Index (continued 5)

Holy Days, the, kept by the Babylonian Judæans, 1, 364.

Holy Ghost, the, dogma of, introduced into Christianity, 2, 500–1.

Holy Land, the. See Palestine.

Holy of Holies, the, Debir, 1, 165.

entered by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451–2.

entered by Pompey, 2, 66.

the Romans desecrate, 2, 124.

entered by Titus, 2, 308.

Holy Place, the, Hechal, 1, 165.

Holy Roman Empire, the, dismembered, 5, 465. See Rome; Germany.

Holy Sepulcher, the, Church of, fear that Jews will gain possession of, 4, 272, 274.

Holy Week. See Eastertide.

Homberg, Herz, assists Mendelssohn in his Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

teacher in an Austrian school, 5, 369.

one of the Measfim, 5, 401–2.

Homel, the Jews of, massacred, 5, 10.

Homem, Gaspar Lopez, Portuguese Marrano, 4, 664.

Homem, Mayor Rodrigues, Marrano, sends her daughter toHolland, 4, 664–5.

emigrates to Holland, 4, 667.

Homer, read by the Alexandrian Judæans, 1, 505.

Greek views of the world in, 2, 208.

“Homilies of the Jews in Divine Worship,” by Zunz, 5, 620–1.

Honorius III, pope, enforces anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 513.

exempts the Toulouse Jews from wearing badges, 3, 514.

prevents the employment of Jews as diplomats, 3, 514.

Honorius IV, pope, bids the English clergy proceed against the Jews, 3, 645.

Honorius, emperor of the West, and the Jews, 2, 616–17, 622.

forbids the collection of the Patriarch’s tax, 2, 617.

forbids Jews to enter military service, 2, 617.

Hooghe, Romein de, poet, on the Amsterdam synagogue, 5, 167.

Hoogstraten, Jacob, Dominican general in Cologne, 4, 424.

and the confiscation of Hebrew books, 4, 437, 441.

decides that the Talmud ought to be burnt, 4, 444.

proposes the indictment of the Jews, 4, 444.

accuses Reuchlin of heresy, 4, 450.

tries Reuchlin and the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 451.

orders the burning of the “Augenspiegel,” 4, 451–2.

the examination of, ordered by Leo X, 4, 454.

fails to appear for trial, 4, 454.

convicted of slander, 4, 455.

appeals to Leo X, 4, 455.

tries to have the Speyer judgment overturned, 4, 458.

summoned to Rome, 4, 458.

satirized in the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 461.

asks for a decision by council, 4, 464.

influences Leo X to suspend his case, 4, 465.

leaves Rome in disgrace, 4, 465.

life of, endangered, 4, 465.

Hoornbeek, John, anti-Jewish author, 5, 46.

Hophni, son of Eli, character and death of, 1, 70.

Hophra. See Apries.

Horeb, mount, scene of the first revelation to Moses, 1, 15.

Hormisdas IV, of Persia, character of, 3, 7–8.

persecutes the Jews, 3, 8.

murdered, 3, 8.

Hosannas, Day of, a second Day of Atonement, 4, 626.

Hosea (I), prophet, under Jeroboam II, prophecies of, 1, 240–2.

Hosea (II), prophet, under Hoshea, 1, 251.

Hoshea, son of Elah, murders Pekah, 1, 260.

king of Israel, 1, 263.

ally of Egypt and vassal to Shalmaneser, 1, 263.

withdraws his tribute from Shalmaneser, 1, 264.

fortifies Samaria, 1, 264.

imprisoned for life, 1, 264.

Hosiander, probable author of the “Little Book about the Jews,” 4, 545.

Host desecration, the charge of, believed by Maximilian I, 4, 414.

Host desecration, charged against the Jews of Röttingen, 4, 35.

of Deckendorf, 4, 98.

of Prague, 4, 164–6.

of Segovia, 4, 195–6.

of Austria, 4, 223.

of Silesia, 4, 261.

of Passau, 4, 306.

of the Mark of Brandenburg, 4, 437, 440.

See also Blood accusation, the; Child murder.

Hosts, God of, meaning of, 1, 130–1.

House of Commons, the, passes the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.

“House of God, The,” Kabbalistic work by Abraham de Herrera, 5, 54.

“House of Jacob,” first Amsterdam synagogue, 4, 667.

House of the Forest of Lebanon, Solomon’s armory, 1, 108.

Howan, the Temple of, Jewish children brought up as Magians in, 2, 629.

Howdon, Lord, on the Damascus affair, 5, 656.

Hubmaier, Balthasar, Anabaptist, agitates against the Jews, 4, 542–3.

Huesca, the Jews of, excommunicate the anti-Maimunists, 3, 537.

the Marranos of, conspire against Pedro Arbues, 4, 330.

Huet, Peter Daniel, and Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 22.

Huete, meeting of the deputies of Castile congregations at, 3, 617.

the Jews of, persecuted, 4, 170.

Hufnagel, translates Wessely’s “Songs of Glory,” 5, 404.

Hugh, chaplain of Toulouse, and the Jews, 3, 174.

Hugh Capet, of France, death of, said to have been caused by the Jews, 3, 242.

Hujej Ibn-Achtab, chief of the Benu-Nadhir, 3, 78.

induces Arabian tribes to make war against Mahomet, 3, 79, 80.

killed, 3, 81.

daughter of, 3, 83.

Hulagu, Tartar sultan, ravages of, 3, 606.

founder of the Mongol kingdom in Persia, 3, 638.

Huldah, prophetess under Josiah, 1, 286, 293.

Humanists, the, espouse Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456.

courted by Leo X, 4, 465.

favor Charles V’s election, 4, 468.

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, relation of, to Henrietta Herz, 5, 423.

draws up a constitution for Germany, 5, 514.

Huna, on the refugees from Sepphoris, 2, 571.

Huna (212–297), Babylonian Amora, chief teacher at Sora, 2, 545.

agriculturist, 2, 545.

and Chama ben Anilaï, 2, 546.

charitableness of, 2, 546.

presides over the Metibta, 2, 547–8.

death of, 2, 548.

and Judah ben Ezekiel, 2, 552.

and Chasda, 2, 553.

and Mar-Sheshet, 2, 553–4.

Huna, Exilarch, buried in Judæa, 2, 455, 509.

Huna bar Nathan, at the court of Jezdijird, 2, 610.

Huna ben Chiya, principal of the Pumbeditha academy, wealth of, 2, 576.

opposition to, 2, 577.

death of, 2, 577.

Huna ben Joshua, teacher at the academy of Nares, 2, 593–4.

Huna-Mar (488–508), Exilarch, Amora, 2, 631; 3, 3.

Huna-Mari, Exilarch, executed by Firuz, 2, 629.

learned in the Law, 2, 631.

Hunaï, Gaon of Sora, reforms the divorce law, 3, 92.

Hundt, Hartwig, pamphlet by, against the Jews, 5, 532.

Hungary, adopts Frederick the Valiant’s Jewish statute, 3, 569.

Jews invited into, 3, 613.

Jewish exiles from, take refuge in Poland, 4, 263.

Messianic hopes connected with Solomon Molcho in, 4, 497.

Polish-Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 208.

rabbis of, protest against the Brunswick rabbinical conference, 5, 682.

Hungary, the Jews of, condition of, in early days, 3, 520.

possess the right of coinage, 3, 521.

farmers of salt mines and taxes, 3, 521.

kindly treated by Andreas, 3, 521.

the decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council enforced against, 3, 521.

indispensable to the prosperity of the country, 3, 613.

proscribed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614–15.

banished by Louis I, 4, 111.

liturgy of, arranged by Maharil, 4, 225.

urged to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–2.

Sabbatians, 5, 149.

modify their divine service, 5, 582.

Huns, the, incursions of, 2, 604.

aid Kobad, 3, 2.

Huozmann. See Rüdiger.

Hurwitz, Isaiah (Sheloh), devotee of the Kabbala, 5, 52, 55.

Hurwitz, Phineas Levi (1740–1802), rabbi of Frankfort, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 331.

death of, 5, 566.

Hurwitz, Sabbataï, draws up penitential prayers, 5, 13.

Hurwitz, Salkind, competes for the Metz prize on the Jewish question, 5, 434.

in the National Guards, 5, 443.

Hushai, David’s favorite, 1, 122.

faithful to David in Absalom’s rebellion, 1, 141–2.

pretends to submit to Absalom, 1, 142–3.

Huss, John, attacks the papacy, 4, 221.

condemned to death, 4, 221–2.

Hussite war, the, and the Jews, 4, 222.

cruelties of, 4, 224–6.

German Jews in sympathy with, 4, 226.

Hussites, the, hated by Emperor Albert II, 4, 249.

excite Catholic bigotry, 4, 258.

protect the Jews of Ratisbon, 4, 301.

the Dominicans threaten to ally themselves with, 4, 459.

Hutten, Ulrich von, agent at the imperial court, instructed to aid the Jews, 4, 431.

espouses Reuchlin’s cause, 4, 456–7.

supposed author of the “Letters of Obscurantists,” 4, 462.

enemy of ecclesiastical domination, 4, 465.

favors Charles V, 4, 468.

in the pantomime on the Reformation, 4, 468.

Hypatia, killed by monks, 2, 619.

Hyrcanion, fortress, built by John Hyrcanus, 2, 46.

held by a sister of Antigonus, 2, 94.

Hyrcanists, the, Hyrcanus II’s party, defend the Temple, 2, 65.

Hyrcanus I, John, son of Simon Tharsi, 1, 520.

lives at Gazara, 1, 525.

defeats Cendebæus, 1, 529.

escapes from Ptolemy ben Habub, 1, 530–1.

mother of, imprisoned, 1, 531; 2, 2.

reign of, 2, 1.

contest of, with Ptolemy ben Habub, 2, 2–3.

besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 3–4.

sends an embassy to Rome, 2, 4–5.

furnishes Syria troops against Parthia, 2, 5.

acknowledges Alexander Zabina king of Syria, 2, 6.

Samaritan campaign of, 2, 7–8.

destroys the Temple on Gerizim, 2, 8.

converts the Idumæans forcibly to Judaism, 2, 8–9.

appeals to Rome, 2, 9.

besieges Samaria, 2, 9.

destroys Samaria, 2, 10.

conquests of, 2, 11–12.

has coins struck, 2, 12.

worldly ambition of, 2, 13.

erects a mausoleum at Modin, 2, 14.

employs Pharisees and Sadducees, 2, 31.

offended by the Pharisees, 2, 32–3.

fills the high offices with Sadducees, 2, 33.

death of, 2, 33.

sons of, 2, 34.

Hyrcanus I, John, the wife of, queen, supplanted by Aristobulus I, 2, 35.

imprisonment and death of, 2, 36.

Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannæus, 2, 47.

proclaimed high priest, 2, 48, 76.

conspiracy against, 2, 56.

accession and character of, 2, 57.

defeated at Jericho by Aristobulus, 2, 58.

deprived of the royal dignity, 2, 58.

aided by the Nabathæan king, 2, 59.

refuses to supply the sacrificial lamb during the siege of Jerusalem, 2, 60.

summoned to Damascus, 2, 63.

favored by Pompey, 2, 64.

made ethnarch, 2, 66, 76.

leaves Jerusalem, 2, 70.

petitioned to punish Herod, 2, 78.

permits the Synhedrion to summon Herod, 2, 78.

reproved by Shemaya, 2, 79.

adjourns the Synhedrion, 2, 79.

takes counsel with Malich, 2, 80.

mutilated, 2, 82.

dethroned, 2, 82–3.

taken captive to Babylon, 2, 83.

welcomed by the Babylonian Judæans, 2, 90.

returns to Palestine, 2, 91.

executed, 2, 96.

descendants of, in Nahardea, 2, 551.

Hyrcanus, son of Joseph, his father’s representative in Egypt, 1, 429–30.

favored by Ptolemy IV, 1, 430.

rebuked for extravagance, 1, 430.

successor of his father, 1, 431–2.

flees to Alexandria, 1, 432.

in favor with Ptolemy V, 1, 437.

wealth of, 1, 437.

betrayed by the Hellenists, 1, 444.

tax-collector for the king of Egypt, 1, 444.

Hyrkania, Judæans banished to, 1, 408.

I

Ibbur, impregnation of the soul, Kabbalistic term, 4, 621.

Ibbur, work on the calendar by Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 283.

See also Calendar.

Iberia, early Jewish settlements in, 3, 35. See Spain.

Ibleam, Zechariah, king of Israel, murdered at, 1, 243.

Ibn-Abbas. See Jehuda and Samuel Ibn-Abbas.

Ibn-Abbas, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.

Ibn-Abi Musa, plots to depose Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 258.

Ibn-Abi Obsaibiya, physician, colleague of Abraham Maimuni, 3, 495.

Ibn-Abitur. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

Ibn-Abitur family, the, opposes Chanoch ben Moses, 3, 238.

Ibn-Albalia. See Baruch Ibn-Albalia; Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.

Ibn-Albalia family, the, early settlement of, in Spain, 3, 43.

Ibn-Alfachar. See Abraham Ibn-Alfachar; Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar.

Ibn-Alfachar family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235, 537.

Ibn-Alfara, Arabic poet, elegy by, 3, 279.

Ibn-Aljami. See Nathaniel.

Ibn-Alruchi (Arruchi). See David Alrui.

Ibn-Benveniste Halevi. See Joseph ben Ephraim Ibn-Benveniste Halevi.

Ibn-Chabib. See Jacob Ibn-Chabib.

Ibn-Chasdaï. See Abraham ben Chasdaï; Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï.

Ibn-Daud. See Abraham Ibn-Daud Halevi; Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Chayuj).

Ibn-Daud family, the, traces descent from David, 3, 43.

Ibn-Daudi, the, descendants of the last Exilarch, settle in Spain, 3, 254.

Ibn-Ezra. See Abraham ben Meïr; Abuhajaj Joseph; Abu-Ibrahim Isaac; Abulhassan Jehuda; Isaac ben Abraham; Jacob; Jehuda; Moses.

Ibn-Ezra family, the, Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut a member of, 3, 215.

of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 235.

Ibn-Falyaj family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Ibn-Farussal. See Solomon Ibn-Farussal.

Ibn-Gebirol. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Ibn-Giat. See Isaac ben Jehuda; Judah.

Ibn-Giat family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Ibn-G’ikatilia. See Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia; Moses ben Samuel Ibn-G’ikatilia.

Ibn-Janach. See Jonah Marinus.

Ibn-Jau. See Jacob Ibn-Jau.

Ibn-Kamnial. See Abulhassan Abraham ben Meïr Ibn-Kamnial.

Ibn-Labi. See Vidal ben Benveniste Ibn-Labi.

Ibn-Migash. See Joseph ben Meïr; Meïr ben Joseph.

Ibn-Migash family, the, of the nobility of Jewish Spain, 3, 236.

Ibn-Misha’l, Jewish diplomat, 3, 284.

Ibn-Nagrela. See Joseph Ibn-Nagrela; Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

Ibn-Raz, assailant of Rabbinical Judaism in Leo Modena’s work, 5, 73–4.

Ibn-Roshd. See Averroës.

Ibn-Rumahis, Moorish admiral, captures and sells the four emissaries from Sora, 3, 203, 208, 209.

Ibn-Sahal. See Joseph ben Jacob Ibn-Sahal.

Ibn-Sahula (1245), fabulist, 3, 560.

Ibn-Said (Sid). See Zag Ibn-Said.

Ibn-Sakbel. See Solomon Ibn-Sakbel.

Ibn-Sakviyah, Karaite writer, opposed by Saadiah, 3, 192.

Ibn-Satanas. See Joseph ben Isaac Ibn-Abitur.

Ibn-Shalbib. See Amram ben Isaac Ibn-Shalbib.

Ibn-Shem Tob. See Joseph ben Shem Tob; Shem Tob ben Joseph Ibn-Shem-Tob.

Ibn-Shoshan. See Abraham; Joseph ben Solomon Ibn-Shoshan; Solomon ben Joseph Ibn-Shoshan.

Ibn-Shoshan family, the, members of, die from the Black Death, 4, 113.

Ibn-Sina (Avicenna), Mahometan interpreter of Aristotle, 3, 478.

Ibn-Tibbon. See Jacob ben Machir; Judah ben Moses; Judah ben Saul; Moses; Samuel.

Ibn-Verga. See Joseph; Judah; Solomon.

Ibn-Vives. See Joshua ben Joseph Ibn-Vives.

Ibn-Wakar. See Jehuda; Samuel.

Ibn-Yachya. See David; David Negro; Gedalya; Gedalya I; Gedalya II; Joseph; Moses; Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Ibn-Yachya family, the, Turkish branch of, 4, 609.

Italian branch of, 4, 616.

Ibn-Yachya-Negro. See David; Judah.

Ibn-Yachya-Negro, two brothers, favorites of Alfonso V, of Portugal, 4, 339.

Ibn-Yaish, prominent at the court of Alfonso XI, of Castile, 4, 84.

Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj. See Jehuda Ibn-Daud.

Ibn-Zadik. See Abu-Amr Joseph ben Zadik Ibn-Zadik.

Ibrahim, sultan, war of, with Venice, 5, 119.

Ibzan, judge, 1, 66.

Icabo, character in Samuel Usque’s work, 4, 558, 559, 560.

Idolatry, among the Egyptians, 1, 9–10.

practiced by the Israelites in Egypt, 1, 11.

among the Israelites in the desert, 1, 23–4.

of the Israelites at Baal-Peor, 1, 28.

the Israelites reclaimed from, by Samuel, 1, 75–6.

under Solomon, 1, 175.

under Jeroboam, 1, 186–7.

under Omri, 1, 195–6.

under Jezebel, 1, 197–8.

under Joram, 1, 209.

under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

under Menahem, 1, 244, 247.

under Ahaz, 1, 260–1.

removed by Hezekiah, 1, 268.

under Manasseh, 1, 282–3.

uprooted by Josiah, 1, 294–5.

relapse into, under Jehoiakim, 1, 299–300.

under Jehoiachin, 1, 306.

practiced by Judæans in Egypt, 1, 326–7.

among the Babylonian exiles, 1, 332, 339, 340.

stamped out among the Judæans by the fall of Babylon, 1, 350.

laws against, inviolate under all circumstances, 2, 424.

regulations against, in the Mishna, 2, 476–8.

practiced by the Arabs, 3, 72.

See also Astarte; Baal, the worship of.

Idumæa, urges Zedekiah to revolt from Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 310.

ruled by procurators, 2, 137.

Eleazar ben Ananias governor of, 2, 270.

Idumæan, applied to Herod and Rome, 2, 114–15.

Idumæans, the, antagonize the Israelites in the desert, 1, 27.

characteristics of, 1, 55.

relations of, to the Israelites, 1, 56–9.

routed by Othniel, 1, 60.

attracted to Palestine under Solomon, 1, 173.

gain independence, 1, 185.

revolt of, from Judah, 1, 209.

conquered by Amaziah, 1, 222–3.

attack Jerusalem under Uzziah, 1, 226–7.

defeated by Uzziah, 1, 230.

allies of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 314.

molest fugitive Judæans, 1, 318.

appropriate Judæan territory, 1, 325–6.

settled to the south of Judæa, 1, 355.

in possession of Judæan territory, 1, 435.

hostile to the Judæans during the Syrian invasions, 1, 473, 474.

defeated by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

hostile to Judæa under John Hyrcanus, 2, 7.

forcibly converted to Judaism, 2, 8–9.

colony of, in Samaria, 2, 9, 10.

expeditions of, against Simon bar Giora, 2, 293.

help the Zealots against Anan, 2, 295–6.

disliked by the Zealots and the Moderates, 2, 296.

allied with the aristocratic party, 2, 298.

one of the factions in Jerusalem, 2, 301.

try to make terms with Titus, 2, 309.

Ifra-Ormuzd, mother of Shabur II, leans towards Judaism, 2, 580, 592–3.

generous towards the Pumbeditha academy, 2, 581.

protects the Jews, 2, 592.

assists Raba bar Joseph, 2, 592.

Iggaron, Hebrew lexicon by Saadiah, 3, 190.

Iggeret Teman, by Maimonides, 3, 462–4.

Ignatius, Christian martyr, 2, 621.

Ijon, subjugated by Ben-hadad I, 1, 191.

Ikkarim, work by Joseph Albo, 4, 239.

Ilai, member of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

Ilhas Perdidas. See San Thomas.

Illiberis (Elvira), the Council of, forbids Christians to trade with Jews, 2, 620.

anti-Jewish decrees of, 3, 43, 44.

Illyria, synagogues of, protected by Arcadius, 2, 616.

the Jews of, autonomous, 3, 27.

Ilpha, companion of Jochanan bar Napacha, 2, 493.

Imam, founder of the Fatimide dynasty, 3, 212.

Imamate, the, the high priesthood among the Mahometans, 3, 110.

Immaculate Conception, the, dogma of, attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.

Immanuel ben Solomon Romi (1265–1330), poet, under Maimunist influence, 3, 630; 4, 60.

characterization of, 4, 63–4.

position of, in the Roman Jewish community, 4, 64–5.

friend of Dante, 4, 65.

works of, 4, 65–7.

place of, in neo-Hebraic poetry, 4, 67; 5, 112.

in Fermo, 4, 68.

on the poets of his time, 4, 68.

Immorality, under Jeroboam II, 1, 233–4.

under Jotham, 1, 249–50.

under Ahaz, 1, 261.

under Jehoiakim, 1, 300.

under Zerubbabel, 1, 358.

of the Judæan aristocracy, 2, 234.

of Judæans under the Roman dominion, 2, 237–8.

among the Jews of Babylonia, 2, 516–17, 579.

among the Marranos at Amsterdam, 4, 680.

among the Jews of Prussia, 5, 419–20, 422.

Immortality of the soul, the dogma of, in the “Guide of the Perplexed,” 3, 482, 488.

Maimonides’ treatment of, attacked, 3, 524.

in the Kabbala, 3, 554.

doubt cast upon, by the French thinkers, 5, 305–6.

Mendelssohn tries to restore the belief in, 5, 306–7.

Imnestar, the Jews of, punished for Purim pleasantry, 2, 621.

Imrulkais Ibn-Hojr, Arabic poet, protected by Samuel Ibn-Adiya, 3, 68–9.

“In Praise and Honor of Emperor Maximilian,” anti-Jewish pamphlet by Pfefferkorn, 4, 439.

“In Refutation of Anan,” by Saadiah, 3, 189.

Incarnation, the dogma of, refuted by Moses Cohen de Tordesillas, 4, 141.

expounded by Astruc Raimuch, 4, 182.

refuted by Solomon Bonfed, 4, 182.

attacked by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 187.

criticised by Joseph Ibn-Shem Tob, 4, 235.

in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

Jews averse to, 5, 420.

belief in, threatened, 5, 682.

Index expurgatorius, the, Kabbalistic writings on, 4, 584.

India, trade with, under Solomon, 1, 170.

Uzziah revives the trade with, 1, 230.

Jews settle in, 2, 629–30.

south Arabian Jews trade with, 3, 54, 57.

under the Exilarch’s jurisdiction, 3, 429.

the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 435–6.

desire of the Portuguese to reach, 4, 367.

Infessura, chancellor of Rome, on Sixtus IV, 4, 321.

Informers, among the Jewish Christians, 2, 378–9.

during Hadrian’s persecutions, 2, 425–6.

under Severus, 2, 464–5.

against the Jews of Sepphoris, 2, 570.

the excommunication of, revived, 3, 378.

decree against, by the Mayence synod, 3, 517.

against Jews in Spain, 4, 155–6.

Innocent II, pope, convenes a Church Council in France, 3, 376.

Innocent III, pope, persecutes Raymond VI of Toulouse, 3, 400, 501–2.

preaches the third crusade, 3, 405.

refuses to sanction Philip Augustus’ marriage, 3, 406.

baneful influence of, 3, 496.

protects the Jews against the crusaders, 3, 496–7.

and Pedro II of Aragon, 3, 497–8.

reproaches Philip Augustus with disregard of anti-Jewish decrees, 3, 498–9.

reprimands Alfonso III of Castile for kindly treatment of Jews, 3, 499.

threatens excommunication for intercourse with Jews, 3, 499.

threatens Count Nevers for favoring the Jews, 3, 500.

organizes the Albigensian crusade, 3, 502.

asked to decree a crusade against the Mahometans, 3, 507.

convokes the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 508–9.

introduces Jew badges, 3, 511–12.

death of, 3, 513.

anti-Jewish decrees of, enforced in southern France, 3, 518.

anti-Jewish decrees of, in Hungary, 3, 520–1.

degrades the Jews, 3, 563.

Jewish constitution of, re-issued, 3, 564.

anti-Jewish decrees of, confirmed, 3, 611.

Innocent IV, pope, appealed to, in behalf of the Talmud, 3, 579.

condemns the blood accusation, 3, 583–5, 635.

opposes the forcible baptism of Jews, 4, 165.

Innocent VII, pope, opposes the expulsion of the Jews, 4, 346.

Innocent VIII, pope, urges the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition, 4, 368.

Innocents, the, legend concerning the slaughter of, 2, 116.

“Inquiry into Light and Truth,” directed against Mendelssohn, 5, 363.

“Inquiry into Probability,” essay by Mendelssohn, 5, 299.

Inquisition, the, established in France, 3, 542.

meets opposition in Navarre, 4, 357.

established at Benevento, 4, 385.

condemns Molcho to the stake, 4, 506–7.

at Rome authorized, 4, 525.

burns the Talmud and other Hebrew writings in Italy, 4, 565.

tries the Marranos of Ancona, 4, 568, 570.

permits the printing of the Zohar, 4, 583.

persecutes the Bologna Jews, 4, 590–1.

in the Netherlands, 4, 601, 662.

the Jews of Italy put under, 4, 654.

cruelties of, to Jews, recounted by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 31–2.

Inquisition, the Portuguese, commission for the establishment of, 4, 365.

planned by João III, 4, 490.

idea of, abandoned, 4, 490–1.

plans for, mooted, 4, 499–500.

establishment of, opposed, 4, 500, 505.

established by Clement VII, 4, 507.

inhumanity of, complained of by the Marranos, 4, 509.

proceedings of, stopped by Clement VII, 4, 513.

power of, abrogated by Clement VII, 4, 514.

commission on, 4, 514–15.

reconsideration of, ordered by Paul III, 4, 516.

arrested by Paul III, 4, 517.

sanctioned by Paul III, 4, 518, 527.

cruelty of, 4, 519–20.

practically abrogated by Paul III, 4, 520.

rules of, enforced, 4, 521.

crippled, 4, 522.

described by Samuel Usque, 4, 522.

described by an assembly of cardinals, 4, 523.

imprisons Marranos, 4, 670.

Inquisition, the Spanish, first germs of, 4, 167.

deals with Judaizing Marranos, 4, 256.

and the Jews, 4, 308.

established by Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 309.

views on the establishment of, 4, 310.

authorized by Sixtus IV, 4, 311.

commission to frame the statute for, 4, 312.

statute of, ratified, 4, 312.

judges of, 4, 312.

established in Seville, 4, 312–13.

distrust of, 4, 313.

orders the surrender of fugitive Marranos, 4, 313–14.

first victims of, 4, 314.

publishes the Edict of Grace, 4, 315.

heresy defined by, 4, 315–16.

first auto-da-fé ordered by, 4, 317.

cruelty of, censured by Sixtus IV, 4, 318–19.

established in Aragon, 4, 319, 330.

opposition to, in Aragon, 4, 319, 328–9.

opposition to, in Sicily, 4, 319–20.

judges of, cannot be Marranos, 4, 321.

rigors of, modified by Sixtus IV, 4, 322.

confined at first to the southern part of the country, 4, 323.

description of, by Samuel Usque, 4, 324–5.

tribunals of, established by Torquemada, 4, 325.

in Ferdinand’s hereditary lands, 4, 325–6.

code of, by Torquemada, 4, 326–8.

the introduction of, resisted by the northern provinces, 4, 332.

increase of the victims of, 4, 332.

established in Barcelona and Majorca, 4, 332.

described by Isaac Arama, 4, 332.

in Seville, 4, 335.

turned against the enemies of the Jews, 4, 355.

victims of, under Torquemada, 4, 356.

evil effects of, 4, 356.

described by Peter Martyr, 4, 484.

Christian victims of, 4, 485.

executes Marranos denounced by David Reubeni, 4, 511.

Interest, the charging of, forbidden by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518. See under Usury.

Intermarriages, between the heathen and the Israelites, 1, 56–7.

between the Judæans and the Samaritans, 1, 361–2, 383.

with Ammonites and Moabites prohibited, 1, 362.

Ezra on, with the heathen, 1, 367–9.

law against, expounded by Ezra, 1, 380.

dissolved by Nehemiah, 1, 386.

between Jews and Christians forbidden by Constantius, 2, 567.

forbidden by the Council of Illiberis, 2, 620.

in Gaul, 3, 36.

between the Vangioni and Jewish women, 3, 41.

in Spain in the sixth century, 3, 44.

prohibited by the Council of Toledo and Reccared, 3, 46.

between Jews and Arabs, 3, 56–7.

supposed to be prevented by Jew badges, 3, 511.

in Hungary, 3, 521.

in southern Spain, 3, 527.

denounced by Moses of Coucy, 3, 546.

prohibited by the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

objected to by the Remonstrants, 4, 674.

discussed by the Assembly of Jewish Notables, 5, 489, 491.

discussed by the French Synhedrion, 5, 496–7.

permitted in Mecklenburg, 5, 507.

“Investigation into the Evidences of Christianity against Unbelievers,” by Caspar Bonnet, 5, 309.

“Investigation of Religion, The,” by Elias del Medigo, 4, 293.

“Investigation of Van Swieden’s Work in Reference to the Civil Rights of the Jews,” by Friedrichsfeld, 5, 454.

Ionians, the, buy Judæans as slaves, 1, 227.

Ipsus, battle of, 1, 417.

Irak, name for Babylonia among the Arabs, 3, 89.

divided in jurisdiction between Sora and Pumbeditha, 3, 98.

See Babylonia.

Isaac, ambassador from Simon II to Nahar-Pakod, 2, 443–4.

Isaac, father of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut, patron of men of letters, 3, 216, 224.

Isaac, the Jew attached to Charlemagne’s embassy to Haroun Alrashid, 3, 143.

Isaac. See Mar-Isaac.

Isaac of Accho, Kabbalist, at the siege of Accho, 3, 650.

suspicious of the authenticity of the Zohar, 4, 20.

Isaac the Blind (1190–1210), founder of the Kabbala, doctrines and disciples of, 3, 547–8.

Isaac the Elder. See Isaac ben Samuel.

Isaac de Leon, last rabbi of Toledo, disciple of, 4, 392.

Isaac of Mayence, repentant, apostate, 3, 303.

Isaac of Salzuflen, refused the right of settlement in Hamburg, 4, 685–6.

Isaac of Vienna, disciple of Judah Sir Leon, 3, 409.

Isaac the Younger. See Isaac ben Abraham.

Isaac ben Joseph, Palestinian Amora, banished from Judæa, 2, 567.

Isaac ben Abba-Mari, Talmudist, 3, 399–400.

Isaac ben Abraham (Rizba, the Younger), Tossafist, 3, 408.

Isaac ben Abraham Akrish (1489–1575), Spanish exile, wanderings of, 4, 386.

Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Ezra, accompanies his father on his journeys, 3, 369, 375.

apostate to Islam, 3, 442.

Isaac ben Abraham Ibn-Latif (1220–1290), Kabbalist, system of, 4, 3–4.

Isaac ben Abraham Troki (1533–1596), Karaite writer, antagonizes Christianity, 4, 648–9.

Isaac ben Asher Halevi (Riba), of Speyer, Tossafist, 3, 345.

Isaac ben Baruch Albalia (1035–1094), descent of, 3, 282.

at Cordova and Granada, 3, 283.

works of, 3, 283.

escapes the massacre of Granada, 3, 283.

as astronomer, 3, 283.

chief of the Jews of Seville, 3, 283–4.

hostility of, to Alfassi, 3, 313.

descendant of, 3, 364.

Isaac ben Eliakim, rabbi of Würzburg, martyr, 3, 354.

Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (Alkalaï, 1013–1103), Talmudist, disciple of Nissim and Chananel, 3, 282, 285.

originality of, 3, 285–6.

death of, 3, 309.

elegies on, 3, 310, 323.

makes Lucena famous, 3, 311.

hostility of, to Isaac Ibn-Albalia, 3, 313.

disciples of, distinguished, 3, 314.

successor of, 3, 315.

college of, attended by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 322.

commentaries of, annotated by Serachya Halevi Gerundi, 3, 389.

commentary on the Talmudic work of, by Jonathan of Lünel, 3, 397.

method of, followed by Nachmani, 3, 532.

Talmudic decisions by, justified by Nachmani, 3, 532.

Isaac ben Jacob Campanton (1360–1463), Talmudist, 4, 230.

Isaac ben Jacob Halaban, Tossafist, 3, 421.

Isaac ben Jehuda Ibn-Giat (1030–1089), poet, philosopher, Talmudist, 3, 282, 284.

disciple of, 3, 314.

Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, author of a religious manual, 3, 587.

Isaac ben Joseph Caro, escapes from Portugal, 4, 378.

Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II, astronomer, 4, 51.

Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel (1437–1509), descent of, 4, 169, 337.

friend of Yechiel of Pisa, 4, 286–7.

collects a ransom for Jewish prisoners, 4, 287, 339.

minister of finance to Ferdinand and Isabella, 4, 336–7, 343.

character and ability of, 4, 337.

financier for Alfonso V of Portugal, 4, 337–8.

noble and learned friends of, 4, 338, 341.

instructs the Italian Jews how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.

family of, 4, 340, 360, 383–4, 408–10.

flees to Toledo, 4, 341.

as commentator, 4, 342–3.

orthodoxy of, 4, 342.

protects the Castilian Jews, 4, 343–4.

tries to have the edict of banishment revoked, 4, 348.

goes to Naples, 4, 359.

commentary by, on the Books of Kings, 4, 359.

employed by kings of Naples, 4, 359, 360.

in Sicily, 4, 383–4.

in Venice, 4, 385.

consulted by the Venetian senate, 4, 385–6.

old age of, 4, 386.

censures the impure language of the German Jews, 4, 388–9.

death of, 4, 409.

condemns free thinkers, 4, 479.

and Messianic expectations, 4, 482.

Isaac ben Leon, a Granada Jew, supports Balkin, 3, 258.

Isaac ben Meïr of Rameru, grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 345, 375.

Isaac ben Mordecai (Maëstro Gayo), physician, 3, 628.

Isaac ben Moses. See Profiat Duran.

Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni, given the title Gaon at Pumbeditha, 3, 282, 284–5.

awakens interest in Talmud studies in Bagdad, 3, 429.

Isaac ben Reuben Albergeloni, Talmudist and liturgical poet, 3, 284.

Isaac ben Samuel (Ri, the Elder), great-grandson of Rashi, Tossafist, completes Rashi’s commentary, 3, 403.

college of, 3, 403–4.

collects the “old Tossafoth,” 3, 404.

son of, a martyr, 3, 404.

forbids Jews to buy confiscated property, 3, 406–7.

Isaac ben Sheshet Barfat (Ribash, 1310–1409), Talmudist, 4, 145–6, 148.

disciple of Solomon ben Adret, 4, 147.

opposed to the study of science, 4, 147.

rigid piety of, 4, 147, 148, 149.

rabbi of Saragossa, 4, 148.

opposes Chayim ben Gallipapa’s innovations, 4, 149.

authority of, 4, 149–50.

imprisonment of, 4, 150.

appealed to, in a dispute about the French chief rabbinate, 4, 150, 153.

chief rabbi of Tlemçen, 4, 198–9.

protects Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.

attacked by Simon Duran, 4, 199.

Isaac ben Simeon, a Spanish Jew, has the Jewish prayers compiled, 3, 178.

Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I (845–940), physician, medical author, and philosopher, 3, 180–1.

admiration of, for Saadiah, 3, 192.

influence of, on Jewish science in the Fatimide Caliphate, 3, 211.

Isaac ben Todros, Kabbalist, disciple of, 4, 74.

Isaac Ibn-Albalia. See Isaac ben Baruch Albalia.

Isaac Ibn-G’ikatilia, disciple of Menachem ben Saruk, defends him, 3, 227.

poet, 3, 237.

teacher of Ibn-Janach, 3, 261.

Isaac Ibn-Sahal, teacher of Ibn-Janach, 3, 261.

Isaac (Zag) Ibn-Said, compiler of the Alfonsine Tables, 4, 367.

Isaac Ibn-Sakni. See Isaac ben Moses Ibn-Sakni.

Isaac Ibn-Zachin, commits suicide to avoid baptism, 4, 376.

Isaac (I) Abrabanel. See Isaac (I) ben Judah Abrabanel.

Isaac (II) Abrabanel, son of Isaac ben Judah, physician, 4, 340, 385.

Isaac (III) Abrabanel, son of Judah Leon, baptized, 4, 361.

Isaac Albalag, philosopher, mysticism of, 4, 24.

accused of heresy, 4, 342.

Isaac Arama, on the Inquisition, 4, 332.

Isaac Benveniste, physician, tries to prevent anti-Jewish legislation, 3, 508.

has delegates sent to the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 509.

tries to have the decree on Jew badges repealed, 3, 513.

honored by Honorius III, 3, 515.

Isaac Bonastruc, has a tax imposed on Marrano fugitives, 4, 199.

Isaac Cohen Shalal, Nagid of Egypt, wealth and learning of, 4, 392.

in Jerusalem, 4, 398.

Isaac Halevi, of Worms, on Rashi, 3, 287.

Isaac Hamon. See Hamon, Isaac.

Isaac Israeli I. See Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.

Isaac Israeli II. See Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.

Isaac Lurya Levi (1534–1572), descent and youth of, 4, 618.

under the influence of the Zohar, 4, 618–19.

evolves a system from the Zohar, 4, 619–22.

considers himself the Messiah of the branch of Joseph, 4, 622, 624.

goes to Safet, 4, 622.

glorified by Chayim Vital Calabrese, 4, 623–4.

disciples of, 4, 624.

glorified after death, 4, 624–5.

principles of, taught in Italy, 4, 625.

harm done by, 4, 625–7; 5, 559.

lays stress on devotion in prayer, 4, 626.

the Sabbath in the system of, 4, 626.

introduces a second Day of Atonement, 4, 626.

influence of, on the Judaism of the seventeenth century, 5, 51–2.

disciples of, spread his Kabbala, 5, 52.

manuscripts by, 5, 53–4.

Kabbala of, accepted by Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 118, 119.

Messianic speculations in the works of, 5, 120–1.

works of, studied by Chelebi, 5, 125.

Jerusalem Jews adherents of, 5, 125.

writings of, influence Luzzatto, 5, 236.

prayer book of, used by the Chassidim, 5, 386–7.

Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymos, polemic works by, 4, 234.

Bible concordance by, 4, 234–5.

Isaac Pulgar, refutes the charges of Alfonso Burgensis, 4, 82.

philosopher, 4, 91.

Isaac Sanjari, converts Bulan to Judaism, 3, 140.

Isaac Triest, Jewish advocate before Maximilian I, 4, 436–7.

Isaac Tyrnau, compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 134.

orthodoxy of, 4, 227.

Isaac Zarfati, urges the German Jews to emigrate to Turkey, 4, 271–3.

Isaacs, the five, 3, 282.

Isabella I, the Catholic, of Castile, candidate for the throne, 4, 279.

marriage of, 4, 280.

accession of, 4, 284.

superstition of, 4, 310.

hesitates to sanction the Inquisition for Marranos, 4, 311.

attitude of, towards the Marranos, 4, 311–12.

annoyed by opposition to the Inquisition, 4, 320.

See also Ferdinand and Isabella.

Isabella II, of Castile, daughter of the preceding, to marry Manoel of Portugal, 4, 373.

hostile to the Jews, 4, 373, 379–80.

demands the banishment of the Jews, 4, 374.

cruelty of, 4, 376.

death of, 4, 381.

Isabelle, countess of Chartres, persecutes the Jews of Blois, 3, 379.

Isaiah, the Babylonian, prophet, describes the suffering of the exiles, 1, 344.

oratory of, 1, 344–5.

consolation given by, 1, 345–6.

describes Israel as the apostle to the nations, 1, 346–7.

prophesies the fall of Babylon, 1, 347–8.

Isaiah, son of Amoz, prophet, prophecies of, 1, 251–3.

wife of, 1, 251.

disciples of, 1, 253–4, 279. See Anavim, the.

warns Ahaz against the Assyrian alliance, 1, 258–9.

advises neutrality between Egypt and Assyria, 1, 270.

reproves Shebna, 1, 271.

predicts the doom of Assyria, 1, 272–3.

predicts Sennacherib’s failure, 1, 273, 276.

exhorts Hezekiah not to surrender, 1, 275.

reproves Hezekiah for his reception of Merodach-baladan’s embassy, 1, 279.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

Isaiah, the Book of, reading of, forbidden by Justinian I, 3, 15.

commentary on, by Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373.

Isaiah ben Abba-Mari, authorized to ordain disciples in France, 4, 152.

relieves Jochanan of his office as chief rabbi, 4, 152, 162.

appoints his relations to the French rabbinates, 4, 153.

Isaiah Chassid, Sabbatian leader, 5, 213, 229.

Isambert, French deputy, charges Ratti Menton with cruelty, 5, 650.

Isavites, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 125.

Iscion, Jewish printing house in, 4, 289.

Isebab, teacher of the Law, clerk of the Jamnia Synhedrion, 2, 357.

charitably inclined, 2, 405.

martyr, 2, 429.

Ishbi of Gath, Philistine champion, 1, 117.

Ishbosheth, son of Saul, made king of the Ten Tribes by Abner, 1, 108.

peaceable disposition of, 1, 109.

deserted by Abner, 1, 110.

mourns Abner, 1, 112.

death of, 1, 112.

Ishmael, ancestor of the northern Arabs, 3, 60.

Ishmael II, high priest, appointed by Agrippa II, 2, 246.

envoy to Nero, 2, 248.

Ishmael of Akbara, founds a Karaite sect, 3, 157.

Ishmael ben Elisha, teacher of the Law, opponent of Akiba’s system, 2, 355–6.

martyr, 2, 356, 427–8.

praises Simon ben Nanos, 2, 358.

nephew of, 2, 370.

deprecates Minæan influence on Judaism, 2, 378.

emigrates to Usha, 2, 405.

at Lydda, 2, 423.

counsels religious laxness as a measure of self-preservation, 2, 424.

Meïr disciple of, 2, 436.

method of, in southern Judæa, 2, 442.

Ishmael ben José (ben Chalafta), teacher of the Law, ill-treated by the Samaritans, 2, 457–8.

denounces Jewish freebooters to the Romans, 2, 464–5.

denounced, 2, 465.

Ishmael Ibn-Nagrela. See Samuel Halevi Ibn-Nagrela.

Ishmael, son of Nethaniah, protected by Baalis of Ammon, 1, 317–18.

treacherous to Gedaliah, 1, 321–2.

kills Gedaliah, 1, 322.

takes refuge with the Ammonites, 1, 322–3.

end of, unknown, 1, 325.

Ishmael Almansur Ibnul’Kaim, Fatimide caliph, patron of Dunash ben Tamim, 3, 211.

Ishmael Chanina, rabbi of Bologna, steadfastness of, 4, 591.

Ishmaelites, the northern Arabians, 3, 61.

Isidore, archbishop of Seville, presides over the Council of Toledo, 3, 49.

writes two books against the Jews, 3, 50.

Isidorus, an Alexandrian actuary, hostile to the Judæans, 2, 181.

envoy of the Greek Alexandrians to Caligula, 2, 186.

Isis, Egyptian goddess, 1, 9.

Islam, the faith of Mahomet, 3, 71.

intolerance of, 3, 87–8.

divided on the election of the fourth caliph, 3, 90.

among the Chazars, 3, 139.

champion of, tries to convert Bulan, 3, 139–40.

philosophy of, called Kalâm, 3, 146–9.

theology affects the Jews of the East, 3, 148.

objections of, to Judaism, answered by Saadiah, 3, 198.

conversion to, decreed by Hakim, 3, 247.

contest of, with Christianity, 3, 297.

characterized by Jehuda Halevi, 3, 329, 330.

characterized as idolatry by a Jewish writer, 3, 453.

See also Conversions, forced, of Jews to Islam.

Isle de France, the inheritance of the kings of France, 3, 401.

Jews banished from, by Philip Augustus, 3, 402–3.

the Jews of, not permitted to move to Champagne, 3, 406.

Isny, Hebrew printing house at, 4, 474.

Ispahan, Armenian Jews colonized in, 2, 591.

called Jehudia, 2, 591.

Ispahan, the Jews of, persecuted by Firuz, 2, 629.

adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 124.

in the twelfth century, 3, 434.

Ispahanites, adherents of Obaiah Abu-Isa ben Ishak, 3, 125.

Israel (Ten Tribes), the house of, renounces allegiance to David, 1, 140.

revolts from David, 1, 148–50.

dislike of, to Judah under Solomon, 1, 174.

Israel (Ten Tribes), the kingdom of, first indications of, 1, 109.

founded by Jeroboam, 1, 183.

subjects of, worship at Jerusalem, 1, 185.

idolatry introduced into, by Jeroboam, 1, 185–7.

loyalty to monotheism in, under Ahab, 1, 198–9.

luxury in, 1, 232.

immorality in, under Jeroboam II, 1, 233.

idolatry in, under Menahem, 1, 244, 247.

invaded by Pul, 1, 246–7.

power of, under Menahem, 1, 247.

invaded by Tiglath-Pileser II, 1, 259–60.

inhabitants of, carried to Assyria, 1, 260.

debauchery of the nobles of, under Hoshea, 1, 262–3.

end of, 1, 264–5.

See also Samaria, etc.

Israel (Ten Tribes), the kings of, list of:

Ahab,

Ahaziah,

Baasha,

Elah,

Hoshea,

Jehoahaz,

Jehoash,

Jehoram (Joram),

Jehu,

Jeroboam I,

Jeroboam II,

Menahem,

Nadab,

Omri,

Pekah,

Pekahiah,

Shallum,

Tibni,

Zechariah,

Zimri.

Israel (whole nation), history of, by Baruch, 1, 336–7.

See under Israelites, the.

Israel, Young, under Hegel’s influence, 5, 585.

Israel of Enns, charged with host desecration, 4, 223.

Israel of Kozieniza, leader of the Chassidim, 5, 393.

Israel of Miedziboz (Baal Shem, Besht, 1698–1759), founder of the new Chassidism, 5, 375.

early life of, 5, 376.

intense devoutness of, 5, 376–7.

visions of, 5, 377.

occupation of, 5, 378.

miracles done by, 5, 378.

followers of, 5, 378–9.

successor of, 5, 379.

introduces pilgrimages, 5, 380.

sayings by, 5, 393.

Israel Bruna (1400–1480), rabbi of Ratisbon, 4, 300, 302.

calumniated by an apostate, 4, 302, 303.

misfortunes of, 4, 302.

opposition to, in Ratisbon, 4, 302–3.

imprisoned, 4, 303.

protected by Frederick III, 4, 303–4.

released, 4, 304.

Israel Isserlein, defends Israel Bruna, 4, 302.

death of, 4, 303.

Israel Najara, Damascus poet, 4, 609.

Israel Saruk, teaches Lurya’s principles in Italy, 4, 625.

Israel Zamosc, teaches Mendelssohn, 5, 295.

Israel, Abraham. See Abraham Israel.

Israeli I. See Isaac ben Suleiman Israeli I.

Israeli II. See Isaac ben Joseph Israeli II.

Israelites, the (whole nation), entry of, into the Holy Land, 1, 1, 32.

claim Canaan, 1, 4–5.

in Egypt, 1, 7–18.

influenced by the Egyptians, 1, 8–9, 10.

Egyptian bondmen, 1, 11.

degenerate in slavery, 1, 11–12.

liberation of, 1, 16–18.

pass through the Red Sea, 1, 18–19.

at Mount Sinai, 1, 20–1.

influence of the Sinaitic revelation on, 1, 22.

worship idols in the desert, 1, 23–4.

wanderings of, in the desert, 1, 25–31.

elect judges in the desert, 1, 26.

wars of, in the desert, 1, 26–9.

opposed by the Idumæans, 1, 27.

defeat Sihon, 1, 27.

practice idolatry at Baal-Peor, 1, 28.

cross the Jordan, 1, 31.

defeated at Ai, 1, 33.

defeat the five kings of Canaan, 1, 34–5.

conquest of Canaan by, 1, 39–40.

and the heathen practices of the Canaanites, 1, 51, 57–9.

relation of, to the neighboring nations, 1, 53–9.

intermarriages of, with the heathen, 1, 56–7.

oppressed by the Moabites, 1, 60.

oppressed by the Philistines, 1, 61.

oppressed by Jabin, 1, 61.

oppressed by the Midianites, 1, 61–3.

attacked by the Philistines, 1, 70–2.

idolatry of, under Samuel, 1, 75.

warfare of, with the Philistines and Ammonites, 1, 80.

demand a king, 1, 80.

choose a king, 1, 82–3.

condition of, at the beginning of Saul’s reign, 1, 84.

defeat the Philistines at Michmash, 1, 86–9.

defeat the Amalekites, 1, 91–2.

wage war with Achish, 1, 102–4.

divided into two kingdoms, 1, 109.

David king of, 1, 112.

wage war with the Philistines, 1, 115–18.

champions of, in the Philistine war, 1, 117.

at war with Moabites, Ammonites, etc., 1, 125–9.

enlargement of the territory of, 1, 129–30.

See also Jews, the; Judæans, the.

Israelites, the (whole nation), the kings of, list of:

David,

Rehoboam,

Saul,

Solomon.

“Israelitische Allianz,” founders and object of, 5, 703.

“Israel’s Hope,” by Manasseh ben Israel, 5, 31–2, 33.

Issachar, the tribe of, acquires pasture land in the north, 1, 36–7.

relation of, to the Phœnicians, 1, 53.

Isserlein, Israel. See Israel Isserlein.

Isserles. See Moses ben Israel Isserles.

Issor, a proselyte of Machuza, 2, 587–8.

Italy, loses its importance, 2, 560.

a province of the Byzantine Empire, 3, 32.

under the Lombards, 3, 33.

Talmud scholars of, in the tenth century, 3, 212.

French exiles settle in, 4, 177.

Austrian exiles settle in, 4, 224.

tolerance in, in the fifteenth century, 4, 285.

German rabbis in, hostile to philosophy, 4, 293.

Marranos flee to, 4, 318, 485.

Spanish exiles go to, 4, 352, 407–10.

ships of, carry Spanish exiles, 4, 358.

Spanish spoken in, by the exiles, 4, 387.

Spanish exiles leaders in, 4, 389.

professorships for Hebrew instituted in, 4, 471.

Jewish fugitives in, gather in national groups, 4, 478.

the Kabbala in, 4, 481; 5, 488.

liberty of, defended by Clement VII, 4, 492.

Polish Jewish fugitives in, 5, 16.

rabbis of, Poles, 5, 206.

the Sabbatian movement in, 5, 209.

congregations of, present addresses to the Synhedrion, 5, 496.

rabbis of, oppose the Reform movement, 5, 571.

attitude of, towards the Damascus affair, 5, 650.

See also under Rome.

Italy, the Jews of, in the fifth and sixth centuries, 3, 27–34.

governed by the decrees of Theodosius I, 3, 29–30.

and Pope Gelasius, 3, 29.

under Theodoric, 3, 29–30.

Cassiodorus on, 3, 31.

support Theodatus, 3, 31–2.

under the Byzantine rule, 3, 32.

under the Lombards, 3, 33.

under Pope Gregory I, 3, 33–4.

devoted to the Agada in the ninth century, 3, 160.

banishment of, decreed by Louis II, 3, 174.

yield precedence to the Jews of Spain, 3, 236.

uncultured in the eleventh century, 3, 290.

political position of, favorable, 3, 290.

culture of, before Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 369.

taught the importance of Hebrew grammar, 3, 371.

in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.

not interested in Talmud study, 3, 421.

favorable condition of, under Alexander III, 3, 421.

speak four languages, 3, 423.

influence of Abraham Ibn-Ezra on, 3, 423.

address Solomon ben Adret for religious decisions, 3, 620.

in the Maimunist controversy, 3, 624.

refuse to support Solomon Petit, 3, 627–8.

political condition of, in the thirteenth century, 3, 628.

influenced by Maimonides’ philosophical works, 3, 629–30.

culture of, in the fourteenth century, 4, 59.

Maimonides’ works translated for, 4, 60.

distress of, during Vincent Ferrer’s crusade, 4, 218.

delegates of, wait on Martin V, 4, 219.

poetry of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 230.

Eugenius IV’s bull against, 4, 251.

Nicholas V’s bull against, 4, 253.

Nicholas V abolishes the privileges of, 4, 254.

privileges of, as financiers, 4, 286.

as physicians, 4, 287.

on friendly terms with Christians, 4, 287–8.

culture of, in the fifteenth century, 4, 289.

as printers, 4, 289.

participate in the renaissance, 4, 289, 290.

influence of German immigrants on, 4, 294.

the clergy arouses ill-will against, 4, 295–6.

Bernardinus of Feltre preaches against, 4, 296.

instructed how to receive the Portuguese embassy, 4, 340.

popes friendly to, 4, 407.

joined by numerous exiles, 4, 408.

ruled over by the immigrants, 4, 408.

adherents of Asher Lämmlein, 4, 485.

submit questions to the Polish Talmudists, 4, 639.

suffer from the Catholic reaction, 4, 653–5.

under the jurisdiction of the Inquisition, 4, 654.

conversion of, planned by Gregory XIII, 4, 654–5.

bribe the censors, 4, 659.

poor, 5, 205.

emancipated by the French, 5, 459.

send deputies to the Assembly of Notables, 5, 482, 488.

emancipation of, nullified by Pius VII, 5, 518.

address the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 5, 527.

influenced by the moderate Reform movement, 5, 582–3.

See also under Franks, the, the empire of, the Jews of; Rome, the Jews of.

Italy, Lower, the Jews of, protected by Gregory I, 3, 33.

Italy, northern, the Jews of, number of, 3, 423–4.

Italy, southern, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 421–4.

driven away by the Catholic reaction, 4, 653.

Itil (Atel). See Volga, the.

Itil (Atel), capital of the Chazars, captured, 3, 222.

Ittai, commander of mercenary troops under David, 1, 137.

faithful to David in the war with Absalom, 1, 141.

commander at Mahanaim, 1, 144.

Ittur, Talmudic work by Isaac ben Abba-Mari, 3, 400.

Ituræa, conquest of, planned by John Hyrcanus, 2, 13.

Ituræans, the, converted by Aristobulus I, 2, 37.

Itzig, Daniel, connected by marriage with Friedländer, 5, 397.

daughter of, 5, 413.

representative of the Berlin Jewish community, 5, 415.

Itzig, Fanny, holds a salon in Vienna, 5, 413–14.

Itzig, Itzig Daniel, director of the Berlin Free School, 5, 416.

Ivan IV, of Russia, candidate for the Polish throne, 4, 603.

refuses to permit Jews to trade in Russia, 4, 633.

Izates, prince of Adiabene, converted to Judaism, 2, 216.

accession of, 2, 216–17.

arbitrator in Parthia, 2, 217.

war of, with Abia of Arabia, 2, 217–18.

sons of, study Hebrew, 2, 218.

death of, 2, 218–19.

relatives of, aid Judæa against Rome, 2, 264.

J

Jaabez, Joseph. See Joseph Jaabez.

Jaazer, fortress taken by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 474.

Jabbok, the, river, description of, 1, 46.

Jabesh-Gilead, besieged by the Ammonites, 1, 89–90.

the inhabitants of, bury Saul and Jonathan, 1, 104, 107.

Jabez. See Emden, Jacob.

Jabin, Canaanite king, oppresses the Israelites, 1, 61.

Jabin, king of Hazor, defeated by Joshua, 1, 37.

Jabne. See Jamnia.

Jabustrissa, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 424.

Jacob, another name for the tribe of Judah, 1, 76.

Jacob, brother of Jesus. See James.

Jacob, the patriarch, buys land near Shechem, 1, 4.

Jacob, Syrian priest, incites a crusade against the Damascus Jews, 5, 662.

Jacob of Belzyce, controversialist, 4, 648.

Jacob of Kephar Samia, a Jewish Christian, 2, 370.

Jacob of London, Talmudist, chief rabbi of England, 3, 504.

Jacob the Minæan, physician, defends the dogma of the Ascension, 2, 539.

Jacob of Navarre, shelters a Marrano, 4, 357–8.

Jacob of Orleans, Tossafist, founds a school in London, 3, 409.

commits suicide, 3, 411.

Jacob de Perpignan, permitted to remain in Bordeaux, 5, 344.

Jacob of Segovia, Kabbalist, 4, 2.

Jacob ben Abba Mari ben Simon Anatoli (1200–1250), Maimunist, at the court of Frederick II, 3, 566.

as a translator, 3, 566, 567.

public discourses of, 3, 566.

influences Italian Jewish culture, 3, 629.

attacked by the anti-Maimunists, 4, 32, 39, 40, 41.

Jacob ben Asheri (Baal ha-Turim, 1280–1340), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.

poverty and disinterestedness of, 4, 88.

religious code of, 4, 88–90, 537, 539.

See also Turim.

Jacob ben Eleazar, messenger to the Chazars, 3, 220.

Jacob ben Machir Tibbon (Profiat, 1236–1312), scientist, attainments of, 4, 30–1.

chief of the enlightened party, 4, 31.

appeals to Solomon ben Adret, 4, 33.

excommunicates the opponents of science, 4, 40–2.

Jacob ben Meshullam, the Nazarite, first promoter of the Kabbala, 3, 396.

Jacob ben Moses Mölin Halevi (Maharil, 1365–1427), compiles the customs of various communities, 4, 135.

orders a fast during the Hussite wars, 4, 225–6.

rigid orthodoxy of, 4, 227.

Jacob ben Nathaniel Ibn-Alfayumi, Talmudist of Yemen, 3, 436.

appeals to Maimonides, 3, 462, 464.

Jacob ben Natronaï, Gaon of Sora, 3, 184, 185, 186.

Jacob ben Nissim Ibn-Shahin, disciple of Chushiel, Talmudist, 3, 211.

elicits Sherira’s “Letter,” 3, 233.

disciple of, 3, 252.

Jacob ben Samuel, disciple of Saadiah, defends him, 3, 204.

Karaite reply to, 3, 204–5, 206.

Jacob ben Sheshet Gerundi (1243–1246), Kabbalist, 3, 556.

Jacob ben Sosa, Idumæan leader, helps the Zealots, 2, 295, 301.

Jacob ben Yechiel Loans, physician to Emperor Frederick III, 4, 413.

favored by Maximilian I, 4, 414.

teacher of Reuchlin, 4, 433.

Jacob Ibn-Chabib, scholar, 4, 405.

Jacob Ibn-Ezra, father of the poet Moses, official under Habus, 3, 319.

Jacob Ibn-Jau, supports Joseph Ibn-Abitur, 3, 238, 240.

chief judge of the Andalusian Jews, 3, 239.

loses his power, 3, 240–1.

death of, 3, 241.

Jacob Ibn-Nuñez, physician to Henry IV of Castile, 4, 275.

Jacob, son of Judas the Galilean, insurrectionary leader, crucified, 2, 199.

Jacob, son of Zebedee, disciple of Jesus, 2, 153.

Jacob Abbassi, translator of Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 4, 60.

Jacob Abi-Ayub, physician, executed on a charge of murder, 4, 553.

Jacob Almansur, Almohade leader, at war with Alfonso VIII, 3, 386–7.

Jacob Berab (1474–1541), Spanish exile, rabbi of Fez, 4, 390.

in Egypt, 4, 393.

Talmudist, 4, 418.

tries to re-introduce the Semichah, 4, 531–2.

and Levi ben Chabib, 4, 533–4, 536.

reason adduced by, for the revival of ordination, 4, 535.

forced to leave Palestine, 4, 535.

ordains four Talmudists, 4, 535–6.

death of, 4, 536.

Jacob Emden. See Emden, Jacob.

Jacob Jehuda Leon. See Leon.

Jacob Joshua Falk. See Falk, Jacob Joshua.

Jacob Mantin. See Mantin, Jacob.

Jacob Pascate, supposed well poisoner, 4, 102.

Jacob Perpignano (1170), head of the Marseilles Jewish community, 3, 400.

Jacob Polak (1460–1530), Talmudist, alleged originator of the Pilpul, 4, 418.

Jacob Querido, supposed son of Sabbataï Zevi, reverenced by the Sabbatians, 5, 209.

declared the Messiah, 5, 210.

profligacy of, 5, 210.

accepts Islam, 5, 211.

death of, 5, 211.

son of, 5, 211.

prayers addressed to, 5, 274.

Jacob Tam of Rameru (1100–1171), Tossafist, respected by the king of France, 3, 343.

grandson of Rashi, 3, 345.

attacked by crusaders, 3, 355.

poem by, on Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 373, 376.

character and life of, 3, 375–6.

as a grammarian, 3, 376.

presides over rabbinical synods, 3, 376–8.

orders mourning for the Jews of Blois, 3, 380–1.

death of, 3, 381.

disciples of, in England, 3, 409.

ancestor of the Ibn-Yachya family, 4, 609.

Jacob Tus, translates the Pentateuch into Persian, 4, 401.

Jacob Weil. See Weil, Jacob.

Jacobacio, cardinal, on the commission to examine Paul III’s Inquisition bull, 4, 520.

Jacobi, accuses Lessing of Spinozism, 5, 372.

Jacobson, Israel (1769–1828), procures the abolition of the poll-tax in Brunswick Lüneburg, 5, 467.

character of, 5, 500–1.

commemorates the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 501.

effects consistorial organization in Westphalia, 5, 501–2.

president of the consistory, 5, 501, 502.

foolhardiness of, 5, 502.

desires reforms, 5, 502.

influence of Heine on, 5, 546.

the reforms of, 5, 561–2.

private synagogue of, in Berlin, 5, 562–3.

delivers German sermons, 5, 563.

party of, 5, 568.

aids the Hamburg Temple, 5, 568.

enlists the aid of Libermann, 5, 568, 571.

disciples of the school of, 5, 578, 595.

and Mannheimer, 5, 580.

advises the Society for Culture, 5, 583.

Jacoby, Joel, author of the “Plaints of a Jew,” 5, 631, 632.

Jacopo, Flavio, poet, 4, 610.

Jaddua, high priest, and Alexander the Great, 1, 413.

Jael, Kenite woman, murders Sisera, 1, 61.

Jaen, home of Chasdaï Ibn-Shaprut’s ancestors, 3, 216.

the Jews of, captives, 4, 126.

Inquisition tribunals in, 4, 325.

the Marranos of, flee, 4, 351.

Jafa, Mordecai. See Mordecai Jafa.

Jaffa, Marcus Schlesinger, only Jew permitted in Venice, 5, 172.

Jaffa. See Joppa.

Jager, Johann. See Rubianus, Crotus.

Jahaz, the Israelites victorious at, 1, 27.

Jakim. See Alcimus.

James (Jacob), brother of Jesus, 2, 148.

leader of the Law-abiding Nazarenes, 2, 169, 222.

rebukes Peter, 2, 231.

Jamnia (Jabne), conquered by Uzziah, 1, 231.

occupied by Gorgias, 1, 476.

revenue from, given to Salome, 2, 120.

possession of the Roman emperors, 2, 324.

school established at, 2, 324–5, 334–5.

Simon II at, 2, 434.

Jamnia, the Synhedrion of. See Synhedrion, the, of Jamnia.

Jampol, the blood accusation at, 5, 279.

Jannaï, disciple of Judah I, on the relation between the Jews and Romans, 2, 469.

permits the cultivation of the land in the Sabbatical year, 2, 469.

adds supplements to the Mishna, 2, 470.

Jannaï, neo-Hebraic poet, introduces rhyme, 3, 116.

poems of, versified Agadas, 3, 116.

disciple of, 3, 116.

Janow, Hirsch (1750–1785), rabbi of Posen, opposes Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 330.

acuteness and godliness of, 5, 330–1.

Japha (Japhia), taken by Vespasian, 2, 287.

Japhet ben Elia, Talmudist, 3, 427.

Jarmuk, the, description of, 1, 46.

Jarmuth, king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

Jaroslav, Aaron, assists in Mendelssohn’s Pentateuch translation, 5, 334.

Jaroslaw, meeting place of the Polish Talmudists, 4, 640, 644; 5, 3.

Jason, brother and son of high priests, Hellenist, 1, 435.

representative of Onias III, 1, 439.

buys the high priesthood, 1, 444.

introduces games and gymnasia into Judæa, 1, 444–6.

sends ambassadors to Olympian games, 1, 446.

deposed by Antiochus IV, 1, 446–7.

takes refuge with Aretas, 1, 447.

enters Jerusalem with troops, 1, 451.

death of, 1, 480–1.

Jason, son of Eleazar, Judæan envoy to Rome, 1, 486.

Jatape, daughter of Samsigeramus, wife of Aristobulus, 2, 195.

Jayme I, of Aragon, recommends Isaac Benveniste to the pope, 3, 515.

exhorted not to employ Jews as diplomats, 3, 515.

employs a Jewish physician, 3, 536.

considers the Jews “servi cameræ,” 3, 596–7.

under the influence of Raymond de Penyaforte, 3, 597; 4, 77.

invites Nachmani to a disputation, 3, 598.

expresses admiration for Nachmani, 3, 601.

appoints censors for the Talmud, 3, 602–3.

tries Nachmani on the charge of blasphemy, 3, 604.

reprimanded by Clement IV, 3, 605.

Jean d’Acre. See Accho.

Jean de Vendières. See John of Gorze.

Jebilé, the Jews of, in the twelfth century, 3, 426.

Jebirol. See Solomon Ibn-Gebirol.

Jebus. See Jerusalem.

Jebusites, the, subdivision of the Canaanites, 1, 3.

compact of, with Judah, 1, 38.

hold territory in the center of Palestine, 1, 51.

barrier between Ephraim and Judah, 1, 77.

subdued by David, 1, 113–14.

occupy Mount Moriah, 1, 119.

suffer under David, 1, 131.

declared bondmen by Solomon, 1, 163.

Jeconiah. See Jehoiachin.

Jedidiah, name of Solomon, 1, 133.

Jeduthun, psalmist, 1, 79, 120–1.

Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, king of Israel, at war with Syria, 1, 221.

Jehoahaz (Shallum), son of Josiah, king of Judah, deposed by Necho, 1, 298–9.

Jehoash, king of Judah. See Joash.

Jehoash (Joash), son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, defeats Ben-hadad III, 1, 221–2.

shows respect for the Law, 1, 223.

reinstates the Shunamite, 1, 223–4.

takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner, 1, 224–5.

ransacks Jerusalem, 1, 225.

death of, 1, 225.

Jehoiachin (Jeconiah, Coniah), son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, opposes Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306, 307.

practices idolatry, 1, 306.

exiled to Babylonia, 1, 307.

distinguished by Evil-Merodach, 1, 331.

son of, 1, 342.

grandson of, 1, 351.

Jehoiada, high priest, loyal to the house of David, 1, 214, 215.

anoints Joash king, 1, 215–16.

removes Baal-worship from Jerusalem, 1, 216–17.

raises the position of the high priest, 1, 219–20.

death of, 1, 220.

Jehoiakim (Eliakim), son of Josiah, king of Judah, pays tribute to Necho, 1, 299.

idolatry and immorality under, 1, 299–300.

slays Uriah, the prophet, 1, 301.

refuses allegiance to Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

orders Jeremiah to be killed, 1, 305.

vassal of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 306.

death of, 1, 307.

Jehoiakim, high priest, leader of the Judæan community after the exile, 1, 360, 362.

Jehoram (Joram), son of Ahab, king of Israel, accession of, 1, 207.

at war with Moab, 1, 208–9.

at war with Hazael of Damascus, 1, 210.

killed by Jehu, 1, 210–11.

Jehoram, son of Jehoshaphat. See Joram.

Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, ally of Ahab, 1, 206.

at war with Ben-hadad II, 1, 206.

at war with Mesa, 1, 209.

death of, 1, 209.

Jehoshebah, daughter of Joram of Judah, saves Joash from Athaliah, 1, 213.

wife of Jehoiada, raises Joash in the Temple, 1, 215–16.

Jehozabad, a noble of Judah, kills Joash, 1, 221.

anointed, 1, 210.

kills Jehoram of Israel and Ahab’s other descendants, 1, 211–12.

homage paid to, 1, 212.

exterminates Baal-worship in Israel, 1, 212.

loses territory, 1, 220–1.

favorite character with the Puritans, 5, 26.

Jehuda bar Joseph Ibn-Alfachar, bears the title prince, 3, 385.

physician to Ferdinand III of Castile, 3, 537.

anti-Maimunist, 3, 540–1.

censured, 3, 544.

Jehuda ben Asher I (1284–1349), Talmudist, piety of, 4, 87–8.

rabbi of Toledo, authority of, 4, 90.

disciple and successor of, 4, 145.

Jehuda ben Asher II, great-grandson of Asheri, martyr, 4, 170.

Jehuda ben David Melun, at the disputation with Donin, 3, 576, 578.

Jehuda ben Elia Hadassi, Karaite writer, 3, 362–3.

Jehuda ben Isaac ben Sabbataï, satirist, 3, 559–60.

Jehuda ben Isaac Ibn-Wakar, treasurer to the regent of Castile, 4, 52.

piety and severity of, 4, 53.

Jehuda ben Meïr (Leon, Leontin), founder of the scientific study of the Talmud, 3, 242.

teacher of Gershom ben Jehuda, 3, 242, 243.

Jehuda ben Moses ben Daniel (Leone Romano, 1292), Italian Jewish scholar, 4, 60, 68–9.

teacher of Robert of Naples, 4, 68.

as translator, 4, 69.

Jehuda ben Nathan (Riban), son-in-law of Rashi, Tossafist, 3, 345.

Jehuda ben Shamua, petitions Turnus Rufus, 2, 432.

Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi. See Jehuda Halevi.

Jehuda ben Solomon Cohen Ibn-Matka (1247), Jewish scholar in correspondence with Frederick II, 3, 565–6.

Jehuda Ibn-Abbas, poet, 3, 318, 426.

the son of, 3, 442.

Jehuda Ibn-Balam (1070–1100), grammarian, 3, 290.

Jehuda Ibn-Daud (Ibn-Zachariah Yachya Chayuj), defends Menachem ben Saruk, 3, 227.

recognizes the triliteral root in Hebrew, 3, 237.

teacher of Samuel Ibn-Nagrela, 3, 255.

compared with Ibn-Janach, 3, 262.

grammatical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 371.

Jehuda Ibn-Ezra, commander of Calatrava, protects the Jews against the Almohades, 3, 361–2.

steward of the imperial palace, 3, 362.

persecutes the Karaites, 3, 362–3.

Jehuda Alcharisi, on Abu Ayub, 3, 312.

on the Jews of Barcelona, 3, 387–8.

on Samuel ben Abraham Ibn-Chasdaï Halevi, 3, 388.

translates Maimonides’ Mishna commentary, 3, 492; 4, 60.

satirist, 3, 559.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

Jehuda Halevi (Abulhassan Jehuda ben Samuel Halevi, 1086–1142), writes an elegy on Isaac Alfassi, 3, 310, 323.

elegy by, on Solomon Ibn-Farussal, 3, 313.

eulogizes Joseph ben Meïr Ibn-Migash, 3, 315, 322, 323.

on Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 321.

importance of, as a poet, 3, 321–2; 4, 67; 5, 112.

character of, 3, 322.

student at Lucena, 3, 322.

early poems of, 3, 322.

friendship of, with Moses Ibn-Ezra, 3, 323.

love poems by, 3, 323.

attainments and occupations of, 3, 323–4.

theory of, on poetry, 3, 324.

nature descriptions by, 3, 325.

religious poems by, 3, 325.

the national poetry of, 3, 325–6, 327–8.

religious philosophical system of, 3, 326–7, 330–6.

philosophical work by, 3, 327–36.

on philosophy, Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, 3, 328–31.

characterizes Judaism in detail, 3, 331–6.

compares Talmudic Judaism and Karaism, 3, 334.

view of, on Israel’s suffering, 3, 335–6.

view of, on the Holy Land, 3, 336–7.

longing of, for the Holy Land, 3, 338.

sets out for Palestine, 3, 338–9.

journey of, through Spain, 3, 339.

at sea, 3, 339.

at Alexandria, 3, 339–40.

at Cairo, 3, 340–1.

in Jerusalem, 3, 342.

at Tyre and Damascus, 3, 342.

death and epitaph of, 3, 342.

and Abraham Ibn-Ezra, 3, 367.

philosophical work of, translated into Hebrew, 3, 397.

in Immanuel Romi’s work, 4, 67.

compared with Luzzatto, 5, 233–4.

glorified by Heine, 5, 555.

time of, described by Samuel David Luzzatto, 5, 625.

Jehuda Leb Krysa. See Krysa.

Jehuda. See also under Judah; Judas.

Jehudaï. See Judah the Blind.

Jehudia, Ispahan, 2, 591.

Jelal Addaulah, caliph of Bagdad, executes the last Gaon and Exilarch, 3, 254.

Jena, the theological faculty of, permits Jews to live in Hamburg, 4, 687.

battle of, 5, 495.

Jenghis-Khan, the Jews of Germany accused of aiding, 3, 580–1.

Jephet Ibn-Ali Halevi (950–990), Karaite, controversialist, 3, 205–6.

works, ability, and style of, 3, 206.

poetry of, 3, 223.

Jephthah, judge, defeats the Ammonites, 1, 64–5.

humbles the Ephraimites, 1, 65.

daughter of, 1, 66.

Jeremiah, Palestinian Amora, 2, 560.

Jeremiah (645 or 640–580 or 570), prophet, character of, 1, 289–90.

style of the prophecies of, 1, 290–1.

the first prophecy by, 1, 291.

announces universal ruin, 1, 296.

lamentation by, for Josiah, 1, 297.

prophecies of, under Jehoiakim, 1, 301.

danger of, 1, 302.

saved by Ahikam, 1, 303.

has his prophecy read in the Temple, 1, 304–5.

ordered to be killed, 1, 305.

protected by the princes, 1, 306.

counsels submission to Babylonian rule, 1, 310.

rôle of, during the siege, 1, 311–12.

reproaches Zedekiah with perjury, 1, 312.

imprisoned, 1, 312–13.

taken captive by the Chaldæans, 1, 314.

lamentations of, over Jerusalem, 1, 316.

disciple of, 1, 319.

considerately treated by Nebuzaradan, 1, 319–20.

joins Gedaliah at Mizpah, 1, 320.

taken captive by Ishmael, 1, 322.

rescued, 1, 323.

advises against emigration to Egypt, 1, 324.

goes to Egypt, 1, 325.

rebukes the Egyptian Judæans for idolatry, 1, 326–7.

end of, 1, 327–8.

writings of, studied by the Babylonian exiles, 1, 336.

on the conduct of Jews in foreign lands, 2, 520.

Jericho, taken by Joshua, 1, 32, 33.

David passes, when fleeing from Absalom, 1, 142.

fortified by Hiel, 1, 201.

an association of prophets at, 1, 205, 234.

visited by Elijah, 1, 208.

Hyrcanus II defeated at, 2, 58.

a Synhedrion established at, 2, 71.

Aristobulus (III) murdered at, 2, 92.

district of, given to Cleopatra, 2, 93.

Herod attempts suicide in, 2, 116.

palace at, burnt, 2, 125.

some Benu-Nadhir settle in, 3, 79.

Jeroboam I, employed by Solomon as superintendent of buildings, 1, 174.

incites rebellion against Solomon, 1, 175–6.

flees to Egypt, 1, 176.

returns to Palestine, 1, 180.

leader of the Shechemite rebellion, 1, 180–2.

chosen king by the Ephraimites, 1, 182–3.

allied with Shishak, 1, 184.

fortifies Israelitish towns, 1, 185.

introduces calf-worship, 1, 185–7.

rebuked by Ahijah, 1, 188.

death of, 1, 189.

end of the house of, 1, 189.

Jeroboam II, king of Israel, at war with the Aramæans, 1, 225.

in friendly relations with Uzziah, 1, 231, 232.

conquests and luxuriousness of, 1, 232.

immorality and idolatry under, 1, 233–4.

death of, 1, 234.

Jerome (Hieronymus, 331–420), Church Father, taught by Jewish teachers, 2, 623–4.

translates the Scriptures into Latin, 2, 625.

hates the Jews, 2, 625; 4, 552.

on the Talmud, 3, 577.

on a supposed Jewish formula of imprecation, 4, 83.

exegetical works of, used by Isaac Abrabanel, 4, 342.

pattern of Reuchlin, 4, 433, 435.

Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, and the emancipation of the Jews, 5, 500, 501.

reprimands Jacobson, 5, 562.

Jerubbaal. See Gideon.

Jerusalem, the site of, occupied by the Jebusites, 1, 3.

king of, defeated by Joshua, 1, 34–5.

physical features of, 1, 114–15.

becomes the royal residence, 1, 114.

fortified and extended, 1, 118–19.

center of religious life, 1, 119–20.

prosperity and importance of, under Solomon, 1, 168–9.

religious center for the northern tribes, 1, 185.

fortified by Rehoboam, 1, 185.

Baal-worship at, under Athaliah, 1, 212.

Jehoiada ends Baal-worship in, 1, 216–17.

the first conquest of, 1, 225.

deprived of fortifications, by Jehoash, 1, 226.

fortified by Uzziah, 1, 231.

fortified by Jotham, 1, 249.

besieged by Rezin and Pekah, 1, 258, 259.

fortified against Sennacherib, 1, 271.

celebration of the Passover at, under Josiah, 1, 295.

the nation gathers in, to pray for help against Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 304.

besieged by generals of Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 307.

fortified by Zedekiah, 1, 311.

besieged by Nebuchadnezzar, 1, 311–12.

siege of, raised, 1, 312.

siege of, resumed, 1, 313.

taken by the Chaldæans, 1, 313–14.

destroyed by Nebuzaradan, 1, 315.

destruction of, mourned by the Babylonian Jews, 1, 337–8.

return of exiles to, under Zerubbabel, 1, 354–6.

arrival of Ezra in, 1, 366.

attacked by Sanballat, 1, 371.

taken by Sanballat, 1, 372.

Nehemiah rebuilds the fortifications of, 1, 374–5.

settlers invited to, by Nehemiah, 1, 377–8.

the Law read in, by Ezra, 1, 378–80.

the walls of, consecrated, 1, 381–2.

a religious school established in, 1, 396.

suffering in, under Bagoas, 1, 409–10.

taken by Ptolemy I, 1, 416.

the fortifications of, destroyed by Ptolemy I, 1, 417.

improved by Simon the Just, 1, 421.

entered by Antiochus III, 1, 432.

taken by Scopas, 1, 432.

athletic contests introduced in, 1, 435.

gymnasia introduced in, 1, 445.

occupied by Sostrates, 1, 447.

occupied by Jason, 1, 451.

taken by Antiochus Epiphanes, 1, 451.

entered by Apollonius, 1, 453–4.

entered by Judas Maccabæus, 1, 471.

desolate condition of, after the Syrian depredations, 1, 471–2.

besieged by Lysias, 1, 479–80.

occupied by Alcimus, 1, 487.

fortified by Jonathan Haphus, 1, 494.

fortified by the Hasmonæans, 1, 498.

venerated by the Egyptian Judæans, 1, 509.

celebrated by Philo the Elder, 1, 517–18.

besieged by Antiochus Sidetes, 2, 3–4.

taken by Aristobulus II, 2, 58.

besieged by Aretas, 2, 60.

siege of, raised at the order of Rome, 2, 62.

besieged by Pompey, 2, 64–6.

walls of, razed, 2, 67.

taken by Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, 2, 70.

a Synhedrion established in, 2, 71.

entered by Crassus, 2, 74.

walls of, rebuilt by Cæsar, 2, 76.

besieged by the Parthians, 2, 82.

besieged by Herod, 2, 87–8.

Herod’s buildings in, 2, 105.

the people of, hate Herod, 2, 107.

in charge of Quintilius Varus, 2, 122–3.

Jesus in, 2, 161–2.

fortified by Agrippa I, 2, 195.

occupied by Cuspius Fadus, 2, 197.

foreign synagogues in, 2, 201.

visited by Helen of Adiabene, 2, 194, 218.

famine in, 2, 218.

mausoleum of Helen in, 2, 219.

annual pilgrimages to, 2, 220.

the Synhedrion removed from, 2, 239.

rebels against Cumanus, 2, 244.

Agrippa II resides in, 2, 247.

the Passover celebration of 66 in, 2, 251.

the upper city of, plundered, 2, 254.

the insurrection against Rome begins in, 2, 255, 261.

garrisoned with Roman troops, 2, 255.

conciliated by Agrippa II, 2, 257–8.

the Roman garrison of, surrenders to the Zealots, 2, 260.

the walls of, strengthened, 2, 268.

rallying place of the patriots, 2, 291–2.

fortifications of, 2, 292.

undisturbed by Vespasian for two years, 2, 297.

parties in, 2, 301.

besieged by Titus, 2, 301–10.

summoned to surrender, 2, 302.

attacked from the north, 2, 303.

famine in, 2, 304, 305–6.

upper city of, taken, 2, 309.

remnant in, after the Roman siege, 2, 311.

the religious center, 2, 322.

replaced by Jamnia as a religious center, 2, 325.

rebuilt by Hadrian, 2, 407, 421–2.

in the hands of the Jews under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

ploughed over, by Turnus Rufus, 2, 421.

Jews forbidden to enter, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.

permission for Jews to pray at, obtained from Marcus Aurelius, 2, 457–8.

Jews permitted by Alexander Severus to enter, 2, 482.

a Christian city, 2, 597; 3, 11.

taken by Sharbarza, 3, 19.

not given to the Jews by the Persians, 3, 21.

entered by Heraclius, 3, 22.

Temple vessels removed to, by Justinian I, 3, 27.

Arabian Jews pray towards, 3, 58.

turning towards, in prayer instituted by Mahomet, 3, 73.

taken by Omar, 3, 87.

conflict in, between the Karaites and the Rabbanites, 3, 135.

asceticism of the Karaites in, 3, 181–2.

Jehuda Halevi at, 3, 342.

Christian kingdom of, attacked by Nureddin, 3, 349.

Christian pilgrims permitted by Saladin to enter, 3, 405.

return to, projected by David Alrui, 3, 431.

Maimonides in, 3, 457.

Jews allowed by Saladin to settle in, 3, 474.

mourning in, for Maimonides, 3, 492–3.

rabbis of France and England emigrate to, 3, 505–6.

notable for its illustrious dead, 3, 506.

devastated by the Tartars, 3, 605–6.

Nachmani in, 3, 606.

pilgrims to, in the fourteenth century, 4, 73–4.

the Spanish exiles in, 4, 396–8.

improved morally by the exiles, 4, 397, 398.

ordinances for the government of, 4, 398.

subordinated to Safet, 4, 533.

rabbis of, support Jacob Berab, 4, 534.

Sabbataï Zevi at, 5, 126–7.

rabbis of, threaten Sabbataï Zevi with excommunication, 5, 132.

replaced by Gaza as the Sabbatian Holy City, 5, 132.

Chayim Malach in, 5, 213–14.

rabbis of, excommunicate Chayon, 5, 216.

Jerusalem, the Jews of, join an expedition against the Christians of Tyre, 3, 20.

burnt during the first crusade, 3, 308.

dyers in the twelfth century, 3, 427.

banished by Baldwin IV, 3, 427.

occupations of, 4, 74–5.

wish to build a synagogue on Mount Zion, 4, 273–4.

offended by Jacob Berab, 4, 532.

suffer through the Cossack wars, 5, 16, 125, 127.

Kabbalists, 5, 125–6.

credulity of, 5, 126.

appeal to Chelebi, 5, 127–8.

adherents of Sabbataï Zevi, 5, 132.

oppose Napoleon, 5, 459–60.

Jerusalem, a Babylonian. See Nahardea.

Jerusalem, the, of the Occident, 4, 136.

“Jerusalem,” by Mendelssohn, on ecclesiastical power and Judaism, 5, 364–6.

praised by Kant, 5, 365.

effect of, on Michaelis, 5, 365–6.

Jerusalem Talmud, the. See Talmud, the Jerusalem.

Jesheboam, one of David’s warriors, 1, 116.

Jeshurun, Isaac, falsely charged with child murder, 5, 42.

Jesiba de los Pintos, Jewish school at Rotterdam, 4, 685.

Jesirat-ul-Amar, the Jews of, well treated by Zenki, 3, 429.

Jesse, father of David, 1, 96.

Jesse, Henry, enthusiast for Israel’s restoration, 5, 24, 35.

Jessel, Sir George, Master of the Rolls, 5, 699.

Jesuits, the, order of, authorized by Paul III, 4, 524.

welcomed in Portugal, 4, 525.

influence of, 4, 650.

instigate persecutions of the Jews in Poland, 5, 1.

alienate the Cossacks, 5, 2.

hold intercourse with Eibeschütz, 5, 250.

Jesurun, David, poet, escapes from the Inquisition to Amsterdam, 4, 669.

Jesurun, Rohel (Paul de Pina), Marrano poet, leans towards Christianity, 4, 669.

returns to Judaism, 4, 670.

festival songs by, 4, 678–9.

Jesus of Nazareth (Galilee), birthplace and family of, 2, 148–9.

moral purity of, 2, 149.

religiousness of, 2, 149–50.

Hillel the model of, 2, 149–50.

disciple of John the Baptist, 2, 150.

doctrines of, similar to Essenism, 2, 150–1.

addresses himself to the lowest classes, 2, 152.

unsuccessful in Nazareth, 2, 153.

disciples of, 2, 153, 157–8.

teachings of, 2, 154–5.

relation of, to Judaism, 2, 155–6.

merit of, 2, 156.

miracles of, 2, 156–7.

in the towns of Galilee, 2, 157.

declares himself the Messiah, 2, 158.

calls himself the “son of man,” 2, 158–9.

public sentiment against, 2, 159–60.

followers of, in Bethany, 2, 160.

in the Temple, 2, 161.

reception of, in Jerusalem, 2, 161–2.

betrayed by Judas Iscariot, 2, 163.

trial of, 2, 163–6.

declared guilty of blasphemy by the Synhedrion, 2, 164.

execution of, according to the Roman law, 2, 164–5.

not mentioned by Judæan historians, 2, 166.

followers of, after his death, 2, 166.

resurrection of, 2, 168.

attitude of the disciples of, to Judaism, 2, 168.

denied by Simon Peter, 2, 169.

disciples of, claim miraculous power, 2, 169–70.

compared with Philo, 2, 214.

the Messianic character of, held to have annulled the Law, 2, 221.

followers of, who cling to the Law, not molested, 2, 222.

the resurrection of, and the apostle Paul, 2, 225–6.

according to Paul, sets aside the Law, 2, 230.

appeals to the Jewish peasants, 2, 364.

as regarded by the Jewish Christians, 2, 366, 367.

as regarded by the Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

gradually endowed with divine attributes by the Jewish Christians, 2, 370.

said to have been cursed by the Jews three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.

denial of, demanded of Christians by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

spread of the worship of, counteracted by the Synhedrion, 2, 413.

called “Lord,” 2, 413.

Julian the Apostate’s opinion of, 2, 596.

as viewed by Anan ben David, 3, 133–4.

in the Talmud, 3, 574, 577, 578.

Messianic character of, confirmed by the Bible and Talmud according to Pablo Christiani, 3, 598, 599.

in the Biblical and rabbinical writings, according to Raymund Martin, 3, 622.

the advent of, discussed by Chasdaï Crescas, 4, 188.

proved the Messiah from the Talmud by Joseph Lorqui, 4, 207, 208–9, 211, 212.

dogma of the divinity of, found in the Kabbala, 4, 292.

said to be alluded to, in the Alenu prayer, 5, 185.

Jesus ben Sapphia, Zealot leader in Tiberias, 2, 274.

sets fire to a palace in Bethmaon, 2, 279.

leader of discontented Galileans, 2, 280.

Jesus, son of Pantheras, the Jesus of the Talmud, according to Yechiel of Paris, 3, 577.

Jesus Sirach (200–176), describes Simon the Just in Ecclesiasticus, 1, 421–2.

the book of proverbs by, 1, 439–41.

defends social pleasures, 1, 439.

recommends the employment of medical skill, 1, 439–40.

condemns the Hellenists, 1, 440–1.

urges obedience to the Law, 1, 440.

reviews Jewish history, 1, 440–1.

the proverbs of, considered apocryphal, 2, 344.

the book of, translated into Greek, 2, 359.

Jethro, father-in-law of Moses, 1, 26.

Jew badges, decreed by Omar I, 3, 88.

decreed by Haroun Alrashid, 3, 145.

introduced by Al-Mutavakkil, 3, 176–7.

ordained by Hakim, 3, 247–8.

introduced by the Fourth Lateran Council, 3, 511–12.

supposed to prevent intermarriages, 3, 511.

decreed by Almohade princes, 3, 511–12.

the use of, spreads through Europe, 3, 512.

effect of, on the wearers, 3, 512–13.

the Jews struggle against, 3, 513.

enforced in Spain, 3, 513.

not enforced in southern France and Aragon, 3, 514–15.

worn by the Jews of England, 3, 515.

decreed by the Council of Oxford, 3, 516.

introduced into Naples and Sicily, 3, 518.

enforced by the Council of Narbonne, 3, 518.

introduced into Hungary, 3, 521.

enforced by Frederick II in Sicily and Naples, 3, 569.

enforced by the Council of Béziers, 3, 582.

insisted on in England under Henry III, 3, 590.

ordained in the code of Alfonso X, 3, 595.

enforced by the Council of Vienna, 3, 612.

enforced by Louis IX of France, 3, 612.

abrogated at the instance of the Jews of southern France, 3, 612.

re-introduced into France by Philip III, 3, 613.

decreed by the Council of Buda, 3, 614.

not used in Portugal, 3, 618.

decreed in England by the Statute of Judaism, 3, 642.

insisted on in Montpellier, 4, 54.

in France under John the Good, 4, 131, 133.

decreed for the Jews of Castile under Henry II, 4, 139.

not worn by the Vesoul family, 4, 150.

insisted upon in Castile under Juan II, 4, 203.

enjoined by Benedict XIII’s bull, 4, 216.

decreed by the Council of Basle, 4, 245.

decreed by Eugenius IV, 4, 250.

enforced by Nicholas de Cusa, 4, 255.

enforced in Naples, 4, 258.

decreed by Henry IV of Castile, 4, 278.

worn in Morocco, 4, 389.

for the Portuguese Marranos under João III, 4, 519.

ordered for the Jews of Bohemia, 4, 545.

enforced by Paul IV, 4, 566.

enforced by Pius V, 4, 590.

worn by the Frankfort Jews, 4, 695.

Jews released from wearing, in Vienna, 4, 702.

proposed by Rühs, 5, 517.

Jew quarters. See Ghetto; Jew’s quarter, the.

“Jew-roaster,” name assumed by German families, 3, 611.

Jew streets, in Austria, 5, 523.

See Jew’s quarter, the.

Jewish Christians, the, antagonized by Tarphon of Lydda, 2, 357.

condemned by Samuel the Younger, 2, 358.

observe the Law, 2, 365–6.

view of Jesus held by, 2, 366.

called Ebionites, 2, 366.

as propagandists, 2, 366.

differ from Pagan Christians, 2, 367.

hate Paul, 2, 367, 368.

views of, in the evangels, 2, 369.

hate Rome, 2, 369.

relation of, to the Jews, 2, 369–70.

and the Tanaites, 2, 370.

gradually endow Jesus with divine attributes, 2, 370.

sects of, 2, 370.

separate from the Jews, 2, 370–2, 431.

merge into the Pagan Christians, 2, 373.

accused of damaging the Jews with the Roman authorities, 2, 378.

discussed by the Synhedrion, 2, 379–80.

inimically treated by Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

spy upon the Jews under Hadrian, 2, 425.

persecuted by Hadrian, 2, 430–1.

the Mishna not hostile to, 2, 476.

See also Ebionites, the; Judæan Christians, the; Nazarenes, the.

Jewish Church, the German, the founding of, 5, 682, 686.

and Sachs, 5, 691.

Jewish converts. See Apostates.

“Jewish Curiosities,” by Schudt, 5, 549.

Jewish history. See under History.

“Jewish Letters,” to Voltaire, by a priest, 5, 346–7.

Jewish Literature. See under Literature.

Jewish state, the, restored under Bar-Cochba, 2, 412.

the restoration of, conditioned on the appearance of the Messiah, 2, 600.

Spinoza on, 5, 103–7.

Jews, the, libeled by Manetho, 1, 511.

kindly treated by Vespasian and Titus, 2, 331.

the solidarity of, 2, 367–8; 5, 632–3.

relation of, to the Jewish Christians, 2, 369–70.

breach between, and the Jewish Christians, 2, 370–2.

apostasy among, in the early Christian centuries, 2, 377.

said to have cursed Jesus three times daily, 2, 380; 5, 185–6.

tamper with the Septuagint, 2, 386.

use Akylas’ translation of Scripture, 2, 387.

extermination of, decreed by Rome, 2, 387.

and the Flavian house, 2, 388.

suffering of, under Domitian, 2, 388–9.

hate Josephus, 2, 389, 391.

kindly treated by Nerva, 2, 391–2.

oppose Trajan, 2, 393–4.

in rebellion against Hadrian, 2, 399–401.

attempt the restoration of the Temple, 2, 401–3.

peaceable disposition of, described by Hadrian, 2, 407.

outraged by the rebuilding of Jerusalem as a pagan city, 2, 407.

prepare for a revolt against Hadrian, 2, 408.

join the standard of Bar-Cochba, 2, 410.

obtain possession of Jerusalem under Bar-Cochba, 2, 411.

the Romans kindly treated by, 2, 411–12.

heavily taxed by Hadrian, 2, 420.

spied upon by renegades and Jewish Christians, 2, 425–6.

forbidden to enter Jerusalem, 2, 433, 564; 3, 23, 87.

persecuted under Antoninus Pius, 2, 446.

persecuted under Verus Commodus, 2, 447.

enmity between, and the Samaritans, 2, 457–8, 534.

unkindly treated by Marcus Aurelius, 2, 463.

cruelly treated by Commodus and Niger, 2, 463–4.

under Caracalla, 2, 468–9.

under Elegabalus, 2, 469–70.

kindly treated by Alexander Severus, 2, 481–2, 482–3.

permitted to enter Jerusalem, 2, 482.

consulted by Origen on Bible exegesis, 2, 488.

hostile to Zenobia, 2, 529–30.

Diocletian tolerant to, 2, 533.

weakened by hostility to the Samaritans, 2, 535.

included in Constantine’s act of toleration, 2, 561.

dignitaries of, exempt from onerous civic duties, 2, 561.

aspersed by Church dignitaries under Constantine, 2, 562.

forbidden to make converts, 2, 562, 564.

privileges of, abolished by Constantine, 2, 563.

protected by Constantine against converts, 2, 564.

hostility to, shown by Constantine, 2, 566–7.

regarded as atheists under Constantine, 2, 572.

rescued from oppression by Julian, 2, 572.

oppressed by Shabur II, 2, 591.

benevolence of, admired by Julian, 2, 596–7.

not interested in the rebuilding of the Temple by Julian, 2, 599–600.

toleration of, under Valentinian I and Valens, 2, 603.

antagonized by Ambrosius and Chrysostom, 2, 613–14.

mock at the Christians, 2, 620–1.

forbidden to teach Christians Hebrew, 2, 624.

superiority of, in Scripture studies, 2, 624.

hated by Jerome and Augustine, 2, 625.

preserved by the Talmud, 2, 635.

competent witnesses only in their own cases under Justinian I, 3, 12–13.

treated kindly by the popes, 3, 25.

well treated in Arian countries, 3, 26.

and the fall of Rome, 3, 27–8.

suffer persecution from the German tribes, 3, 28.

Isidore of Seville writes against, 3, 50.

antagonized by Mahomet, 3, 75–6.

Mahomet’s revelations against, 3, 75, 78.

hostility to, in the Koran, 3, 84.

restrictions against, in the covenant of Omar, 3, 87–8.

freer in Islam than in Christian lands, 3, 88.

reverence of, for Jewish Babylonia, 3, 100–1.

of Mahometan countries speak Arabic, 3, 110–11.

corrupt language of, in the seventh and eighth centuries, 3, 111.

make scientific literature accessible to the Arabs, 3, 111.

in the eighth century control commerce, 3, 142–3.

under the Merovingian kings, 3, 143.

considered the wards of the emperor by Louis the Pious, 3, 170.

persecutions of, in the eleventh century, 3, 245–8.

not permitted to hold office in Christian countries, 3, 293–4.

during the first crusade, 3, 298–305.

Jehuda Halevi’s view of the suffering of, 3, 335–6.

superiority of, in the twelfth century, 3, 347.