Index (continued 4)

Ferdinand III, of Castile, the Holy, hostile to the Jews, 3, 519.

employs a Jewish physician, 3, 537.

Jews under, 3, 592.

Ferdinand IV, of Castile, employs a Jewish treasurer, 4, 51–2.

death of, 4, 52.

Ferdinand V, of Castile (II, of Aragon), the Catholic, marriage of, 4, 280.

ascends the throne of Castile, 4, 284.

avarice of, 4, 310, 318.

sanctions the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310–11.

obtains sanction for the Inquisition in Aragon, 4, 319.

introduces the Inquisition into his hereditary lands, 4, 325–6.

inclined to revoke the Jewish edict of banishment, 4, 348.

confiscates the possessions of the Jews of his hereditary lands, 4, 350.

threatens Navarre for protecting Marranos, 4, 357.

urges the expulsion of the Jews from Navarre, 4, 358.

and Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 384, 385.

establishes the Inquisition at Benevento, 4, 385.

See also Ferdinand and Isabella.

Ferdinand (V) and Isabella (I), of Castile, establish the Inquisition in Spain, 4, 309.

appoint the commission to frame the statute for the Inquisition, 4, 312.

papal letter to, concerning the Inquisition, 4, 318.

refuse to modify the rigors of the Inquisition, 4, 322.

ask for an inquisitor-general, 4, 324.

establish the Inquisition at Seville, 4, 335.

urged to expel the Jews from Seville, 4, 336.

protect the Jews from chicanery, 4, 336.

appoint Isaac Abrabanel minister of finance, 4, 343.

secret treaty of, with Boabdil, 4, 345.

enter Granada, 4, 345.

decide on the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346–7.

proclamation of, expelling the Jews, 4, 347–8.

confiscate the treasures of the exiles, 4, 354–5.

censured for the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 356.

marry their daughter to Manoel of Portugal, 4, 372–3.

oppose the Portuguese Marranos at Rome, 4, 379.

Ferdinand I, of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.

receives Spanish exiles kindly, 4, 358–9.

patron of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 359, 383.

refuses to expel the Jews, 4, 359–60.

death of, 4, 360.

Ferdinand I, of Portugal, prosperity of the Jews under, 4, 158–9.

Jewish favorites of, 4, 159–60.

death of, 4, 160.

Ferdinand, duke of Braganza, friend of Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 338, 340–1.

Ferdinand de Medici, duke of Tuscany, receives Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 659.

permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, 4, 659.

Fermo, residence of Immanuel Romi, 4, 68.

Fernando, Manuel, de Villa-Real, Marrano, martyr, 5, 91.

Ferrajo, Lucio, tries to prove the blood accusation out of the Talmud, 5, 639.

Ferrara, Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.

Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Jewish exiles in, 4, 412–13.

Marranos well treated at, 4, 526.

refuge of the Neapolitan Jews, 4, 544.

Samuel Usque at, 4, 558.

the Talmud burnt in, 4, 565.

a refuge for Marranos, 4, 568, 569.

refuge of Gracia Mendesia, 4, 575.

Marranos of, in distress, 4, 581.

refuge of the Jewish exiles from the Papal States, 4, 592.

becomes part of the Papal States, 4, 660.

no longer a refuge for Marranos, 4, 661.

earthquake in, 4, 615.

Ferrara, the Jews of, liberties of, 3, 628.

appeal for permission to own the Talmud, 4, 658.

attached to the house of Este, 4, 660.

Ferrer. See Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

Ferrer, Vincent, humility of, 4, 200–1.

revives flagellation, 4, 201.

as an orator, 4, 201.

fanaticism of, 4, 201–2.

crusade of, against the Jews, 4, 202.

extorts Christian confession from the Marranos, 4, 202–3.

influences Jews to accept Christianity, 4, 204–5, 206, 214.

procures the crown of Aragon for Ferdinand of Castile, 4, 205, 206.

denounces Benedict XIII, 4, 216.

death of, 4, 217.

refused aid by João I of Portugal, 4, 218.

in Savoy, 4, 218.

terror of, spreads to Germany and Italy, 4, 218.

policy of, adopted by the Council of Basle, 4, 246.

compared with John of Capistrano, 4, 257.

compared with Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 296.

Ferrus, Pero, apostate, satirist, 4, 181.

Festus, procurator of Judæa, administration of, 2, 247–8.

Fettmilch, Vincent, leader of the Frankfort guilds against the Jews, 4, 696–7.

attacks the Jew quarter, 4, 697.

hanged, 4, 699–700.

Fez, Dunash ben Labrat in, 3, 226.

Maimun’s family in, 3, 451–6.

forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179.

suffering of Spanish exiles in, 4, 361–2.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 390.

Fez, the Jews of, consult Haï Gaon, 3, 252.

persecuted, 3, 360.

fortunes of, 5, 168.

Fezara, the, Arab tribe, promise assistance to the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.

Fichte, classes Jews with the nobility and clergy, 5, 461.

opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 462, 468.

Saul Asher refutes, 5, 463.

Fields, the blessing of, by Jews, forbidden, 2, 620; 3, 44.

Fifth Monarchy, the, believers in, regard the Jews favorably, 5, 23, 27.

view of, held by Christians, 5, 37.

as interpreted by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 38.

believers in, fix the Messianic year, 5, 120.

Firme-Fé. See Nuñes, Henrique.

First-born, the, Mosaic law of, as interpreted under Ahaz, 1, 261.

Firuz (Pheroces, 457–484), Sassanian king, persecutes the Jews, 2, 628–30; 3, 1.

persecutes the Jews of Ispahan, 2, 629.

closes the Jewish schools, 2, 629.

forces Magianism upon Jews, 2, 629.

death of, 2, 630.

Firuz-Shabur (Anbar), important Babylonian town, 2, 505.

the Jews of, in the war between Julian the Apostate and Shabur II, 2, 601.

academy opened at, 3, 8, 9.

taken by Ali, 3, 90.

Fiscus Judaicus, tax instituted by Vespasian, 2, 316.

extorted from the Jews, 2, 332.

See Tax.

“Five Evidences of the Faith,” Sabbatian work, 5, 162.

Flaccus, prætor in Asia Minor, seizes upon the votive offerings in the Temple, 2, 68.

defended by Cicero, 2, 68–70.

Flaccus, Pomponius, governor of Syria, Agrippa I courtier of, 2, 175.

tool of the Alexandrians, 2, 181.

deprives Judæans of Alexandrian citizenship, 1, 182.

deposed, 2, 183.

Flagellants, the, in Hanover, 4, 111.

under Vincent Ferrer, 4, 201.

condemned by the Council of Constance, 4, 217.

Flanders, Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

Portuguese Marranos imprisoned in, 4, 509.

Flavian house, the, and the Jews, 2, 388.

Flavio Jacopo de Evora, on Amatus Lusitanus, 4, 610.

Flavius Josephus. See Joseph ben Matthias.

Florence, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

Elias del Medigo lectures on philosophy at, 4, 291.

the Jews of, protected against Bernardinus of Feltre, 4, 297.

the Marranos of, not molested, 4, 500.

the Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.

Florentin, Solomon, Talmudist, supporter of Jacob Querido, 5, 210.

Florus, Gessius (64–66), last procurator of Judæa, rapacity and profligacy of, 2, 249–50.

favors the Sicarii, 2, 250.

bribed by the Judæans of Cæsarea, 2, 252–3.

imprisons Judæan deputies, 2, 253.

demands a part of the Temple treasures, 2, 253.

in Jerusalem, 2, 253–4.

plunders the upper town, 2, 254.

appealed to by Berenice, 2, 254.

demands a friendly reception for his troops, 2, 254.

troops of, attack the Temple, 2, 255.

leaves Jerusalem, 2, 255.

Jerusalem rebellious towards, 2, 258.

refuses to aid the Peace party, 2, 259.

refrains from interference between the Zealots and the Roman garrison in Jerusalem, 2, 261–2.

enslaves the Judæans in Cæsarea, 2, 262.

accused before Nero, 2, 268.

Fons Vitæ, philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270–1. See “Fountain of Life, The.”

Fonseca Pinto y Pimentel, Sarah de, Jewish poetess, 5, 203.

Fontaine, de, Countess, owns the Jews of Metz, 5, 348, 446.

Fontanes, reactionary influence of, 5, 477, 479.

“Fool’s Voice, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 73.

Forli, Hillel of Verona in, 3, 629.

synod at, 4, 218.

“Fortalitium Fidei,” anti-Jewish work by Alfonso de Spina, 4, 277, 415.

“Fortress, The,” polemic, 4, 234.

Fortunatus, Venantius, poet, celebrates the achievements of Avitus, 3, 39.

Forum Judicum, Visigothic code, translated into Castilian, 3, 594–5.

Fossano, French exiles settle in, 4, 177.

Fostat. See Cairo.

Fould, Achille, questions Thiers on the Damascus affair, 5, 649.

“Fountain of Life, The,” (Mekor Chayim, Fons Vitæ), philosophical work by Solomon Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 270.

translated into Latin, 3, 270.

used by the schoolmen, 3, 271.

Four Countries, the, Synod of (Vaad Arba Arazoth), functions of, 4, 643–4; 5, 3–4.

authority of, 4, 644.

supposed originator of, 4, 645.

president of, 4, 645.

and the Kamieniec disputation, 5, 281.

forbidden to assemble, 5, 387.

dissolution of, favorable to Chassidism, 5, 387.

Fourth of August, the, glory of, 5, 437.

Fox Fables, the, by Berachya ben Natronaï, 3, 560.

Fraga, the Jews of, converted, 4, 214.

“Fragments of an Unknown,” published by Lessing, 5, 320–1.

effect of, 5, 321–2.

attributed to Mendelssohn, 5, 322.

France, Talmud schools established in, 3, 208.

Talmudists of, imported into Egypt, 3, 444.

rabbis of, emigrate to Jerusalem, 3, 505–6.

rabbis of, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, 3, 627.

refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.

quarrel about the chief rabbinate of, 4, 152–3, 162.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471, 473, 474.

Portuguese Marranos arrested in, 4, 509.

ambassador of, and Joseph Nassi, 4, 595, 598–9.

Joseph Nassi seizes the merchant vessels of, 4, 597.

the Measfim in, 5, 401.

the first country to emancipate the Jews, 5, 430.

congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

Central Consistory of, keeps aloof from the Reform movement, 5, 572.

France, the Jews of, participate in the memorial services at the Babylonian academies, 3, 101.

advanced under Charlemagne, 3, 141.

devote themselves to the Agada, 3, 160.

under Charles the Bald, 3, 170–4.

decrees against, revived, 3, 171.

tax levied on, 3, 172.

antagonized by Bishop Amolo, 3, 172–3.

exposed to Easter attacks, 3, 173–4.

under Charles the Simple, 3, 175.

treated as the wards of the king, 3, 175.

yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.

oppressed under the last Carlovingians and the first Capets, 3, 241–2.

the clergy arouse hatred against, 3, 241.

accused of using spells against Christians, 3, 242.

not creative in the eleventh century, 3, 281.

occupations of, 3, 281.

compared with the Christians, 3, 281.

devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 281, 343–5.

protected during the first crusade, 3, 299.

beginnings of culture among, 3, 343.

debts owing to, repudiated, 3, 349–51.

Louis VII roused against, 3, 349–50.

a persecution of, prevented, 3, 351.

martyrdom of, during the second crusade, 3, 354–6.

Jewish culture of, 3, 357.

and the secular courts, 3, 377.

observe a fast for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380.

banished by Philip Augustus, 3, 402–3.

charges against, by Innocent III, 3, 499.

forbidden to employ Christian nurses, 3, 508.

suffer during Gregory IX’s crusade, 3, 570.

forced into Christianity, 3, 570.

appeal to Gregory IX, 3, 570.

under Louis IX, 3, 570–1.

charged with usury, 3, 571.

fast during the disputation with Donin, 3, 577.

charged with the blood accusation, 3, 583–5.

banished by Louis IX, 3, 585–6.

return of, 3, 586.

forced to wear a badge, 3, 612.

address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.

banished by Philip IV, 3, 646; 4, 46.

reasons for the exile of, 4, 47.

suffering of, 4, 47–9.

emigrate, 4, 49.

recalled by Louis X, 4, 53.

conditions for the re-admission of, 4, 53–4.

privileges of, extended by Philip V, 4, 54.

massacred by the Pastoureaux, 4, 55–7.

accused of poisoning wells, 4, 57.

permitted to return by John the Good, 4, 129.

privileges granted to, 4, 129–31, 150.

hostility to, 4, 131, 132.

attacked by mobs, 4, 151–2.

refuse to submit to the German chief rabbi, 4, 152–3.

conditions of the residence of, in France, 4, 174.

forced into usury, 4, 174.

banished by Charles VI, 4, 175–6.

remain in certain towns and provinces, 4, 176–7.

settle in Germany and Italy, 4, 177.

number of, 5, 435.

not united for concerted action, 5, 436.

petition for admission into the fraternity of the French people, 5, 438.

Saint Etienne speaks in behalf of, 5, 439.

improvement of, planned by Berr Isaac Berr, 5, 449.

interested in the government, 5, 449–50.

and the religion of Reason, 5, 451–2.

recognized as equals by the Constitution of the Directory, 5, 452.

object to the poll-tax in Germany, 5, 464–5.

in danger of losing their privileges, 5, 474.

opposed by the reactionary party, 5, 477–8.

deprived temporarily of civil equality, 5, 482.

restrictive laws for, 5, 498–9.

rights of, not curtailed after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512–13.

restrictions against not renewed, 5, 524–5.

rapid advance of, 5, 557.

under Polish influence, 5, 558.

influenced by the Reform movement, 5, 582–3.

and the Damascus affair, 5, 644, 651.

asked to support Crémieux’s Eastern schools, 5, 671.

France, the Jews of, emancipation of. See Emancipation of the French Jews, the.

France, northern, home of Talmudic studies after Rashi, 3, 289.

rabbis of, at Donin’s disputation, 3, 576.

France, northern, the Jews of, devoted to Talmud study, 3, 289, 290, 345, 407–8.

expect the Messiah, 3, 298.

prosperous in the twelfth century, 3, 343.

banished during the third crusade, 3, 405.

received by Philip Augustus, 3, 405–6.

not permitted to move from province to province, 3, 406.

forbidden to buy property confiscated from Jews, 3, 406–7.

treated as bondmen, 3, 407.

naïve faith of, 3, 549.

wear Jew badges, 3, 612.

France, southern, Judæans in, 2, 203.

culture and rulers of, 3, 390.

tolerance in, 3, 390.

Spanish culture introduced into, 3, 392.

Jews from, in Palestine, 3, 427–8.

rabbis of, renounce Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 539, 541.

See also Languedoc; Narbonne; Provence.

France, southern, the Jews of, dependent on vassal princes, 3, 242.

in the twelfth century, 3, 389–91.

idolize Maimonides, 3, 488–9.

Maimonides on, 3, 492.

relation of, to the Albigenses, 3, 501, 513–14.

suffer during the Albigensian crusade, 3, 501–3.

not employed as state officials, 3, 503–4.

send delegates to the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

struggle against badges, 3, 513.

Innocent III’s decrees enforced against, 3, 518.

Maimunists, 3, 526–7.

excommunicate Solomon of Montpellier, 3, 530.

philosophical leanings of, 3, 549.

ordered to enter into disputations with Pablo Christiani, 3, 602.

obtain the abrogation of the law on badges, 3, 612.

persecuted in the fourteenth century, 4, 53.

during the Pastoureaux rising, 4, 56–7.

massacred on the charge of having caused the Black Death, 4, 102.

hostility towards, 4, 132.

Francesco Maria I, duke of Urbino, brings Molcho to Pesaro, 4, 501.

Francesco Maria II, duke of Urbino, David de Pomis dedicates a book to, 4, 657.

Francis I, of Austria, emperor, imposes restrictions on the Jews, 5, 508.

the Jews under, 5, 523.

intolerance of, 5, 579.

Francis I, of France, patron of Hebrew learning, 4, 473.

Franciscans (Minorites), the, order of, originates in the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

persecutions by, in southern France, 3, 519.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542–3.

judges of the Talmud, 3, 575.

free English Jews imprisoned on the blood accusation, 3, 591.

censors of the Talmud, 3, 603.

in Hungary, 3, 614.

mock at the Dominicans, 3, 641.

object to a synagogue on Mount Zion, 4, 274.

espouse Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 457.

Franciscus of Sardinia, persecutes the Damascus Jews, 5, 639–40.

Franco, (Christoval) Mordecai Mendes, Marrano in Holland, 4, 667.

Franco, Nicolo, papal nuncio, urges the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 310.

Franco, Samuel, Kabbalist, 4, 405.

Franconia, the Jews of, suffer during the Rindfleisch persecution, 4, 35.

privileges granted to, 4, 259.

banished, 4, 259–60.

attacked by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542.

persecuted, 5, 529.

Frank, Eva, daughter of Jacob Frank, 5, 289.

Frank, Jacob, roguery of, 5, 272.

joins the Sabbatians, 5, 272.

accepts Islam, 5, 272.

Kabbalistic views of, 5, 273.

considered an incarnation of the Messiah, 5, 273, 274.

leader of the Polish Sabbatians, 5, 273–4.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

emigrates to Turkey, 5, 276.

advises his followers to accept Christianity, 5, 278–9, 284.

invited to return to Podolia, 5, 283.

baptized, 5, 287–8.

betrayed, 5, 288.

end of the career of, 5, 289.

Fränkel, David, rabbi of Berlin, Mendelssohn’s teacher, 5, 293–4.

Fränkel, Jonas, founder of the Breslau Seminary, 5, 700.

Frankel, Sæckel, compiles Hebrew prayers, 5, 564.

Frankel, Zachariah (1801–1875), orthodox leader, compared with Holdheim, 5, 684.

character and scientific activity of, 5, 684, 694–5.

attitude of, towards reforms, 5, 684–5.

at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 685.

founder of the Breslau seminary, 5, 700.

Frankenberg, Abraham von, mystic, on the restoration of Israel, 5, 24.

Frankfort, duchy of, created, 5, 505.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, diet at, to consider the Jewish question, 4, 463, 464.

Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

refuses to receive Portuguese Jews, 4, 695.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17, 206.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 80.

“Judaism Unmasked” printed at, 5, 189.

Judah Chassid at, 5, 213.

Moses Meïr Kamenker at, 5, 229–30.

Börne’s life in, 5, 539.

without a rabbi, 5, 566.

Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.

the Reform movement in, 5, 674.

rabbinical conference at, 5, 683–4, 685–6.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, the Jews of, burn themselves to escape persecution, 4, 109.

charged with child murder, 4, 299–300.

threatened with expulsion, 4, 417, 696.

confiscation of the books of, by Pfefferkorn, 4, 429–30, 438.

appeal to Uriel von Gemmingen, 4, 430.

send a representative to Maximilian I, 4, 430–1, 436–7.

extermination of, suggested by Pfefferkorn, 4, 463.

submit disputes to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

number of, 4, 694.

antipathy to, 4, 694–5.

restrictions imposed on, 4, 695–6, 700.

houses of labeled, 4, 696.

attacked by Fettmilch, 4, 697.

flee, 4, 697–8.

re-admitted, 4, 699.

celebrate Purim-Vincent, 4, 700.

protected by Ferdinand II, 4, 701.

oppose Eibeschütz’s Talmud edition, 5, 251.

petition for emancipation, 5, 465–6.

miserable condition of, 5, 466.

relieved of the poll-tax, 5, 468.

oppressed, 5, 503.

freed from the Ghetto, 5, 504.

new laws for, 5, 504–5.

emancipation of, 5, 505.

under restrictions after Napoleon’s fall, 5, 512, 520.

send deputies to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.

rely on Prussia and Austria, 5, 520–1.

persecuted, 5, 529.

purchase political rights, 5, 541.

Frankfort-on-the-Main, the senate of, orders the surrender of Hebrew books, 4, 429.

withdraws aid from Pfefferkorn, 4, 430.

forbids the sale of Hebrew books, 4, 431.

protects Hebrew books on sale at the Fair, 4, 438.

directed to return the Hebrew books, 4, 439.

discusses the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 598.

and circumcision, 5, 676–7.

Frankfort-on-the-Oder, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in Hamburg, 4, 687.

Jews settle in, 5, 174.

regulations for the Fair at, 5, 415.

Frankfurter, Naphtali, devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 55.

complains of the scorn for the Talmud, 5, 56.

Frankists, the, Sabbatian sect, origin of, 5, 274.

opposed to Rabbinical Judaism, 5, 274.

charged with dissoluteness, 5, 275–6.

excommunicated, 5, 276–7.

the persecution of, sanctioned by Emden, 5, 278.

handed over to the Inquisition, 5, 278.

inclined towards Christianity, 5, 278–9.

attacked by the Talmud Jews, 5, 279.

charge the Talmud Jews with the blood accusation, 5, 279.

favored by Bishop Dembowski, 5, 279–80.

disputations of, with the Talmudists, 5, 280, 281, 286–7.

confession of faith by, 5, 280, 285.

persecuted, 5, 283.

apply for baptism, 5, 284.

baptized, 5, 287.

customs of, 5, 289.

families descended from, 5, 289.

regard Eibeschütz as the great Gaon, 5, 289.

Frankists, list of:

Chaya, daughter of Elisha Schor,

Krysa, Jehuda Leb

Nachman ben Samuel Levi,

Schor, Elisha

Solomon of Rohatyn.

Franks, the, the empire of, independent of the Church, 3, 37.

Jew hatred introduced into, 3, 38–9.

extent of, under Charlemagne, 3, 142.

Jews spread in, 3, 144.

Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of, permitted to carry on the slave trade, 3, 34.

not considered a separate race, 3, 35.

occupations of, 3, 35–6.

protected by Charlemagne, 3, 142.

education of, cared for by Charlemagne, 3, 143.

oath imposed on, 3, 144.

under Louis the Pious, 3, 161–70.

have free access to court, 3, 162.

synagogues of, visited by Christians, 3, 163.

and Agobard of Lyons, 3, 164–8.

Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor, considers the Jews “servi cameræ,” 3, 416–17.

includes Jews in his general peace, 3, 418.

Frederick II, emperor, Jews under, 3, 516.

introduces the Jew badge into Naples and Sicily, 3, 518.

Gregory IX the enemy of, 3, 519.

patron of learning, 3, 565.

corresponds with a Jewish scholar, 3, 565–6.

brings Jacob Anatoli to Naples, 3, 566–7.

reproached with heterodoxy, 3, 567, 580.

excludes Jews from public offices, 3, 567.

censures Frederick the Valiant, 3, 569.

executes the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 569.

lays imposts upon Jewish immigrants, 3, 569.

forces Innocent IV to retire to Lyons, 3, 584.

the Jews persecuted after the death of, 3, 611.

Frederick III, emperor, has a Jewish favorite, 4, 224.

accession of, 4, 249.

Jews under, 4, 293–4.

claims the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 300, 416.

orders Israel Bruna’s release, 4, 303.

defers Israel Bruna’s execution, 4, 304.

protects the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 305–6.

recommends the Jews to his son, 4, 413.

daughter of, 4, 428.

Reuchlin at the court of, 4, 433.

ennobles Reuchlin, 4, 435.

Frederick V, of Denmark, and the Eibeschütz controversy, 5, 265, 269, 271.

wife of, 5, 267.

reinstates Eibeschütz, 5, 268.

Frederick I, of Prussia, Jews under, 5, 190–1.

and the Alenu prayer, 5, 191–2.

exerts himself in behalf of “Judaism Unmasked”, 5, 192–3.

lays the Midrash Rabba under the ban, 5, 194–5.

court-Jewess of, 5, 219.

Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia, at war with Austria, 5, 251.

reputed patron of the Jews, 5, 251.

the Jews of Berlin under, 5, 294.

illiberality of, 5, 296.

poetry of, criticised by Mendelssohn, 5, 302.

summons Mendelssohn to Sans-Souci, 5, 302–3.

makes Mendelssohn a “Schutzjude,” 5, 304.

antipathy of, to Jews, 5, 304.

objects to Mendelssohn as a member of the Berlin Academy, 5, 308.

enraged against Voltaire, 5, 339.

appoints Dohm superintendent of the archives, 5, 351.

in need of money, 5, 396.

culture under, 5, 410–11.

popularizes French literature, 5, 411.

treatment of the Jews by, 5, 414, 415.

Frederick the Valiant, archduke of Austria, Jewish statute of, 3, 567–9.

introduced into a number of countries, 3, 569, 613–14.

confirmed by Rudolph of Habsburg, 3, 635.

confirmed in Poland, 4, 111.

Frederick, elector palatine, corresponds with Abraham Zacuto Lusitano, 4, 678.

re-admits the Jews into Worms, 4, 699.

Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, patron of Luther, 4, 469.

Frederick, commissioner sent by Louis the Pious to Agobard, 3, 166.

Frederick Franz, duke of Mecklenburg, emancipates the Jews, 5, 507.

Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, invites Jewish exiles to his state, 5, 173–4.

Frederick William I, of Prussia, court Jew of, 5, 219.

Frederick William II, of Prussia, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 414, 416.

Mirabeau on Prussia under, 5, 419.

abrogates the poll-tax, 5, 464.

Frederick William III, of Prussia, tutor of, 5, 372.

attends Herz’s lectures, 5, 406.

grants some political rights to Jews, 5, 507, 508.

nullifies the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 524.

interrupts the Reform movement in Berlin, 5, 563.

forbids Jews to bear Christian names, 5, 630.

Free Towns, the. See Hanse Towns, the.

Freedom of Conscience, in the French National Assembly, 5, 439.

Freemasons’ Lodge, the first Jewish, hearth of the Reform movement, 5, 674.

Freiburg, the Jews of, protected during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 106.

burnt, 4, 107.

French, the, in Naples, 4, 384.

French literature, attracts the German Jews, 5, 411.

French Revolution, the, characterized, 5, 429.

outbreak of, 5, 435.

excesses of, 5, 436–7.

progress of, 5, 441.

Jews take no part in the atrocities of, 5, 450.

reaction from, 5, 477–8.

French translation, a, of the Bible projected, 5, 449.

Frenks, the. See Frankists, the.

Fresco, Moses, rabbi of Constantinople, urges the Jews to study Turkish, 5, 664.

Friedländer, Bärmann, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.

Friedländer, David (1750–1834), promotes the revival among Jews, 5, 397.

successor to Mendelssohn, 5, 412.

urges the abolition of the Jewish poll-tax, 5, 414.

representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.

director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.

mediocrity of, 5, 417.

deplores the decay of morality among Jews, 5, 419.

makes overtures to the Church, 5, 421–2, 426.

children of, baptized, 5, 422.

leaves attacks on Judaism unanswered, 5, 469.

consulted by Jacobson, 5, 502.

efforts of for the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 508.

on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 534.

influence of, on Heine, 5, 546.

Heine’s criticism of, 5, 547.

followers of, criticised by Bernays, 5, 574–5.

and Mannheimer, 5, 580.

member of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Jost a disciple of, 5, 595.

Friedländer, Meyer, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.

Friedländer, Wolf, prominent Königsberg Jew, 5, 397.

Friedrichsfeld, David, one of the Measfim, 5, 400.

refutes Van Swieden, 5, 454.

“Friends of Reform,” Society of the, 5, 675–6.

Fries, J. F., attacks the Jews, 5, 521.

Friesland, East, Jews live in, 4, 665.

Frohbach, astronomical work by, 4, 638.

Fronto, guardian of Jerusalem, 2, 311.

Fuero juzgo, Visigothic code, translated, 3, 594–5.

Fueros, Spanish law of custom, grants citizenship to Jews, 3, 292.

“Fulfillment of Prophecy, The,” by Pierre Jurieu, 5, 176.

Fulko de Neuilly, preaches the third crusade, 3, 405.

Fulvia, Roman patrician, proselyte, 2, 136, 215.

Funes, the Jews of, attacked, 4, 78.

Furin al-Mizrayim, Purim of Cairo, 4, 396.

Furtado, Abraham, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

a representative French Jew, 5, 436.

deputy of the French Jews, 5, 438.

ancestry and youth of, 5, 483.

rôle played by, during the Revolution, 5, 483.

president of the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 487.

speech of, in answer to the imperial commissioners, 5, 489–90.

speeches of, before the Synhedrion, 5, 495, 497.

view held by, of Judaism, 5, 496.

informs Napoleon of anti-Jewish agitation, 5, 498.

Fürth, the Jews of, indifferent to the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 438.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 17.

Jewish exiles from Vienna settle in, 5, 173.

interdicts Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 331–2.

Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

honor shown to Crémieux at, 5, 668.

Future life, the, doctrine of, 1, 404–6.

in the Mishna, 2, 473.

G

Gabaot, Roman camp under Cestius Gallus, 2, 265–6.

Gabara, ordered not to protect Josephus, 2, 281.

taken by Vespasian, 2, 286.

Gabata, Galilæan fortress, 2, 56.

Gabinius, Aulus, governor of Syria, subdues Alexander, 2, 70.

divides Judæa into provinces, 2, 71.

defeats Alexander, 2, 73.

Gabriel, the name of an angel, 1, 403.

makes revelations to Mahomet, 3, 71.

Gad, Chaldæan god of fortune, 1, 340.

Gad, prophet, joins David, 1, 100, 113.

orders David to sacrifice on Mt. Moriah, 1, 138.

Gad, the tribe of, asks for land east of the Jordan, 1, 29–30.

appeals to Samuel for help, 1, 80.

territory of, taken by Hazael, 1, 220.

descendants of, in Chaibar, 3, 437.

Gadara, incorporated with Judæa, 2, 103.

Gaffarelli, Jacob, Christian Kabbalist, taught by Leo Modena, 5, 71.

Gailan, emir, persecutes Sabbatians, 5, 151.

oppresses the Jews, 5, 168.

Galaïgo, Joseph Chayim, addresses Mendelssohn, 5, 369.

Galaistes, governor of Gabata, assists Aristobulus, 2, 56.

Galante, Moses, adherent of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 132.

Galatia, a Greek-Christian community in, 2, 227.

Galatino, interested in the Kabbala, 4, 481, 583.

Galba, emperor, short reign of, 3, 299.

Galen, writings of, elaborated by Maimonides, 3, 473.

Galerius, emperor, persecutes Christianity, 2, 539.

Galicia, the Jews of, proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

resist the opening of secular schools, 5, 394.

described by Rohrer, 5, 472.

taxed, 5, 508.

oppressed, 5, 523.

affected by the Reform movement, 5, 582.

beginnings of culture among, 5, 611–12.

improvement of, undertaken by the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.

Galician school, the, founders of, 5, 607.

Hebrew style of, 5, 617.

contribute to the Kerem Chemed, 5, 621.

inspire the contributors to the Scientific Journal, 5, 625.

Galilæan Synod, the, second assembly of the teachers of the Law at Usha, 2, 434.

Galilæans, name given to Christians, 2, 596.

Galilee, lake, description of, 1, 42.

Galilee, province, description of, 1, 45.

Gelil Haggoyim, 1, 164.

appeals to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 475.

rescued by Simon Tharsi, 1, 475.

Judæans of, emigrate, 1, 475.

Judæans of, killed, 1, 486.

restored to Judæa, 2, 76.

declares in favor of Antigonus, 2, 85.

subdued by Herod, 2, 87.

given to Herod Antipas, 2, 119.

Roman troops in, to fight Judas the Galilæan, 2, 126.

under Herod Antipas, 2, 137.

lack of culture in, 2, 148.

morality in, 2, 148.

language of, 2, 148–9.

Jesus in the towns of, 2, 157.

a Messiah from, not acceptable, 2, 161.

given to Agrippa I, 2, 177.

pilgrims from, murdered, 2, 243.

under the command of Josephus, 2, 272, 278–9.

divided into Upper and Lower, 2, 272.

civil war in, 2, 282–3.

strength of, broken by Josephus, 2, 285, 286.

subject to Rome, 2, 288.

Zealots of, possess three fortified places, 2, 289.

end of the Roman conquest of, 2, 290.

fugitives from, in Jerusalem, 2, 291.

recovers under Jewish governors, 2, 333.

the seat of the Synhedrion, 2, 458.

Babylonian students in the academies of, 2, 511.

first churches in, 2, 565.

Jews inhabit the cities of, in the sixth century, 3, 12.

prevalence of mysticism in, 4, 617.

Galilee, the Jews of, join the Persian general, 3, 19.

join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

Galileo, teacher of Joseph Delmedigo, 5, 75.

Gallaico, Elisha. See Elisha Gallaico.

Gallienus, emperor with Odenathus, 2, 528.

Gallipoli, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Gallus, emperor, campaign of, against the Persians, 2, 568.

death of, 2, 572.

Gallus, Cestius, governor of Syria, on the turbulent state of Judæa, 2, 250–1.

arranges a demonstration in Jerusalem in 66, 2, 251–2.

in communication with the Peace party, 2, 257.

sends a deputy to Jerusalem, 2, 257.

campaign of, near Jerusalem, 2, 264–6.

retreats, 2, 266–7.

losses of, 2, 267.

death of, 2, 284.

Gama, Vasco da, aided by Joseph Vecinho’s instruments, 4, 367.

Gamala, capital of Gaulanitis, taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.

birthplace of Judas the Galilæan, 2, 125.

focus of insurrection in Galilee, 2, 273.

impregnable position of, 2, 274.

refuge of the Babylonian Judæans, 2, 275.

revolts from Agrippa II, 2, 275.

taken by Vespasian, 2, 289–90.

Gamaliel I, the Elder, grandson of Hillel, president of the Synhedrion, 2, 192–3.

gentle reforms of, 2, 193.

grants heathens the right of gleaning, 2, 478.

Gamaliel II, Patriarch, president of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 334.

tries to reconcile the schools of Hillel and Shammai, 2, 335, 336–8.

humanity of, 2, 336.

regulates the calendar, 2, 336, 356.

journeys of, 2, 336.

character of, misunderstood, 2, 336.

inquires into the character of students of the Law, 2, 338–9.

uses excommunication, 2, 339–40, 347.

contest of, with Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 340–2.

deposed, 2, 341.

rejects Moabites and Ammonites as proselytes, 2, 343.

reconciled with Joshua, 2, 344–5.

reinstated, 2, 345.

opposes Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, 2, 347.

death of, 2, 350, 404, 479.

introduces set prayers, 2, 363.

supposed relation of, to the Jewish Christians, 2, 379.

and Akylas, 2, 385.

journey of, to Rome, 2, 387.

and Flavius Clemens, 2, 387, 389, 391.

influences Nerva, 2, 392.

funeral of, 2, 404.

sons of, 2, 404, 479.

Gamaliel III, Patriarch, instructions of his father to, 2, 466.

recommends trades, 2, 467.

advises caution in intercourse with the Romans, 2, 467–8.

and Abba-Areka, 2, 512.

Gamaliel IV, Patriarch, scant knowledge of the Law of, 2, 532.

Gamaliel V, Patriarch, successor to Hillel II, 2, 612.

Gamaliel VI (Batraah, 370–425), last of the Patriarchs, 2, 612.

dignities bestowed on, 2, 617–18.

physician, 2, 618.

last of the house of Hillel, 2, 618.

Gans, David. See David Gans.

Gans, Edward, apostate, 5, 551, 587.

founder of the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

selfishness of, 5, 585.

reproaches the Jews, 5, 586.

desires a professorship, 5, 587.

compared with Riesser, 5, 600.

compared with Steinheim, 5, 607.

Gaon, title of the principal of the Sora Academy, 3, 90–1, 93.

of the principal of the Pumbeditha academy, 3, 93, 177.

of Isaac Ibn-Sakni, 3, 285.

of the head of the Bagdad college, 3, 429.

of Samuel ben Ali Halevi, 3, 438.

of Eibeschütz, 5, 289.

of Elijah Wilna, 5, 389.

See also Gaonate, the; Geonim, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.

Gaon of Castile, Isaac Campanton, 4, 230.

Gaonate, the, Anan ben David hostile to, 3, 130.

European and African Jews independent of, 3, 208, 210.

decline of, 3, 231, 253.

See also Gaon; Geonim, the.

Garcilaso, Spanish ambassador to Rome, opposes the Portuguese Marranos, 4, 379.

Gascony, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

banished, 3, 646.

during the Pastoureaux massacres, 4, 56.

“Gate of Heaven, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.

Gates, the, of the second Temple, 2, 111.

Gath, Philistine city, 1, 54, 80.

surrendered to the Israelites, 1, 117.

returned to the Philistines, 1, 117–18.

conquered by Hazael, 1, 221.

conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.

“Gatherer, The,” (Ha-Meassef), a Hebrew journal, 5, 399.

editors of, 5, 400.

interest in, 5, 403, 404.

contributors to, in Berlin, 5, 411.

Gatiño, Ezra. See Ezra Gatiño.

Gaucelin, de, lords of Lünel, Jews under, 3, 396.

Gaul, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35.

Gaul, the Jews of, 3, 35–40.

names borne by, 3, 36.

intermarry with Christians, 3, 36.

obey the dietary laws, 3, 36.

treated with hostility, 3, 37–40.

Gaulanitis (Gaulonitis), invaded by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 44, 45.

given to Philip, 2, 119.

given to Agrippa II, 2, 245.

a field in, given to Judah II, 2, 482.

Gauls, body-guard of Cleopatra, given to Herod, 2, 103.

Gayo da Rieti. See Moses ben Isaac da Rieti.

Gayo, Maëstro. See Isaac ben Mordecai.

Gaza, Philistine port, 1, 54.

left in possession of the Philistines, 1, 117.

frontier town of Israel, 1, 129.

taken by Necho, 1, 297.

taken by Alexander the Great, 1, 412.

battle of, 1, 417.

Greek citizens of, resist Joseph, 1, 425.

Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, 2, 419.

proclaimed the Holy City of the Sabbatians, 5, 132.

Jews of, flee before Napoleon, 5, 459.

Gaza, the district of, overrun by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 40.

surrenders to Ptolemy VIII, 2, 40.

taken by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 41.

Gazara, fortified by Bacchides, 1, 491.

surrenders to Simon Tharsi, 1, 523.

fortified by Simon Tharsi, 1, 524.

the son of Simon Tharsi at, 1, 525.

claimed by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 4–5.

a Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.

Geba. See Gibeah.

Gedaliah, son of Ahikam, overseer of the Judæan fugitives, 1, 315.

governor of Judah, disciple of Jeremiah, 1, 319.

guardian of Zedekiah’s daughters, 1, 319.

joined by Jeremiah, 1, 320.

erects a sanctuary at Mizpah, 1, 321.

informed of Ishmael’s treachery, 1, 322.

murder of, 1, 322.

a fast on the anniversary of the murder of, 1, 325.

Gedaliah Levi, quarrels with Vital Calabrese, 5, 52.

Gedalya Ibn-Yachya (of the Italian branch, 1515–1587), historian, expelled from Ravenna, 4, 592.

works of, 4, 616.

consulted by Basnage, 5, 196.

Gedalya Ibn-Yachya I (of the Turkish branch), patron of Jewish literature, 4, 609.

Gedalya Ibn-Yachya II, patron of Jewish literature, 4, 609.

Gehazi, disciple of Elisha, 1, 218.

recounts Elisha’s deeds, 1, 223.

Ge-henna. See Hinnom.

Geiger, Abraham (1810–1874), scholar, characteristics of, 5, 626.

attitude of, towards the Talmud, 5, 626, 669.

devoted to the reform of Judaism, 5, 626.

journal of, 5, 626, 632.

at the Frankfort rabbinical conference, 5, 685.

Gelasius, pope, kind to Jews, 3, 29.

Geldern, Betty von, Heine’s mother, 5, 545.

Gelil Haggoyim, 1, 164. See Galilee.

Gelimer, grandson of Genseric, in the triumph of Belisarius, 3, 26.

Gemara. See Talmud, the Babylonian.

Gemara di Bene Ma’araba. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.

Gematria, Kabbalistic term, 4, 5.

Gemmingen, Uriel von, archbishop of Mayence, the Frankfort Jews appeal to, 4, 430.

not friendly to Pfefferkorn, 4, 430, 431.

appointed commissary, 4, 437.

and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

favors the Jews, 4, 438.

delays the execution of the judgment against Reuchlin, 4, 452.

“General Privilege” for the Jews, issued by Frederick the Great, 5, 304.

Genesareth. See Tiberias, lake.

Genesis, treatise on, by Samuel Ibn-Tibbon, 3, 398.

Geneva, the lake of, scene of Black Death persecutions, 4, 103–4.

Genoa, commerce of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

suffering of the Spanish exiles in, 4, 362–3.

Judah Leon Abrabanel in, 4, 384.

Genoa, the Jews of, under the Ostrogoths, 3, 28.

seek permission to repair the synagogue, 3, 30.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

banished, 4, 553–4.

Genseric, the Vandal, carries the Temple vessels to Africa, 2, 611.

Gentz, Frederick von, on Jewish women, 5, 413.

immorality of, 5, 423.

reactionary leader, 5, 477, 512.

Geonim, the, beginning of the epoch of, 3, 90–1.

history of, dark, 3, 92.

duties of, 3, 93.

power of, as viewed by the Jews of distant lands, 3, 100.

decisions of, binding, 3, 118–19.

opposed to the Exilarchs, 3, 137.

literary works of, in the ninth century, 3, 178–9.

favor scientific pursuits, 3, 187.

responses of, criticised, 3, 198.

chronicle of, by Sherira, 3, 233.

Talmudic work of, surpassed by Spanish Talmudists, 3, 282.

See also Gaon; Gaonate, the; Pumbeditha, the academy of, principals of; Sora, the academy of, principals of.

George II, of England, ratifies the naturalization of the Jews, 5, 337–8.

George, of Hesse, forbids the use of a sentence in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.

George, bishop of Speyer, tries the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case, 4, 454–5.

Gepidæ, the, overrun Rome, 3, 27.

Gerasa, besieged by Alexander Jannæus, 2, 45.

Gere ha-Zedek, true proselytes, in the daily prayers, 2, 384.

Gerizim, Mount, description of, 1, 45.

the Samaritan Temple on, 1, 390.

Temple of, destroyed, 2, 8.

temple to Jupiter on, 2, 422.

Gerlach, archbishop of Mayence, obtains Jews as “servi cameræ” 4, 128.

German-Frankish empire, the. See Franks, the, the empire of.

German language, the, carried to Poland by German Jews, 4, 421.

German merchants antagonize Jews in Poland, 4, 632.

German translation of the Bible by Luther, 4, 469, 475.

by Sachs, 5, 693.

German translation of the Pentateuch by Mendelssohn. See under Pentateuch, the.

Germans, the simplicity of, 4, 422.

purity of, 4, 423.

Germanus, Moses, proselyte, 5, 177–8.

Germany, Jewish emigrants from, held up in Lombardy, 3, 638–9.

refuge of the Jews banished from England, 3, 646.

preferred to Spain by the Asherides, 4, 90, 96.

re-admits Jews soon after the Black Death, 4, 127–8.

French exiles settle in, 4, 177.

exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263.

exiles from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.

Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, 4, 497.

Portuguese Marranos perish in, 4, 509.

religious parties in, 5, 25.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 160, 228.

Chayim Malach in, 5, 214.

feeling of solidarity developed in, 5, 515.

the romantic movement in, 5, 515–16.

debt of, to Börne and Heine, 5, 556.

See also Franks, the, the empire of.

Germany, the Jews of, in the sixth century, 3, 40–1.

advanced under Charlemagne, 3, 141.

yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.

under the Saxon emperors, 3, 241, 242–3.

compelled to be tradesmen, 3, 242–3.

lack of culture among, 3, 243.

not creative in the eleventh century, 3, 281.

occupations of, 3, 281.

compared with the Christians, 3, 281.

devoted to the study of the Talmud, 3, 281, 419.

suffer during the crusades, 3, 297, 351–4.

under Henry IV, 3, 298.

expect the Messiah, 3, 298.

dependent on the emperor, 3, 308.

gloom and bigotry of, 3, 309.

debts owing to, repudiated by the pope, 3, 349.

become “servi cameræ,” 3, 356–7, 416–17, 516, 569.

degradation of, 3, 357.

in the twelfth century, 3, 416–21.

protected by the emperors during the crusades, 3, 416.

privileges of, 3, 417–18.

massacred under Henry VI, 3, 418–19.

high morality of, 3, 419.

little affected by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 516–17.

heavily taxed, 3, 517.

naïve faith of, 3, 549.

accused of aiding Jenghis-Khan, 3, 580–1.

charged with the blood accusation, 3, 583–5, 635.

persecuted after Frederick II’s death, 3, 611–12.

address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624.

piety of, 3, 625.

determine to emigrate, 3, 634, 637.

offer to ransom Meïr of Rothenburg, 3, 639–40.

persecuted by Rindfleisch, 4, 35–7.

neglect the Talmud in the fourteenth century, 4, 96.

under Louis IV, 4, 96–7.

during the Armleder persecutions, 4, 97–8.

during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 105–111.

intellectual decay among, 4, 133–4.

effect of persecution on, 4, 166.

under Sigismund, 4, 218.

privileges of, confirmed, 4, 219.

liturgy of, compiled by Maharil, 4, 225.

fast during the Hussite wars, 4, 225–6.

neglect the Talmud in the fifteenth century, 4, 227.

hatred of, increases, 4, 248; 5, 528, 532–3.

bear the expenses of the Council of Constance, 4, 248.

under Albert II, 4, 249.

terrified by John of Capistrano, 4, 258.

urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–3.

under Frederick III, 4, 293–4, 413.

influence the Jews of Italy, 4, 294.

speak a corrupt jargon, 4, 388–9.

representative of, 4, 414.

uncertain lot of, under Maximilian I, 4, 414–15.

find a refuge in Poland, 4, 418, 420.

carry the German language to Poland, 4, 421.

expulsion of, proposed, 4, 427.

ordered to submit their books to Pfefferkorn, 4, 429.

citizens of the Holy Roman Empire, 4, 443.

the extermination of, planned, 4, 462–3.

narrow-mindedness of, 4, 479.

adherents of Asher Lämmlein, 4, 483.

suffer through the Protestant Reformation, 4, 542–3.

submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

submit disputes to the Synod of the Four Countries, 4, 644.

during the Catholic reaction, 4, 652, 653.

seek refuge in Amsterdam, 4, 680.

in the seventeenth century, 4, 694–5.

under Matthias, 4, 700–1.

and the Thirty Years’ War, 4, 701.

help the Jews of Poland, 4, 707–8; 5, 16.

intercede for the Jews of Vienna, 5, 171.

poverty of, 5, 205.

Dohm’s apology begins the emancipation of, 5, 356–7.

after Mendelssohn’s death, 5, 395–6.

attracted to French literature, 5, 411.

apostasy among, 5, 420.

decay of morality among, 5, 422.

emancipated by the French, 5, 459.

not well thought of, 5, 461–3.

subject to the poll-tax, 5, 464.

in the constitution drawn up by Humboldt, 5, 514.

attacked by J. F. Fries, 5, 521.

defenders of, 5, 521–3, 533–4.

the “hep, hep!” persecutions of, 5, 528–32.

writers among, 5, 534–5.

rapid advance of, 5, 557.

under Polish influence, 5, 558.

estranged from Judaism, 5, 560.

influenced by Bernays and Mannheimer, 5, 582.

effect of the July Revolution on, 5, 598, 600.

forced into reforms, 5, 628.

and the Damascus affair, 5, 669.

rupture among, 5, 672, 674.

Germany, the Jews of, emancipation of. See Emancipation of the German Jews, the.

Germany, rabbis of, in sympathy with Solomon Petit, 3, 627.

insignificance of, 4, 133.

willing to excommunicate Luzzatto, 5, 241.

oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.

protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.

Germany, North, the Jews of, few in number, 4, 111.

the Protestant Reformation in, 4, 469.

Jews tolerated in the towns of, 4, 686.

Germany, South, the Jews of, charged with the blood accusation, 4, 227.

attacked by Lutheran peasants, 4, 542.

Germany, Young, the creation of Börne and Heine, 5, 556.

compelled to advocate Jewish emancipation, 5, 602.

Gerona, Serachya Halevi Gerundi persecuted by the Jews of, 3, 389.

home of the Kabbala, 3, 556; 4, 1.

the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 172.

Geronimo de Santa Fé. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives Allorqui.

Gerrick, commissioner of Louis the Pious to Agobard, 3, 166.

Gershom ben Jehuda (960–1028), disciple of Leontin, founds a Talmud school at Mayence, 3, 242, 243.

writes commentaries on the Talmud, 3, 243–4.

authority of, 3, 244, 245.

studies the Massora, 3, 244.

forbids polygamy, 3, 244.

regulates the carrying of letters, 3, 244–5.

penitential hymns by, 3, 246.

son of, an apostate, 3, 246.

protects repentant apostates, 3, 246.

memory of, perpetuated by the Mayence community, 3, 247.

consults Haï Gaon, 3, 252.

introduces Talmud study in France and Germany, 3, 281.

Talmudical work of, supplanted by Rashi’s, 3, 288.

abrogation of the polygamy ordinance of, 3, 378.

Gerson, Christian, vilifies the Talmud, 5, 181.

Gersonides. See Levi ben Gerson.

Gerundi. See En-Vidal Ephraim; Jacob ben Sheshet; Jonah ben Abraham; Nissim; Serachya Halevi.

Gerville, Cahier de, favors the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 444–5.

Gesenius, exegete, 5, 623, 695.

Gesereth ha-Roïm. See Pastoureaux.

Gesereth Mezoraim, the persecution caused by lepers in France, 4, 57–8.

Ghassanids, the, Arab tribe, 3, 67, 68.

Ghatafan, the, Arab tribe, induced to make war upon Mahomet, 3, 79.

distrustful of their allies, 3, 80.

promise help to the Jews of Chaibar, 3, 82.

Ghazati. See Nathan Benjamin Levi.

Ghent, the Jews of, expelled, 4, 662.

Ghetto, Venetian Jew quarter, the first in Italy, 4, 408.

See Jew’s quarter.

Ghinucci, Geronimo de, cardinal, and the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 507, 516, 520.

Ghirondi, rabbi of Padua, scholar, 5, 622.

Ghuzz, Turkish tribe, allied with the Jews of Khorasan, 3, 434.

Gibbethon, Danite city, occupied by the Philistines, 1, 189.

attacked by Elah’s army, 1, 192.

Omri chosen king at, 1, 192.

Gibeah (Geba), Philistine garrison of, killed by Jonathan, 1, 85.

Saul’s capital, 1, 89, 91.

inhabitants of, flee before the Philistines, 1, 104.

Gibeon, Joshua’s victory at, 1, 34–5.

seat of a high priest, 1, 120.

Gibeonites, the, submit to Joshua, 1, 34.

massacre of, under Saul, 1, 94.

murder the descendants of Saul, 1, 123.

under Ezra, 1, 367.

Gibraltar, the fortress of, asked as a refuge for Marranos, 4, 282.

Gideon, judge, delivers the Israelites from the Midianites, 1, 62–3.

the ideal of Oliver Cromwell, 5, 26.

Gihon, river west of Jerusalem, 1, 114.

Gilboa, mount, description of, 1, 44.

battle of, between Saul and the Philistines, 1, 103.

Gilead, balm of, where found, 1, 43.

description of, 1, 50.

first scene of Elijah’s activity, 1, 200.

Gilead, the inhabitants of, prosperity of, 1, 64.

appeal to Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474–5.

emigrate to Judæa, 1, 476.

Gilgal, camp of the Israelites, 1, 32, 40.

Samuel holds popular assemblies at, 1, 78.

Saul at, 1, 85–6.

the tribes pay homage to Saul at, 1, 90.

Samuel reproves Saul at, 1, 92–3.

David met at, by the men of Judah, 1, 146, 147.

an association of prophets at, 1, 205.

visited by Elijah, 1, 208.

development of the prophetical school at, 1, 234.

Gilion, Evangels, 2, 378.

Gil-Nunjoz, bishop of Palma, charges the Jews with the blood accusation, 4, 246.

Gilo, birthplace of Ahithophel, 1, 123.

Gimso, explanation of, 2, 330.

See Emmaus.

Ginæa, murder of Galilæans at, 2, 243.

Girgashites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.

Gischala, the Judæans of, forced into insurrection, 2, 272–3.

in possession of the Zealots, 2, 289.

taken by Titus, 2, 290.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

Giulio, cardinal, and Reubeni, 4, 492.

Giza, teacher of the Law, flees during Kobad’s persecutions, 3, 4.

principal of the Sora academy, 3, 5.

Saburean, 3, 6.

commits the Talmud to writing, 3, 6–7.

successors to, not known, 3, 7.

Gladiatorial combats introduced into Antioch, 1, 444.

Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia, wife of Alexander, 2, 112.

second and third husband and son of, 2, 128.

Glass-working, occupation of the Antioch Jews, 3, 426.

Gleaning, the right of, granted to heathens, 2, 478.

Gleim, admires “Phædon,” 5, 307.

Gley, priest, interested in Napoleon’s Synhedrion, 5, 494.

Glogau, the Jews of, massacred, 4, 111.

Chayon at, 5, 218.

Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, 5, 174.

“Glorious Stone, or the Image of Nebuchadnezzar, The,” by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 37–8.

“Glory to the Virtuous,” drama by Luzzatto, 5, 242–4.

Glynn, Lord Chief Justice, on Cromwell’s commission for the Jewish question, 5, 43.

Gnosis, the higher knowledge of God, 2, 374.

Gnosticism, spread of, 2, 374.

sects of, 2, 375.

system of, 2, 375–7.

influence of, on Judaism, 2, 377, 380–1.

Akiba deprecates the influence of, 2, 382.

Gnostics, the, theosophists, 2, 374–7.

mystic-allegoric language of, 2, 374.

the God of, 1, 375–6.

influence Elisha ben Abuya, 2, 377.

tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 386.

hostility of, accentuates the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

God, the name of, not pronounced, 2, 413.

Godard, and the emancipation of the French Jews, 5, 443.

God-flesh, Francisco. See Astruc Raimuch.

Godfrey, bishop of Würzburg, grants privileges to the Jews, 4, 259.

banishes the Jews, 4, 259–60.

Godfrey of Bouillon, takes Jerusalem, 3, 308.

Goethe, admires “Phædon,” 5, 307.

expresses regard for Solomon Maimon, 5, 409.

romanticism of, 5, 423.

prejudices of, against the Jews, 5, 461, 462.

Goldberg, Samuel Löb, founder of the “Kerem Chemed,” 5, 621.

Goldbergs, the, Hebrew style of, 5, 617.

“Golden Bull,” the, issued at the Diet of Nuremberg, 4, 128.

“Golden Penny,” the, tax imposed on the Jews, 4, 96–7, 166.

Goldschmidt, Moritz, founder of the “Israelitische Allianz,” 5, 703.

Goldsmid brothers, the, in the Damascus affair, 5, 645.

Golgotha, the place of skulls, 2, 165.

temple to Venus on, 2, 422.

Goliath, Philistine champion, 1, 95.

killed by David, 1, 97.

Gomez, archbishop of Toledo, at the Burgos disputation, 4, 140.

Gomez, Antonio Enriquez de. See Paz, Enrique Enriquez de.

Gomez, Duarte. See Usque, Solomon.

Gomez, Isaac, de Sosa, Marrano poet, 5, 113.

Gonsalvo de Cordova, viceroy of Naples, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 384–5.

descendant of, a Jewish author, 4, 385, 666; 5, 54.

opposes the banishment of the Jews, 4, 385.

dismissal of, 4, 385.

Gonzago, Ludovico, duke, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 287.

Gonzago, Vicenzo, duke of Mantua, permits the use of the expurgated Talmud, 4, 659.

Gonzalez, Luis, Marrano, tries to suppress the Inquisition, 4, 329.

Gonzalo de Santa Maria, son of Solomon Levi, Benedict XIII’s agent, 4, 216, 217.

Good Friday. See Eastertide.

“Good News of the Messiah for Israel,” by Paul Felgenhauer, 5, 36.

Gorgias, Syrian general, invades Judæa, 1, 467.

at Emmaus, 1, 468.

defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 468–9, 476.

Görres, romanticist, 5, 516.

Goshen, home of the Israelites in Egypt, 1, 7.

in the Zohar, 4, 23.

Gospels, the four, translated into Hebrew, 4, 143.

Gotha, the Jews of, during the Black Death persecutions, 4, 109.

Goths, the, invade the Roman empire, 2, 527.

in Rome, 3, 27.

Göttingen, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Gottschalk, crusader, and the Jews, 3, 298.

Göze, opponent of Lessing, 5, 326.

Gozolas, name borne by Gallic Jews, 3, 36.

Gracian. See Solomon Gracian.

Gradis, David, member of Malesherbes’ commission, 5, 432.

representative French Jew, 5, 436, 438.

Graes, Ortuin de (Ortuinus Gratius), inspires anti-Jewish pamphlets, 4, 424.

writes the “Mirror for Admonition,” 4, 425.

helps Pfefferkorn with “The Enemy of the Jews,” 4, 428.

tool of Hoogstraten, 4, 450.

“Letters of Obscurantists” directed against, 4, 461.

Grammar, a Hebrew, by Saadiah in Arabic, 3, 190.

by Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen, 3, 204.

by Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 261.

by Ibn-Janach, 3, 262–3.

by Yizchaki, 3, 273.

by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 371.

by David Kimchi, 3, 394.

by Profiat Duran, 4, 191.

by Judah ben Yechiel, 4, 289–90.

by Ibn-Gebirol, 3, 267.

by Reuchlin, 4, 434.

by Elias Levita, 4, 472.

Grammar, Hebrew, the study of, stimulated by Karaism, 3, 136.

among the Spanish Jews, 3, 235, 317; 4, 91.

decays in the post-Maimunic period, 3, 561.

Grammarians and Lexicographers, Jewish, list of:

Aaron ben Asher,

Abraham de Balmes,

Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Ezra,

Abu Ibrahim Isaac Ibn-Kastar ben Yasus,

Abulsari Sahal ben Mazliach Kohen,

David de Pomis,

David Kimchi,

Dunash ben Labrat,

Elias Levita,

Jacob Tam,

Jehuda Ibn-Balam,

Jehuda Ibn-Daud,

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi,

Jonah Marinus,

Joseph ben Isaac Kimchi,

Judah ben Yechiel,

Lara, David Coen de

Mar-Zemach I ben Paltoi,

Menachem ben Saruk,

Moses ben Asher,

Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia,

Moses Kimchi,

Musaphia, Benjamin

Nachshon ben Zadok,

Nathan ben Yechiel,

Profiat Duran,

Saadiah,

Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela,

Solomon Ibn-Gebirol,

Solomon Lurya.

Granada, called the city of the Jews, 3, 42.

the Jews masters of, 3, 109.

Talmud school of, 3, 236.

Cordova Jews emigrate to, 3, 255.

capital of the Berber kingdom, 3, 256.

home of the descendants of the Exilarchs, 3, 275.

massacre of the Arabs of, 3, 276–7.

invaded by Almotassem, 3, 278.

Mahometan court of, cultured, 3, 291.

conspiracy against the Mahometans of, 3, 316.

home of the Ibn-Ezra brothers, 3, 318.

Talmud school of, destroyed, 3, 384.

Samuel Ibn-Wakar farms the import duties of, 4, 80–1.

at war with Castile, 4, 84–5.

ally of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 125, 126.

forced converts emigrate to, 4, 179, 318, 351.

war of Ferdinand and Isabella with, 4, 344.

Jewish physicians of, 4, 344.

fall of, 4, 345–6.

entered by Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 345.

Jews disappear from, 4, 354.

autos-da-fé in, 5, 91–2.

Granada, the Jews of, Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of, 3, 259.

enjoy complete equality, 3, 261.

Joseph Ibn-Nagrela chief of, 3, 274.

arouse the hatred of the Berbers, 3, 275, 278.

persecuted by the Berbers, 3, 278–80, 281.

Arabic scholars, 4, 60.

protected by Boabdil’s treaty, 4, 345.

Granville, Lord, English ambassador at Paris, presents Montefiore at court, 5, 668.

Granville, Ranulph de, courtier of Richard I, protects the Jews, 3, 410.

Grapte, granddaughter of Helen of Adiabene, erects a palace in Jerusalem, 2, 219.

Grattenauer, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 468, 472.

refuted, 5, 470, 471.

Gratus, Valerius, fourth procurator of Judæa, 2, 135, 137.

Great Assembly (Keneseth ha-Gedolah), the, under Ezra and Nehemiah, 1, 381.

a permanent religious council, 1, 394.

traditional laws ascribed to, 2, 19.

“Great Assembly, the,” the court of the Exilarch, 3, 95.

Greece, Jews from, form a congregation in Constantinople, 4, 402.

Greece, the Jews of, celebrate two days of the new-moon, 2, 363.

autonomy of, 3, 27.

occupations of, 3, 175.

not permitted to hold office, 3, 175.

in the twelfth century, 3, 424–5.

in the sixteenth century, 4, 406.

molested by the Greek Catholics, 4, 552–3.

Greek art, under John Hyrcanus, 2, 14.

under Herod, 2, 118.

Greek Christian communities, established by Paul, 2, 227–8.

Greek Christians, the, despise the Judæan Christians, 2, 231.

differences between, and Judæan Christians, 2, 232.

See Pagan Christians.

Greek colonies, in Judæa, 1, 419.

Greek culture, in Judæa in the third century, 1, 426, 427–9.

acquired by Jews in the Amoraim period, 2, 537–8.

Greek customs, among the Judæans, 1, 427, 527.

Greek games, introduced into Judæa, 1, 445.

Greek islands, the, the Spanish exiles on, 4, 363–4.

Greek Judæans, the, become Nazarenes, 2, 219–20, 221.

attack the Law, 2, 221–2.

Greek language, the, spoken by Judæans in Hasmonæan times, 2, 15.

study of, forbidden by the teachers of the Law under Hadrian, 2, 400.

acquirement of, permitted by Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 494.

spoken by the Jews of Italy in the twelfth century, 3, 423.

Greek learning, the, of the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.

Greek philosophy, an aid to Christianity, 2, 373.

Greek poems, by a Samaritan and a Judæan, 1, 517.

Greek translation of the Scriptures, by Akylas, 2, 385, 386–7.

ordered to be read in the synagogues by Justinian I, 3, 14–15.

See also Septuagint, the.

Greek translations of Hebrew works, 2, 359.

Greek words in the Mishna, 2, 461.

Greeks, the, characteristics of, 1, 411.

influence of, on the Judæans, 1, 427–9.

in Judæa, hate the Judæans, 1, 434; 2, 246–7.

learn Judaism through the Septuagint, 1, 512–14.

beyond the Jordan, hostile to Judæa, 2, 7.

cultured, opposed to Christianity, 2, 229.

and Jews, contrasted, 5, 706–8.

Grégoire, Abbé, influenced by Ensheim, 5, 401.

champion of the Jews, 5, 432.

competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434–5.

in the National Assembly, 5, 435, 440.

exhorts the Jews to obtain naturalization, 5, 436.

intercedes for the Alsatian Jews, 5, 437.

entertains a distorted view of Jewish history, 5, 593.

Gregory I, pope, protects the Jews against forced conversions, 3, 25, 33.

forbids Jews to own slaves, 3, 33, 34.

remits the land-tax of converts, 3, 33.

praises Reccared for his attitude towards the Jews, 3, 34, 46.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), pope, on the venality of the clergy, 3, 287.

and the Jews, 3, 293, 298.

forbids Jews to hold offices in Christian countries, 3, 293–4.

tries to arrest the influence of the Jews at the Castilian court, 3, 294.

Gregory IX, pope, permits the burning of the Talmud, 4, 460.

hostile to the Jews, 3, 519, 520.

enforces the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 521.

banishes philosophical writings from the University of Paris, 3, 528.

establishes the Inquisition in France, 3, 542.

legate of, in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 542.

re-issues the Jewish constitution of Innocent III, 3, 564.

reproaches Frederick II with heterodoxy, 3, 567.

orders a crusade, 3, 570.

deprecates the compulsory baptism of Jews, 3, 570.

the Talmud accused before, 3, 573–4.

orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 3, 574–5.

Gregory X, pope, protects Jews against forcible baptism, 3, 635.

Gregory XIII, pope, forbids the employment of Jewish physicians, 4, 653–4.

puts the Jews under the Inquisition, 4, 654.

orders the confiscation of the Talmud, 4, 654.

institutes sermons for Jews, 4, 654–5, 706.

Gregory, bishop of Tours, charges a poet to celebrate the achievements of Avitus, 3, 39.

Grimani, Dominico, cardinal, employs a Jewish physician, 4, 411.

in the Reuchlin-Hoogstraten case, 4, 458.

Grodno, Mordecai Jafa rabbi at, 4, 645.

Groede, burial ground of the Dutch Jews at, 4, 672.

Gröningen, Martin von, translates the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 460.

Grotius, Hugo, studies Hebrew, 5, 21.

introduced to Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Grund, Christian, advocate of Jewish emancipation, 5, 463, 465–6.

Guarini, work of, translated, 5, 114.

Gudeo, papal legate, presides over the Council of Vienna, 3, 611.

Guebres, neo-Persians. See Sassanides.

Guglielmo di Portaleone, Italian physician, 4, 287.

“Guide of the Perplexed, The” (Moréh Nebuchim, Dalalat al Haïrin), religious philosophical work by Maimonides, 3, 477–85.

addressed to Joseph Ibn-Aknin, 3, 478.

connects Judaism and philosophy, 3, 478–9, 485–6.

explains the Jewish doctrine of the universe, 3, 479.

on the influence of God on the universe of entities, 3, 480–1.

on the nature of sin, 3, 481–2.

on the intellectual and moral powers of man, 3, 482–3.

on the prophetic faculty and the prophets, 3, 482–4.

on miracles, 3, 483.

on Moses, 3, 483–4.

on revelation, 3, 484–5.

supplants all other Jewish religious-philosophical systems, 3, 486; 4, 479.

effect of, on the Mahometan and Christian world, 3, 486.

Latin translation of, 3, 486, 542–3; 4, 60, 474.

weakness of, 3, 486–7.

condemned by Mahometans, 3, 488.

condemned by Abraham ben David, 3, 490.

Hebrew translation of, 3, 490–2.

assailed by anti-Maimunists, 3, 523.

satirized, 3, 538.

denounced by Solomon Petit, 3, 626.

studied by the Italian Jews, 3, 629.

ordered to be burnt at Accho, 3, 631.

defended by Shem-Tob Falaquera, 3, 634.

attacked by Aaron ben Elia Nicomedi, 4, 95.

neglected in Spain in the fourteenth century, 4, 143.

studied by Moses Isserles, 4, 638.

studied by Mendelssohn, 5, 295.

studied by Solomon Maimon, 5, 407.

Guido Ubaldo, duke of Urbino, permits Marranos to live in Pesaro, 4, 569, 578.

banishes the Marranos, 4, 580–1.

Guidon, physician, convert to Islam, employed to convert Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 153–4.

Guienne, the Jews of, under Henry II, 3, 409.

wells of, poisoned, 4, 57.

Guilds, the, antagonize the Jews in Frankfort, 4, 695, 696.

antagonize the Jews in Worms, 4, 698–9.

persecute the Jews in Poland, 5, 1.

arouse passion against the Jews of Prussia, 5, 191.

Guldberg, von, Danish minister, and Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 333.

Gumpertz, Aaron Solomon, friend of Mendelssohn, 5, 295.

Gumprecht, obtains the emancipation of the Jews of Frankfort, 5, 505.

Gunther of Schwarzberg, at war with Emperor Charles IV, 4, 109, 110.

Gustavus Adolphus, the daughter of. See Christina of Sweden.

Guttenstein, de, count, imprisons Pfefferkorn, 4, 424.

Gymnasia, introduced into Jerusalem, 1, 445.

H

Haaja. See Haï.

Haarlem, Jews not permitted to settle in, 4, 685.

Haatakah, tradition, among the Karaites, 3, 159.

Habakkuk, apocryphal additions to, 2, 624.

Habor, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.

Habus, king of Granada, vizir of, patron of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 256.

makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela minister, 3, 256–7.

poems addressed to, 3, 257.

parties formed at the death of, 3, 258.

makes Samuel Ibn-Nagrela chief of the Granada Jews, 3, 259.

employs Jewish officials, 3, 319.

Hadad, prince of Idumæa, allied with Shishak, 1, 176.

regains possession of Idumæa, 1, 176–7.

Hadadezer, king of Zobah, ally of the Ammonites, defeated by David, 1, 126–7.

Hadrian, pope, hostile to the Jews, 3, 142.

Hadrian, emperor, hostile to the Jews, 2, 350; 5, 724–5.

rebellions against, 2, 399.

clemency of, to the rebels, 2, 400.

deposes and executes Lucius Quietus, 2, 400–1.

permits the restoration of the Temple, 2, 401–2.

withdraws the permission, 2, 402–3.

visits Judæa, 2, 406.

and Joshua ben Chananya, 2, 406–7.

coins of, 2, 407, 419.

projects the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, 2, 407.

mocks at Judaism, 2, 407–8.

first action of, against Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

concerned about the Bar-Cochba rebellion, 2, 413–14.

sends Julius Severus to Judæa, 2, 414.

persecutes Jewish prisoners and fugitives, 2, 419–20.

taxes the Jews heavily, 2, 420.

decrees laws against Judaism, 2, 421, 423–6.

sends Turnus Rufus to Judæa, 2, 421.

rebuilds Jerusalem, 2, 421–2.

column in honor of, 2, 422.

erects heathen temples in Judæa, 2, 422.

tries to graft paganism on Judaism, 2, 422.

cruelty of, to the dead, 2, 430.

persecutes the Christians, 2, 430–1.

death of, 2, 432.

decrees of, revoked, 2, 433.

edict of, revived, 3, 23.

Hagadah, the. See Agada, the.

Hagenau, the duke of, Jews of Alsace tributary to, 5, 348.

Haggaï, Jewish name of Robert de Redingge, 3, 641.

Haggaï, prophet, urges the completion of the second Temple, 1, 359.

extols Zerubbabel, 1, 360.

Haggaï. See also Chaggaï.

Haggeth, wife of David, 1, 135.

Hagin (Chayim) Denlacres, chief rabbi of England, 3, 644.

Hagiographa, the, commentaries on, by Solomon ben Yerucham, 3, 206.

by Joseph Kara, 3, 346.

Haï ben David (890–897), Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 183.

Haï (Haaja, Haya) ben Sherira (969–1038), chief judge, 3, 233, 250.

Gaon of Pumbeditha, 3, 234, 250.

popularity of, 3, 234, 250.

authority of, rivaled by Gershom ben Jehuda’s, 3, 244.

character and attainments of, 3, 250.

compared with Saadiah, 3, 250.

consults the Patriarch of the Eastern Christians, 3, 250.

consults the Koran, 3, 251.

commentary on the Talmud by, 3, 251.

denounces mysticism, 3, 251–2.

consulted by African and European Talmudists, 3, 252, 260.

the head of Judaism, 3, 252.

revives the academy of Sora, 3, 253.

eulogies on, 3, 253.

Haï Gaon. See Haï ben Sherira.

Haidamaks, the, ravages of, among Polish Jews, 5, 8–10, 11–12, 388.

See Cossacks, the.

Hakim, Fatimide caliph, decrees the conversion of Jews to Islam, 3, 247.

ordains Jew badges, 3, 247–8.

expels the Jews, 3, 248.

assassination of, 3, 248.

Halacha, the, oral teaching, 2, 328, 329.

knowledge of, acquired by pagans, 2, 384.

cultivated by Rabba bar Nachmani, 2, 576, 578.

neglected under Theodosius II, 2, 623.

See also Law, the oral; Mishna, the.

Halacha, the, the study of, scorned by the Nazarenes, 2, 371.

declines in Judæa, 2, 540.

new method of, introduced by Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 545.

strengthens the judgment, 2, 625.

Halachas, the, Gamaliel II maintains the authority of, 2, 338, 339.

arrangement of, by Akiba, 2, 353, 354.

collected by the half-Tanaites, 2, 470–1.

See also Law, the oral; Mishna, the.

Halachic development, the, of the Law, 5, 723–4.

“Halachoth,” by Alfassi, 3, 286.

Halachoth Gedoloth, by Simon of Cairo, 3, 179.

Halachoth Ketuoth, work by Judah the Blind, 3, 136.

supplemented by Halachoth Gedoloth, 3, 179.

Halah, the Ten Tribes colonized in, 1, 265.

Halberstadt, the Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

Haleb. See Aleppo.

Halevi, Aaron. See Aaron Halevi.

Halevi, Abraham. See Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi.

Halevi, Abu Said ben Chalfon. See Abu Said.

Halevi, Ali. See Ali Halevi.

Halevi, Eleazar ben Joel. See Eleazar ben Joel Halevi.

Halevi, Elia, French Jewish poet, 5, 460.

Halevi, Elias. See Elias Halevi.

Halevi, Isaac. See Isaac ben Asher Halevi; Isaac Halevi.

Halevi, Jacob ben Moses Mölin. See Jacob ben Moses.

Halevi, Jehuda. See Jehuda Halevi.

Halevi, Jephet Ibn-Ali. See Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi.

Halevi, Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.

Halevi, Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash. See Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash.

Halevi, Joseph Amarkala. See Joseph Amarkala Halevi.

Halevi, Meïr ben Baruch. See Meïr ben Baruch Halevi.

Halevi, Meïr ben Todros. See Meïr ben Todros Halevi.

Halevi, Moses Uri. See Moses Uri Halevi.

Halevi, Samuel. See Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï; Samuel ben Ali Halevi; Samuel Halevi; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

Halevi, Serachya. See Serachya Halevi Gerundi; Serachya Halevi Saladin.

Halfen, Azaria and Solomon, rabbis at Damascus, charged with ritual murder, 5, 638.

ordered to translate suspicious Talmud passages, 5, 640.

Halicz, Karaites in, 5, 182.

Halle, Aaron. See Wolfsohn, Aaron.

Halles district, the, of Paris, opposes the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 445.

Hamadan (Fars), center of the Judghanites, 3, 149–50.

the community of, excommunicated, 3, 194.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 434.

Hamath, the inhabitants of, colonized in Samaria, 1, 285.

Hamburg, settlement of Jews in, 4, 685–8.

the Lutherans of, object to Jews, 4, 685, 687, 691–3.

refuses permission to German Jews to settle there, 4, 685–6.

harbors Portuguese Jews as “traders,” 4, 686–7.

admits Jews under restrictions, 4, 688.

bank of, supported by Jews, 4, 689.

synagogues at, 4, 689–90, 691.

German Jews in, 4, 691.

posts of honor occupied by Jews in, 4, 692.

called “little Jerusalem,” 4, 693.

Joseph Delmedigo at, 5, 78.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 139, 140–1, 150, 151, 155.

stagnation of trade in, 5, 149.

Jews from, settle in Brandenburg, 5, 174.

Portuguese Jews of, wealthy, 5, 205.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

Lessing at, 5, 319–20.

the Reform movement in, 5, 563–4.

Talmud school of, closed, 5, 567.

the Dayanim of, oppose the Reform Temple, 5, 570, 573.

the “hep, hep!” persecution in, 5, 573.

Bernays appointed to the rabbinate of, 5, 576–7.

conflagration in, 5, 674.

See also Reform Temple Union, the.

Hamburg, the Jews of, described by John Miller, 4, 690.

wish to settle in England, 5, 18.

emancipated, 5, 506.

Ha-Meassef, a Hebrew journal, 5, 339. See “Gatherer, The.”

Hamma, Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Hammuna, friend of Chanina bar Chama, 2, 456.

Hamon, Isaac, physician in Granada, power of, 4, 344.

Hamon, Joseph, physician to Selim I, 4, 401.

Hamon, Moses, physician to Solyman I, patron of Jewish literature, 4, 401.

family of, exempt from taxes, 4, 402.

protector of the Turkish Jews, 4, 553.

disposes the sultan in favor of the Mendes family, 4, 575.

Hanameel, cousin of Jeremiah, 1, 290.

Hananel, gate, tower at, in Jerusalem, 1, 231.

Hanania. See Chananya.

Hananiah, informs Nehemiah of the distress of the Judæans, 1, 372.

commander of the Birah, 1, 382.

Hanau, Solomon, teacher of Wessely, 5, 367.

Hanau, Jews permitted to settle in, 4, 695.

rabbi of, opposes the Reform movement, 5, 571.

Handicrafts, Jews engage in, 3, 401, 425, 426, 427, 606.

Jews forbidden to engage in, 4, 203, 205, 216.

discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 497.

See Artisans; Trades.

“Handspiegel,” by Pfefferkorn, Reuchlin’s reply to, 4, 446–8.

Hanna Bachari Bey, opponent of the Damascus Jews, 5, 633, 635.

Hannah, mother of Samuel, 1, 73.

Hanover, the flagellants in, 4, 111.

Jews tolerated in, 4, 686.

Chayon at, 5, 231.

the Jews of, deprived of civil rights, 5, 512.

Hanse Towns, the, object to the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 519.

Hanse Towns, the, the Jews of, emancipated under French influence, 5, 506.

send a deputy to the Congress of Vienna, 5, 513.

oppression of, disapproved of, 5, 514.

deprived of the rights secured by French influence, 5, 519.

Hanukkah. See Chanuka.

Hanun, king of the Ammonites, at war with David, 1, 126–7, 129.

Haphtarah, the lesson from the Prophets, 1, 400.

Haquinet, son of Manessier de Vesoul, 4, 150.

Hardenberg, Prussian minister, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 507, 527.

disapproves of the oppression of the Jews, 5, 514.

carelessness of, 5, 519–20.

Hariri of Basra, Arabic poet, imitated by Solomon Ibn-Sakbel, 3, 318.

Harith Ibn-Abu Shammir, kills the Jewish chiefs of Yathrib, 3, 67.

feud of, with Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68, 69.

Harith Ibn-Amru, Kendite prince, proselyte, 3, 63.

“Harmony of Heaven, The,” by Judah Leon Abrabanel, 4, 480.

Haroun Alrashid, Abbassid caliph, and Charlemagne, 3, 143.

re-enacts the “covenant of Omar,” 3, 145.

death of, 3, 145.

Harp, Lake of the. See Tiberias.

Harrach, count, patron of Ben-David, 5, 410.

Harrison, General, Jewish spirit of, 5, 34.

Hartmann von Deggenburg, leads a massacre of Jews, 4, 98.

Hartmann, Frederick Traugott, opponent of the Jews, 5, 359, 361.

Hasmonæan dynasty, the, the members of:

Alexander I Jannæus,

Alexander (II),

Antigonus,

Aristobulus I,

Aristobulus II,

Hyrcanus I, John

Hyrcanus II,

Salome Alexandra,

Simon Tharsi.

Hasmonæan party, the, leaders of, 1, 489.

comparison of, with the Assidæans, 1, 489.

aims of, 1, 489–90.

attacked by the Bene-Amri, 1, 491.

defeated by Bacchides, 1, 491.

fight for Antiochus VI, 1, 498.

Hasmonæans, the, and Greek art, 2, 14.

palace of, in Jerusalem, 2, 14.

mausoleum of, 2, 14.

hated by the Pharisees, 2, 33.

assume the royal title, 2, 35.

contrast between the first and the last, 2, 84.

temporary character of the rule of, 2, 143.

See also Maccabees, the.

Hasselbauer, bishop of Prague, friend of Eibeschütz, 5, 250.

Hathor, an Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.

Hatti Sherif, firman emancipating the Turkish Jews, 5, 641, 664.

Hauran (Havvoth Jair). See Auranitis.

“Havayot d’Abayi ve Raba,” 2, 585.

Haya. See Haï ben Sherira.

Hazael, of Damascus, at war with Jehoram of Israel, 1, 210.

gains territory from Jehu, 1, 220–1.

at war with Jehoahaz and Joash, 1, 221.

Hazor, rallying place of the Canaanites, 1, 37.

Heathen, the, view held by, of Judæans and Judaism, 2, 203.

adopt Judaism, 2, 215–19.

disgusted with the deification of human beings, 2, 228.

Judæans forbidden to deal with, 2, 270.

join the Bar-Cochba rebellion, 2, 410.

intercourse with, regulated by the Mishna, 2, 476–8.

intercourse with, interdicted by Tertullian, 2, 476–7.

permitted to glean, 2, 478.

purchases from, permitted by Judah II, 2, 483–4.

become acquainted with Jewish literature, 2, 502.

relaxing of the laws against, 2, 525.

Heber, the Kenite, in Charisi’s Tachkemoni, 3, 559.

Hebert, sets up the religion of Reason, 5, 450.

Hebrew alphabet, the, Assyrian characters of, 1, 395.

“Hebrew Chrestomathy,” by Adam Martinet, 5, 628, 629.

Hebrew grammar. See Grammar.

Hebrew language, the, cherished by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 340, 364.

Judæans ignorant of, 1, 386.

cultivated under the Hasmonæans, 2, 14–15.

called New-Hebrew (Neo-Hebrew), 2, 15.

used in the historical writings, 2, 16.

mispronounced in Galilee, 2, 149.

of the Mishna, 2, 461.

spoken in Judæa, 2, 461–2.

learnt by Origen, 2, 488.

in the Amoraim period, 2, 538–9.

interest in, under Theodosius II, 2, 623, 625.

Jews forbidden to teach Christians, 2, 624.

revived under Arab influence, 3, 111–12.

furnished with vowel points, 3, 112.

neglected in the ninth century, 3, 157.

studied by Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 224–5.

promoted by the controversy under Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, 3, 226–7.

improvement in, in the twelfth century, 3, 317.

taught as a means for conversion, 3, 597, 640–1; 4, 245.

words of, used by Spanish satirists, 4, 181.

study of, introduced into Germany by Reuchlin, 4, 432, 433, 434.

panegyric on, by Reuchlin, 4, 433–4, 436.

study of, at the German universities advised by Reuchlin, 4, 443.

studied by Egidio de Viterbo, 4, 457.

professorships for, instituted, 4, 471, 473, 474.

studied by Christians, 4, 471–4, 651.

widely studied in Holland, 5, 21.

society for the promotion of, 5, 398–9.

a bond for the Jews of western Europe, 5, 402.

love of, prevents apostasy, 5, 420.

importance of, in the Jewish liturgy, 5, 562.

omission of, from the divine service objected to, 5, 564.

Portuguese pronunciation of, adopted in Hamburg, 5, 571.

retained in the Vienna Temple, 5, 580.

renaissance of, through Erter, 5, 613, 616.

banishment of, from the liturgy proposed by Holdheim, 5, 680.

abolition of, in the liturgy discussed, 5, 685.

See also Grammar, Hebrew; Literature, Jewish.

Hebrew literature, allegories in, 1, 158–9.

under Hezekiah, 1, 279.

during the Babylonian Captivity, 1, 334–6, 340–2.

in the Persian period, 1, 410–11.

translated into Greek, 2, 359.

See also Literature, Jewish; Judæo-Greek literature; Poetry.

“Hebrew Physician, The,” by David de Pomis, 4, 656–7.

“Hebrew Rites, The,” by Leo Modena, 5, 71–2, 180.

Hebrew writings. See Confiscation and burning of Hebrew books.

Hebron, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

chief city of Judah, 1, 38, 77.

residence of David, 1, 109.

David leaves, 1, 114.

Absalom declared king in, 1, 139.

owned by Idumæans, 1, 435, 474.

Jewish prisoners sold at the slave markets of, 2, 419.

Maimonides in, 3, 457.

occupations of the Jews of, 4, 75.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 128.

Hechal, the Holy Place, 1, 165.

Hegel, influence of, on Edward Gans, 5, 583.

on Young Israel, 5, 585.

Heidelberg, the Jews of, persecuted, 5, 530–1.

Heidelberg, the University of, on the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

Spinoza offered a professorship at, 5, 108.

Heidenheim, Wolf, one of the Measfim, Massoretic studies of, 5, 400.

Heilmann, rabbi, opponent of Eibeschütz, 5, 262, 263, 268, 269.

Heilperin, Jechiel, historian, 5, 202.

Heine, Heinrich (1799–1854), as a Jew, 5, 536, 544.

as a German, 5, 537.

as poet, 5, 537.

as a thinker, 5, 544–5.

character of, 5, 545, 555–6.

love of, for his mother, 5, 545.

Jewish education of, 5, 545–6.

pride of, in his race, 5, 546.

attitude of, towards Judaism, 5, 546.

influence of Berlin Jewish society on, 5, 546.

joins the Society for the Culture of Jews, 5, 547.

criticises the Jews, 5, 547–8.

contempt of, for apostates, 5, 548–9, 551–2.

glorifies Jewish history in the “Rabbi of Bacharach,” 5, 549–50.

baptism of, 5, 550–1.

characterizes Judaism and Christianity, 5, 552.

on Shylock, 5, 552–3.

on Moses, 5, 553–5.

inspired by Jewish poetry, 5, 555, 694.

on the “hep, hep!” persecutions, 5, 556.

debt of the Jews to, 5, 556.

debt of Germany to, 5, 556.

on Isaac Bernays, 5, 577.

on Moses Moser, 5, 583.

on the journal of the Society for Culture, 5, 586.

on Edward Gans’s apostasy, 5, 587.

compared with Steinheim, 5, 607.

compared with Erter, 5, 615–16.

on Hellenism and Judaism, 5, 688.

Hejas, the Jews settle in, 3, 54.

See Arabia, northern.

Hejira, the, Mahomet’s flight from Mecca, 3, 73.

Helam, the battle of, the Aramæans defeated at, 1, 127.

Helen, queen of Adiabene, proselyte, 2, 216–17.

visits Jerusalem, 2, 218, 224.

gift of, to the Temple, 2, 218.

mausoleum of, 2, 219.

Helicon, favorite of Caligula, 2, 187.

Heliodorus, treasurer of Seleucus II, tries to force his way into the Temple, 1, 438.

murders Seleucus, 1, 443.

Heliopolis (Onion), district containing the Temple of Onias, 1, 508.

revenues of, devoted to the Temple, 1, 508.

called the Arabian province, 1, 510.

Helisachar, incites the sons of Louis the Pious against their step-mother, 3, 166.

Helkias, son of Onias IV, general, sides with Cleopatra, mother of Ptolemy VIII, 2, 10, 12.

death of, 2, 41.

Hell, attorney, levies blackmail on the Jews of Alsace, 5, 349.

prevents debtors from paying Jews, 5, 350.

banished, 5, 350.

Hell, belief in, derived from Magianism, 1, 403.

Hellenism, the attacks of, accentuate the legal character of Judaism, 2, 471.

Hellenists, the, aims of, 1, 435–6.

Onias III opposed to, 1, 437.

persecute Onias III, 1, 438–9, 444.

condemned by Jesus Sirach, 1, 440–1.

invite the interference of Antiochus IV, 1, 444.

introduce games and gymnasia into Judæa, 1, 444–6.

refuse to sacrifice to Hercules, 1, 446.

procure Jason’s dismissal, 1, 446–7.

disapprove of Menelaus as high priest, 1, 447.

take refuge in the Acra, 1, 454.

betray the hiding places of the Chassidim, 1, 457–8.

appeal to Antiochus V, 1, 478.

lose favor at the Syrian court, 1, 480.

oppose Judas Maccabæus, 1, 480, 482.

fear Judas Maccabæus, 1, 483.

masters of Palestine, 1, 488.

called “Traitors of the Covenant,” 1, 489.

plan to deliver Jonathan and Simon to the Syrians, 1, 493.

deserted by Bacchides, 1, 494.

take refuge in Bethzur, 1, 494.

appeal to Demetrius II, 1, 497.

driven out of Bethzur, 1, 498.

secret understanding of, with Diodotus Tryphon, 1, 500.

driven from their strongholds, 1, 523.

seek refuge in Egypt, 1, 523.

end of, 1, 523–4.

Heller, Lipmann (1579–1654), Talmudist, character and attainments of, 4, 703.

commentary on the Mishna by, 4, 704.

rabbi of Vienna and Prague, 4, 704–6.

apportions the war tax, 4, 704.

accused and imprisoned, 4, 705.

fined and deprived of his office, 4, 706.

relaxes the Jewish marriage law, 5, 13.

draws up penitential prayers, 5, 13.

Heman, grandson of Samuel, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.

Hengstenberg, exegete, 5, 695.

Henna. See Hinnom.

Hennigs, Augustus von, Danish state councilor, interested in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 333, 334.

Henrique, bishop of Ceuta, and the prosecution of Marranos, 4, 499.

Henrique, Infante of Portugal, grand inquisitor, deposition of, demanded by Paul III, 4, 521.

sends a list of Marrano delinquencies to Rome, 4, 523.

Henry II, emperor, banishes the Jews from Mayence, 3, 245–6.

Henry IV, emperor, and the Jews of Worms, 3, 293.

issues a decree in favor of the Jews, 3, 298.

permits Jews forcibly baptized to return to Judaism, 3, 306.

grants protection to the Jews, 3, 308, 416.

Henry VI, emperor, Jews massacred under, 3, 418–19.

Henry of Anjou (III of France), candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 604, 605.

Henry II (de Trastamare), of Castile, rival of Pedro the Cruel, 4, 114.

gains allies against Pedro, 4, 122.

maligns his brother, 4, 122–3.

begins war with his brother, 4, 123.

taxes the Jews of Burgos, 4, 123, 124.

gains Toledo and Seville, 4, 124.

leaves Spain, 4, 124.

takes northern Spain, 4, 124.

refuses to exclude Jews from state offices, 4, 125.

taxes the Jews, 4, 125–6.

victorious at Montiel, 4, 126.

accession of, 4, 136.

attitude of, towards Jews, 4, 137, 138.

decrees Jew badges, 4, 139.

discriminates against Jewish creditors, 4, 139.

forces Jews into religious debates, 4, 140.

Jewish courtiers of, 4, 156.

death of, 4, 156.

Jews hated under, 4, 167.

Henry III, of Castile, discord early in the reign of, 4, 167.

regents for, quell the riot against the Jews of Seville, 4, 168.

confers dignities upon Solomon Levi, 4, 184.

employs Jewish physicians, 4, 185, 190.

advised not to employ Jewish officials, 4, 185.

Jews under, 4, 193.

death of, 4, 193, 196.

appoints Solomon Levi executor of his will, 4, 194.

Henry IV, of Castile, the Jews under, 4, 274–6.

plunders the houses of Jews and Marranos, 4, 274.

employs Jewish officials, 4, 275.

forbids the Jews to dress luxuriously, 4, 275–6.

disproves the charge of child murder against the Jews of Spain, 4, 276.

punishes the murderers of the Jews of Medina del Campos, 4, 278.

statute book of, assigns a low position to the Jews, 4, 278.

deposed, 4, 278.

reproached with partiality towards the Jews, 4, 279–80.

protects the Marranos of Valladolid, 4, 281.

death of, 4, 283.

opposes the establishment of the Inquisition, 4, 310.

Henry I, of England, grants privileges to the Jews, 3, 504.

Henry II, of England, the Jews prosperous under, 3, 409.

Henry III, of England, the Jews under, 3, 570–1, 587–92.

the minority of, 3, 587–8.

appoints a chief rabbi, 3, 588.