N.
Reading edition
NAKED Form, or Page,
is when the furniture is taken away from all sides of the form or page. See Strip a Form.
NAMES, Ancient, of Cities and Towns.
The names distinguished by an asterisk * and an obelisk † were taken from Dr. Adam Clarke’s Bibliographical Miscellany, where they form two lists. The additional names were collected by myself.
In the towns marked * printing was carried on in the fifteenth century; and Dr. A. Clarke says—“In this List, great care has been taken not to omit one place where printing was carried on prior to the year 1500.”—“In this list, because the name refers to the work executed there, the genitive case has been retained. Panzer in his list has followed the same plan. This will be of some use to the mere English scholar, as he will at once see the same form of the word in its alphabetical order in this list, which he finds in the title of his book.”
In the towns marked † printing has been established and carried on since the fifteenth century, and Dr. A. Clarke observes—“This part might have been much enlarged, but it was not judged indispensably necessary. As the most difficult names are here explained, which usually occur in the titles of books, the residue it is hoped will occasion little embarrassment to any scholar.”—“It may be necessary to observe, for the information of the less experienced reader, that in this Supplement, as the Latin name stands in reference to no printed work, the nominative case has been always used.”
* Abbatis Villæ Abbeville, France.
† Aberdonia Aberdeen, Scotland.
† Aboa Abo, capital of Swedish Finland.
† Abrincæ Avranches, an ancient town of France.
* Acqui. See Albæ.
* Æssii. See Essii.
Agathopolis Montpelier, France.
Aginum Angoulême, France.
Agneda Edinburgh, Scotland.
Agrigentum Gergenti, Sicily.
* Albæ, or Acqui A town of Montferrat, 25 miles from Genoa.
Albani Fanum } St. Albans, Hertfordshire.
* S. Albani Villæ }
* Albiæ Albia, Italy.
* Aldenardæ Oudenarde, Flanders.
* Alosti Alost, Flanders.
* Alta villæ Eltville, near Mayence.
† Altorfia Altorf, Germany.
† Amstelodamum—Amst. Amstel. Amsterdam, Holland.
* Andegavi Angers, France.
Andreapolis—Andrea St. Andrews, Scotland.
† Aneda and Edenburgum Edinburgh, Scotland.
* Angolismi Angoulême, France.
† Anseola Ansloe or Opsloe, now Christiania, Norway.
Antitrajectus Andover, Hampshire.
* Antverpiæ—Ant. Antverp. Antwerp, Netherlands.
* Anvera, Anvers, Anverso Antwerp.
Aquæ Augustæ Bayonne, Gascony.
Aquæ calidæ Bath, Somersetshire.
Aquæ solis Bath.
Aquæ, urbs Helvetiorum Baden, Germany,
† Aquæ Sextiæ Aix, Provence, France.
* Aquilæ Aquila, Naples.
† Aquis-Granum, or Aqua-Grani Aix-la-Chapelle, Westphalia.
Ardinacha Armagh, Ireland.
* Argentinæ and Strasburg, on the Lower Rhine.
Argentorati—Argent.
* Arimini Rimini, Italy.
Armacha Armagh, Ireland.
† Arnoldi Villa Arnheim, Guelderland.
Ascallingium Hildesheim, Germany.
* Asculi Ascoli, Italy.
Atuacutum Antwerp, Netherlands.
Aturensium civitas Aire, France.
Augusta—Aug. August. Tubingen.
* Augustæ Vindelicorum—Aug: Augsburg, Germany.
Vind: August: Vindel:
Augusta Rauracorum Aust, near Basil.
Augusta Tiberii Ratisbon, Germany.
Augusta Trinobantum London.
† Augustodunum Autun, France.
Aureatum Eichstadt.
* Aureliani, or Gabani Orleans, France.
Autricum Chartres, France.
* Avenione Avignon, France.
Axa Axminster, Devonshire.
Axelodunum Hexham, Northumberland.
* Babenberge and Bambergæ Bamberg, Bohemia.
Bada Baden, Switzerland.
Badiza Bath, Somersetshire.
Bajocæ, Bajocassina Baieux, Normandy.
Baiona Bayonne, Gascony.
* Bambergæ and Babenberge Bamberg, Bohemia.
* Barchinone and Barcilone Barcelona, Spain.
* Barci Barco, in the province of Breschia.
* Barcilone and Barchinone Barcelona, Spain.
* Basilæ—Bas: Basil Basil or Bâle, Switzerland.
Bathonia Bath, Somersetshire.
Bennopolis Hildesheim, Westphalia.
* Bergomi Bergamo, Italy.
† Berolininum—Berol: Berlin, Prussia.
* Beronæ, and Beronis Villæ Beraun or Beraum, Bohemia.
Biponti Zweybrucken.
† Bipontium Deux Ponts, Germany.
* Bisuntii Besançon, France.
† Biterræ Beziers, France.
† Biturgiæ Bourges, France.
Bononiæ—Bonon: Bologna, Italy.
Brangonia Worcester.
† Bravum Burgi Burgos, Spain.
Briganti York.
* Brixiæ Bresse or Breschia, Italy.
Brixiæ Brussels, Flanders.
* Brugis Bruges, Flanders.
Brundunum Braunaw.
* Brunnæ Brinn or Brunn, Moravia.
† Brunopolis Brunswick, Lower Saxony.
Brunsvicum Brunswick, Germany.
Brunsvigæ Brunswick.
* Bruxellis Bruxells or Brussels, France.
[Now belonging to Belgium.]
* Budæ Buda, or Offen, Lower Hungary.
† Burdigala Bourdeaux, France.
* Burgdorffii Burgdorf, Switzerland, also a town of Lower Saxony.
* Burgis (Bravum Burgi) Burgos, Spain.
* Buscoducis Bois-le-Duc, Brabant
† Cabelium Chablies, France
Cadomi Caen, France.
Caerlud London.
* Cæsar Augustæ Saragossa, Spain.
† Cæsarodunum Tours, France.
Caesarverus Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Calaris Cagliari, Sardinia.
Caletum Calais, France.
* Callii Cagli, Italy.
* Camberiaci. See Chamberii.
Camboricum Cambridge.
Camelodunum Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Cameracum Cambray, Netherlands.
Camulodunum Colchester, Essex.
Canonium Chelmsford, Essex.
Cantabrigiæ—Cantab: Cambridge.
Cantuaria Canterbury, Kent.
* Capuæ Capua, Naples.
* Carmagnolæ Carmagniola, Piedmont.
Carodunum Cracow, Poland.
* Carpen. or Carpentorati Carpentras, France.
* Cassale Majori Cassale Maggiore, Milan.
* Cassale Sancti Euaxii Casal of S. Evaxius, Montferrat.
* Cassellæ and Cassellis Cassel, Italy, near Turin.
Cassilia Cashel, Ireland.
Castellum Aquarum Baden, Switzerland.
Castellum Cattorum Cassel, Germany.
† Castellum Nozanum Nizza, Italy, near Lucca.
Castra Alata Edinburgh, Scotland.
Castra Constantia Constance, Switzerland.
Castra Ulpia Cleve, Germany,
† Cecerræ Cervera, Catalonia, Spain.
Cella Zell, Germany.
Celurca Montross, Scotland.
* Chablitz Chablies, France.
* Chamberii Chambery, France.
† Chilonium Kiel, Lower Saxony.
Chrysopolis. See Bisuntii.
Cibinii Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Cicestria Chichester, Sussex.
Circestria Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
Civitas Chester and Caerleon.
* Civitas Austriæ Not Vienna in Austria, but a city of Friul in the state of Venice.
Claudia. Claudia castra Gloucester.
Clavasii Chivas or Chivasio and Chivazzio, Piedmont.
Clivia Cleve, Germany.
Clocheria Clogher, Ireland.
Cluanum Kiloon, Ireland.
Cluniaci Cluni, France.
* Coburgi and Koburgi Coburg, Germany.
* Codaniæ. See Hafniæ.
Colippo St. Sebastian, Portugal.
* Colle or Collis Colle, Tuscany.
Colonia Agrippina.—Col: Ag: Colon: Agrip: Cologne, Germany.
Colonia Allobrogum—Col: Allob: Geneva, Switzerland.
Colonia Augusta London.
* Coloniæ—Colon: Cologne, Germany.
† Colonia Julia Romana, and Colonia Romulensis Seville, Spain.
* Comi Como, Italy.
Complutum Alcala, New Castile, Spain.
Condercum Chester-le-Street, Durham.
† Condivincum-Nannetum Nantes, France.
† Confluentes, or Confluentia Coblentz, France.
† Conimbrica Coimbra, Portugal.
* Constantiæ Constance, Germany.
* Constantinopoli Constantinople, Turkey.
Conventria Coventry, Warwickshire.
Coroagia Cork, Ireland.
† Cortona A town of Tuscany.
* Cracoviæ Cracow, Poland.
† Crema Capital of Cremasco, Italy.
* Cremonæ Cremona, Italy.
Crisopolis Parma, Italy.
Croca Cracow, Poland.
* Monaster. S. Cucufatis Monastery of St. Cucufat, near Barcelona.
* Culemburgi Culemburg, Dutch Guelderland.
* Cusentiæ Cosenza, or Cosence, Naples, capital of Calabria.
† Cusurgis Prague, capital of Bohemia.
† Cygnea Zuickaw, or Zwickau, Upper Saxony.
Dantisci Dantzick.
* Daventriæ Deventer, capital of Overyssel.
* Delphis Delft, Holland.
† Derpatum, or Torpatum Derp, Russia.
† Dertosa Tortosa, Spain.
Deunana Doncaster, Yorkshire.
† Dillingia Dillengen, Swabia.
Divione Dijon, France.
Divisæ Devizes, Wiltshire.
† Divona Cadurci Cahors, France.
† Dola apud Sequanos Dole, France.
* Dolæ Dole, France.
* Domus fratrum Communis Vitæ Vallis Sanctæ Mariæ. A society of monks in the diocese of Rheingau, near Mentz, Germany.
Dorcestria Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dorobernia Canterbury, Kent.
Dorsetia Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Dresa Dresden, Saxony.
† Duacum Douay, France.
† Dublinum Dublin, Ireland.
† Duisburgum, or Teutoburgum Duisburg, Westphalia.
Dumnoriorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Dunelmum Durham.
Dunum Down, Ireland.
Durnium Dorchester, Oxfordshire.
Durobrovæ Rochester, Kent.
Durobrus Rochester, Kent.
Durocornovium Cirencester, Gloucestershire.
† Durocorturum Reims, or Rheims, France.
Eblana Dublin, Ireland.
† Ebora Evora, Portugal.
Eboracum—Ebor: York.
† Edinburgum. See Aneda.
* Eistetæ. See Eustadiæ.
† Elbenga Elbing, Western Prussia.
† Elna Perpignan, France.
* Eltwilæ. See Alta Villæ.
Elwa St. Asaph, N. Wales.
† Embricum, or Embrica Emmeric, Duchy of Cleves, Germany.
* Engaddi, or Engebal A place in Switzerland.
† Engolismum Angoulême, France.
* Erfordiæ Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
† Erfurtum Erfurt, Upper Saxony.
* Ergoviæ. Same as Beronis Villæ.
* Essii, Æssii, and Œxii Jesi, in Ancona, Italy.
Esslingæ Eslingen, Suabia, Wirtemberg.
* Eustadii, or Eistetæ Neustadt, Germany.
† Exonia—Exon: Exeter, Devonshire.
Falmutum Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Faventia Faenza, or Fayence, Italy.
* Ferrariæ Ferrara, Italy.
Fiorenza—Fior: Florence, Italy.
† Firmium, or Firmum Picenum Ferma, Italy.
* Fivizani A town in Italy.
Flavisbriga Bilboa, Spain.
* Florentiæ—Florent: Florence, Italy.
† Fontanetum Comitis Fontenai-le-Comte, France.
* Forilivii. The ancient Forum Livii Forli, Italy.
† Forum Cornelii Imola, Italy.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Mœnum Franckfort on the Maine, Germany.
† Franco-Furtum-ad-Oderam Franckfort on the Oder, Germany.
† Franequera Franeker, Friesland.
† Fransiscopolis Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Friburgi Friburg, Swabia.
* Frisingæ Freysingen, Bavaria.
* Friuli. Anciently Forojulium and Forojuliensis Civitas Capital of the Frioul.
* Fulginei Foligni, Italy.
Gabani. See Aureliani.
Gades Cadiz, Spain.
* Gaiettæ Gaeta, Naples.
Galliva Galway, Ireland.
* Gandavi Gand or Ghent, Flanders.
† Gandia A sea-port, Valentia, Spain.
Gaunodurum Constantia, Switzerland.
Gavanodurum Saltzburg, Germany.
Gedani Dantzick.
Genabus Orleans, France.
* Genennæ and Genevæ Geneva.
* Genuæ Genoa, Italy.
† Gerunda Gironna, Spain.
* Giennii Gien, France.
† Giessa Giesen, Germany.
Glasconia Glastonbury, Somersetshire.
† Glascua Glasgow, Scotland.
Glasguæ—Glasg: Glasgow, Scotland.
* Gondæ, or Goudæ Turgow, Holland.
† Gotha A town of Upper Saxony.
† Gottinga and Tullifurdum Gottingen, Lower Saxony.
Gottingue Gottenburgh, Sweden.
Gracchopolis Cracow, Poland.
* Grudisca A town in the county of Goritz, Germany.
† Graiacum Gratz, Germany.
* Granatæ Granada, Spain.
Gratiæ portus Havre-de-Grace, France.
* Gratianopolis Grenoble, France.
† Gravionarium Bamberg, Bohemia.
Grenovicus Greenwich, Kent.
† Gripswaldia Gripswald, Swedish Pomerania.
† Groninga Groningen, United Provinces.
* Hafniæ and Codaniæ Copenhagen, Denmark.
Haga Comitis—H. Com: The Hague.
* Hagenoæ Haguenau, France.
* Halæ Halle, Saxony.
† Hala Magdeburgica, or Harderwick, Holland.
† Hala Saxonum
* Hamburgii Hamburg, a free imperial city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy of Holstein.
Hannonia Hainault, Low Countries.
* Hanoviæ Probably the same with Hagenoæ.
* Harlemi Harlem, Holland.
* Hasselti Hasselt, Liege, Germany.
Hegetmatia Lignitz, Germany.
Heideba Sleswick, Denmark.
* Heidelbergæ Heidelberg, Germany.
Helenopolis Franckfort upon the Main.
† Helmestadium Helmestadt, Brunswick, Germany.
* Herbipoli Wurtzburg, Franconia, Germany.
† Herbona Herborn, Germany.
Hermannopolis Hermanstadt, Transylvania.
Hildesia Hildesheim, Saxony.
* Hispali Seville, Spain.
* Holmiæ Stockholm, Sweden.
Hypræ Ypres, Flanders.
Ichborough Thetford, Norfolk.
Iciani Thetford, Norfolk.
* Ilardæ Lerida, Catalonia, Spain.
* Ingolstadii Ingolstadt, Bavaria.
* Inspruc A town of Germany, in the Tyrol.
Insulæ Lisle, Flanders.
† Isca Damnoniorum Exeter, Devonshire.
Ischalis Ilchester. Somersetshire.
Isurium Aldborough, Yorkshire, or Boroughbridge, Yorkshire.
* Januæ. See Genuæ.
† Jena A strong town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia.
Kilchennia Kilkenny, Ireland.
Kiobenhaffn Copenhagen, Denmark.
* Koburgi. See Coburgi.
* Kuttenbergæ Kuttenberg, Bohemia.
Lagecium Castleford, Yorkshire.
Landava Landaff, Wales.
* Lantenaci and Landenaci Loudeac, France.
* Lantriguieri Treguier, France.
* Laugingæ Laugingen, Swabia.
* Leeuwe A fortified town of Austrian Brabant.
Legecestria Leicester.
* Leidæ Leyden.
* Leiriæ Leiria, or Leria, Portugal.
Lemgoviæ Limoges? France.
* Castr. Lemovicensi Limoges, France.
Leodium Liege, Netherlands.
Leovardiæ Leuwarden, West Frieseland.
* Leridæ. See Ilardæ.
Lesua Lewes, Sussex.
Leucorea Wittenberg, Saxony.
Leuphana Hanover.
* Licii Lecce, Naples, in Otranto.
* Lignicii Lignitz, Silesia.
Limonum Poictiers, France.
* Lipsiæ—Lips: Leipsic, Saxony.
Liserpalus Liverpool, Lancashire.
Litha Leith, Scotland.
* Lodeaci. See Lantenaci.
* Londini London.
Londonia London.
Longovicum Lanchester, Northumberland.
* Lovanii Louvain, Brabant.
* Lubecæ Lubec, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
Lucæ Lucca, Italy.
* Lugduni Lyons, France.
† Lugdunum Batavorum—L. Bat:—Lugd: Bat:—Lugdun: Batav: Leyden, Holland.
Lugubalia Carlisle, Cumberland.
Luguvallum Carlisle, Cumberland.
† Lundinum Scanorum Lunden, Holstein, Lower Saxony.
* Luneburgi Lunenburg, Lower Saxony.
Lupfurdum Leipsic, Germany,
† Lutetia—Lutet: Paris. See Parisiis.
Lutetiæ Parisior:—Lutet: Par: Paris.
† Macerata A town in the marquisate of Ancona, Italy.
Machlinia Meckelen, Dutch Brabant. Malines, French Brabant.
* Madriti Madrid.
Madus Maidstone, Kent.
* Magdeburgi Magdeburg, Germany.
Magontia Mentz, or Mayence, Germany.
Magontiacum
Mancunium Manchester, Lancashire.
† Manhemium Manheim, palatinate of the Rhine, Germany.
† Mantua Carpetanorum Madrid. See Madriti.
* Mantuæ Mantua, Italy.
Marchenium Roxburgh, Scotland.
Marionis Lunenburg, Germany.
Marionis Lubeck, Pomerland.
† Marpurgum Marpurg, Hesse-Cassel, Germany.
* Marsipoli Merseburg, Saxony.
Martinopolis Tours, France.
† Massilia Marseilles, France.
* Mediolani—Mediol: Milan, Italy.
* Memmingæ Meminingen, Swabia.
* Messanæ Messina, Sicily.
† Metæ Metz, France.
Metelli castrum Middleburg, Zealand.
Metelloburgus Middleburg, Zealand.
* Moguntiæ—Mogunt: Mayence or Mentz, Germany.
* Monachii Munich, Bavaria.
Monacum Munich, Bavaria.
* Monasterii Munster, Westphalia.
* Monast. Montis Serrati Mount Serrat. A very high mountain in Spain, on which is an ancient monastery, dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
† Mons Albanus Montauban, France.
Mons Badonicus Bath, Somersetshire.
Mons Dolorosus Stirling, Scotland.
† Mons-Monachorum A place near Bamberg, Bohemia.
† Mons-Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
† Mons Regalis Mont Real or Mont Royal, Sicily.
† Mons-Regius, or Regiomons Königsberg, Prussia.
Mons Rosarum Montross, Scotland.
Mons Solis Bath, Somersetshire.
Monstrolium Montreuil, France.
† Moscua Moscow, Russia.
* Monteregali Mondovi, Piedmont.
Montes Mons, Low Countries.
* Murciæ Murcia, Spain.
† Mussipontum Pont-à-Mousson, France.
* Mutinæ Modena, Italy.
† Nanceium Nancy, France.
* Nannetibus Nantz or Nantes, France.
* Neapoli Naples, Italy.
† Nemausus Nismes, France.
Neoportus Newport, Isle of Wight.
Nerobergæ Nuremberg, Germany.
† Nidrosia Drontheim, Norway.
* Nonantulæ Nonente? a small town in the duchy of Modena, Italy.
Nordovicum Norwich, Norfolk.
Noribergæ—Norib: Nuremberg, Germany.
Norica Nuremberg, Germany.
Noricorum Nuremberg, Germany.
* Norimbergæ—Norimb: Nuremberg, Franconia, Germany.
Norvicum Norwich, Norfolk.
* Novæ Pilznæ Pilsen, Bohemia.
Novamœnia Weisenburg.
* Noviomagii Nimeguen, Dutch Guelderland.
* Novis Novi, Genoa, Italy.
Novum Castrum Newcastle-upon-Tine.
* Nozani Nizza, Lucca, Italy.
Oenipons Inspruck, Tyrol.
* Offenburgi Offenburg, Swabia.
* Olomuci Olmutz, Moravia.
† Olysippo, or Ulisippo Lisbon. See Ulyssipone.
† Onate, or Ognatæ In Spain.
* Oppenheimii Oppenheim, Palatinate of the Rhine, Germany.
* Ortonnæ Ortona del Mare, Sicily.
† Ovietum Oviedo, Spain.
* Oxonii—Oxon: Oxford.
† Paderborna Paderborn, Westphalia.
Padova Padua, Italy.
* Palentiæ, or Palencia A town of Spain, in Leon.
† Palum Pau, France.
* Pampelunæ and Pompeiopoli Pampeluna, Spain.
* Panormi Palermo, Sicily.
* Papiæ and Ticini Pavia, Italy.
* Parisiis Paris.
* Parmæ Parma, Italy.
Parthenopolis Magdeburg.
Pastovia Padstow, Cornwall.
* Pataviæ vel Passavii Passau, Bavaria.
* Patavii Padua, Italy.
Pax Augusta Badajos, Spain.
Pembrochia Pembroke, Wales.
Pendenium Pendennis, Cornwall.
* Perpiniani Perpignan, France.
* Perusiæ Perausa, Italy.
Pessulanus Montpellier, France.
Pestini Pest.
† Petropolis St. Petersburg, Russia.
Pettuaria Beverley, Yorkshire.
Phabiranum Bremen, Westphalia.
* Pheibiæ. See Plebisacii.
Pheugarum Halberstadt, Lower Saxony.
Philyre Lindaw, Germany.
* Phorcæ
Piacenza Placentia, Italy.
* Pictavii Poitiers, France.
* Pinarolii Pignerol, Piedmont.
Pintia Vaccæorum Valladolid, Spain.
* Pisæ Pisa, Tuscany, Italy.
* Pisauri Pesaro, Italy.
* Pisciæ Pescia, Tuscany, Italy.
* Placentiæ Placentia or Placenza, Italy.
* Plebisacii and Pheibiæ Piobe de Sacco, Italy.
* Polliano A town of Italy, in the Veronese.
† Pollianum Rus. See Polliano.
Pompeiopoli. See Pampelunæ.
† Pompelon. See Pampelunæ.
† Pons Oeni Inspruck, Tyrol, Germany.
* Portesii Portici, a village near Naples; or Portenza, a town of ditto.
Portus magnus Portsmouth.
Posonium Presburgh, Germany.
Povisia Powis, Wales.
Præsidium Warwick.
Prætoria Augusta Cronstadt
* Pragæ Prague, Bohemia.
Probatopolis Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
* Promentour
* Provini Provins, France.
Quercetum Quesnoy, Low Countries.
Quintinopolis S. Quintin, Picardy.
† Quitoa Quito, Peru, South America.
* Ratisbonæ Ratisbon, Bavaria.
† Redones, or Condate Rennes, France.
* Reenen Reinen, Venetian territory.
* Regii Reggio, Italy.
† Regiomons. See Mons Regius.
† Regium Lepidi. See Regii.
† Remi Reims, or Rheims, France.
* Reutlingæ Reutlingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
* Rhedonibus Rennes, France.
Rhodopolis Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Romæ Rome.
Rosarum urbs Rostock, Lower Saxony.
* Rostochii Rostock, Mecklenberg, Lower Saxony.
† Roterodamum Rotterdam, Holland.
* Rothomagi Rouen, France.
† Rubens Mons A Priory of the order of Clugny.
† Rupella Rochelle, France.
† Rutheni Rodez, France.
† Sæna Sienna, Tuscany. See Senia.
† Sætobris Setuval or Setubal, St. Ubes, Portugal.
† Salernum Salerno, Naples.
† Salinæ Salins, France.
† Salisburgum Saltzburg, Bavaria.
* Salmanticæ Salamanca, Leon, Spain.
† Sanctus Ursius. See Ursius Sanctus.
Sandvicus Sandwich, Kent.
Santonum portus Rochelle, France.
Sarisberia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Savilliani Savigliano, Piedmont.
* Savonæ Savona, Genoa, Italy.
* Scandiani Scandiano, Italy.
* Schedami Schiedam, Holland.
* Schœnhoven Schoonhoven, Holland.
* Segobricæ Segorbe, Spain.
† Segodunum. See Rutheni.
† Segontia Siguenza, New Castile, Spain.
* Senis Sens?, France.
Sestiæ Aix, Provence.
Severia Salisbury, Wiltshire.
* Sleswici Sleswick, Denmark.
* Soncini Soncino, in the Cremonese, Italy.
* Soræ, vel Soriæ Whether Sora a town of Naples, or Soria, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, is not known.
Sorbiodunum and Sorviodunum Salisbury, Wiltshire.
Monast. Sortem A monastery of the Præmonstrants, in Suevia, in Germany.
* Spiræ Spire, Germany.
Stereontium Cassel, Germany.
† Stockholmia and Holmia Stockholm, Sweden.
† Subiacus Sublac, or Subbiaco, a monastery in the Campagna di Roma.
Sundis Straelsund, Pomerania.
† Taraco Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Taradunum Friburg, Germany.
* Tarrazonæ Tarazona, Arragon, Spain.
* Tarvisii Treviso, Italy.
* Taurini Turin, Sardinia.
Tava Tinmouth, Devonshire.
† Telo Martius Toulon, France.
Tergestum Trieste, Istria.
Theoci curia Tewksbury, Gloucestershire.
Theonis villa Thionville, Luxemburg.
Theodorodunum and Theorodunum Wells, Somersetshire.
* Thessalonicæ Salonichi, the ancient Thessalonica, Macedonia.
† Ticinum. See Papiæ.
† Tigernum Thiers, France.
† Tigurum and Tigurinus Pagus Zuric, Switzerland.
Tileburgum Tilbury, on the Thames.
* Toleti Toledo, New Castile, Spain.
† Tolosa-Palladia-Tectosagum Toulouse, France. It was not at this town, but a small town of Biscaye, that the editions printed in the fifteenth century with the imprint Tolosæ were executed.
Tornatum Tournay, Netherlands.
* Trajecti. See Ultrajecti.
Trajecti ad Oderam Frankfort upon the Oder.
Trajecti ad Rhenum—Traj: ad Rhen: Utrecht, Holland.
Trajecti Batavorum—Traj: Bat: Utrecht, Holland.
† Trajectum ad Mosam Maestricht, Netherlands.
* Trecis Troyes, France.
† Tranquebaria Tranquebar, coast of Coromandel, Hindostan.
Trento Trent.
Treveri Treves, Germany.
† Trevi apud Ancones. See Trevii.
* Trevii Trevi, Umbria, Italy.
* Tridenti Trent, Germany.
Tripontium Towcester, Northamptonshire.
Tuberum Rotenberg, Germany.
* Tubingæ Tubingen, Swabia, Wirtemberg.
Tuesis Berwick-upon-Tweed.
Tulifurgium Brunswick, Germany.
* Turonis Tours, France.
* Tusculani Lacus Benaci Tusculanum, Lombardy. [? Tusculum, now Frescati.]
Tybur. Tyburis Tivoli, Italy.
* Tzennæ. See Zinnæ.
† Ulisippo. See Ulyssipone.
* Ulmæ Ulm, Swabia.
* Ultrajecti—Ult: Ultraj: Utrecht, United Provinces.
* Ulyssipone Lisbon, Portugal.
† Upsale In Upland, Sweden.
Uratislavia Breslaw, Silesia.
* Urbini Urbino, Italy.
Uriconium Worcester.
† Ursius Sanctus A place near Vicenza.
† Urso Ossuna, Andalusia, Spain.
Utini Udino, Venetian Friuli, Italy.
Utricesium Utrecht, Holland.
Vagniacum Maidstone, Kent.
† Valentia Valence, France.
* Valentiæ Valentia, Spain.
Valentianæ. Valentinianæ Valenciennes.
* Vallisoleti Valladolid, Old Castile, Spain.
† Varsovia Warsaw, Poland.
Vellocases Baieux.
Venantodunum Huntington.
† Venetia. See Venetiis.
* Venetiis Venice, Italy.
Venta Belgarum Winchester, Hampshire.
* Vercellis Vercelli, Piedmont.
Veredunum. Verodunum Verdun, Lorraine.
* Veronæ Verona, Italy.
Verovicum Warwick.
Versaliæ Versailles, France.
† Vesontio Besançon, France. See Bisuntii.
* Vicentiæ Vicence, Italy.
* Viennæ Austriæ Vienna or Wien, the metropolis of Austria.
* Viennæ in Delphinatu Vienne, Dauphiny.
Viennæ Pannoniæ Vienna, Austria.
† Vigornia Worcester.
Villa Faustini St Edmond’s Bury.
† Villafranca Villefranche, France.
† Vilna Wilna, Lithuania, Poland.
Vindinum Cenomanum or Subdinum, Mans, the capital of La Sarthe.
† Vindobona—Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindobonensis—Vindob: Vienna, Austria.
Vindocinum Vendosme, France.
Vindogladia Winburn, Dorsetshire.
Vinegia—Vin: Vineg: Venice, Italy.
* Viqueriæ Viqueria, probably some town in Italy. Some think that Voghera, in the duchy of Milan, is meant.
† Virmaranum Guimaraens, Portugal.
* Viterbii Viterbo, Italy.
† Vittemberga, or Vittebarea Wittemberg, Germany.
Voliba Falmouth, Cornwall.
† Vratislavia Breslaw, Silesia, Germany.
Warovie. Warsavia Warsaw, Poland.
Warwicus Warwick.
Wellæ Wells, Somersetshire.
* Westmonasterii—Westmonast: Westminster.
Wigornia Worcester.
Windesora Windsor, Berkshire.
Winterbergæ Winterberg, Bohemia.
Wintonia—Winton: Winchester, Hampshire.
Wittenbergæ Wittenberg, Saxony.
Wormacia Worms, Germany.
* Xericæ “Yerica.Oppid. nobili in regno Valentino. Panzer. (Serigo?) I know nothing more of this place.”—Dr. A. Clarke.
* Zamoræ Zamora, Leon, Spain.
† Zamoscium Zamoski, a strong town of Poland, in Red Russia, now the Austrian kingdom of Lodomeria.
* Zinnæ or Tzennæ A monastery belonging to the order of Cistercian monks in Saxony.
† Zuvolla. See Zwollis.
* Zwollis Zwoll, Overyssel, United Provinces.
NARROW.
The technical name of a piece of furniture equal in width to a narrow quotation.
NATURAL HISTORY.
Explanation of some Terms used in Natural History.
Aculeated. Sharpened.
Amphibious. Capable of living by land or water.
Animalcules. Small animals, generally invisible without the assistance of the microscope.
Annulated. Marked with rings.
Antlers. Horns overhanging the brows.
Aquatic. Living or growing in the water.
Bifid. Divided into two parts, or cleft.
Bimaculated. With two spots, or two series of spots.
Bivalve. With two shells or openings.
Callosity. A hard lump, an excrescence.
Canine. Belonging to the dog kind.
Carinated. In the shape of a keel.
Carnivorous. Feeding on flesh.
Cartilaginous. Furnished with cartilages.
Cere. A skin over the bill of birds; sometimes movable, as in parrots.
Cetaceous. Of the whale kind.
Cinereous. Of the colour of ashes.
Columbine. Belonging to the dove kind.
Cordiform. Heart-shaped.
Crustaceous. Covered with a crust; as lobsters, &c.
Digitated. Having the feet divided into parts, like toes or fingers, as in dogs.
Dorsal. Belonging to the back.
Exsanguineous. Without blood, as worms.
Entomology. A description of insects.
Feline. Belonging to the cat kind.
Ferruginous. Of an iron or rust colour.
Frugivorous. Feeding on seeds.
Furcated. Forked.
Gallinaceous. Belonging to the hen kind.
Gestation. The time of going with young.
Granivorous. Feeding on grain.
Gregarious. Associating together.
Herbivorous. Feeding on grass.
Ichthyology. A description of fishes.
Imbricated. Tiled or plated over each other.
Incubation. The act of a bird sitting on her eggs.
Insectivorous. Feeding on insects.
Lateral. Belonging to the side, placed sideways.
Migratory. Coming and going at certain seasons.
Multivalve. With many shells or openings.
Nascent. Very young, growing.
Nictitating. Winking; applied to a membrane with which birds cover their eyes at pleasure.
Obfuscated. Of a darkish colour.
Olfactory. Relating to smell.
Ornithology. A description of birds.
Oviparous. Laying eggs.
Parturition. The act of bringing forth young.
Passerine. Belonging to the sparrow kind.
Patulous. Open, wide.
Pectoral. Belonging to the breast.
Pendulous. Hanging.
Piscivorous. Feeding on fishes.
Predaceous. Formed to pursue prey.
Quadrifid. Divided into four parts.
Ruminating. Chewing the cud.
Scabrous. Rough.
Scapulars. Shoulders.
Semilunar. In the form of a half-moon.
Setaceous. Hairy.
Subulated. Formed like an awl.
Testaceous. Covered with a shell; as oysters, &c.
Trifurcated. Three-forked.
Truncated. Appearing as if cut off.
Umbrageous. Spreading.
Univalve. With one shell or opening.
Ventral. Belonging to the belly.
Viviparous. Bringing forth the young alive.
Webbed. Connected with a membrane, as the claws of aquatic birds.
Zoologists. Writers on animated nature.
Zoology. The history of animated nature.
Zoophite. An animal plant, or sensitive vegetable.
NAUTICAL ALMANACK.
9 Geo. 4. c. 66. s. 2. “And whereas the Publication of the Nautical Almanack, constructed by proper Persons for the finding of the Longitude at Sea, is of great Importance to the Safety of Ships and Persons, and highly conducive to the general Interests of Commerce and Navigation; be it therefore enacted, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the Lord High Admiral, or the Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for the Time being, to cause such Nautical Almanacks, or other useful Table or Tables, which he or they shall from Time to Time judge necessary and useful in order to facilitate the Method of discovering the Longitude at Sea, to be constructed, printed, published, and vended, free of all Stamp Duty whatever, in the same Manner as the Commissioners under the said Act of the Fifty-eighth Year of His late Majesty’s Reign might or could do; and that every Person who, without the special Licence and Authority of the Lord High Admiral or Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral aforesaid for the Time being, to be signified under the Hand of the Secretary of the Admiralty for the Time being, shall print, publish, or vend, or cause to be printed, published, or vended, any such Almanack or Almanacks, or other Table or Tables, shall, for every Copy of such Almanack or Table so printed, published, or vended, forfeit and pay the Sum of Twenty Pounds, to be recovered with Costs of Suit, by any Person to be authorised for that Purpose by the Lord High Admiral or Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral aforesaid, (such Authority to be signified under the Hand of the Secretary of the Admiralty as aforesaid,) by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, or Information, in any of His Majesty’s Courts of Record at Westminster; and that the Proceeds of the said Penalty, when recovered, shall be paid and applied to the Use of the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich.”
NEAR CHEEK.
That cheek of the press which is on the side at which the pressmen stand to beat and pull.
NECK of a Letter.
So much of the punch as is sunk into the matrice is called the neck; and when that letter is cast of metal, it is so much as comes above the square of the shank, viz. above the beard.—M.
Nest Frames.—M. The same as our Case Racks, which see.
NEWS HOUSE.
A printing office in which newspapers only are printed; a term used to distinguish them from book houses and job houses.
NEWSPAPERS.
The following report on the regular mode of working on Newspapers, contains much interesting information respecting this branch of the printing business.
I feel gratified in being able to give a copy of it, as it is little known beyond the circle of the newspaper department, and I am satisfied it will prove serviceable to the trade at large, for newspapers are now frequently printed in book houses, where the regulations connected with them are not generally known: and I also think I am acting in accordance with the motives of the Committee that drew it up, in giving it more publicity; for they say, a Committee was appointed “to draw up, and circulate, for the information of the trade, a statement of the regular mode of working on newspapers—‘to guide the ignorant, to guard the unwary;’ to assist them in their labours, and to maintain that harmony which should ever subsist between two branches in one profession.” And, “your Committee have extracted from, or inserted at length, every document relating to regulations or prices since 1785, which they trust will not be considered uninteresting, and, handed down as records, may yet be useful.”
“REPORT
“Of a Committee appointed to draw up a Statement of the regular Mode of working on Newspapers, for the Information of the Trade; to examine Documents, and to report the same.—Read July 29, 1820.
“The object which your Committee were directed to accomplish (that of giving a fair scale of work, mode, time, and price, on all Newspapers, wherever published) has been entered into with zeal on their parts, and they trust will be found to your satisfaction. They have examined the bases of all official agreements, and all acknowledged and understood rules; and have particularly adhered to their instructions, by keeping in view, ‘that it was to guide the ignorant, to prevent the evil intentions of the unprincipled, and, if possible, to form a closer bond of union among yourselves.’
“Laws are rendered more sacred, more valid, by age; and in performance of the task assigned them, the Committee commenced their labours by tracing the Regulations for News Work back to a certain period, in order to support them in their declaration, that they had been introduced on fair principles, that they had been cordially agreed to by the Masters, had been acted upon by the employed for so great a length of time, and that any innovation made on those regulations by an employer, or set of men acting for themselves, without the concurrence of the general body of News Compositors, should be opposed, and those concerned in such an attempt treated as enemies to their fellow-workmen, and marked as acting inimically to the interests of their profession.
“It was necessary for your Committee, for the maintenance of the superstructure, to examine its foundation; with this view they have, from oral testimony, been enabled to collect the size and price of various Newspapers from 1770. They consisted of 16 small columns, some 18, some 19, and others 20 ems Long Primer wide. The galley was 130 or 132 lines, and 50 after-lines, Long Primer; Brevier galley 96, after-lines 38. (The only exception was the old Daily Advertiser, which contained 12 columns of 25 ems Long Primer wide, the galley in proportion.) The prices were, full hands 27s.; supernumeraries 13s.; galley 2s. 2d.; 5d. per thousand; and over hours 6d. Supernumeraries (a term which explains itself) were not known ten years prior to this date. Most of the papers were small folios; and as they were nearly all connected with, or done in Book-houses, the eldest apprentice, upon a press of matter, was usually called in to assist. Upon the subdivision of the labour into galleys, and the size of the papers extending, a man was employed if any deficiency arose in the quantity required. Advertisements increased; the use of small type was extended, and the Supernumerary became a fixture.
“Prior to 1776, controversial essays, domestic news, and extracts from the official communications in the London Gazette, appear to have filled the small columns of the Journals; but the American war commencing this year, they assumed a new consequence, by first venturing to give daily Reports of the Debates in Parliament.
“In 1777 there were seven Morning Papers, eight of three times, one twice a week, and two weekly. The first Sunday Paper came out in 1778; in a few weeks it was followed by a second: and a third was brought out in the succeeding year. The weekly Journals paid 24s. In 1780 a new Daily Journal arose, with a different appearance from the others, which seems to have induced a further alteration. The prices remained the same, but the employment of more hands was rendered necessary. The hour of beginning varied, some commencing business at eleven, others at two, and some so late as three o’clock.
“In 1784, the first year after the peace, another Journal started for public favour, in which Minion was introduced. The old method of display was discarded, a new taste appeared in the arrangement of the matter in the inner form, and the former advertisement style was completely exploded. Rivalry commenced, and the other Newspapers soon made a correspondent change. Your Committee have thus reached the period when they meet with the first printed document relating to the composing part of the printing business. It is a request, in the form of a Circular, by the body of Compositors, for an advance of one halfpenny (Book-work being then paid 4d. per 1000), dated April 6, 1785, and consisting of eight propositions; which were not finally determined upon by the Employers till the 25th of November following. The proposition and answer relating to News-work were as follow:
“‘Prop. 4. That the Compositors employed on Daily Newspapers, now paid at the rate of 27s. per week, be in future paid 1l. 11s. 6d. per week, and over hours paid as at present—Answ. This cannot be a matter of general regulation, as the trouble of every paper differs from that of another.’
“Your Committee have no other document of this date: it will be observed that the prices were low, and that the over hours were paid for; but it was considered impossible to make the request ‘a matter of general regulation,’ as every Journal differed in its trouble from another. The Book-men, however, received an advance of one-eighth, or 2s. 6d. in the pound, and the establishments in Book-houses varied from 1l. 1s. to 1l. 7s.
“1786.—The advance on Book-work commenced on the 1st of January, and in the month of March following the Newsmen, on Daily Papers only, received a rise of 4s. 6d., which made the price for full hands 1l. 11s. 6d., and for Supernumeraries 15s.; the galley 2s. 6d. A few Journals only of the other class rose to 27s. At this time there were eight Morning Papers, eight of three times a week, two Weekly, and three Sunday Journals. In 1788 the first Daily Evening Paper made its appearance, and the men received the same price as the Morning Papers; a second came out in 1791, and was paid in like manner.
“1793.—For a number of years the Compositors employed on Book-work had been labouring under an intolerable grievance, and although they did not demand a rise per thousand, requested, as a new regulation, that the head and direction lines of pages, and the en and em quadrats at the sides, should be paid for. Their Circular was dated the 14th January, and on the 11th March following, the masters agreed to the proposition of paying the head and direction lines, but not the ens and ems.
“The News department appears to have been in full employment at this period. By a strong competition for public favour (which commenced, as already observed, prior to the termination of the American war, and from the year 1785 to 1793), the Journals underwent a most material alteration. It was a remarkable epoch, including the most eventful seven years of the last century. The disarrangements, both civil and political, concomitant to a return to peace after a long war—the wars in India—the troubles in Germany, in Flanders, Brabant, Holland—the French Revolution—and the commencement of a war with France—all occurring within the dates just mentioned, caused a strong political feeling in the public mind; of course, information from all quarters was eagerly sought, and as readily given by the Editors of the Daily Journals, among whom, as with their readers, party spirit rose to its utmost height, and no expence was spared to gratify it. In this period nineteen new journals put forth their claims for public support—the majority, however, were ‘born but to die!’—two of the older Papers also expired; but their places were occupied by seven juniors. The number now amounted to eleven Morning and two Evening Papers; seven of three times a week, one Weekly, and five Sunday papers. An alteration in the method of display, and a new mode in the arrangement of the matter, became now very general. One Journal went beyond the rest, by its introduction of French rules, the small capitals for particular paragraphs, and discarding nearly all the double letters, and the long s. Your Committee are also enabled to state, by comparing the modes of work prior to 1785, with the necessary alterations at the period they have now mentioned, that a complete revolution was also effected in the nature of News-work. It became necessary, therefore, that the price should keep pace with the labour, and an advance was solicited. The first printed document, solely from Newsmen, is dated April 4, 1793, signed by 145 Newsmen, and their request was supported by the signatures of 281 Bookmen. It contains four propositions:—the first for an advance of 4s. 6d. per week on Morning and Evening papers; the second related to the hours of working and the charge for over-hours, which then was but 6d. per hour; the third, to Papers published three times a week; and the fourth, to supernumeraries, but it did not state their price. All these propositions were modified ten years afterwards.
“The address which accompanied these propositions, and the requests made in it, being so applicable to the present mode of work, your Committee are satisfied with defending every iota requited by their predecessors. Although twenty-seven years have elapsed since they were submitted to the employers, yet, if required at the present moment, the same arguments might be used in their support. In fact, they must be considered the foundation-stones of the edifice. Your Committee will introduce the document.
“London, April 4, 1793.
“‘Sir,
“‘The Compositors employed on Newspapers, impressed with the opinion of your candour in hearing and redressing any real grievances they may complain of, presume to submit to your consideration the following statement:
“‘Previous to the year 1786, the weekly salary of Daily Newspaper Compositors was 1l. 7s., a sum which, considering the regularity and moderation of the hours of attendance, was thought fully adequate to their trouble. Owing, however, to a competition for Public favour among the various newspapers, by giving a long detail of Parliamentary Debates, entering at large into the politics of Europe, and the irregularity and uncertainty of the arrival of mails, the hours of attendance were necessarily increased, which, together with the enhanced price of Provisions, made an advance of salary necessary, and which was at that time cheerfully acquiesced in by the Proprietors of Daily Newspapers, as perfectly reasonable; but no advance was then given to Evening Papers.
“‘The Compositors on both Daily and Evening Papers, upon a comparative view of the trouble and attendance requisite at that period and at the present time, and the still increased price of the necessaries of life, humbly propose and request an addition to their Salary, which they trust the Gentlemen Proprietors of Newspapers will not think unreasonable, when the following circumstances are taken into consideration:
“‘That at the rate of twelve hours’ Composition, and at least two hours’ Distribution, the present Salary of Compositors employed on Daily Papers amounts to no more than Fourpence Halfpenny an hour, which, considering the irregular hours of attendance, working by night, and on Sundays, and of being constantly at command, the Compositors humbly think, and trust, the Gentlemen Proprietors of Newspapers will agree with them in opinion is by no means adequate to their labour.
“‘That as Compositors on Evening Papers obtained no advance in the year 1786, and that as their labour has been gradually increasing ever since that time, it is hoped their joining in the present application will not be thought unreasonable.
“‘It is humbly proposed, for the above reasons, that an increase should take place upon the Salaries of Compositors on Newspapers, in the following proportion, viz.
“‘I. That an advance of 4s. 6d. per week take place on the present Salary of every Compositor fully employed on Daily Papers.
“‘II. That if, owing to the length of Proceedings in Parliament, or other late Matter, the Compositors employed on Daily Papers should be detained above twelve hours on Saturday, to be reckoned from the time of beginning to compose on Friday, they be paid Sixpence per hour extra for the same, or an equal proportion of time allowed on Sunday, in the same manner as is usual on other Days of the Week.
“‘III. That 3s. be added to the present Weekly Salary of Compositors fully employed on Evening Papers published three times a week.
“‘IV. That the Salary of Supernumeraries employed on either of the above be increased in proportion.
“‘These, Sir, are the propositions submitted to you, to be laid before the Gentlemen Proprietors, not doubting but that the reasonableness of the Compositors’ demands will be evident to you, and that it will meet with your approbation and concurrence, especially when it is considered that the advance they require is so nearly proportionate to that lately obtained on Book-work.’
“It will be necessary to state that the terms Evening Papers used in this document, allude only to the desire expressed in the third proposition. The words Daily Newspapers, repeated in the second and fourth paragraphs of the Address, and in the first proposition, sufficiently show that no distinction was intended to be made between Daily Morning and Daily Evening Papers. But this request of the Newsmen did not seem to be answered with cordiality by the Masters, for your Committee have a copy of the Report of the News Committee, dated April 20, 1793, which, after mentioning the names of 15 Delegates present, at two in the afternoon, previous to the general meeting to be held at seven in the evening, states
“‘That, pursuant to a printed circular Letter, signed ‘JOHN BELL,’ the Committee adjourn to Anderton’s Coffee-house, to hold a conference as requested, on some Propositions laid before the Printers and Proprietors of Newspapers, by the Journeymen employed by them.—Adjourned accordingly.
“‘Six o’Clock, P.M.
“‘The Delegates having returned to the Hole-in-the-Wall, report to the General Meeting.
“‘That they met with the Representatives from the following Newspapers, viz.
Ledger, Oracle, Times
Herald, True Briton, and
World, Sun,
Morning Chronicle, Star, Diary.
“‘That these Gentlemen did not chuse to hold any conference on the Subject to which your Delegates were invited.
“‘That the professional Printers present, though personally requested, declined entering upon the Subject, the Discussion of which your Delegates were required to attend.
“‘That the above-mentioned John Bell, instead of attending to the Business to which they were expressly called, endeavoured to persuade them to accede to the following Resolutions, as particularly advantageous to the Employers and Employed, viz.
“‘April 20, 1793.
“‘At an Adjourned Meeting of the Proprietors and Representatives of the Daily Newspapers, held this Day at Anderton’s Coffee-house, to consider the Propositions of the Daily Newspaper Compositors,
“‘Present,—The Representatives of the Ledger,—Herald,—World,—Morning Chronicle,—Oracle,—True Briton.
“‘Considering the Requisitions and Pretensions of the Newspaper Compositors in the most extensive and liberal Points of View, so far as they are connected with the fair Interests of their Employers, it was resolved, to recommend the Prices and Regulations in future for Newspaper work to be fixed on the following Plan:
“‘That each regular Compositor be paid One Pound Fourteen Shillings per Week.
“‘That the Hours of regular Attendance for composing, be from Three o’Clock in the Afternoon until the Paper goes to Press.
“‘That whenever the Time of going to Press shall exceed Three o’Clock in the Morning, the Times of Attendance on the same Day shall be in the following Manner, viz.
“‘When the Paper goes to Press at—
3 to begin at 3 8 to begin at 5
4 3 9 6
5 3 10 7
6 4 11 8
7 4 12 9
“‘That the Supernumerary Compositors shall be allowed one Shilling per Week over and above their present Pay, supposing that such Supernumerary shall compose one Column per Day, and so in Proportion.
“‘That your Delegates felt the Indignity offered to them, but bore it with the Patience which the Justice of the cause in which they were engaged only could warrant.
“‘That your Delegates, with a becoming Dignity, rejected the Resolutions of the said John Bell.
“‘That your Delegates, from the Consideration of the Labour required, find their first Proposition unanswered, unopposed, and therefore just.’
“‘Ten o’Clock, P.M.
“‘The General Meeting unanimously approve of the Conduct of the Delegation; and further resolve,
“‘That the Original Propositions standing uncontroverted, the same be strictly adhered to.’
“The Resolution in the last paragraph of this Report was most rigidly adhered to; and your Committee cannot but lament, that the first attempt of your brethren to introduce Laws and Regulations for the reciprocal benefit of the employer and employed, was met by such proposition on the part of one Proprietor, that, in order to carry their point, they were obliged to enter into a Resolution that a general notice of quitting their situations, according to the custom of the trade, should be given. Before the expiration of the fortnight, however, an accommodation was proposed by the Employers individually; but upon the principle that a material difference existed, both in labour and comfort, between an Evening and a Morning Paper, the Newsmen agreed to a distinction being made in the price. Morning Papers received the sum required of 4s. 6d., but Evening Papers only 2s. 6d. The wages of the former were 1l. 16s.; Supernumeraries 17s.; the galley 2s. 10d.: the Evening Papers were 34s.; Supernumeraries 16s.; the galley 2s. 8d. Within this period the term Assistants was first recognized. Your Committee are not enabled to state whether any satisfactory agreement was entered into with respect to the second Proposition of the Journeymen relating to the commencing work on Sundays. It would appear that they only requested that day’s indulgence, for they already possessed it on the others. Some of the Journals at this time paid but 6d. per hour, while others, more liberal, paid on those of the Morning 7½d. and on the Evening 7d. for over-hours or Assistants.
“In the month of October, 1793, the same year of the rise, your Committee find that the Journeymen had occasion, from the accumulation of labour on Daily Newspapers, to object to the employment of Apprentices, as a strong desire was evinced, at this period, of returning to the system, by employing run-aways, or turn-overs, as they were denominated. The Employers conceiving they had been forced to accede to the rise in the month of April preceding, appeared determined to take advantage of the men, by paying themselves for their defeat by the difference of price between Apprentices and Journeymen. Suspicion had been long awake that some innovation was intended, and the scheme soon developed itself; the Newsmen assembled, and entered into certain Resolutions, which, with a statement of their case, were sent round the Trade for the concurrence or disapproval of the Bookmen. They were readily adopted by the latter, and your Committee present an Extract from the Journeymen’s Address, and their Resolutions.
“‘October 1, 1793.
“‘Can any reasonable Advocate be found for the Introduction of Apprentices on Newspapers? We do not believe there can.—A Companionship on a Newspaper, distinct and different in its Nature from Book-work, requires equal Attention, equal Exertion, and equal Interest. And can this be expected (we ask) from an Apprentice? Companionships find it their mutual interest to be watchful over each other, and see that each does an equal share; which, if not done, is easily remedied among themselves. But who is it that will say this can be done with an Apprentice? A Journeyman must be attentive, or, from the Representations of his Companions, he loses his situation. But how is this to take place in regard to Apprentices? If complaints are made to the Printer, how can he rectify them? It is evident to us that he cannot. Your time of employment is not to be forced on an Apprentice; he can refuse to work either by Night or on Sunday, and be justified in his refusal; and Magistrates must sanction him. Indeed, experience has proved that it is generally impossible to keep an Apprentice to the Business on a Newspaper with regularity; they have no interest to bind them; they have no obligation to compel them. Need there be a further Argument used in support of our opinion? We trust not. Under these circumstances, then, there is only one thing remaining for us to recommend—to unite in a firm Phalanx, and to be unanimous.’
“‘RESOLUTIONS.
“‘I. That Newspaper printing, being necessarily conducted by Companionships, requires in each Companion corresponding abilities, corresponding modes of reasoning, and corresponding interests.
“‘II. That an Apprentice, not being at liberty to act for himself, cannot be supposed to possess an equal and independent mode of reasoning, and therefore has not a corresponding interest.
“‘III. That the introduction of an Apprentice upon a Newspaper will occasion a clashing of interests, which may, in the end, prove highly detrimental, not only to the Companionship, but to the Property on which they are engaged, and likewise to the whole body of Compositors, by enlarging the field for the employment of Apprentices.
“‘IV. That therefore the Compositors on Newspapers are firmly and decidedly of opinion, that an Apprentice is by no means an adequate Companion.
“‘V. And therefore they will resist, to the utmost of their power, any attempt (if any such attempt should happen) to obtrude an Apprentice upon them.’
“The system, however, commenced in the month of October, upon one Journal, which lasted about five years—and upon another which continued nearly eleven years; but in the end you were successful; and men were again engaged upon these Journals on a fair principle. The fate of some who had worked with the boys should have served as a warning—they were neglected, despised, and ultimately driven from the profession. Your Committee cannot refrain from congratulating the Journeymen of that period on their unanimity and perseverance; and at this moment, upon a due consideration of the present state of our business, rejoice in their patriotism, and return thanks to every individual now in being concerned in the opposition given to the attempt.
“1801.]—Your Committee have thus led you to the conclusion of the second period of seven years, through the whole of which the country was engaged in a war with nearly all the European quarter of the globe, and, as has been stated for 1793, your labour increased with the demand for news by the public, and by the struggles of the Journals for pre-eminence, which, added to the alarming price of provisions and all other family requisites, made it again necessary to solicit an advance of wages. In the month of November, 1800, the Book-men requested a rise, and certain regulations applicable to their department. It was granted to the amount of 1-6th, and took place on the 1st of January, 1801. Shortly after, almost gratuitously, the News department received an advance of 1-9th (or 4s.) on Morning, and 1-11th (or 3s.) on Evening Papers. The former were now 2l.; Supernumeraries 19s.; per galley 3s. 2d.; Assistants 9½d. per hour; the Evening, 1l. 17s.; Supernumeraries 17s.; per galley 2s. 10d.; Assistants 8½d. per hour.
“Thus terminated the third rise from 1785. In this period several disputes occurred; but your Committee will only repeat those relating to the general interest. From the extensive sale of some of the Evening Papers, the work was obliged to be performed in a manner that, from its evil tendency, required some modification; the hours for composition were not so well defined as hereafter they appear to have been, and the following Resolution, as applicable to Evening Papers, was agreed to among the Newsmen; ‘That all composition cease when the day’s publication goes to press—all work afterwards to be paid for as extra, or deducted from the first work of the next publication.’ This did not apply to the second or third editions of the day’s paper; that being completed, those additions could have no claim on the following publication. The quantity and quality of the matter were also better defined within this period. Brevier was the smallest type till 1784, when Minion was introduced; and the adequate number of lines, by their proportion to Long Primer and width of column, were regulated by the Companionships and their Printers. This continued till 1793, when the different proportions were generally understood, and a printed graduated Scale for Long Primer, Brevier, and Minion, according to width, was found in each News-house. This appears to have been requisite, as your Committee learn, that, from 1789, it was the custom on some Journals to widen their columns, during the sitting of Parliament, one or two ems, and reducing them in the recess. At this date a misunderstanding still existed relative to the hour of beginning on Sundays. Certain regulations were adopted respecting the twelve hours’ work (including refreshment time, galley and ‘lines,’ and correcting), and the time of commencing on that day.—Your Committee must observe, that the Compositors employed on Morning Papers at this period were not uniform in their hours of beginning on Sundays, and disputes frequently occurred on that point. This might have arisen from the different temper and politics of the Journals on which they were engaged; some entering at length on the Friday night’s Debates in Parliament, Foreign News, &c., while others were content with giving the Public a moderate portion of both. Competition, however, soon made the labour on the Journals equal, and, in 1803, the hour of commencing on the Sunday, regulated by the Saturday’s finish, became general.
“Your Committee also state that they have endeavoured to trace the origin of what are termed the ‘after-lines’ of the first work; tradition has vaguely assisted them in their research. They learn that they were general in 1777, but differing in amount. The term is not mentioned in the Propositions of 1793, but is acknowledged in the Regulations before mentioned; your Committee are therefore led to conclude that they arose with the subdivision of labour on the smaller Papers, prior to 1770, and suppose that custom, arising from local convenience, sanctioned their adoption by your predecessors.
“1809.]—In pursuing their plan, your Committee observe nothing of material consequence occurring in the News department till the year 1809, when the still-increasing price of provisions rendered it necessary for the Compositors to solicit a rise of prices, and on the 19th of May the Newsmen issued a Circular, addressed ‘To the Proprietors of Newspapers,’ requesting an advance of 1-5th on their wages,—i. e. 8s. per week on Morning, and 6s. per week on Evening Papers.
“In the two former Circulars, certain propositions were submitted, to be accepted, modified, or rejected; but the present one was accompanied by the first and regular Scale for News Work, and signed by 198 Newsmen. Your Committee will introduce an extract from the introductory paragraphs and the Scale itself, which completed the edifice you had long laboured to rear.
“After stating the necessity the Newsmen were under of soliciting the assistance of the Employers to enable them, by their industry, to make their existence comfortable, they point out the moderation of their request, by giving a comparative statement of the prices for family necessaries, between 1793 and 1809, by which it appeared, that in sixteen years they were nearly doubled. They further add, that
“‘It has been observed by the Duke of Portland, in his letter to the Lord Lieutenant of Oxford, that ‘there is no reason why the labour of the Handicraftsman, the Mechanic, and the Artizan, should not keep pace with the advance on the articles of the Farmer, Grazier,’ &c. Upon this principle, the justice of which is too evident to need the smallest comment, might we not calculate, as Morning Papers, in 1793, were paid 36s., and Evening Papers 34s. that we should now receive nearly 3l. 12s. on the Morning Papers, instead of 2l.; and nearly 3l. 8s. instead of 1l. 17s. on the Evening?
“‘There is another consideration to which we must beg to call your attention; at the time of the last advance a ratio of one-sixth was obtained on all works in Book-houses, which proportion was not received by those employed on Newspapers; four shillings only being granted on Morning Papers, which before that time were 36s., and three shillings on Evening Papers, which previously were 34s., being only one-ninth on the former, and scarcely an eleventh on the latter. These circumstances, together with the great increase of labour on Papers of late years, arising from the introduction of so large a portion of small letter, are considerations which, we hope, will not be passed over without that deliberation they deserve.
“‘From an impartial view of the comparative statements and the proposed advance, it will be seen that we have kept perfectly within the limits prescribed by justice. We have pursued this line of conduct from a solicitude to avoid the introduction of any thing which might prevent your ready compliance with our request.
“‘PROPOSED SCALE.
Daily Morning Papers to be paid £2 8 0
Per Galley on ditto 0 3 9½
Daily Evening Papers 2 3 0
Per Galley on Ditto 0 3 7
“‘That Ten Hours Composition be the specific time for Daily Evening Papers.
“‘That Assistance be paid at per Hour in proportion to the sum per Galley, considering the Galley as Four Hours Composition.
“‘Papers Three Times a-Week, and Weekly Papers, to take an advance in proportion to that on Evening Papers.
“‘☞ That the above advance do take place from Saturday the 3d of June, 1809.’
“This request was verbally and negatively answered in the different News Houses, and the 3d of June passed over as if no solicitation for a rise of prices had been made. The Journeymen felt the necessity of perseverance, and the following Circular was sent to the Employers, dated June 13, signed by the same number of men:
“‘Gentlemen,—We cannot help expressing our surprise at the manner in which our request has been passed over; nearly a month has elapsed, and no answer has been communicated. Had we in our Scale gone further than the urgency of the times renders necessary, or had we neglected to shew that respect which your situations in life require, we might have anticipated such indifference; but feeling our conduct not liable to such objection, we are entirely at a loss to assign any motive for the want of attention to our present circumstances; and we feel ourselves under the necessity of requesting an answer by Saturday next; a noncompliance with which will be considered as a refusal of our propositions.’
“This second Circular received no answer, and on the 20th of June, the regular notice of quitting was given to the different Printers; but before the fortnight had elapsed, each Journeyman received a copy of a Report of a Committee of Masters, dated June 30, accompanied by a string of Resolutions, but not meeting the request of the men.
“Your Committee regret that the document is too voluminous for insertion, but they will make a few extracts in furtherance of their present object. It commences with stating, that ‘A General Meeting of the Proprietors of London Morning and Evening Papers was held this day (June 30, 1809), Mr. Stuart in the Chair, to take into consideration the Report of the Committee appointed to enquire into, and report their opinion upon the Circular Letter of the Compositors, respecting certain alleged grievances, and demanding an advance of Wages; present five Daily Morning, and five Daily Evening Papers,’ and that the said Report was read.—To answer the above-mentioned ‘Circular Letter,’ eleven paragraphs are given, and a comparative Table of the Prices of Necessaries, from 1793 to 1809, in contradiction to that given in by the Journeymen.
“The first paragraph condemns the strong spirit evinced by the men in demanding so large a rise as 20 per cent. on their labour; and protests against the ‘Scale proposed,’ as containing ‘Rules and Restrictions new to the Trade, and embarrassing to the Proprietors, while no reciprocal benefit or advantage is held out.’
“The second attempts to controvert the assertion of the Newsmen, that they ‘experienced difficulties in procuring the necessaries of life,’ by declaring it ‘a matter of surprise and regret, that any thing so unfounded should be advanced on so serious an occasion by a body of men, generally speaking, so intelligent and respectable;’ and after comparing your prices and situation with your Brethren on Book-work and other mechanics, conclude with stating, that
“‘Their claims to high wages do not rest on the difficulties in obtaining the necessaries of life, but on the disagreeable hours of labour. They make more money than falls to the lot of 39-40ths of the men in Britain, and they can procure not only all the necessaries of life, but even more of its comforts, than 99 out of every 100 men in Europe. It is lamentable to see men so insensible to the blessings of their situation!’
“Your Committee cannot congratulate you on the comforts or blessings of your situation; they leave to your own feelings the fallacy of assertions so hackneyed, and proceed to the third paragraph, which calls the quotation from the ‘Duke of Portland’s Letter,’ a ‘misrepresentation, and a pretended extract,’ and concludes with finding a meaning not intended by his Grace of Portland—‘that the arbitrary fixing of wages was a most alarming evil.’
“The fourth respects the statement of the prices of necessaries, and will not admit the propriety of introducing the year 1793 in comparison with 1809, because the Compositors ‘then received all they asked, and a new compact was formed with them on their own terms.’ A difference appears in the Compositors statement and that of your Employers, for the year 1793, of 2½d.!
“The fifth acknowledges the calculation for 1809 to be correct—10s. 4½d.; and as the prices for 1800 were 8s. 9½d., there only remained a difference of 1s. 6¾d. to 1809; a loss they conceived you might well bear ‘without incurring the penalties of starvation.’
“Your Committee feel it necessary to quote the sixth at length;—it needs no comment.
“‘The reference the Compositors make to the increased labour on Newspapers, in consequence of the introduction of small letter, is unjust, is absurd, and we cannot understand how they could allow so unfounded a complaint to escape them. The proprietors have always paid, and paid smartly too, for this introduction. The Compositors have limited hours of employment, limited quantities of work, and they compose only one number of letters, whether small or large, agreeably to the universal rule of the business.’
“The seventh mentions Apprentices, which your Committee will not repeat, considering that question set at rest.
“The eighth recommends that ‘the false assertions, groundless complaints, and extravagant pretensions of the Compositors should be met by a firm and determined resistance;’ and for fear that you should be intoxicated by success to demand ‘double wages,’ state, that they ‘have therefore considered a plan of establishing a society of Compositors under an Act of Parliament, connecting with it a benefit society, which, they are confident, will enable the trade to go on, and which they may hereafter submit to you;’ but without stating who were to be the honoured Members of such society.
“The ninth paragraph, after expressing the indignance of the Masters at the extravagant demands of the men, recommends that the wages should be put upon a footing with Book-work in 1800; acknowledging that the rise on the latter was 1-6th, while that on News-work was but 1-9th on Morning, and 1-11th on Evening Papers, and propose that 2s. per week should be added to the Morning Papers, but that only 1s. should be given to the Evening Papers, ‘the difference in the labour and hours of work being much more than 4s. per week.’
“The tenth recommends that no alteration in the hours of composition on Evening Papers be permitted.
“The eleventh expresses the anxiety of the Committee to give the Compositors a detailed answer, in order that the latter might clearly understand and appreciate their own interests; and the whole concludes with the following
“‘RESOLUTIONS.
“‘Resolved,—That the Report of the Committee now read be agreed to.
“‘Resolved,—That the Newspaper Compositors have not made out a case entitling them to a rise of wages; but that as they complain their rise in 1800 was not equal to the rise in Book Houses, a Regulation do now take place, putting them both on a footing.
“‘Resolved,—That as the labour on Morning is considerably heavier than on Evening Papers, the latter are not entitled to the same indulgence on this occasion as the former.
“‘Resolved,—That from Saturday the 15th of July, 1809, the wages of Compositors on Daily Morning Papers shall be two Guineas per week, and on daily Evening Papers Thirty-eight Shillings; and that the Galley on the former shall be Three Shillings and Four-pence, on the latter Three Shillings and Two-pence.
“‘Resolved,—That the Circular Letter of the Journeymen Compositors, together with the Report of the Committee of Masters and these Resolutions, signed by the Chairman, be printed in the form of a letter, and that some one Proprietor of each Newspaper shall personally deliver to each Compositor, while at work in his house, a Copy of the said printed Letter.
(Signed) “‘D. STUART, Chairman.
“‘Turk’s Head Coffee House, Strand, June 30, 1809.’
“After some discussion, the Newsmen agreed to accept the offer made by the Proprietors in the Resolution above stated; but as the sums given were declared to be on the principle only of putting you on an equality with the Bookmen, in their advance in 1801, it was determined to continue united to support the original Propositions when an opportunity offered. This regulation gave the Morning Papers 2l. 2s.; Supernumeraries 1l.; per galley 3s. 4d.; 10d. per hour; and Evening Papers 1l. 18s.; Supernumeraries 19s.; per galley 3s. 2d.; 9d. per hour.
“At this period the Book Compositors were soliciting a rise of 1-7th on their prices. The Newsmen were not long behind their brethren in claiming the same advance on their labour, and the long Report of the Masters, before mentioned, was answered, paragraph by paragraph, in a manner which must have convinced them, that if they would not allow the talent, they must acknowledge that all the justice in the dispute lay on your side. This answer is dated January 18, 1810. Your Committee cannot, in consequence of its length, insert it here, but, to suit their present purpose, will extract the answers to the second and fifth paragraphs.
“‘The profession of a man should be always equal to the support of himself and his family in a decent way. They should be supplied with not merely what will preserve animation, but what custom has rendered necessary for our comfort; and every man of family must feel the truth of the assertion—that at the present time he experiences difficulty in procuring such necessaries. With respect to the difference between the wages of Book and News Compositors, it will be observed, that the expences of a News Compositor are necessarily more than that of a Book Compositor, arising from the unseasonable hours of labour.—We believe the latter part of their paragraph will be found very deficient of truth; for there are but few mechanics with the same constant and regular exertion, but would equal, and exceed by far our incomes.’
“As the two dates given by the Journeymen for the prices of provisions were to be contradicted, they introduced three tables, and made a calculation by the rule of Subtraction. But the men were not to be deceived by this new system of Arithmetic, and combated by the old mode as follows:
“‘It would seem as if the sum of 1s. 6¾d. was considered as the loss we sustained in the course of a week; but it is the proportion it bears to 8s. 9½d.; and we find that it makes a difference in our weekly incomes of 7s. 1d., a sum which must be felt particularly by those having families.’
“The assertions made in the other paragraphs were most ably controverted, and your cause made doubly sure by the truths which accompanied its defence. The Employers never made a reply to it, because it was unanswerable; and your Committee cannot refrain from expressing their gratitude to all concerned in its production.
“1810.]—To proceed. The Book Masters acquiesced in the request of their Compositors for an advance, which was to take place on the 1st of May, and the Newsmen taking advantage of the acknowledgment made in the ninth paragraph before mentioned, demanded the rise of 1-7th to place them on an equality with their brethren in the Book department. Their request was not noticed. They still persevered, and to assist their cause the Bookmen came to a Resolution, that no man should apply for a situation on a Newspaper during the dispute.—Highly to their credit, and honourable to their character, not one application was made.
“The Newsmen still continued their exertions, and, on the 14th of May, the following proposition in MS. was presented to each Companionship:—
“‘The Proprietors of the Daily Newspapers, having taken the request of their Compositors for an advance of wages into consideration, and on referring to the whole series of rises from 1783{5}, when Bookwork was 4d. per thousand, and Morning Papers were 1l. 7s. per week, find that 2l. 0s. 6d. on Morning Papers would be equal to 6d. per thousand, the present advanced price on Book-work.
“‘But the Proprietors unwilling wholly to disappoint the expectations of their Compositors, consent to give them an advance of 4s. on Morning Papers, and 3s. on Evening Papers, per week, making the wages on Morning Papers 2l. 6s. per man per week, and on Daily Evening Papers 2l. 1s.; to take place from Monday, May 21, 1810.’
“This was answered by the following Resolutions:
“‘At a General Meeting of the Compositors employed on Newspapers, held May 19, 1810, the following declarative Resolutions were agreed to unanimously:—
“‘Res. I. That in tracing our advances of wages from the year 1783{5} up to 1800, there not being extant any clear and certain records, and a perfect collection of documents containing all the circumstances, many important facts and transactions may be forgotten and lost.
“‘Res. II. That from the above consideration, it is evident, that to refer further back than 1800, in order to determine what ought to be the advance of wages on Newspapers, is unfair and improper; and it is contrary to right, according to the declared opinions of the Newspaper Proprietors themselves, as expressed (in a Report of their Committee, dated June 30, 1809, and generally circulated) in the following words of their own: ‘The Compositors have no right to refer further back than the year 1800, as they then received all they asked, and a new compact was made with them on their own terms.’
“‘Res. III. That the Newspaper Proprietors ought to give their Compositors an advance of wages fully equal to the advance on Bookwork since 1800, conformably to the principle admitted by themselves in the above-mentioned document: where, after stating the allegation of the Newspaper Compositors that their advance in 1800 was not equal to the advance on Bookwork, and admitting the fact, they allow it to be (using their own words) a reasonable ground of complaint in your Compositors Circular.
“‘Res. IV. That, in the Scale of 1805, a considerable advance was granted to the Compositors on Bookwork in respect to Sunday-work, Night-work, and Morning-work, which required a correspondent advance on Newspapers, to which it is particularly applicable.
“‘Res. V. That, even if we had not the above indisputable grounds, we have in justice sufficient grounds in the exigencies of the times, as, according to the News Proprietors own statement of the comparative prices of the necessaries of life between 1800 and 1809, there was a rise of 1s. 6¾d. on 8s. 9½d., which makes a difference in our weekly incomes (taking the medium of Morning and Evening Papers) of upwards of 7s.
“‘Res. VI. That the Compositors on Bookwork have received less from their Employers than their exigencies required, and only what circumstances allowed. Those unfavourable circumstances were alleged to arise principally from the war, and, consequently, far from being applicable to the Newspaper branch of the Business, which derives its prosperity from the war. Therefore, there could be no reason why Compositors employed on Newspapers should not have an advance fully adequate to their exigencies.’
“A fortnight’s notice to quit was then given upon the Daily Papers, and on the day of its expiration the News Compositors were given to understand from the individual Printers, that the demand was acquiesced in, and your Scale, as it now stands, was acknowledged—Morning Papers 2l. 8s.; Supernumeraries 1l. 3s.; galley 3s. 10d.; 9d. per thousand; and Assistants 11½d. per hour.—Evening Papers 2l. 3s. 6d.; Supernumeraries 1l. 1s. 6d.; galley 3s. 7d.; 8½d. per thousand; and Assistants 10½d. per hour.
“Thus terminated your last struggle. It will be found that in the space of twenty-four years, your prices and modes of work have equally changed with the appearance of the Journals. From the former rise to the present nothing appears worthy notice, excepting the alteration of measure during the sitting of Parliament; but from the great pressure of matter, and an alteration in the size of paper used, most of the Journals retained the same measure during the recess.
“Your Committee feel that some apology may be necessary for giving so minute a detail of what perhaps has occurred within your own memory; but the task imposed upon them embracing so wide a field, must plead their excuse; and having introduced the latter document to your notice, considering it the precursor of an understood and established ‘Scale of Prices,’ they trust its utility will compensate for the trespass.
“Having now advanced to the period (May, 1810) when your endeavours, after twelve months’ struggle, were crowned with success, your Committee, trusting to your own feelings, must beg to pause on the events of that time.”
[Then follow some observations which are not relevant to the present work, nor to the tracing of the history of prices, nor to the management of Newspapers in the metropolis.]
“In the year 1811, a dispute occurred on an Evening Paper, respecting the introduction of Apprentices, which lasted but six weeks.
“About the year 1813, Morning Papers of 20 columns became almost general. Papers of the present size have not rendered the use of small type less necessary than when they consisted but of sixteen columns; and the remarks made in the extracts from the documents before your Committee, of the years 1793-1810, are equally applicable as the same causes exist.
“In the commencement of the year 1816, the Trade was thrown into confusion by the introduction of Nonpareil, a type not recognised in former agreements respecting the price of Newspapers. The Companionship were required to compose it at Minion price and quantity; they refused, and in consequence left their situations; but others, in direct opposition to the interests of the profession, submitted to the demand. Ignorance could not be pleaded by them; for your Committee are well aware, that few men can be found incapable of casting up the galley on a Newspaper, or be unacquainted with the difference in price of Nonpareil and other types used in Book-houses. The bad example set by these men, with the desire of gain, may have induced others to follow their steps; but they cannot, unless you lose your unanimity, sap the foundation of your rights. It is therefore incumbent on your Committee to protest against any men taking upon themselves the right of deviating from your regulations, or of settling either the price or quantity of the galley of smaller type than Minion, without a general understanding with their brethren of the profession. It has caused both trouble and expense, and been the means of removing good men to gratify the meanness or greediness of those, who have in the end been necessitated to throw themselves upon the mercy of their fellow-workmen, for permission to gain a subsistence among those they had, by their previous conduct, deprived of bread. Your Committee beg to state, that adding the difference in price given on Nonpareil or Pearl in Book-work to the price per thousand in News-work, will be found the equitable charge for those sizes; that is, 1d. per thousand extra on Nonpareil, and 2d. on Pearl. Thus the fair charge for Nonpareil on Morning Papers would be 10d. per thousand, Evening Papers 9½, Pearl, 11d. per thousand on Morning and 10½ on Evening Papers—or a reduction, in proportion to value, on the galley quantity.
“In the latter end of the same year a misunderstanding arose in consequence of a Morning and Evening Paper being done in the same place. It might have been considered a local dispute; but as certain Resolutions were passed at a delegated Meeting held on the 3d of January, 1817, your Committee cannot refrain from noticing it:
“‘At a delegated Meeting of News Compositors, held at the Coach and Horses, Water-lane, Fleet Street, Jan. 3, 1817, the following Resolutions were passed unanimously:
“‘Resolved, I. That it is the opinion of this Meeting, that there are but three classes of Workmen on Morning Papers that can be acknowledged by the Profession, viz., Full hands 2l. 8s. per week; Supernumeraries at 1l. 3s. per week; and Assistants at 11½d. per hour.
“‘Resolved, II. That we consider the situation of Finishers on a Morning Paper, (where no person is employed to do the preceding part of the work,) as an innovation that would tend to disorganize the system hitherto acted upon.
“‘Resolved, III. That under this consideration we recommend to our fellow-workmen to refuse any such situation should it be offered them.
“‘Resolved unanimously.—That with respect to the —— (having no precedent to act upon) and there not being a regular Companionship, we recommend to the persons employed thereon to regulate the trifling difference between them and their employer as amicably as possible, keeping in view that the interests of the profession are not invaded thereby.’
“This matter was amicably adjusted; but your Committee regret to state, that at the commencement of the following year, a dispute arose on another Journal, by a demand being made for eleven hours’ work (time and quantity)—or two measured galleys and a finish, sometimes extending to three hours. This mode was declared inadmissible by the trade; it was resisted; and you again triumphed by the sacrifice of situation only of those who refused their acquiescence.
“Nothing appears worthy of notice after the above date till the month of May in the present year, and while your interests impose upon your Committee the necessity of laying before you the circumstances that then arose, they will trespass upon your patience only so long as the subject demands.—After the introduction of Nonpareil on the Journal mentioned in the year 1816, the Trade were ignorant of the men and their modes of work; you had no interest in the enquiry, for they never could be respected who had deserted your standard, nor pitied when labouring under difficulties they had brought upon themselves. From an accidental occurrence, not necessary here to repeat, a request was made, that a statement of the situation of that Journal might be laid before you. Policy dictated the propriety of receiving it; if those employed acted up to the spirit of your laws, you would have nothing to condemn; but if, on the contrary, they had violated your system, you would have the opportunity of declaring against it, and of preventing the evil example from spreading further. Custom, it is said, will in time become law; so would your silence have permitted the unprincipled to gratify themselves by the sacrifice of your rights and interests, and to undermine your whole system before you were aware of the danger.
“By this statement it was discovered there were two modes of work on that Journal, both in direct opposition to the rules and prices agreed upon in 1810. From the pressure of advertisements, two companionships were formed, one for the outer, and another for the inner form; those engaged on the former were offered, and accepted an Evening Paper price per galley for Nonpareil, Minion quantity; while those on the latter were employed according to the custom of the trade. It is unnecessary to comment on the introduction of two companionships on a Daily Paper, much less to point out the absurdity of consenting to receive an Evening Paper price on a Morning Journal, upon the plea of its being performed by day-light; by the same parity of reasoning, you might demand a Morning Paper price for an Evening Journal, because, for a great part of the year, a portion of the work is done by candle-light. But an alteration on the inner-form system was shortly proposed, which was that rejected by yourselves in the year 1818—viz. two galleys and remaining till the paper went to press. This was refused by the employed, and seven out of twelve deserted this ‘flag of blackest hue.’
“This circumstance, from the consequences that might probably follow, led to the appointment of a Committee to draw up, and circulate, for the information of the trade, a statement of the regular mode of working on Newspapers—‘to guide the ignorant, to guard the unwary.’ To assist them in their labours, and to maintain that harmony which should ever subsist between two branches in one profession, your Committee requested at a delegated Meeting of Book-men, the appointment of a gentleman from their body to assist them in the task assigned, which was most cheerfully met and cordially assented to.
“After the appointment of your Committee, another circumstance arose which necessarily occupied a portion of their time. The Proprietor of an obscure Evening Journal, out of which a Sunday Paper is formed, made a demand on the employed to complete the Weekly Journal, not merely with a reduction of wages, but absolutely for nothing!—as a kind of make-weight for the salary they received upon the other. This not being found in any article of your scale, was, of course, refused by the companionship, and the loss of situation followed: their places have been filled by some distinguished characters, now out of the pale, but whose memories will be cherished.
“Your Committee will, by recapitulating the events related under each date, bring the various Regulations into one point of view, which, attached to your Scale of 1810, will, it is trusted, fully accomplish the purpose for which your Committee received their appointment. In 1786 a rise of 1-6th (or 4s. 6d.) was obtained on Newspapers, but no Regulations were generally adopted; each Paper having its own mode, its internal management was regulated by existing circumstances; but in the year 1793, the nature of News-work, in a progress of seven years, was completely changed, and the price of necessaries increasing with the labour imposed, rendered it incumbent on your predecessors not only to solicit an advance of wages, but that the time and quantity should also be defined. This request was made by the Newsmen, and though sanctioned by the signatures of their brethren in the Book department, your Committee consider it as the first division of the Compositors into two branches of one profession. Their wishes were granted so far as related to a rise of ⅐th (or 4s. 6d.) on Morning Papers; but nothing relating to the hours of work or time of commencing on Sundays was determined upon. It was acknowledged that the Supernumeraries should receive a proportionate advance, but your Committee cannot pass over the distinction then made between Morning and Evening Papers without expressing their regret at the circumstance. The latter only received a rise of 1-13th, or 2s. 6d. In the same year the Resolutions were passed against the employment of Apprentices on Papers. Some years prior to this date they were to be found on many of the Journals, and particularly on those called Weekly, arising from the connection of both classes with Book-houses; but, from the circumstances already mentioned (1793), when Daily Papers required separate establishments, and were conducted by non-professional men, your brethren took the opportunity of objecting to their re-admission on the latter class. The Resolutions of that day now stand as Laws; you struggled—you conquered; and your Committee can only add that five attempts against them failed of success. A rise was gained 1801 of 4s. on Morning and 3s. on Evening Papers, making a still greater difference between the two classes of Journals. It was given and accepted without any reference to further regulations in the spirit of the proposition before quoted. The nature of the work and increase of labour on the Evening Journals from 1793 to 1800, required the adoption of the Resolution mentioned under the latter date:—‘That all Composition cease when the day’s publication goes to press—all work afterwards to be paid for as extra, or deducted from the first work of the next day’s publication.’ This regulation (with one exception) was generally accepted; the Printer had the choice of paying or deducting. A Scale of quantity, and a regulation for the twelve hours’ work, was also adopted. In the year 1809 it became necessary to solicit another rise. Twenty-four years had passed away; the system of News-work had ripened into perfection, and it merely required registering for the mutual convenience of the parties interested. With the request for an advance a Scale was introduced, which specifically defined the sum to be paid for labour. You accepted the offer of the Employers, which was a rise of 2s. on Morning, and 1s. on Evening Papers; but nothing was answered respecting the Scale, the sole object of your wishes. The following year you succeeded; and your Committee merely notice a fractional difference in the sums proposed and those now paid. The galley on a Morning Paper is stated at 3s. 9½d., now 3s. 10d.; and the Evening Journals at 2l. 3s., instead 2l. 3s. 6d. per week. With this difference the Scale stands complete; and for its support, with a clear definition, have the labours of your Committee been wholly directed. ‘To guide the ignorant, to frustrate the machinations of the unprincipled, and, if possible, to form a closer bond of union among yourselves,’ has been their pleasing task. By a reference to the first Resolution of the Newsmen of May 19, 1810, it will be observed, that they lament the want of a perfect collection of documents by which they might correctly trace the advances of wages from 1785 to 1800—indeed they assert that no records were extant. Your Committee congratulate themselves upon being more fortunate, and have extracted from, or inserted at length, every document relating to Regulations or Prices since 1785, which they trust will not be considered uninteresting, and, handed down as records, may yet be useful. To prove the strength of your foundation, the Committee have embraced a period of fifty years, in which is included fifteen years prior to the date of the first document, and subsequently, through a space of thirty-five years, to the present time. In pursuing their duty, your Committee have not deviated from their path to obtrude upon your notice at this day all the misunderstandings which have arisen among the Journeymen, nor have they paused to revive the memory of local disputes with the employers; they have sought not ‘to rake the ashes of the dead’—they have endeavoured to avoid any reflection that might cause a blush in the living. The labours of your Committee will close with an Abstract of the Scale, and the Laws and necessary Regulations attached, which they trust will satisfactorily answer the purpose of their collection. You require nothing of the employers—they demand nothing from you; and shall it be said that your privileges must be forfeited by your own negligence, be scattered into air by the unprincipled, or sacrificed to the interest of a designing few?—Forbid it, spirit! while the recollection of the struggles of our predecessors lives amongst us. Your Committee conclude with soliciting your indulgence for any deficiency on their parts; but as your interest has been their sole object, your approbation their reward, they confidently trust the purity of their motives will be a sufficient apology for their unintentional errors.
“P. CHALK, W. YOCKNEY, H. WARREN, T. PATERSON, E. M. DAVIS, J. B. SPENCE.
“ABSTRACT OF THE SCALE.
Per Week. Per Galley. Per Hour.
Morning Papers £ 2 8s. 0d. 3s. 10d. 11½d.
Evening Papers £ 2 3s. 6d. 3s. 7d. 10½d.
“Assistants on other Journals are paid the same as Evening Papers; the Sunday Papers, having their galleys of various lengths, are paid at the rate of 8½d. per thousand, or 10d. per hour.
“Long Primer and Minion galleys, cast as nigh 5000 letters as possible (at present varying from that number to 5,200, partly arising from a variation in the founders’ standards), are, per thousand, on
Morning. Evening.
Long Primer and Minion 9d. 8½d.
Nonpareil 10d. 9½d.
Pearl 11d. 10½d.
or a reduction, in proportion to value, on the galley quantity.
“The galley on Morning Papers consists of 120 lines Long Primer, and 40 after lines—Minion 88, and 30 after lines—on Papers 22 ems Long Primer wide; other widths in proportion; and a finish of five hours. Another mode is, one galley and a finish of six hours. Twelve hours on and twelve off (including refreshment time) was the original agreement.
“The time of beginning to be the same uniformly as agreed upon by the Printer and Companionship—i. e. either a two, three, or four o’clock Paper—and at whatever hour the Journal goes to press one morning regulates the hour of commencing work for the next day’s publication, provided it should be over the hour originally agreed upon—if under, the time is in the Compositors’ favour. The hour of commencing work on Sunday is regulated by the time of finishing on Saturday morning.
“Ten hours’ Composition is the specified time for Evening Papers.—All Composition to cease when the day’s Publication goes to Press; any work required afterwards to be paid for extra, or deducted from the first work of the next publication.—This does not apply to Second Editions; they being connected solely with the antecedent Paper, must be paid for extra.
“Newspapers in a foreign language take, of course, the same advance as is allowed on Book-work.
“A system termed Finishing having been formerly introduced, it is necessary to state, that no mode of working can be considered fair (except as before stated) otherwise than by the galley or hour.
“No Apprentices to be employed on Daily Papers.”
[Signed by 193 Newspaper Compositors.]
Acts of Parliament relating to Newspapers.—The Act of the 39th of G. 3. c. 79., for the more effectual suppression of Societies established for Seditious and Treasonable Purposes, &c., which requires the entry of all Presses and Types with the Clerk of the Peace, and the affixing of the name and address of the Printer to his productions, with other regulations, does not extend, alter, or vary the then existing Acts of Parliament in force respecting the printing, &c. of Newspapers; for the 32d Section says—
“Provided also, That nothing herein contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to alter or vary any Rule, Regulation, or Provision contained in any Act of Parliament now in force respecting the printing, publishing, or distributing any printed Newspaper, or other printed Paper.”
53 G. 3. c. 108. s. 19., “and that from and after the passing of this Act the several other Instruments herein-after specified, shall also be exempted from all Stamp Duty; (that is to say,) All Bonds to His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, which shall be entered into by Cardmakers, for securing the Payment of the Stamp Duties on Playing Cards; and by the Proprietors, Printers, or Publishers of Newspapers, for securing the Payment of the Duties upon the Advertisements therein contained; and by Stationers or others, who sell Paper stamped for the Purpose of being used for printing Newspapers, for the due Performance and Observance of the Matters and Things required of them by the Act passed in the Thirty-eighth Year of His Majesty’s Reign for regulating the printing and Publication of Newspapers; and also all Warrants to sue and defend in the Courts Baron of any Honors or Manors which hold Pleas in Actions or Suits for any Debt or Damages not exceeding Five Pounds, as well as all Plaints, Summonses, Executions, Writs, and other Proceedings, in or issuing out of such Courts.”
6 & 7 W. 4. c. 76., “An Act to reduce the Duties on Newspapers, and to amend the Laws relating to the Duties on Newspapers and Advertisements.
“Whereas it is expedient to reduce the Stamp Duties now payable on Newspapers in Great Britain and Ireland respectively, and to consolidate and amend the Laws relating thereto, and also to the Duties on Advertisements: Be it therefore enacted by the King’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That in lieu of the Stamp Duties on Newspapers by this Act repealed as herein-after mentioned, there shall be granted, raised, levied, and paid unto and for the Use of His Majesty, His Heirs and Successors, in and throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the several Duties or Sums of Money set down in Figures, or otherwise specified and set forth, in the Schedule marked (A.) to this Act annexed; which said Schedule, and every Clause, Regulation, Matter, and Thing therein contained, shall be deemed and taken to be Part of this Act; and the said Duties hereby granted shall commence and take effect on the Fifteenth Day of September One thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, and shall be denominated and deemed to be Stamp Duties, and shall be under the Care and Management of the Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes, who are hereby empowered and required to provide and use proper and sufficient Dies for expressing and denoting the said Duties; and all the Powers, Provisions, Clauses, Regulations, and Directions, Fines, Forfeitures, Pains, and Penalties, contained in and imposed by the several Acts of Parliament in force relating to the Stamp Duties, and not repealed by this Act, shall be of full Force and Effect with respect to the Duties hereby granted, as far as the same are or shall be applicable, in all Cases not hereby expressly provided for, and shall be observed, applied, enforced, and put in execution for the raising, levying, collecting, and securing of the said Duties hereby granted and otherwise relating thereto, so far as the same shall not be superseded by and shall be consistent with the express Provisions of this Act, as fully and effectually to all Intents and Purposes as if the same had been herein repeated and specially enacted with reference to the said Duties hereby granted.
s. 2. “And be it enacted, That a Discount after the Rate of Twenty-five Pounds per Centum on the prompt Payment of any Sum amounting to Ten Pounds or upwards, for the Duties on Newspapers granted by this Act, shall be allowed to all Proprietors of Newspapers in Ireland on the Purchase of Stamps for the printing of Newspapers in Ireland, which Discount shall be denoted on the Face of every Stamp in respect of which the same shall be allowed: Provided always, that if any Newspaper shall be printed in Great Britain upon Paper stamped with a Stamp denoting the Allowance of any such Discount, such Stamp shall be of no Avail, and such Newspaper shall be deemed to be not duly stamped as required by this Act.
s. 3. “And be it enacted, That from and after the Thirty-first Day of December next after the passing of this Act, in the Stamp to be impressed on each and every Newspaper under the Provisions of this Act, the Title of such Newspaper, or some Part thereof, shall be expressed in such convenient Manner and Form as to the said Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes shall seem expedient; and the said Commissioners shall cause a proper Die for stamping each such Newspaper to be prepared under their Directions, and a new or other Die to be from Time to Time prepared, in like Manner as they shall think necessary; and the reasonable Costs and Expences of preparing such Stamps or Dies shall be from Time to Time defrayed by the Proprietor of each such Newspaper, and paid when and as required by the said Commissioners to such Person as the said Commissioners shall appoint to receive the same, before any Paper shall be stamped under the Directions of such Commissioners for each such Newspaper; and that from and after the Thirty-first Day of December next after the passing of this Act no Newspaper liable to Duty under this Act shall be printed upon Paper not stamped with such Die, containing the Title of such Newspaper, or some Part thereof as aforesaid; and if any Newspaper shall be printed on Paper stamped otherwise than as aforesaid the Stamp thereon shall be of no Avail, and such Newspaper shall be deemed to be not duly stamped as required by this Act.
s. 4. “And be it enacted, That every Paper declared by the Schedule (A.) to this Act annexed to be chargeable with the Duties by this Act granted on Newspapers shall be deemed and taken to be a Newspaper within the Meaning of this Act and of every Act relating to the printing or publishing of Newspapers, and shall be subject and liable to all the Regulations by this Act imposed; and wheresoever in this Act or in any other Act or Acts relating to the printing or publishing of Newspapers the Word ‘Newspaper’ is or may be used, it shall be deemed and taken to mean and include any and every such Paper as aforesaid; and in all Proceedings at Law or otherwise, and upon all Occasions whatsoever, it shall be sufficient to describe by the Word ‘Newspaper’ any Paper by this Act declared to be a Newspaper, without further or otherwise designating or describing the same.