace of, 5, 464, 465.

Lupus, governor of Alexandria, executes fugitive Zealots, 2, 318.

Lupus, Trajan’s general in Egypt, 2, 395.

Lurya. See Isaac Lurya Levi; Solomon.

Lusitano. See Abraham Zacuto Lusitano.

Lusitanus, Amatus. See Amatus Lusitanus.

Luther, Martin, character of, 4, 467.

in the pantomime on the Protestant Reformation, 4, 468.

at the diet of Worms, 4, 469.

on the Wartburg, 4, 469.

translates the Bible, 4, 469.

on the Jews, 4, 470–1, 547–52.

learns Hebrew, 4, 473, 475.

encourages the study of the Bible, 4, 474.

pamphlet by, 4, 548.

proves the Messiahship of Jesus, 4, 548.

reviews the suffering of the Jews, 4, 549.

attacks the Talmud, 4, 549–50.

treatment of Jews proposed by, 4, 550–1.

advises the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 551–2.

Lutherans, the, in Spain, persecuted by the Inquisition, 4, 485.

the meetings of, in Poland, the model of the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 645.

Luzk, the Karaites of, 4, 265; 5, 182.

Luzzatto, Moses Chayim (1707–1747), dramatic poet, 5, 203–4.

a prey to Kabbalistic influences, 5, 233.

ancestry and early education of, 5, 233.

poetic gifts of, 5, 233–4.

studies in Hebrew meter by, 5, 234.

composes a drama on Samson, 5, 234.

style of, 5, 234.

imitation of the psalter by, 5, 234.

a second drama by, 5, 235.

imitates the style of the Zohar, 5, 235.

devoted to the Kabbala, 5, 236.

writes a second Zohar, 5, 237.

communicates his Kabbala to disciples, 5, 237–8.

opposed by Moses Chages, 5, 238.

refuses to justify himself, 5, 238.

promises not to teach Kabbala in Europe, 5, 239.

surrenders his writings to Bassan, 5, 239.

publishes Kabbalistic writings, 5, 239.

offends the Venetian rabbinate, 5, 239–40.

accusations against, 5, 240.

excommunicated by the Venetian rabbinate, 5, 240, 242.

promises to give up Kabbala, 5, 241.

received kindly at Amsterdam, 5, 242.

supports himself by polishing lenses, 5, 242.

publishes a drama, 5, 242–4.

influence of, on the modern time, 5, 244.

goes to Safet, 5, 244.

death of, 5, 244–5.

model of Bresselau, 5, 398.

disciple of, 5, 401.

Luzzatto, Samuel David (1800–1865), scholar, disinterestedness and enthusiasm of, 5, 622–23.

gifts of, 5, 623.

poetry of, 5, 623.

devotes himself to Biblical exegesis, 5, 623.

view held by, of the Massora, 5, 624.

historical studies of, 5, 624–5.

as exegete, 5, 695, 699.

Luzzatto, Simone (Simcha, 1590–1663), on usury, 5, 41.

sceptic, 5, 56.

member of the Venice rabbinate, 5, 67.

attainments of, 5, 80.

on the relation of faith to science, 5, 80–1.

sobriety of, 5, 81.

on Jewish rites, 5, 81.

defends Judaism and the Jews, 5, 81–4.

on the Talmud and Kabbala, 5, 84.

moderation of, 5, 84.

Lybia, the Jews of, rebel against Trajan, 2, 394, 396.

Lydda (Diospolis), taken by the Samaritans, 1, 410.

besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.

center for the teaching of the Law under Gamaliel II, 2, 335, 346.

restored to Judæa by Cæsar, 2, 76.

meeting place of the teachers of the Law after the fall of Bethar, 2, 423.

the inhabitants of, praised by Chanina bar Chama, 2, 492.

seat of Joshua ben Levi’s academy, 2, 497.

birthplace of Simlaï, 2, 498.

refuge of Ulla bar Kosher, 2, 530.

seat of a Jewish revolt against Rome, 2, 570.

partially destroyed, 2, 570.

the original text of the Bible studied at, 2, 623.

Lydia. See Crœsus.

Lynn, the Jews of, massacre of, 3, 411–12.

Lyons, the Council of, to humble the Jews, 3, 167–8.

rabbi of, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Innocent IV at, 3, 584.

Lyons, the Jews of, ill-treated by Agobard, 3, 164–5.

under the protection of Louis the Pious, 3, 165–6.

Lysanias, son of Ptolemy of Chalcis, incites the Parthians against Herod and Phasael, 2, 82.

Lysias, Syrian commander, lieutenant of the country between Egypt and the Euphrates, 1, 463.

commissioned to march against Judæa, 1, 464.

chooses his subaltern officers, 1, 466–7.

defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 469–70.

guardian of Antiochus V, 1, 477.

invades Judæa, 1, 478–80.

takes Bethzur, 1, 479.

forces Judas Maccabæus to retreat, 1, 479.

besieges the Temple, 1, 479.

razes the fortifications of the Temple, 1, 480.

executes Menelaus, 1, 480.

disobeys Rome, 1, 481.

death of, 1, 482.

Lysimachus, ally of Ptolemy I, at the battle of Ipsus, 1, 417.

Lysimachus, the Benjamite, Hellenist, opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.

Jerusalem left in charge of, 1, 448.

spoils the Temple, 1, 448.

killed, 1, 449.

Lysimachus, Alexander. See Alexander Lysimachus.

M

Maachah, wife of Rehoboam, worships Astarte, 1, 188–9.

regent for Asa, 1, 189.

idolatry of, hateful to the people of Judah, 1, 190.

Maamad, public sittings of the rabbis of Amsterdam, 4, 684.

Maasé Efod, Hebrew grammar by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.

Maasseiah, governor of Jerusalem, appointed over the Temple funds, 1, 292.

Maccabæus. See Judas Maccabæus.

Maccabæan time, the, characterized, 5, 722–3.

“Maccabee, The,” by Miguel Silveyra, 5, 111.

Maccabees, the, father and five sons, 1, 458–9.

re-consecrate the Temple, 1, 472–3.

See Hasmonæans, the.

Maccabees, the first Book of, originally written in Hebrew, 2, 16.

considered apocryphal, 2, 344.

“Maccabees, the, History of.” See Josippon.

Macedonia, dissolution of the kingdom of, 1, 416.

Paul establishes Greek-Christian communities in, 2, 227.

Macedonia, the Jews of, autonomy of, 3, 27.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Machærus, Judæan fortress, built by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 46.

surrenders to the Romans, 2, 73.

surrenders to Bassus, 2, 315.

Machault, Denys, apostate, disappearance of, 4, 175.

Machbereth, Hebrew dictionary by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 225.

criticised by Dunash Ibn-Labrat, 3, 226.

“Machbi,” device on Molcho’s banner, 4, 510.

Machir, assists David in the war with Absalom, 1, 144.

Machir, a learned Jew, head of the Narbonne congregation, 3, 143.

ancestor of Kalonymos ben Todros, 3, 392.

Machpelah, cave of, acquired by Abraham, 1, 4.

Machuza (Maoga-Malka), a city of Babylonia, description of, 2, 506–8.

inhabited by Jews, 2, 507.

the Persian army stationed at, 2, 591.

destroyed by Julian the Apostate, 2, 602.

capital of a Jewish state, 3, 4.

Machuza, the academy of, under Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 571, 584–5, 590.

produces the Talmud, 2, 591.

decline of, 2, 593.

Machuza, the Jews of, descended from proselytes, 2, 507, 586.

luxurious habits of, 2, 507.

peculiarities of, 2, 586.

marriages of, 2, 586–7.

made captives by Kobad, 3, 4.

put to death by Mebodes, 3, 9.

Machuza, a district of Jewish Babylonia, 2, 505.

Mâcon, the Council of, passes anti-Jewish resolutions, 3, 39.

Madaba. See Medaba.

Madain, the Jews of, silence a Mahometan crier, 3, 428.

Madrid, the Jews of, under Sancho, 3, 617.

Madrid, the cortes of, petition Alfonso XI concerning usury, 4, 80.

ask for anti-Jewish laws, 4, 80.

Maella, the Jews of, converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 214.

Mæsa, grandmother of Elegabalus, 2, 469.

Maëstro Gayo. See Isaac ben Mordecai.

Magdala (Tarichæa), Judæan troops surrender to the Romans at, 2, 75.

Jesus in, 2, 154, 157.

rebels against Josephus, 2, 280.

Jewish stronghold in the Bar-Cochba revolt, 2, 414.

fall of, 2, 416.

dissatisfied with a decision by Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.

Magdeburg, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

a church at, granted the revenue derived from Jews, 3, 243.

Magdeburg, the Jews of, persecuted in the thirteenth century, 3, 611.

banished, 4, 416.

suffer during the Black Death persecution, 4, 111.

Maggid, the dream-interpreter, of Solomon Molcho, 4, 496.

of Joseph Karo, 4, 497, 537–8.

of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 236, 237.

Maghariyites, a Karaite sect, 3, 151.

Maghreb. See Kairuan.

Magi, the, practices of, forbidden by Rab, 2, 521.

recover credit under Ardashir, 2, 524.

persecute the Christians, 2, 524.

molest the Jews of Babylonia, 2, 524–5.

fanaticism of, diminishes, 2, 525–6.

and Ashi, 2, 605.

and Jezdijird, 2, 609–10.

influence of, over the Sassanian monarchs, 2, 627.

and the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.

religion of, reformed by Mazdak, 3, 1–2.

cause a persecution of the Jews, 3, 8.

Magian influence on Judaism, 1, 402–5.

Magister Judæorum, officer in the Frankish empire, 3, 161.

Magisterial offices, certain classes of Jews exempt from, under Constantine, 2, 561, 563, 616.

Jewish exemption from, abolished by Theodosius I, 2, 615.

Jews exempt from, under Arcadius, 2, 616.

Jews forced to assume, by Justinian, 3, 13.

Jews excluded from, by the Council of Paris, 3, 40.

Jews exempt from, in Cologne, 3, 41.

See Civil offices.

Magnus, Marcus, court Jew of Frederick William I, 5, 219.

Magona, the Jews of, forced into Christianity, 2, 619–20.

Magyars, the, made intolerant by the papacy, 3, 614.

Mahadia. See Kairuan.

Mahanaim, seat of Saul’s family after his death, 1, 108, 110.

battle of, in the war with Absalom, 1, 144.

David welcomed at, 1, 144.

Maharil. See Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi.

Mahdi, the founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 3, 212.

Maher-Shalal-Chash-Baz, son of Isaiah, 1, 259.

Mahomet, inspired by Judaism, 3, 71–2.

revelations to, from Gabriel, 3, 71.

declaims against idolatry and immorality, 3, 72.

tries to win over the Jews of Yathrib, 3, 73.

character of, 3, 74.

Jewish opponents of, 3, 74–5.

gives up Jewish ceremonies, 3, 75–6.

antagonism of, to Jews, 3, 76.

victorious at Bedr, 3, 76.

drives the Benu-Kainukaa from Arabia, 3, 76–8.

victorious over the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78–80.

exterminates the Benu-Kuraiza, 3, 80–1.

victorious over the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 81–3.

attempt to poison, 3, 83–4.

the Jews of Medina intrigue against, 3, 84.

death of, 3, 84.

acknowledged as the prophet by conquered nations, 3, 86.

as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 134.

Mahomet II, Turkish conqueror of the Byzantine empire, threatens Christendom, 4, 267.

friendly to the Jews, 4, 268.

Mahomet IV, sultan, influence of Jewish women under, 4, 629.

considers the case of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153.

receives Sabbataï into Islam, 5, 154.

Mahomet Alemin, son of Haroun-Alrashid, war of, with his brother, 3, 145.

death of, 3, 146.

Mahomet Almansur, Hajib of Hisham, and Jacob Ibn-Jau, 3, 239, 240–1.

Mahomet Almuktafi, Abbasside Caliph, revives the Exilarchate, 3, 428.

Mahomet Bey, vizir, attacks Achmed Shaitan, 4, 396.

Mahomet Sokolli, vizir, antagonizes Joseph Nassi, 4, 596, 599, 602.

favorable to Venice, 4, 600.

employs a Jewish agent, 4, 603, 605.

supplants Joseph Nassi, 4, 627.

advises the confiscation of Joseph Nassi’s property, 4, 628.

Mahometan (pseudo) Jews, despair of, 3, 452.

exhorted to remain true to Judaism, 3, 452.

condemned as apostates and idolaters, 3, 453–4.

defended by Maimonides, 3, 454–6.

Mahometans, the, looked upon by the Jews as liberators from the Christian yoke, 3, 88–9.

conspire with the Jews to overthrow the Visigothic-Spanish empire, 3, 108.

conquer Visigothic Spain, 3, 109.

culture of, in Spain under the Ommiyyade caliphs, 3, 214.

traditions of, used by Haï Gaon, 3, 251.

in Spain, crusade against, 3, 507.

condition of, in Hungary, 3, 520–1.

proscribed in Hungary, 3, 615.

distrusted by Argun, khan of Persia, 3, 647.

intrigue against Saad-Addaula, 3, 648–9.

usurers in Castile, 4, 80.

the crusades against, begin with massacres of Jews, 4, 222.

placed under restrictions by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

persecuted, 4, 251.

protected by Juan II of Castile, 4, 252.

the Jews under, 5, 726–7.

Mahon. See Magona.

Maillotins, the, attack the Jews of France, 4, 152.

Maimaran, Joseph, adviser of Muley Ismail, 5, 168.

Maimi, Simon. See Simon Maimi.

Maimon, Solomon (1753–1800), on Hirsch Janow, 5, 331.

philosophical thinker, 5, 405, 407–9.

character and studies of, 5, 407, 408.

goes to Germany, 5, 407–8.

wanderings of, 5, 408.

autobiography of, 5, 409.

fame of, 5, 409.

Maimonides, Moses. See Moses ben Maimun.

Maimun ben Joseph, father of Maimonides, Talmudist and scientist, disciple of Joseph Ibn-Migash, 3, 317, 447.

influence of, on his son, 3, 447.

a fugitive from the Almohades, 3, 448.

teacher of his son, 3, 448.

emigrates to Fez, 3, 451.

family of, assumes Islam, 3, 451.

exhorts the pseudo-Mahometan Jews to remain true to Judaism, 3, 452.

emigrates to Palestine and Egypt, 3, 456–7.

death of, 3, 457.

Maimun Asha, Arabic poet, protected by Shoraich, 3, 70.

Maimuni. See Abraham (Almeni) Maimuni; Abraham Maimuni II; David ben Maimun; David Maimuni; Moses ben Maimun.

Maimunist controversy, the, 3, 530.

in verses, 3, 538, 544.

compromise in, proposed by Nachmani, 3, 539–40.

taken up by the Dominicans, 3, 542–3.

causes a division in Judaism, 3, 546–7.

causes the neglect of poetry, 3, 558–9.

allayed by the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579–80.

breaks out anew in the time of Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623–4.

in Germany, Italy, and Palestine, 3, 624–34.

in Accho, 3, 631, 632–3.

solution of, proposed by Hillel of Verona, 3, 631–2.

revived by the Tibbonide party in Montpellier, 4, 32–3, 42.

See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunists, the.

Maimunists, the, partisans of Moses ben Maimun, 3, 523; 5, 728.

war declared against, by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 527.

excommunicated by Solomon ben Abraham, 3, 528–9.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

try to alienate the French rabbis from Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539.

denounce Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 543–4.

opposed to the Kabbalists in the explanation of ceremonies, 3, 554.

break away from the Talmud, 3, 557–8.

in Perpignan, 4, 25.

in Montpellier, 4, 32–3.

See also Anti-Maimunists, the; Maimunist controversy, the.

Maimunists, list of:

Aaron ben Meshullam,

Abraham ben Chasdaï,

Bachiel Ibn-Alkonstantini,

David ben Daniel,

David Kimchi,

Hillel ben Samuel of Verona,

Jacob ben Abba-Mari ben Simon Anatoli,

Jonathan Cohen of Lünel,

Levi ben Abraham ben Chayim,

Moses ben Isaac Alashkar,

Moses ben Jehuda Cohen,

Samuel ben Abraham Saporta,

Samuel Cohen ben Daniel,

Yishaï ben Chiskiya.

Main(e) district, the, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

emigrate, 3, 638.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 420.

Maiora, martyr, 4, 570.

Majorca, French Jews emigrate to, 4, 49.

quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 162.

forced converts in, relapse into Judaism, 4, 180.

Marranos from, in Algiers, 4, 199.

the Inquisition established on, 4, 332.

Majorca, the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 77, 171.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 198.

converted by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 206.

extermination of, 4, 246–7.

Makariyites, a Karaite sect, 3, 151.

Maksen, leader of the Sinhajas, 3, 256.

Malabar, the coast of, Jews emigrate to, 2, 630.

Malach, Chayim. See Chayim Malach.

Malach ham-Maveth, angel of death, 1, 403.

Malache Chabalah, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.

Malachi, last of prophets, 1, 384–5.

Malaga, Jews masters of, 3, 109.

Samuel Ibn-Nagrela at, 3, 255.

Berber city, 3, 256.

family of Ibn-Gebirol emigrate to, 3, 268.

suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 369–70.

Malchishua, son of Saul, death of, 1, 103.

Malchus. See Porphyry.

Malchuth Shamayim. See Kingdom of Heaven, the.

Malcom. See Milcom.

Malesherbes, institutes a Jewish commission to ameliorate the condition of the Jews, 5, 431.

Malich, king of the Nabathæans, at war with Herod, 2, 94–5.

vassal of Herod, 2, 95.

Malich, counselor of Hyrcanus II, poisons Antipater, 2, 80.

assassinated by Herod, 2, 80.

Malka bar Acha (771–773), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 37.

Malka Kadisha, Kabbalistic term, the Messiah, 5, 143.

Mallo, Portuguese inquisitor, 4, 521.

Malmed, collection of sermons by Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566.

attacked by the party of Abba-Mari, 4, 32.

read by the Tibbonides, 4, 39.

falls under the ban, 4, 40.

Malshim (Malsin), traitors, 4, 156.

Malta, Marranos transported to, 4, 570.

Malta, the Knights of, attack Jewish exiles, 4, 592.

forbidden to make slaves of Jews, 4, 656.

Malthace, the Samaritan, wife of Herod, 2, 119.

Mamal (Mamala), city of Galilee, inhabitants of, of the family of Eli, 2, 575.

Mammæa, mother of Alexander Severus, admires Christianity, 2, 481.

Mammon, scorn of, taught by the Essenes, 2, 145.

taught by Jesus, 2, 150.

Mamson, suspected of well poisoning, 4, 104.

Manasseh, king of Judah, son of Hezekiah, 1, 280.

state of the kingdom under, 1, 281–4.

idolatry introduced under, 1, 282–3.

taken prisoner by Esarhaddon, 1, 285.

death of, 1, 285.

Manasseh, the tribe of, claims the central lands of Canaan, 1, 35–6.

holds assemblies at Shiloh, 1, 41.

opposed to intermarriage with the heathen, 1, 56.

members of, join Gideon, 1, 62.

in conflict with Ephraim, 1, 63.

appeals to Samuel for help against Ammon, 1, 80.

territory of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.

Manasseh, member of Eliashib’s household, marries a daughter of Sanballat, 1, 383.

banished by Nehemiah, 1, 386.

Manasseh, relative of Simon the Just, acts as high priest, 1, 423.

Manasseh ben Israel (1604–1657), emigrates to the Netherlands, 4, 671.

member of the Amsterdam rabbinical college, 4, 682.

characterized by Antonio Vieira, 4, 683.

education of, 4, 683.

characterization of, 4, 683–4.

qualifications of, for effecting the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 19–20.

attainments of, 5, 20.

as a preacher, 5, 20.

esteemed by Jews and Christians, 5, 20.

treatises of, welcomed by Christian scholars, 5, 22.

consulted by Christian scholars, 5, 22–3.

sought by Christian visionaries, 5, 23–5.

and Messianic expectations, 5, 24.

reasons adduced by, for the re-settlement of Jews in England, 5, 28, 39–42.

encouraged by English writings, 5, 28–30.

on the fortunes of the Ten Tribes, 5, 30–3.

publishes “Israel’s Hope,” 5, 31–2.

describes the terrors of the Inquisition, 5, 31–2.

submits “Israel’s Hope” to Parliament, 5, 33.

negotiations of, interrupted, 5, 34.

receives a safe-conduct to London from the Short Parliament, 5, 34–5.

war delays the departure of, 5, 35.

petitions Parliament to permit Jews to settle in England, 5, 35.

the Messianic work by Felgenhauer dedicated to, 5, 36–7.

expounds Jewish Messianic ideas, 5, 37–8.

invited to England by Cromwell, 5, 38.

petition presented by, to Cromwell, 5, 38–9.

acts as the representative of European Jews, 5, 39.

on the trade of the Jews, 5, 40–1.

defends the Jews against three charges, 5, 41–2.

proposal by, for the admission of Jews into England, 5, 44.

refutes theological objections to the admission of Jews, 5, 45.

defends his course before the Dutch government, 5, 46.

disappointment of, 5, 46–7.

defends the Jews against the blood accusation, 5, 47–9.

honorably dismissed by Cromwell, 5, 49.

death of, 5, 50.

devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.

teacher of Spinoza, 5, 86, 87.

outlines a history of the Jews, 5, 202.

work by, translated by Marcus Herz, 5, 362.

oath of, concerning the blood accusation taken by the London rabbis, 5, 655.

Manchester, the Jews of, hold meetings for the Damascus affair, 5, 654, 657.

Manessier de Vesoul, negotiates the return of the Jews to France, 4, 129.

appointed receiver-general, 4, 130–1, 132, 133.

active in behalf of the Jews, 4, 132.

death of, 4, 150.

sons of, 4, 150, 151, 152.

Manetho, an Egyptian priest, libels the Jews, 1, 511.

Manichæans, persecuted by Jezdijird III, 2, 627.

Manna, description of, 1, 20.

Mannheim, Moses Meïr Kamenker in, 5, 229.

Mannheimer, Isaac Noah (1793–1864), intellectual qualities of, 5, 578.

attractiveness of, 5, 578.

dignity of, 5, 579.

fitted for his work in Vienna, 5, 580.

attitude of, towards Reform Judaism, 5, 580.

changes sanctioned by, 5, 580.

as a pulpit orator, 5, 581.

personality of, 5, 582.

influence of, in Germany, 5, 582.

compared with Sachs, 5, 690.

helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.

Manoel the Great, of Portugal, releases the Spanish exiles, 4, 372.

employs Abraham Zacuto, 4, 372.

kindly disposed towards the Jews, 4, 372.

sues for the hand of Isabella II of Castile, 4, 372–3.

banishes the Jews, 4, 374.

orders Jewish children to be baptized, 4, 375–6.

cruelty of, 4, 376.

limits the Jews to one port of departure, 4, 376.

tries to force the Jews into Christianity, 4, 377.

adopts milder measures towards the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

delivers Spanish Marranos to the Inquisition, 4, 379–80.

permits the last Jews to leave Portugal, 4, 380–1.

grants freedom from molestation to the Jews for a term, 4, 485.

checks the emigration of Marranos, 4, 485–6.

forbids the use of insulting names for Marranos, 4, 486.

orders of, concerning Marranos, 4, 488.

counselors of, protect the Marranos, 4, 488.

Manrique, Inigo, chief judge of appeals for Marrano cases, 4, 320.

Mansfeld, general, plunders the Jews, 4, 701.

Mantin, Jacob (1490–1549), physician and scholar, ambition of, 4, 411.

instructs Christians in Hebrew, 4, 473.

persecutes Molcho, 4, 506–7.

physician to Paul III, 4, 515.

Mantua, Abraham Ibn-Ezra in, 3, 371.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.

rabbis of, forbid young men to read Azarya deï Rossi’s works, 4, 616.

Jews beg for shelter in, 4, 660.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Mantua, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

in the seventeenth century, 4, 653.

appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.

Maoga-Malka. See Machuza.

Maonites, the, subjugated by Uzziah, 1, 230.

Maor, Talmudical work by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.

“Mappa,” Moses Isserles’ commentary on Karo’s code, 4, 637.

Mar-Aaron ben Samuel, candidate for the principalship of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154.

Mar-Abraham ben Sherira (816–828), mystic, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 154–5.

deposed, 3, 155.

re-instated, 3, 156.

death of, 3, 156.

Mar-Amram ben Sheshna (869–881), Gaon of Sora, compiler of the liturgy of European Jews, 3, 178.

Mar bar Ashi (Tabyome), Amora, principal of the Sora academy, 2, 626–7.

finishes the compilation of the Talmud, 2, 628.

conscientiousness of, 2, 628.

death of, 2, 628.

Mar bar Huna (609–620), principal of the Sora academy, 3, 10.

Marburg, the university of, appealed to in the contest between the Senate and the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 520.

Marcellus II, pope, reactionary, 4, 566.

Mar-Chanina, effects Mar-Zutra II’s investiture as Exilarch, 3, 3.

executed, 3, 4.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor, war with Parthia under, 2, 447.

and Simon ben Yochaï, 2, 449.

appealed to by Jews and Christians, 2, 449.

famine and plague under, 2, 451.

permission of, required to pray at Jerusalem, 2, 458.

hostility of, to the Jews, 2, 463.

Mardeliar, chief of the Jews of India, 2, 630.

Mardochai, Francis, Egyptian tax farmer, 4, 618.

Mar-Elia I, Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, consulted by Haï Gaon, 3, 250.

Mareshah (Marissa), scene of Asa’s victory over an Ethiopian army, 1, 190.

Idumæan fortress, demolished, 2, 8.

Margalita, Aaron, apostate, reviles the Agada, 5, 194.

Margaret, empress, has the Jews of Vienna banished, 5, 170.

Margaritha, Anton, apostate, writes against the Jews, 4, 551.

Marhab, a Himyarite, hero in the Chaibar war, 3, 82.

beaten and killed by Ali, 3, 82.

sister of, tries to poison Mahomet, 3, 83–4.

Mar-Huna, Exilarch. See Huna.

Mari bar Mar, founds an academy at Firuz-Shabur, 3, 8, 9.

Maria of the Netherlands, patroness of Joseph Nassi, 4, 572.

Maria, Infanta of Spain, empress, Marrano confessor of, 5, 109.

Maria, wife of Alfonso XI, ill-treated by her husband, 4, 114.

Maria de Molina, queen of Castile, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 2.

dowager queen, antagonizes the Jewish treasurer, 4, 51–2.

protects the Jews of Castile, 4, 52.

Maria de Medici, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 673.

Maria de Padilla, supposed wife of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 116.

party of, 4, 117.

acknowledged as the wife of Pedro, 4, 122.

said to be a Jewess, 4, 123.

Maria Anna, of Austria, banishes the last remnant of Jews from the Spanish provinces, 5, 169.

Maria Juliana, queen of Denmark, interested in Eibeschütz, 5, 267–8.

Maria Theresa, empress, at war with Prussia, 5, 251.

revokes the decree against the Jews of Moravia, 5, 252.

banishes the Moravian and Bohemian Jews, 5, 252.

revokes the decree of banishment, 5, 253.

Mariamne, daughter of Agrippa I, immorality of, 2, 235.

Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyrcanus II, betrothed to Herod, 2, 81.

under the guardianship of Herod’s brother, 2, 83.

married to Herod at Samaria, 2, 87.

under the guardianship of Herod’s brother-in-law, 2, 93.

calumniated by Salome, 2, 93–4.

confined in Alexandrion, 2, 96.

murder of, 2, 104–5.

sons and daughters of, 2, 112–13.

Mariamne, Herod’s second wife of that name, 2, 107.

son of, disinherited, 2, 119.

Mariamne, tower of, retreat of the Roman garrison of Jerusalem, 2, 260.

left undemolished by Titus, 2, 309.

Mariba, trading station under the kings of Judah, 3, 54.

Marini, Israel, disciple of Moses Chayim Luzzatto, 5, 237.

Mar-Isaac, head of a college at Firuz-Shabur, does homage to Ali, 3, 90.

Gaon of Sora, 3, 90, 92.

Mar-Isaac, Jew of Cologne, martyr, 3, 304.

Mar-Isaac, principal of a Babylonian academy, the murder of, 3, 3.

Marissa. See Mareshah.

Mar-Kahana, Exilarch, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.

“Mar Mar Jesu,” anti-Christian work forbidden by Benedict XIII, 4, 215.

Mar-Raba (670–680), principal of the Pumbeditha academy, reforms the divorce laws, 3, 92.

Marranos, the, or new-Christians, origin of, 4, 179–80; 5, 729.

meaning of, 4, 180.

secretly Jews, 4, 180.

in Sicily, protected by the people, 4, 319–20.

protected in Tudela, 4, 357.

permitted to settle in Ancona, 4, 408.

flee from Spain and Portugal, 4, 529.

return of, to Judaism, reason for the revival of a Synhedrion, 4, 535.

of Naples threatened with the Inquisition, 4, 543.

of Marseilles aid the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.

of Ferrara consoled by Samuel Usque, 4, 558, 560.

of Ancona protected by the popes, 4, 568.

of Ancona, persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 568–9, 570–1.

at Pesaro and Ferrara, 4, 569, 578–81.

persecuted by Paul IV, 4, 581–2.

victims of the Italian Inquisition, 4, 654.

deprived of Ferrara as a refuge, 4, 661.

England designed as an asylum for, 5, 46.

condemned to the stake in the seventeenth century, 5, 91–2.

See also Spanish exiles; Inquisition, the.

Marranos, the Portuguese, buy the favor of Alexander VI, 4, 378–9.

milder measures towards, adopted by Manoel, 4, 379.

Samuel Usque on, 4, 380.

descendants of, in Africa, 4, 381.

the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, 4, 385.

manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, 4, 401.

suffering of, 4, 483.

follow Jewish observances openly, 4, 485.

instruct their children in Judaism, 4, 485.

emigration of, checked by Manoel, 4, 485–6.

hated by the Christians, 4, 486.

accused of causing scarcity of grain, 4, 486.

ruin of, determined by the Dominicans, 4, 486–7.

Manoel’s orders concerning, 4, 488.

protected by Manoel’s counselors, 4, 488.

usefulness of, 4, 488.

life of, inquired into by João III, 4, 489.

observe Jewish and Christian rites, 4, 489.

spied upon by Henrique Nunes, 4, 489.

treatment of, improves with Reubeni’s appearance, 4, 493–4.

consider Reubeni the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 494, 497–8.

not encouraged by Reubeni to acknowledge Judaism, 4, 495.

burnt by the Bishop of Ceuta, 4, 499.

defended by the Bishop of Algarve, 4, 500.

defended by Lorenzo Pucci, 4, 505.

suffering of, at the introduction of the Inquisition, 4, 508–9.

complain of the inhumanity of the Inquisition, 4, 509.

represented at Rome by Duarte de Paz, 4, 512.

absolved for defection from the Church, 4, 513–14.

protected by Clement VII, 4, 514.

absolution of, enforced by Paul III, 4, 516.

protected by a bull of Paul III, 4, 516, 517.

unable to pay the bribes promised by Duarte de Paz, 4, 518.

gentle measures towards, recommended by Paul III, 4, 518.

steadfastness of, 4, 519, 528.

try to have the Inquisition revoked, 4, 519.

complain to Paul III of the cruelty of the Inquisition, 4, 519–20.

protected by Paul III, 4, 520.

endangered by Emanuel da Costa, 4, 521.

granted the right of appeal to the pope, 4, 521.

suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 522–3.

delinquencies of, reported to the pope, 4, 523.

draw up a memorial to the pope, 4, 524.

forbidden to emigrate, 4, 524.

right of, to emigrate defended before the Council of Trent, 4, 526.

liberated from the Inquisition prisons, 4, 527.

forced to abjure their Judaizing tendencies, 4, 527.

mild treatment of, requested by Paul III, 4, 527.

a profitable population to Portugal, 4, 527–8.

absolution granted to, by popes, 4, 528.

look to the Netherlands as a refuge, 4, 662–3.

admission of, into Zealand opposed, 4, 663.

first to emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 664–5.

in Amsterdam, 4, 665.

taken to Holland by the Earl of Essex, 4, 665.

capital of, acceptable to the Netherlands, 4, 667–8.

revert to Judaism, 4, 669.

suffering of, from the Inquisition, 4, 670.

Philip III debtor of, 4, 670.

granted absolution by Clement VIII, 4, 671.

emigrate to the Netherlands, 4, 671.

invited by Christian princes to settle in their countries, 4, 675.

devotion of, to Judaism, 4, 678–9.

Catholic tendencies of, 4, 679–80.

in Hamburg as “traders,” 4, 686–7.

objected to by Lutherans, 4, 686, 687.

admitted into Hamburg as Jews, 4, 688.

importance of, for trade, 4, 689.

transported to Brazil, 4, 693.

refused permission to settle in Frankfort-on-the-Main, 4, 695.

culture of, 5, 109–18.

in Bordeaux, 5, 341–2.

See also under Amsterdam; Inquisition, the.

Marranos, the Spanish, hated by the populace, 4, 180.

endanger the existence of the Spanish Jews, 4, 180–1.

propagandists for Christianity, 4, 181–2.

take refuge in northern Africa, 4, 197.

protected by Saul Astruc Cohen and Isaac ben Sheshet, 4, 199.

the Christian confession extorted from, by Vincent Ferrer, 4, 202.

troublesome to the Church, 4, 255–6.

true to Judaism in secret, 4, 256.

inquisitors appointed for, 4, 256.

equal rights denied to, 4, 256–7.

plundered under Henry IV of Castile, 4, 274.

return to Judaism under Henry IV, 4, 276.

promoted to the highest offices in Castile, 4, 280.

attacked at Valladolid, 4, 280–1.

accused of Judaizing, 4, 281.

attacks upon, grow frequent, 4, 281–3.

high positions and character of, 4, 309.

Judaizing tendencies of, 4, 309.

the Inquisition for, proposed, 4, 310.

catechism for, 4, 311.

lose favor with Isabella, 4, 311–12.

the Inquisition for, established in Seville, 4, 312.

adopt measures of defense against the Inquisition, 4, 313.

fugitive, burnt by the Inquisition, 4, 314.

the Edict of Grace issued for, 4, 315.

asked to denounce Judaizing Marranos, 4, 315.

victims of the Inquisition, 4, 317–18.

flee from the Inquisition, 4, 318.

complain of the Inquisition to Sixtus IV, 4, 318.

a chief judge of appeals appointed for cases against, 4, 320.

excluded from the office of heresy judges, 4, 321.

appeal to Sixtus IV to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.

Torquemada’s code for, 4, 326–8.

try to suppress the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 329.

plot against Pedro Arbues, 4, 329–30.

slaughter of, in Saragossa, 4, 331–2.

origin of the persecution of, 4, 333.

intimate relations of, with the Jews, 4, 334–5.

helped by the Jews of Castile, 4, 344.

of Granada, protected by the secret treaty of Boabdil, 4, 345.

flee to Granada, 4, 351.

help the exiled Jews, 4, 354.

deliver up enemies of the Jews to the Inquisition, 4, 355.

care exercised by, after the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 355.

concerned in the murder of Arbues protected in Tudela, 4, 357.

delivered up to the Inquisition in Portugal, 4, 368, 379–80.

the Inquisition established for, at Benevento, 4, 385.

manufacture fire-arms and ammunition in Turkey, 4, 401.

suffering of, 4, 483.

oppressed by Ximenes de Cisneros, 4, 484.

try to escape to Portugal, 4, 486.

Messianic expectations of, 4, 494.

flee to Portugal, 4, 494.

take David Reubeni to be the forerunner of the Messiah, 4, 497–8.

attack Badajoz, 4, 498.

denounced by David Reubeni, 4, 511.

See also Spanish exiles, the; Inquisition, the.

Marriage, unlawful degrees of relationship for, established by Sopherim, 1, 397.

Marriage laws, the, revised by Abba-Areka, 2, 516.

among the Karaites, 3, 132, 158, 159.

regulated by the Mayence rabbinical synod, 4, 135.

changed by Menachem of Merseburg, 4, 228.

modified by the synod of Lublin, 5, 13.

abolition of, advocated by Holdheim, 5, 680.

Marriages, civil, discussed by the Assembly of Notables, 5, 491.

by the Synhedrion, 5, 496, 497.

Marriages, Jewish, in Austria, restricted, 5, 509.

Marriages, mixed. See Intermarriages.

Mar-Sacharya, of Haleb, attacks Maimonides, 3, 477.

Mar-Samuel. See Samuel, son of Abba.

Marseilles, Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 35.

the Jews of Clermont flee to, 3, 39.

Jewish physicians at, 3, 582.

Jews remain in, after the banishment by Charles VI, 4, 177.

Neapolitan Jews carried to, 4, 544.

Marseilles, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 400.

order a Hebrew translation of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 492.

show honor to the Jewish envoys to Egypt, 5, 658.

Marshall, Lord Mayor of London, calls a meeting of protest against the Damascus affair, 5, 655–6, 657.

Mar-Sheshet, a Babylonian Amora, 2, 545.

memory of, 2, 553.

and Chasda, 2, 553–4.

opposed to Judah ben Ezekiel’s dialectics, 2, 554.

rebukes the Exilarch, 2, 554.

founds a school at Silhi, 2, 554.

Marsus, Vibius, governor of Syria, prevents Agrippa I from fortifying Jerusalem, 2, 195.

disperses the conference of princes summoned by Agrippa I, 2, 196.

hostile to the Judæans, 2, 197.

soldiery of, banished to Pontus, 2, 197.

Marten, Harry, employed by Cromwell to dispose the English in favor of the Jews, 5, 43.

Martha. See Domna, Julia.

Martha, sister of Lazarus, follower of Jesus, 2, 160.

Martha, wife of Joshua ben Gamala, obtains the high priesthood for her husband, 2, 249.

suffering of, during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 306.

Martin V, pope, elected by the Council of Constance, 4, 219.

discourteous to the Jews of Constance, 4, 219.

confirms the privileges of the Jews of Germany and Savoy, 4, 219.

waited on by Jewish delegates from Italy and Spain, 4, 219.

issues a bull against forced conversions, 4, 219–20.

issues a bull protecting the Jews from Dominican denunciations, 4, 226–7.

privileges granted by, to Jews confirmed by Eugenius IV, 4, 249.

Martin, Fernan, chief of police, assists the Jews against Joseph Pichon, 4, 156.

punished by Juan I of Castile, 4, 157.

Martin, Raymund, Dominican, rescues the Talmud from the flames in Aragon, 3, 603.

anti-Jewish writings of, 3, 622.

influence of, 3, 622–3.

refuted by Solomon ben Adret, 3, 623.

Martinet, Adam, admiration of, for neo-Hebraic poetry, 5, 628, 629.

Martinez, Ferdinand (Ferran), agitates against the Jews in Seville, 4, 167.

stirs up Seville a second time, 4, 168–9.

punished by Henry III of Castile, 4, 193.

Martinez, Gonzalo, de Oviedo, favorite of Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 83–4.

causes the death of Joseph of Ecija and Samuel Ibn-Wakar, 4, 84.

proposes to deprive the Jews of their wealth, 4, 84–5.

wins a battle over the Moors, 4, 85.

accused of treason by Leonora de Guzman, 4, 85.

allies himself with the enemies of Alfonso XI, 4, 85–6.

deserted by his Order, 4, 86.

executed, 4, 86.

Martyrdom, when compulsory, 2, 423–4.

Martyrology, by Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn, 3, 419.

Mar-Ukba (918), Exilarch, forced to remove from Bagdad, 2, 184.

the Arabic poetry of, pleases the Caliph, 3, 184–5.

restored to his office, 3, 185.

banished to Kairuan, 3, 185, 210.

Mar-Ukba, judge in Cafri, 2, 512.

Mar-Ukban, grandson of Abba-Areka, Exilarch, 2, 544, 579–80.

Maruni, priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.

Mary, sister of Lazarus, follower of Jesus, 2, 160.

Mary Magdalene, follower of Jesus, 2, 154.

Mar-Yanka. See Natronaï ben Nehemiah.

Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi (872–890), Gaon of Pumbeditha, arranges the “Aruch,” 3, 178–9.

Mar-Zutra, Amora, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.

at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.

Mar-Zutra I, Exilarch, subordinates himself to Ashi, 2, 606.

Mar-Zutra II (496–520), Exilarch, leader of the Babylonian Jews against the Zendik, 3, 3–4.

kept out of his office by Pachda, 3, 3.

executed, 3, 4.

son of, 3, 4.

Mar-Zutra III, a distinguished scholar in Judæa, 3, 4.

president of the Tiberias academy, 3, 12.

Masada, fortress, refuge of Mariamne, wife of Herod, 2, 83.

besieged by Antigonus, 2, 87.

refuge of Herod from Cleopatra, 2, 94.

taken by the Sicarii, 2, 258.

refuge of the Sicarii, 2, 261.

a hot-bed of insurgents, 2, 292–3.

holds out against the Romans, 2, 315.

under Eleazar ben Jair, 2, 316.

garrison of, commits suicide, 2, 316.

Mascarenhas, John Rodrigo, Portuguese Marrano, brings hatred upon the Marranos, 4, 486.

Masechet-Gerim, tractate in the Law, on proselytes, 2, 384.

Masechta, one of the six divisions of the Mishnic code, 2, 354.

Mashal, an allegory, 1, 158.

Mashal ha-Kadmoni, by Ibn-Sahula, 3, 560.

Maskhir, recorder under David, 1, 122.

Masserano. See Bezalel Masserano.

Massora, the, and the vowel points, 3, 112.

studied by Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 244.

the division of the Scriptures into verses by, criticised, 3, 290.

importance of, according to Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

studied by Wolf Heidenheim, 5, 400.

as viewed by Samuel David Luzzatto, 5, 624.

Massorets, the, list of:

Aaron ben Asher,

Ben-Naphtali,

Moses ben Asher.

Masuel, Eugene, founder of the “Alliance Israélite Universelle,” 5, 701.

Mata-Mechasia. See Sora.

Matatoron, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Mathematical knowledge, the, of the teachers of the Law, 2, 357.

Mathematicians, Jewish. See Astronomers.

Mathematics, studied in Portugal, 4, 367.

Matiah ben Charash, teacher of the Law in Rome, 2, 443.

Matnita boraïta, supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Matri, a family of the tribe of Benjamin, 1, 83.

Matronita, Kabbalistic term in the Zohar, 4, 18.

Mattachery, Jews’ town, 2, 630.

Mattan, high priest of Baal, under Athaliah, 1, 214.

Mattara, court in the palace at Jerusalem, 1, 314.

Mattathiah ben Joseph Provenci, Talmudist, re-establishes a college at Paris, 4, 133.

exempt from wearing the Jew badge, 4, 133.

chief rabbi of France, 4, 133.

death of, 4, 152.

Mattathias, envoy of Nicanor to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 484.

Mattathias, the Hasmonæan, father of the Maccabees, resists Apelles, 1, 459.

leader of the Chassidim, 1, 459–60.

decides to fight on the Sabbath, 1, 460.

petty warfare of, against the Syrians, 1, 460–1.

chooses Simon as counselor and Judas as commander, 1, 461.

death of the sons of, 1, 531.

Mattathias ben Simon Psellus, father of Josephus, 1, 502.

Mattathias, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.

assassinated, 1, 530.

Mattathias Yizhari, at the disputation of Tortosa, 4, 208.

Matthai of Arbela, Pharisee leader, 2, 20.

Matthew (Levi), publican, follower of Jesus, 2, 153.

Matthew Paris, historian, charges the Franciscans with venality, 3, 591.

Matthias, emperor, unable to punish Fettmilch, 4, 698.

punishes Frankfort, 4, 700.

Matthias ben Margalot, Pharisee, instigates an uprising against Herod, 2, 115.

burnt alive, 2, 115.

death of, avenged, 2, 121.

Matthias ben Matthias, brother of Josephus, 2, 276.

Matthias ben Theophilus, high priest, last of those appointed under the Herodians, 2, 249.

summons all Judæans to Jerusalem for the Passover of 66, 2, 251.

persuades Jerusalem to receive Roman troops amicably, 2, 254–5.

deposed by the Zealots, 2, 294.

Matthias Boëthus, of priestly family, executed, 2, 304.

Maurice of Orange, well disposed towards the Jews, 4, 674, 678.

Mauritania, rebels against Hadrian, 2, 399.

Mauritius, emperor of the East, protects Chosru II, 3, 9.

the Jews under, 3, 18.

supplanted by Phocas, 3, 18–19.

Maury, Abbé, opposed to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 441–2, 446, 462.

Maxarquivir, the Jews of, banished by order of Maria Anna, 5, 169.

Maximilian I, emperor, the Jews recommended to the protection of, 4, 413.

favors Jacob Loans, 4, 414.

appoints Joseph Loans representative of the German Jews, 4, 414.

indecision of, 4, 414–15.

permits Nuremberg to expel the Jews, 4, 415–16.

expels the Jews from Austria, Styria and Carinthia, 4, 427.

urged to deliver the Jews to the Dominicans of Cologne, 4, 428.

issues his first mandate giving Pfefferkorn power over the Jews, 4, 429.

letter to, from Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 431.

appoints Reuchlin counselor of the Suabian League, 4, 435.

applied to, for a second mandate, 4, 436.

the Jewish cause pleaded before, 4, 436–7.

appears to favor the Jewish side, 4, 437.

issues a second mandate, 4, 437.

homage paid to, by Pfefferkorn, 4, 439.

directs the Frankfort Senate to restore the Hebrew books, 4, 439.

promises to investigate Pfefferkorn’s attack on Reuchlin, 4, 446.

espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 459, 464.

abused by the Dominicans, 4, 459.

protects the Jews of Frankfort, Worms, and Ratisbon, 4, 463–4.

death of, 4, 467.

Maximilian II, emperor, protects the Jews of Prague, 4, 587.

urges his son for the Polish crown, 4, 603.

Maximus, emperor, orders the Senate to rebuild a synagogue, 2, 614.

Maximus, teacher of Julian the Apostate, 2, 595.

Maximus, Trajan’s general in the Euphrates district, 2, 397.

Mayence, founders of the Jewish community of, 3, 41.

Charlemagne brings the Kalonymos family to, 3, 143.

a Talmud school founded at, 3, 243, 247.

Rashi studies Talmud at, 3, 286.

represented at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

a rabbinical synod meets at, 3, 517–18.

the congregation of, one of the three oldest of Germany, 3, 518.

rabbinical synod at, to regulate marriage laws, 4, 135.

exiles from, in Poland and Italy, 4, 294.

Reuchlin tried for heresy at, 4, 450–2.

the rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

honor paid to Crémieux at, 5, 668.

Mayence, the Jews of, banished by Henry II, 3, 245–6.

perpetuate the memory of Simon ben Isaac and Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 247.

massacred in the first crusade, 3, 303.

accuse their persecutors before Henry IV, 3, 307.

charged with the blood accusation, 3, 636.

possessions of, confiscated, 3, 636.

emigrate to Syria, 3, 637.

burn themselves to escape persecution, 4, 109.

banished, 4, 413.

well treated during the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 707.

Mayence, the university of, to counsel regarding the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

attacks the Hebrew Bible, 4, 444–5.

students of, object to Reuchlin’s heresy trial, 4, 451.

Mayo, Moses, excommunicated by Chayim of Lublin, 5, 261.

Mazaca-Cæsarea (Cappadocia), study of the Law in, 2, 358.

the Jews of, lose life in the assault of Shabur I, 2, 520, 526.

Mazdak, reformer of Magianism, 3, 1.

communistic principles of, 3, 1–2.

Mazikim, evil spirits, introduced into Judaism from Magianism, 1, 403.

Measfim, the, contributors to “The Gatherer,” in Germany, 5, 399–400.

in Holland, 5, 400–1.

in France, 5, 401.

in Italy, 5, 402.

influence of, 5, 402–3, 403–5.

consider themselves the disciples of Mendelssohn, 5, 403.

the best production by, 5, 404.

mediocrity of, 5, 417.

effect of the revival of Hebrew by, 5, 420–1.

consulted by Jacobson, 5, 502.

Measfim, the, list of:

Ben-Zeeb,

Bresselau, Mendel J.

Ensheim, Moses

Euchel, Isaac Abraham

Friedrichsfeld, David

Heidenheim, Wolf

Homberg, Herz

Löwe, Joel

Morpurgo, Elijah

Satanow, Isaac

Wessely, Naphtali Hartwig

Wolfssohn, Aaron.

Meaux, the council of, re-enacts anti-Jewish restrictions, 3, 171–2.

Mebarsapes, king of Adiabene, conquered by Trajan, 2, 393–4.

Mebodes, Persian general, puts to death the Jews of Machuza, 3, 9.

Mebo-ha-Talmud, methodology of the Talmud, by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 259.

Mecca (Alcharam), Jews in, in the sixth century, 3, 56.

holy city of the Arabs, 3, 60.

a proselyte to Judaism governor of, 3, 63.

Mahomet’s flight from, 3, 72–3.

the praying Moslem turns to, 3, 75.

Jews not allowed to live in, 3, 436.

Mecklenburg, the Jews of, emancipated, 5, 507.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the Jews of, forbidden the early interment of the dead, 5, 318.

apply to Mendelssohn, 5, 318.

interfered with by the government, 5, 679.

Medaba, center of the Bene-Amri, 1, 491.

taken by John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.

Medeïros, Francisco (Isaac), Mendes, Portuguese Marrano in Holland, 4, 667.

builds the second synagogue at Amsterdam, 4, 671.

Medelsheim. See Berr, Cerf.

Medes, the, defeated by the Assyrians, 1, 287.

Media, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.

invaded by the Scythians, 1, 287.

half-Shekel contribution to the Temple from, 2, 52.

visited by Petachya, 3, 421.

Medici, the, the renascence under, participated in by Jews, 4, 289, 290.

Medicine, prepared by Jews prohibited, in the code of Alfonso X, 3, 596.

by Eugenius IV, 4, 250, 252.

by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

Medicine, the study of, permitted by the opponents of science, 4, 40.

among Polish Jews, 4, 633.

See Physicians, Jewish.

Medina, Jewish capitalist, involves Voltaire in financial losses, 5, 339.

Medina (Yathrib), Israelites under Joshua settle in, 3, 54.

center of the Jewish Arabic tribes, 3, 55.

besieged, 3, 62.

a proselyte the governor of, 3, 63.

Mahomet in, 3, 72–3.

the center of Islam, 3, 86.

Jews not allowed to live in, 3, 436.

Medina, the Jews of, defend the city, 3, 62.

hated by the Kailan race, 3, 67.

conquered by the Arabs, 3, 67–8.

regain importance, 3, 70–1.

and Mahomet, 3, 73.

repelled by Mahomet, 3, 74.

intrigue against Mahomet, 3, 84.

Medina del Campo, the Jews of, burnt and plundered, 4, 278.

the cortes of, propose an Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310, 313.

Medina-Celi, Kabbalistic center, 4, 6.

the duke of, employs a Jewish physician, 5, 116.

Medina-Sidonia, Marranos flee to, 4, 313.

Megabyzus, satrap of Syria, revolts from Persia, 1, 371.

Megadef, sobriquet of Joshua Lorqui, 4, 217.

Megerlin, David Frederick, explains Eibeschütz’s amulets in a Christian way, 5, 270.

calls on the Danish king to protect Eibeschütz, 5, 271.

Megiddo, the battle of, Josiah defeated at, 1, 297.

Megilloth, the Five, commentary on, by Samuel ben Meïr, 3, 346.

by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 370.

“Mehemenuta de Cola,” by Chayon, 5, 219–20.

Mehmed Effendi, Sabbataï Zevi’s Mahometan name, 5, 154.

Mehmet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, conquers Syria, 5, 633.

supported by Louis Philippe, 5, 633, 634.

assents to the execution of the Damascus Jews, 5, 640.

influenced by the French consul-general, 5, 647.

appealed to by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 647.

letter to, from Metternich, 5, 647.

forms a court of justice for the Damascus affair, 5, 648.

breaks up the consular court, 5, 649.

grants Montefiore audience, 5, 659.

in awe of the European powers, 5, 659.

orders the release of the Damascus prisoners, 5, 660.

thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.

subterfuge of, discovered by Munk, 5, 660.

changes his firman, 5, 660.

officially states the groundlessness of the blood accusation, 5, 661.

surrenders territory to Turkey, 5, 661.

Meïl Zedek. See Menachem of Merseburg.

Meinhard of Görz, captor of Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639.

Meiningen, the “hep, hep!” persecutions in, 5, 530.

Meïr, disciple of Akiba, returns to Judæa, 2, 433.

originality of, 2, 435.

said to be a convert, 2, 435.

copyist of Holy Writ, 2, 435–6.

wife of, 2, 436.

disciple of Ishmael ben Elisha, 2, 436.

writer of fables, 2, 436.

death of the sons of, 2, 436.

modesty and wisdom of, 2, 437.

and Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 437.

and Euonymus of Gadara, 2, 437–8.

and the Stoic philosophy, 2, 438.

dialectics of, 2, 438–40.

completes the collection of the Mishnas, 2, 439–40, 460.

an Agadist, 2, 440.

and Simon II, 2, 440.

Chacham of the Usha Synhedrion, 2, 434, 445.

conspires to deprive Simon II of the Patriarchate, 2, 445.

proposed for the vice-presidency of the Synhedrion, 2, 445.

expelled from the Synhedrion, 2, 445.

excommunicated, 2, 446.

death of, 2, 446.

a casuist, 2, 476.

decision of, concerning the Samaritans, 2, 534.

Meïr, son-in-law of Abraham Senior, accepts baptism, 4, 351.

Meïr, teacher of the Mishna, quoted by Maimonides, 3, 454.

Meïr de Malea, Almoxarif under Alfonso X, 3, 593.

Meïr ben Baruch of Rothenburg (1220–1293), Talmudist, elegy of, on the burning of the Talmud, 3, 579.

piety of, 3, 625.

heads the emigration of German Jews to Syria, 3, 637.

taken prisoner, 3, 638–9.

refuses to be ransomed, 3, 639–40.

death of, 3, 640.

body of, ransomed, 3, 640.

disciple of, 4, 34, 74.

ransom of, demanded from Asheri, 4, 37.

Meïr ben Baruch Halevi (Segal, 1370–1390), rabbi of Vienna, enforces the Morenu, 4, 134.

compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

assumes authority over the French communities, 4, 152–3.

Meïr ben Gabbai, Spanish exile, Kabbalist, 4, 481.

Meïr ben Joseph Ibn-Migash, Talmudist, 3, 317.

emigrates to Toledo, 3, 361.

opens a Talmud academy in Toledo, 3, 362.

Meïr ben Samuel of Rameru, son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 289, 345.

sons of, 3, 345.

Meïr ben Simon, denounces the Bahir as a forgery, 3, 556.

Meïr ben Todros Halevi Abulafia (1180–1244), attacks Maimonides’ doctrine of immortality, 3, 524.

friends and opponents of, 3, 524–5.

and Nachmani, 3, 535.

assures Nachmani of his opposition to the Maimunists, 3, 537–8.

deplores Dominican interference in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 544.

nephew of, 4, 2.

Meïr Alguades, physician, chief rabbi of Castile, and Solomon Levi, 4, 185.

and Profiat Duran, 4, 190.

influences the king favorably towards the Jews, 4, 190.

as philosopher, 4, 193.

tortured on the accusation of host desecration, 4, 195.

forced confessions by, 4, 196.

death of, 4, 196.

Meïr Eisenstadt, teacher and confidant of Eibeschütz, 5, 250.

Meïri. See Vidal Menachem ben Solomon.

Meïron, grave of Simon ben Yochaï at, 4, 623.

Meisels, rabbi, helps to reorganize Austria, 5, 697.

Meissen, adopts the Jewish statute of Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

Mekor Chayim, philosophical work by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270–1.

Meldola, David, rabbi of London, repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath denying the blood accusation, 5, 654–5.

Melo, Francisco, millionaire in Amsterdam, 5, 205.

Memnon, governor of Cœlesyria, 1, 414.

Memra, the, decisions of the Amoraim, 2, 515.

expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

“Men of Faith,” a sect of Jewish mystics, 3, 153–4.

Menachem of Merseburg (Meïl Zedek), Talmudist, changes the Talmudic marriage law, 4, 227–8.

Menachem ben Aaron ben Zerach (1310–1385), rabbi of Toledo, early trials of, 4, 78, 144.

studies of, 4, 144–5.

mediocrity of, 4, 145.

work by, 4, 145.

Menachem ben Perez, of Joigny, at the first rabbinical synod, 3, 377.

Menachem ben Saruk (910–970), grammarian, founder of Judæo-Spanish culture, 3, 215.

writes the introductory verses of a letter to the king of the Chazars, 3, 220.

makes Hebrew the object of research, 3, 223.

patrons of, 3, 224.

lexicographical work by, 3, 224–5.

verse of, awkward, 3, 225.

traduced to Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.

defended by his disciples, 3, 227.

disciples of, 3, 237.

grammar of, known to Rashi, 3, 289.

unhappiness of, 3, 313.

Menachem Bashyasi, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Menachem Maroli, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Menachemists, followers of David Alrui, 3, 433.

Menahem (768–758), king of Israel, murders Shallum, 1, 244.

abolishes Baal worship, 1, 244.

submits to Pul, 1, 246–7.

power of the kingdom under, 1, 247.

introduces the worship of Mylitta, 1, 247.

death of, 1, 248.

Menahem, an Essene, Hillel’s deputy in the Synhedrion, 2, 100.

Menahem ben Jair, grandson of Judas of Galilee, leader of the Sicarii, 2, 239.

takes Masada, 2, 258.

kills the Roman garrison at Jerusalem, 2, 260.

cruelty of, 2, 260–1.

disagrees with the Zealot leader, 2, 261.

executed, 2, 261.

Menahem ben Solomon. See David Alrui.

Mendelssohn, Dorothea, culture of, 5, 413.

marriage of, to Simon Veit, 5, 424.

and Frederick Schlegel, 5, 424.

apostasy of, 5, 424.

Mendelssohn, Henrietta, accepts Catholicism, 5, 424.

Mendelssohn, Joseph, approves of the “Society of Friends,” 5, 418.

Mendelssohn, Moses (1728–1786), causes the renaissance of the Jewish race, 5, 292–3.

youth of, 5, 293.

arrival of, in Berlin, 5, 293.

under the influence of David Fränkel, 5, 293–4.

poverty of, 5, 294.

under the influence of Maimonides, 5, 295.

secular studies of, 5, 295.

self-mastery of, 5, 295.

Hebrew style of, 5, 295–6.

as tutor, 5, 296.

becomes acquainted with Lessing, 5, 297.

admiration of, for Lessing, 5, 297–8.

acquires a German style, 5, 298.

writes the “Philosophical Conversations,” 5, 298–9.

introduced to the learned circles of Berlin, 5, 299.

contributes to the “Library of the Fine Arts,” 5, 300.

appreciation of the Bible by, 5, 301.

delicacy and modesty of, 5, 301.

lacks appreciation of history, 5, 301.

criticises Frederick the Great’s poetry, 5, 302.

justifies himself before the king, 5, 302–3.

as bookkeeper, 5, 303.

wins the prize of the Berlin Academy, 5, 303–4.

made a “Schutzjude,” 5, 304.

writes the “Phædon,” 5, 304–8.

honors paid to, 5, 308.

physiognomy of, analyzed by Lavater, 5, 308–9.

letter from, to Lavater, 5, 311–13.

reconciled with Lavater, 5, 314.

criticises Bonnet’s “Palingénésie,” 5, 314–15.

pamphlets on, and Lavater, 5, 315–16.

attacked by Kölbele, 5, 316–17.

offends pious Jews, 5, 317.

intercourse of, with Polish Jews, 5, 317–18.

opposed to hasty burial, 5, 318.

opinion of, on the “Fragments of an Unknown,” 5, 320.

the “Fragments of an Unknown” attributed to, 5, 322.

the hero of “Nathan the Wise,” 5, 323.

mourning of, for Lessing, 5, 327.

translates the Pentateuch for his children, 5, 328.

publishes his Pentateuch translation, 5, 328–9.

mildness of, in the face of opposition, 5, 332.

appeals to the Danish royal house, 5, 333–4.

assistants of, 5, 334.

inspires the young, 5, 334–5.

helps the Jews of Switzerland and Dresden, 5, 344.

requested by the Alsatian Jews to draw up a memorial, 5, 351.

and Dohm, 5, 351–2.

attractive to Christians, 5, 352.

inspires Dohm, 5, 356, 361, 366.

on Dohm’s “Apology,” 5, 361–2.

objects to excommunication, 5, 362–3.

writes “The Salvation of the Jews,” 5, 362–3.

charged with apostasy, 5, 363.

publishes “Jerusalem,” 5, 364–6.

adherence of, to Judaism, 5, 364.

on the ceremonial law, 5, 365.

inspires Wessely, 5, 366.

compared with Wessely, 5, 367.

addressed by the Jews of Trieste, 5, 369.

death of, 5, 371–2.

objections of, to Spinozism, 5, 372.

defends Lessing, 5, 372.

mourning for, 5, 372.

statue of, 5, 372–3.

reception of, at Königsberg, 5, 398.

contributes to Ha-Meassef, 5, 399.

and Herz Homberg, 5, 401–2.

recommends the study of the sciences, 5, 402.

glorified by the Measfim, 5, 403.

daughters of, cultured, 5, 412, 413.

house of, the center of culture, 5, 412.

misunderstood by his family and his disciples, 5, 417.

daughters of, 5, 423, 424, 425.

influences Mirabeau, 5, 432.

resemblance between and Börne, 5, 538.

criticised by Bernays, 5, 575.

the ideal of Krochmal, 5, 608.

influence of, on Erter, 5, 613.

repeats Manasseh ben Israel’s oath denying the blood accusation, 5, 655.

Mendelssohnians, the, in opposition to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 375.

oppose Chassidism, 5, 394.

Mendes, David Franco (1713–1792), dramatic poet, influenced by Luzzatto, 5, 244.

devoted to Hebrew, 5, 401.

Mendes, Franco, Portuguese Marrano, family of, in Holland, 4, 667.

Mendes, Manuel, Portuguese Marrano leader, 4, 516.

Mendes-Nassi, Diogo, Marrano banker at Antwerp, 4, 572.

death of, 4, 572.

accused of Judaizing, 4, 573.

Mendes-Nassi, Francisco, husband of Gracia Mendesia, banker at Antwerp, 4, 571–2.

Mendes-Nassi, Gracia, the younger, daughter of Diogo, 4, 572.

married to Samuel Nassi, 4, 577.

Mendes-Nassi family, the, debt owing to, repudiated by Henry II of France, 4, 596, 597.

Mendesia (Nassi) Gracia (Beatrice, 1510–1568), Marrano philanthropist, marriage of, 4, 571.

at Antwerp, 4, 572.

head of a banking house, 4, 572–3.

property of, confiscated by Charles V, 4, 573.

at Venice, 4, 574.

informed against by her sister, 4, 574.

property of, in France confiscated, 4, 574.

cause of, espoused by the sultan, 4, 574–5.

protected by Hercules d’Este II, 4, 575.

described by Samuel Usque, 4, 575–6.

the Ferrara Spanish Bible dedicated to, 4, 577.

reconciled with her sister, 4, 577.

goes to Constantinople, 4, 577.

beneficence of, 4, 577.

enlists the sultan’s aid in behalf of Turkish Jews at Ancona, 4, 579–80.

influences rabbis against trade with Ancona, 4, 580.

Mendoza, cardinal, archbishop of Seville, prepares a catechism for Marranos, 4, 311.

Menelaus (Onias), the Benjamite, Hellenist, opposed to Onias III, 1, 437.

made high priest by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 447.

despoils the Temple, 1, 448.

instigates the murder of Onias III, 1, 448.

exonerated from the charge of Temple desecration, 1, 449.

maligns the Law, 1, 449–50.

takes refuge in the Acra, 1, 451.

desecrates the Temple, 1, 451.

tries to abolish Judaism, 1, 454–5.

executed, 1, 480.

Meni, Chaldæan goddess, worshiped by Judæans in Babylon, 1, 340.

Menz. See Abraham; Judah; Moses.

Meonenim, Philistine soothsayers, 1, 55.

Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan, lamed, 1, 104.

protected by David, 1, 123.

at Jerusalem with David, 1, 124.

Merab, daughter of Saul, offered to David as wife, 1, 99.

son of, killed by the Gibeonites, 1, 123.

Merari, Moses Menachem, rabbi of Venice, exacts a promise from Luzzatto not to teach the Kabbala, 5, 239.

Merbal, a Phœnician, rules his own country, 1, 342.

Merida, early settlement of Jews in, 3, 43.

home of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela’s father, 3, 255.

Mérilhou, French minister of education, proposes the complete emancipation of the Jews, 5, 597.

Merinos, the, a powerful family of Fez, 4, 390.

Merkel, Christian, member of the Westphalian Jewish consistory, 5, 502.

Merlato, Austrian consul at Damascus, protects Picciotto, 5, 639.

abused, 5, 639, 646.

issues a report on the Damascus affair, 5, 646.

thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.

thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.

Merlo, Diego de, commissioner to frame the statute of the Inquisition, 4, 312.

Merodach-baladan, king of Babylon, embassy of, to Hezekiah, 1, 278–9.

Merom, lake, battle of, 1, 57.

Merovingians, the, the Jews under, 3, 36–40, 143.

Merseburg, Jews in, in the ninth century, 3, 144.

the Jews of, presented to the bishop, 3, 243.

Merv, a scientific center in the ninth century, 3, 146.

Mervan II, last of the Ommiyyade caliphs, rebellion against, 3, 125.

Merwan, father of the poetess Asma, 3, 76.

Mesa (Mesha), king of Moab, defeated, 1, 208–9.

Meshershaya bar Pacod, Amora, executed by Firuz, 2, 629.

Meshullam of Béziers, denounces the Bahir as a forgery, 3, 556.

Meshullam of Rome, announces Innocent VII’s opposition to the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346–7.

Meshullam ben Jacob (1170), patron of Jewish learning in Lünel, 3, 396.

sons of, 3, 396–7.

encourages Judah Ibn-Tibbon to make translations into Hebrew, 3, 397.

encourages Abraham ben David to write a Mishna commentary, 3, 399.

descendant of, 4, 30.

Meshullam, son of Berechiah, marries his daughter to an Ammonite, 1, 362.

Meshullam En-Vidas Dafiera, poet, on Nachmani, 3, 557.

Mesopotamia, Judæans own large tracts in, 2, 202.

laid waste by Severus, 2, 464.

Mesopotamia, northern, a synagogue in, burnt by monks, 2, 614.

Mesopotamia, southern, Jewish Babylonia, 2, 504.

Mesquito, David Bueno de, millionaire in Amsterdam, 5, 205.

Messer-Jawaih, of Bassora, physician, translates a medical work into Arabic, 3, 111.

Messer Leon. See Judah ben Yechiel.

Messiah, the, a descendant of David, 1, 528.

the coming of, foretold by a Judæo-Greek writer, 2, 95, 143.

longing for, in the post-exilic period, 2, 142–3.

as conceived by various parties in Judæa, 2, 144–5.

Jesus declares himself, 2, 158.

necessity of a precursor to, 2, 158.

expected to come from Bethlehem, 2, 161.

suffering, objections to, 2, 166.

warrants in Holy Writ for Jesus as, 2, 166–7.

expectation of, after the death of Jesus, 2, 167–8.

Jesus believed by the apostle Paul to be, 2, 225–6.

expectation of, in the Roman period, 2, 240–1.

belief in Bar-Cochba as, 2, 409, 412.

the advent of, dependent on the extinction of the Patriarchate and the Exilarchate, 2, 457.

to appear in Rome, 2, 498.

Mar-Samuel’s view on, 2, 519.

appearance of, a condition of the restoration of the Jewish state, 2, 600.

hope of, suppressed by Ashi, 2, 610.

expectation of, among the Arabian Jews, 3, 58.

expected by the Jews of the Caliphate of the East, 3, 145.

expected by the Chazars, 3, 222.

expected by the Karaites, 3, 247.

expectation of, in Germany and France in the eleventh century, 3, 298.

the appearance of, calculated by Abraham Albargeloni, 3, 313.

hoped for by the Jews of northern Africa under Abdulmumen, 3, 360.

forerunner of, among the Yemen Jews, 3, 462, 464.

doctrine of the soul of, in the Kabbala, 3, 555.

David Alrui poses as, 3, 431, 432.

characterized by Nachmani, 3, 600.

the coming of, supposed to be heralded by Hulagu’s devastation of Jerusalem, 3, 606.

abrogates the Law according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

the appearance of, rumored in Syria, 3, 637.

speculations on, in the Zohar, 4, 18.

belief in, set aside by Chayim ben Gallipapa, 4, 149.

the expectation of, the center of the Kabbala, 4, 482.

the advent of, predicted by Isaac Abrabanel and Asher Lämmlein, 4, 482–3.

hope in, aroused by the Kabbalists, 4, 483.

expectation of, aroused by David Reubeni, 4, 494, 497–8.

expectation of, nursed by Solomon Molcho, 4, 495–7, 529–30.

hope of, cherished by Joseph Karo, 4, 538–9.

hope of, aroused by Isaac Lurya, 4, 622.

references to, expunged from the Talmud by the censors, 4, 660.

hope of, awakened by the Thirty Years’ War, 5, 23.

of the Jews, as defined by the Fifth Monarchy believers, 5, 23.

hopes of, entertained by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 24, 28, 31, 33.

the advent of, connected with the re-settlement of the Jews in England, 5, 28, 40.

hoped for, by Felgenhauer, 5, 35–6.

hopes of, entertained by Christians, 5, 37.

the hopes of, entertained by Jews, expounded by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 37–8.

Cromwell said to be, 5, 45.

speculations on, in the Kabbala, 5, 120–1.

Sabbataï Zevi reveals himself as, 5, 122.

connected with the idea of suffering, 5, 122–3.

Nathan Ghazati on, 5, 131–2.

according to Sabbatian conceptions, 5, 142–3.

announced by Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 152.

Mordecai of Eisenstadt proclaims himself, 5, 209.

Jacob Querido reverenced as, 5, 210.

Berachya regarded as, 5, 211.

doctrine of, by Chayon, 5, 219–20.

Moses Meïr Kamenker regarded as, 5, 230.

Luzzatto proclaimed as, 5, 245.

Jacob Frank the incarnation of, 5, 273, 274.

expectation of, in Poland, 5, 377.

belief in, abandoned by the Hamburg Reform Temple Union, 5, 565.

doctrine of, given up by the “Friends of Reform,” 5, 675, 676.

Holdheim on, 5, 680.

attitude of the Berlin Reform Association towards, 5, 683.

Messiah, the, of the branch of Joseph, Isaac Lurya considers himself, 4, 622, 624.

Chayim Vital considers himself, 4, 625; 5, 52.

discussed by Sabbataï Zevi and Nehemiah Cohen, 5, 153.

Cardoso declares himself, 5, 207.

Messiahs, numbers of, appear during Roman sovereignty in Judæa, 2, 144.

Messiahs, the, list of:

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia,

Avila, the Messiah of

Ayllon, the Messiah of

Bar-Cochba,

Berachya,

Frank, Jacob

Jacob Querido,

Jesus,

Luzzatto, Moses Chayim

Mordecai of Eisenstadt,

Moses of Crete,

Moses Botarel,

Moses Meïr Kamenker,

Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak,

Sabbataï Zevi,

Serene,

Theudas.

Messianic age, the, as conceived by the educated classes, 2, 144–5.

believed to be dawning under Vespasian, 2, 291–2.

tokens of, according to Abraham of Granada, 4, 197.

preparation for, according to Maimonides, 4, 530.

as described by Isaac Lurya, 4, 620.

Messianic year, the, set for 1358, 4, 120.

fixed at 1648 by the Zohar, 5, 6, 121–2.

fixed by the Fifth Monarchy believers at 1666, 5, 120.

Messina, the Jewish community in, in the sixth century, 3, 28.

the clerk at the mint of, a Jew, 3, 567.

Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

Messina, the Jews of, enjoy equal rights with the Christians, 3, 423.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Mesvi. See Moses of Baalbek; Musa of Akbar.

Metempsychosis. See Transmigration of souls, the.

Meter, introduced into Hebrew by Dunash ben Labrat, 3, 223, 226.

Metibta, a session of the schools in Babylonia, 2, 547.

Metilius, commander of the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 255.

spared by the Zealots, 2, 261.

Metternich, reactionary leader, 5, 512.

disapproves of the oppression of the Jews in the Hanse Towns, 5, 514.

accepts Humboldt’s constitution as a basis for discussion, 5, 514.

carelessness of, 5, 519–20.

the Jews of Austria under, 5, 523.

on the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 527.

intolerant of Jews, 5, 579.

intervention of, in the Damascus affair, 5, 646, 647.

writes to Mehmet Ali, 5, 647.

thanked by the London meeting, 5, 653.

thanked by the Jews of Alexandria, 5, 660.

Meturgeman, the, duty of, in the Synhedrion, 2, 361.

office of, in the time of the Amoraim, 2, 541.

employed by Samuel ben Ali, 3, 438.

Metz, rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.

the Royal Society of, offers a prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434–5.

the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

a rabbinical college at, 5, 700.

Metz, the Jews of, privileges of, renewed by Louis XIV, 5, 174.

the blood accusation against, 5, 174–5.

elect Eibeschütz rabbi, 5, 251.

limited in number, 5, 347–8.

income from, given away by Louis XIV, 5, 348, 446.

restrictions against, 5, 348–9.

number of, 5, 435.

petition for the removal of oppressive taxes, 5, 438.

relieved of taxes, 5, 446.

hindered in the celebration of the Passover, 5, 452.

suffering of, 5, 452.

Metz, Moses. See Ensheim, Moses.

Metz, Moses, follower of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 77.

Meyer, a Jew of Breslau, charged with host desecration, 4, 261.

Meyer, Edward, opponent of the Jews, 5, 602.

Meyer, Peter, pastor in Frankfort, permits Pfefferkorn to preach, 4, 449.

Meyerbeer, father of, 5, 563.

composes songs for the Leipsic Reform service, 5, 573.

Meyuchas, Mordecai Joseph, rabbi of Jerusalem, encourages opposition to Napoleon, 5, 459.

Mezuzzoth, the use of, prohibited under Hadrian, 2, 424.

Miasa. See Meïr.

Micah (I), prophet. See Michaiah.

Micah (II), prophet, prophecies of, 1, 261–2.

encourages the people of Judah under Hezekiah, 1, 273.

Michael, name of an angel, 1, 403.

Michael of Frankfort, merchant, the ruin of, urged by Luther, 4, 551.

Michael the Old, Karaite, permits lights on the Sabbath, 4, 269.

Michael ben Kaleb, Jewish poet in Thebes, 3, 426.

Michael Scotus, friend of Jacob Anatoli, 3, 566.

translator of philosophical works, 3, 567.

Michaelis, John David, professor at Göttingen, hostility of, to the Jews, 5, 359–60.

criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 361.

on “Jerusalem,” 5, 365–6.

on “The Gatherer,” 5, 404.

on the Jews, 5, 414.

refuted by Mirabeau, 5, 433.

Michaelis, John Henry, exonerates the Alenu prayer, 5, 191.

Michaiah, son of Gemariah, reports Baruch’s reading of Jeremiah’s scroll, 1, 305.

Michaiah (Micah I), son of Imlah, prophet, hostile to Ahab, 1, 205.

Michal, daughter of Saul, devoted to David, 1, 98.

marries David, 1, 100.

returns to David, 1, 110.

rebukes David, 1, 120.

Michlol, grammatical work by David Kimchi, 3, 394.

Michmash, Philistine camp at, 1, 86–8.

Jonathan Haphus invests the fortress of, 1, 494.

Microcosmos, religio-philosophical work by Abu-Amr Joseph Ibn-Zadik, 3, 314–15.

Middelburg, admission of Jews into, proposed, 4, 663.

Middlesex, Lord, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 33.

Middoth, the seven, of Hillel, for testing the oral Law, 2, 98.

Midian, Moses in, 1, 14.

Midianites, the, seduce the Israelites to idolatry, 1, 28.

routed by Gideon, 1, 61–3.

Midoth, Mishna of Rabbi Akiba, 2, 354.

Midras, academy among the Arabian Jews, 3, 59.

Midrash, method of deducing the oral Law from Scripture, 2, 328, 329.

Midrash of Simon bar Yochaï. See Zohar, the.

Midrash Rabba, the, laid under the ban, 5, 195.

“Migdal Oz,” Sabbataï Zevi’s prison at Abydos, 5, 148.

Migration, the, of the nations, 2, 604–5.

Mikulski, de, Canon, favors the conversion of Frankists, 5, 285.

arranges for a disputation between Frankists and Talmudists, 5, 285.

Milan, the Jewish community in, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

refuge of the exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.

Milan, the Jews of, letter to, from Theodoric, 3, 30.

appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.

Milan district, the, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 660.

Milchamoth, work by Abraham Maimuni, 3, 545.

Milchamoth Adonaï, work by Levi ben Gerson, 4, 92.

Milcom, Baal of the Ammonites, 1, 55.

worshiped on the Mount of Olives, 1, 175.

Military service, Jews admitted to, 3, 36, 293, 384, 592.

Military service, Jews excluded from, by Honorius, 2, 617.

by Theodosius, 3, 28.

under Clotaire II, 3, 40.

in the Byzantine empire, 3, 425.

Miller, John, describes the Hamburg Jews, 4, 690.

objections of, to the Jews, 4, 691.

attacks Judaism, 4, 692.

Millionaires, Jewish, at Amsterdam, 5, 205.

in Berlin, 5, 397, 414.

Millo, the, northern elevation of Jerusalem, 1, 118.

Solomon’s palace in, 1, 168.

Milo, papal legate, humbles Raymund VI of Toulouse, 3, 501–2.

presides over the Council of Avignon, 3, 503.

Milo, Joseph Nassi made duke of, 4, 596.

Minæans (Minim), the, sectaries, 2, 369.

the writings of, influence Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 377.

influence of, on Judaism deprecated by Tarphon, 2, 378.

term for informers, 2, 379.

curse of, attributed to Gamaliel II, 2, 379–80.

curse of, subject of a charge before Alfonso XI of Castile, 4, 83.

Minden, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Minhagim, compiled by the Austrian school of rabbis, 4, 134–5.

Minim. See Minæans, the.

Minna of Speyer, tortured during the second crusade, 3, 352.

Minorca. See Magona.

Minorites, the. See Franciscans, the.

Minui. See Ordination.

Minyan Yavanim (Shetaroth), the Seleucidæan era, abolished, 4, 394–5.

Miques, João. See Nassi, Joseph.

Mirabeau, count (1749–1791), sympathy of, enlisted for the Jews by Dohm, 5, 366.

in intercourse with Henrietta Herz, 5, 413.

on Prussia under Frederick William II, 5, 419.

influenced by Mendelssohn, 5, 432.

on the Jews, 5, 432–3.

favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 433–4, 441.

protests against a dominant religion, 5, 439.

Miracles, the nature of, as explained in “The Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 483, 523.

theory of, by Nachmani, 3, 533.

Mirandola. See Pico di Mirandola.

Miriam, mother of Jesus, 2, 148.

Miriam, prophetess, member of the tribe of Levi, 1, 12.

Miriam of Peræa, suffering of, during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 306.

“Mirror for Admonition, A,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Ortuin de Graes, 4, 425.

“Mirror of Morals, The,” by Solomon Alami, quotation from, 4, 154–5.

“Mirror of the Jews, The,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Hundt, 5, 532.

Mises, Jehuda Löb, patron of Jewish students in Lemberg, 5, 612.

exempt from excommunication, 5, 614.

Mishlé Shualim, by Berachya ben Natronaï, 3, 560.

Mishna, the, code of the oral Law, the first, 2, 343, 354.

of Akiba, 2, 354.

treatise of, on proselytes, 2, 384.

of Meïr, 2, 439–40.

completed by Judah I, 2, 460.

divisions of, 2, 460.

style of, 2, 460.

authority of, 2, 461, 462.

not committed to writing, 2, 461, 608.

language of, 2, 461–2.

history of the compilation of, 2, 462.

supplements to, 2, 470.

impresses a legal character upon Judaism, 2, 471.

asserts the equivalence of all religious commands, 2, 472.

reward and punishment according to, 2, 472–3.

on the study of the Law, 2, 473–4.

spirituality of, 2, 474–5.

casuistry in, 2, 475–6.

not hostile to Christianity, 2, 476.

contains laws against intercourse with the heathen, 2, 476–8.

permits the heathen to glean, 2, 478.

completion of, ends the work of the Tanaites, 2, 478.

study of, pursued by the Palestinian Amoraim, 2, 489–90.

not of equal legal force throughout, 2, 493.

expounded by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 578.

as studied by Raba bar Joseph bar Chama, 2, 590–1.

amplifications and explanations of, arranged by Ashi, 2, 607–9. See Talmud, the.

translated into Arabic, 3, 237.

explained by Maimonides, 3, 451.

methodology of, by Gersonides, 4, 392.

translated into Latin, 5, 193.

See also Law, the oral; Talmud, the; Tanaites, the.

Mishna, the, commentary on, by Maimonides, 3, 458–60, 492; 4, 60.

by Abraham ben David, 3, 399.

by Lipmann Heller, 4, 704.

by Obadiah di Bertinoro, 4, 704.

Mishna, Acharona, Akiba’s code, 2, 354.

Mishna di Rabbi Judah, the final code, 2, 461. See Mishna, the.

Mishna Rishona, the earliest code, 2, 343, 354.

“Mishne Torah,” the, religious code, by Maimonides, 3, 466–72.

clears the maze of the Talmud, 3, 466, 467, 468–9.

place given to philosophy in, 3, 467–8.

language of, 3, 469.

deviates occasionally from the Talmudic decisions, 3, 469.

on Talmudical Judaism, 3, 470.

helps to ossify Judaism, 3, 470.

spread of, 3, 471.

attacked by Talmudists, 3, 472.

criticised by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.

the basis of Moses of Coucy’s work, 3, 586.

adhered to in Spain, 4, 86.

Turim based on, 4, 88.

compared with Turim, 4, 89.

superseded by Turim, 4, 89–90.

Mishnic rules of interpretation used by Anan ben David, 3, 131.

Misr, and Misr, New. See Cairo.

Mithnagdim, opponents of the Chassidim, 5, 392.

Mithridates, king of Pergamus, aided by Antipater, 2, 75.

Mithridates, king of Pontus, Pompey’s campaign against, 2, 62.

suicide of, 2, 65.

Mixed marriages. See Intermarriages.

Mizpah, Samuel holds popular assemblies at, 1, 78.

fortified by Asa, 1, 191.

seat of Gedaliah, 1, 320, 321.

sanctuary at, 1, 321.

Gedaliah murdered at, 1, 322.

the inhabitants of, taken captive, 1, 322.

Judas Maccabæus exhorts his troops at, 1, 467.

Mizpeh, mountain, description of, 1, 45.

Mizrachi. See Elias Mizrachi.

Mizriczians, a branch of the Chassidim, 5, 388.

“Mizvoth,” a compendium of religious duties, by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.

Mnevis, white bull, worshiped by the Egyptians, 1, 9.

Moabites, the, hostile to the Israelites in the desert, 1, 28.

idolatry of, 1, 55.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–9.

routed by Ehud, 1, 60–1.

subdued by David, 1, 125–6.

attracted to Palestine under Solomon, 1, 173.

regain independence, 1, 185.

tributary to Omri, 1, 194–5.