B. (continued 2)

BITE.

If the frisket is not sufficiently cut aw4`ay, but covers some part of the form, so that it prints on the frisket, it is called a Bite.—M. It interposes between the form and the paper to be printed on, and prevents the latter receiving the inked impression intended to be transferred to it. A pressman looks carefully over his first sheet to see that all is right, and if there be a bite he cuts it out of the frisket with his scissors; if one should at first escape his eye, it is cut out as soon as it is perceived.

BLACK LETTER

is the name now applied to the Old English or Modern Gothic character, which was introduced into England about the middle of the fourteenth century, and became the character generally used in manuscript works before the art of printing was publicly practised in Europe. On the application of that art to the multiplying of books, about the middle of the fifteenth century, the Block Books, and, subsequently, those printed with moveable types, were in this letter, to imitate writing, and were disposed off as manuscripts. When the first William Caslon commenced the business of type founding he made great improvements in their shape, and his Gothic or black letter remains unequalled, viewing it as an imitation of ancient writing, the purest shape for the character originally intended for a counterfeit manuscript. I am sorry to see our present founders giving way to a barbarous caprice of fancy, by introducing arbitrary shapes, which were unknown to our ancestors when this character was in general use; for it appears inconsistent to call the following Letters Old English, or Gothic,

The Alphabet.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Astle, in his Origin and Progress of Writing, says, “The Modern Gothic, which spread itself all over Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, is improperly so called, because it does not derive its origin from the writing anciently used by the Goths and Visigoths, in Italy and Spain, but this Modern Gothic is the most barbarous or worst kind of writing; it took its rise in the decline of the arts, among the lazy schoolmen, who had the worst taste; it is nothing more than the Latin writing degenerated. This writing began in the twelfth century, and was in general use (especially among monks and schoolmen) in all parts of Europe, till the restoration of the arts, in the fifteenth century, and longer in Germany and the northern nations: Our statute books are still printed in Gothic letters.” Astle’s work was published in 1784.

Blacks in the British Founderies.

Ten Line Pica.—Caslon.

Five Line Pica.—Caslon.

Four Line Pica.—Caslon.

Two Line Double Pica.—Caslon.

Two Line Great Primer.—Caslon. Wilson.

Two Line English.—Caslon.

Double Pica.—Caslon. Figgins. Wilson.

Great Primer.—Caslon. Figgins. Wilson.

English.—Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley, formerly Wolf’s. Figgins. Wilson.

Pica.—Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley. Caxton. Figgins. Wilson.

Small Pica.—Caslon.

Long Primer.—Caslon. Thorowgood & Besley. Figgins. Wilson.

Bourgeois.—Caslon.

Brevier.—Caslon. Wilson.

Nonpareil.—Caslon. Wilson.

Blackwell, Beale. See Donations.

BLANKETS.

Flannel steeped in urine, in which pelt balls are wrapped up at nights, and when they are not in use, to keep them soft.

Woollen cloth, or white baize, to lay between the tympans.—M. The blankets used for fine work are either superfine woollen cloth or fine kerseymere; for the finest work, paper alone is used. See Presswork.

BLANK PAGES.

When blank pages occur in a work, particularly in duodecimos and smaller sizes, the compositor will find it an advantage to set them up the exact size of the pages of the work, and made up to his gauge, so that he will have his register good without the trouble that attends filling the blank up with pieces of Furniture by guess work, which causes extra trouble to the pressman.

BLASPHEMY.

9 & 10 Will. 3. c. 32., intituled, “An Act for the more effectual suppressing of Blasphemy and Profaneness.”

“Whereas many persons have of late years openly avowed and published many blasphemous and impious Opinions, contrary to the Doctrines and Principles of the Christian Religion, greatly tending to the Dishonour of Almighty God, and may prove destructive to the Peace and Welfare of this Kingdom: Wherefore for the more effectual suppressing of the said detestable Crimes, be it enacted by the King’s most excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That if any Person or Persons, having been educated in, or at any Time having made Profession of the Christian Religion within this Realm, shall by Writing, Printing, Teaching, or advised Speaking, deny any one of the Persons in the Holy Trinity to be God, or shall assert or maintain there are more Gods than one, or shall deny the Christian Religion to be true, or the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be of Divine Authority, and shall upon Indictment or Information in any of his Majesty’s Courts at Westminster, or at the Assizes, be thereof lawfully convicted by the Oath of two or more credible Witnesses; such Person or Persons for the first Offence shall be adjudged incapable and disabled in Law, to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever, to have or enjoy any Office or Offices, Employment or Employments, Ecclesiastical, Civil, or Military, or any Part in them, or any Profit or Advantage appertaining to them, or any of them: And if any Person or Persons so convicted as aforesaid, shall at the Time of his or their Conviction, enjoy or possess any Office, Place, or Employment, such Office, Place, or Employment shall be void, and is hereby declared void: And if such Person or Persons shall be a second Time lawfully convicted as aforesaid, of all or any the aforesaid Crime or Crimes, that then he or they shall from thenceforth be disabled to sue, prosecute, plead or use any Action or Information in any Court of Law or Equity, or to be Guardian of any Child, or Executor or Administrator of any Person, or capable of any Legacy or Deed of Gift, or to bear any Office, Civil or Military, or Benefice Ecclesiastical for ever within this Realm, and shall also suffer Imprisonment for the Space of Three Years, without Bail or Mainprize, from the Time of such Conviction.

s. 2. “Provided always, and be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That no Person shall be prosecuted by virtue of this Act, for any Words spoken, unless the Information of such Words shall be given upon Oath before one or more Justice or Justices of the Peace, within four Days after such Words spoken, and the Prosecution of such Offence be within three Months after such Information.

s. 3. “Provided also, and be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That any Person or Persons convicted of all or any of the aforesaid Crime or Crimes, in Manner aforesaid, shall for the first Offence (upon his, her, or their Acknowledgment and Renunciation of such Offence or erroneous Opinions, in the same Court where such Person or Persons was or were convicted, as aforesaid, within the Space of four Months after his, her, or their Conviction) be discharged from all Penalties and Disabilities incurred by such Conviction; any thing in this Act contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.”

Repealed as to denying the Trinity, by 53 Geo. 3. c. 160. s. 2. which is extended to Ireland by 57 Geo. 3. c. 70. See Libels.

53 Geo. 3. c. 160., intituled, “An Act to relieve Persons who impugn the Doctrine of the Holy Trinity from certain Penalties.”

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That the Provisions of another Act passed in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of King William, intituled An Act for the more effectual suppressing Blasphemy and Profaneness, so far as the same relate to Persons denying as therein mentioned, respecting the Holy Trinity, be and the same are hereby repealed.

s. 3. “And whereas it is expedient to repeal an Act, passed in the Parliament of Scotland in the First Parliament of King Charles the Second, intituled, An Act against the Crime of Blasphemy; and another Act, passed in the Parliament of Scotland in the First Parliament of King William, intituled Act against Blasphemy; which Acts respectively ordain the Punishment of Death; be it therefore enacted, That the said Acts and each of them shall be, and the same are and is hereby repealed.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That this Act shall be deemed and taken to be a Public Act, and shall be judicially taken Notice of as such by all Judges, Justices, and others, without being specially pleaded.”

60 Geo. 3. c. 8. “An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels.”

“Whereas it is expedient to make more effectual Provision for the Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels; be it enacted by the King’s most excellent Majesty, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the Authority of the same, That from and after the passing of this Act, in every Case in which any Verdict or Judgment by Default shall be had against any Person for composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous Libel, or any seditious Libel, tending to bring into Hatred or Contempt the Person of His Majesty, His Heirs or Successors, or the Regent, or the Government and Constitution of the United Kingdom as by Law established, or either House of Parliament, or to excite His Majesty’s Subjects to attempt the Alteration of any Matter in Church or State as by Law established, otherwise than by lawful Means, it shall be lawful for the Judge, or the Court before whom or in which such Verdict shall have been given, or the Court in which such Judgment by Default shall be had, to make an Order for the Seizure and carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, in such Manner as shall be directed in such Order, all Copies of the Libel which shall be in the Possession of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or in the Possession of any other Person named in the Order for his Use; Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and in every such Case it shall be lawful for any Justice of the Peace, or for any Constable or other Peace Officer acting under any such Order, or for any Person or Persons acting with or in Aid of any such Justice of the Peace, Constable, or other Peace Officer, to search for any Copies of such Libel in any House, Building, or other Place whatsoever belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, or to any other Person so named, in whose Possession any Copies of any such Libel, belonging to the Person against whom any such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had, shall be; and in case Admission shall be refused or not obtained within a reasonable Time after it shall have been first demanded, to enter by Force by Day into any such House, Building, or Place whatsoever, and to carry away all Copies of the Libel there found, and to detain the same in safe Custody until the same shall be restored under the Provisions of this Act, or disposed of according to any further Order made in relation thereto.

s. 2. “And be it further enacted, That if in any such Case as aforesaid Judgment shall be arrested, or if, after Judgment shall have been entered, the same shall be reversed upon any Writ of Error, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid, free of all Charge and Expence, and without the Payment of any Fees whatever; and in every Case in which final Judgment shall be entered upon the Verdict so found against the Person or Persons charged with having composed, printed, or published such Libel, then all Copies so seized shall be disposed of as the Court in which such Judgment shall be given shall order and direct.

s. 3. “Provided always, and be it enacted, That in Scotland, in every Case in which any Person or Persons shall be found guilty before the Court of Justiciary, of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, or where Sentence of Fugitation shall have been pronounced against any Person or Persons, in consequence of their failing to appear to answer to any Indictment charging them with having composed, printed, or published any such Libel, then and in either of such Cases, it shall and may be lawful for the said Court to make an Order for the Seizure, carrying away, and detaining in safe Custody, all Copies of the Libel in the Possession of any such Person or Persons named in such Order, for his or their Use, Evidence upon Oath having been previously given to the Satisfaction of such Court or Judge, that a Copy or Copies of the said Libel is or are in the Possession of such other Person for the Use of the Person against whom such Verdict or Judgment shall have been had as aforesaid; and every such Order so made shall and may be carried into effect, in such and the same Manner as any Order made by the Court of Justiciary, or any Circuit Court of Justiciary, may be carried into Effect according to the Law and Practice of Scotland: Provided always, that in the Event of any Person or Persons being reponed against any such Sentence of Fugitation, and being thereafter acquitted, all Copies so seized shall be forthwith returned to the Person or Persons from whom the same shall have been so taken as aforesaid; and in all other Cases, the Copies so seized shall be disposed of in such Manner as the said Court may direct.

s. 4. “And be it further enacted, That if any Person shall, after the passing of this Act, be legally convicted of having, after the passing of this Act, composed, printed, or published any blasphemous Libel or any such seditious Libel as aforesaid, and shall, after being so convicted, offend a Second Time, and be thereof legally convicted before any Commission of Oyer and Terminer or Gaol Delivery, or in His Majesty’s Court of King’s Bench, such Person may, on such Second Conviction, be adjudged, at the Discretion of the Court, either to suffer such Punishment as may now by Law be inflicted in Cases of high Misdemeanors, or to be banished from the United Kingdom, and all other Parts of His Majesty’s Dominions, for such Term of Years as the Court in which such Conviction shall take place shall order.

s. 5. “And be it further enacted, That in case any Person so sentenced and ordered to be banished as aforesaid, shall not depart from this United Kingdom within Thirty Days after the pronouncing of such Sentence and Order as aforesaid, for the Purpose of going into such Banishment as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful to and for His Majesty to convey such Person to such Parts out of the Dominions of His said Majesty, as His Majesty by and with the Advice of His Privy Council shall direct.

s. 6. “And be it further enacted, That if any Offender who shall be so ordered by any such Court as aforesaid to be banished in Manner aforesaid, shall after the End of Forty Days from the Time such Sentence and Order hath been pronounced, be at large within any Part of the United Kingdom, or any other Part of His Majesty’s Dominions, without some lawful Cause, before the Expiration of the Term for which such Offender shall have been so ordered to be banished as aforesaid, every such Offender being so at large as aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall be transported to such Place as shall be appointed by His Majesty for any Term not exceeding Fourteen Years.

s. 7. “And be it further enacted, That the Clerk of Assize, Clerk of the Peace, or other Clerk or Officer of the Court having the Custody of the Records where any Offender shall have been convicted of having composed, printed, or published any blasphemous or seditious Libel, shall, upon Request of the Prosecutor on His Majesty’s Behalf, make out and give a Certificate in Writing, signed by him, containing the Effect and Substance only (omitting the formal Part) of every Indictment and Conviction of such Offender to the Justices of Assize, Oyer and Terminer, Great Sessions, or Gaol Delivery, where such Offender or Offenders shall be indicted for any Second Offence of composing, printing, or publishing any blasphemous or seditious Libel, for which Certificate Six Shillings and Eight-pence and no more shall be paid, and which Certificate shall be sufficient Proof of the Conviction of such Offender.

s. 8. “And be it further enacted, That any Action and Suit which shall be brought or commenced against any Justice or Justices of the Peace, Constable, Peace Officer, or other Person or Persons, within that Part of Great Britain called England, or in Ireland, for any thing done or acted in pursuance of this Act, shall be commenced within Six Calendar Months next after the Fact committed, and not afterwards; and the Venue in every such Action or Suit shall be laid in the proper County where the Fact was committed, and not elsewhere; and the Defendant or Defendants in every such Action or Suit may plead the General Issue, and give this Act and the special Matter in Evidence at any Trial to be had thereupon; and if such Action or Suit shall be brought or commenced after the Time limited for bringing the same, or the Venue shall be laid in any other Place than as aforesaid, then the Jury shall find a Verdict for the Defendant or Defendants; and in such Case, or if the Jury shall find a Verdict for the Defendant or Defendants upon the Merits, or if the Plaintiff or Plaintiffs shall become Nonsuit, or discontinue his, her, or their Actions after Appearance, or if, upon Demurrer, Judgment shall be given against the Plaintiff or Plaintiffs, the Defendant or Defendants shall have Double Costs, which he or they shall and may recover in such and the same Manner as any Defendant can by Law in other Cases.

s. 9. “And be it further enacted, That every Action and Suit which shall be brought or commenced against any Person or Persons in Scotland, for any thing done or acted in pursuance of this Act, shall in like Manner be commenced within Six Calendar Months after the Fact committed, and not afterwards, and shall be brought in the Court of Session in Scotland; and the Defender or Defenders may plead that the Matter complained of was done in pursuance of this Act, and may give this Act and the special Matter in Evidence; and if such Action or Suit shall be brought or commenced after the Time limited for bringing the same, then the same shall be dismissed; and in such Case, or if the Defender or Defenders shall be assoilzied, or the Pursuer or Pursuers shall suffer the Action or Suit to fall asleep, or a Decision shall be pronounced against the Pursuer or Pursuers upon the Relevancy, the Defender or Defenders shall have Double Costs, which he or they shall and may receive in such and the same Manner as any Defender can by Law recover Costs or Expences in other Cases.

s. 10. “Provided always, and be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act contained shall be held or considered as in any respect altering the Law or Practice of Scotland regarding the Punishment of Persons convicted of composing, printing, publishing, or circulating any blasphemous or seditious Libel.”—See Libels.

BLOCKED-UP.

Letter is said to be blocked-up, when in the progress of a work it is all composed, and from any cause none of the forms can be worked to disengage part of it, in order to proceed. This may arise—from the Author not returning the proofs regularly—from the Reader not reading them for press—from a flush of presswork in other works—from the non-attendance or negligence of the pressmen—or from compositors, in a companionship, keeping each too much copy in his hands, whereby all the letter is composed before they join their matter. From whatever cause it arises it is a great detriment, and unhinges the regular train of work, and ought always to be avoided as much as possible.

The term is also applied when the Pressmen use too much ink in working a form; and when a form has been neglected to be washed, and the ink left to dry on the face—It is blocked-up with ink.

Blocks, for stereotype printing, see Risers.

BOARD RACK.

A case made of strong deal boards, with broad ledges nailed on the inside of the two sides, to slide letter boards in: they are for the purpose of putting boards in with pages and jobs on; as the matter is safer and less likely to be broken, and more out of the way than when scattered about on bulks, and also takes up less room. The sizes are usually such as will admit demy and royal boards; but in houses where works on large paper are printed, they have board racks that will admit suitably larger boards.

BODKIN.

A piece of steel wire filed tapering to a point; the thick end being fixed in a short wooden handle. Its use is to pick wrong letters out of a page in correcting, in order to their being replaced by right ones. A fine hackle tooth makes the best bodkin, and the finer the point the better.

BODY.

The size of the shank of any type from the back of it to the front, or the square of the m quadrat: thus English Body, Pica Body, &c.—M. See Types. Typographical Points.

BODY OF THE WORK.

The subject matter of a work is usually so termed, to distinguish it from the notes, the preface, introduction, contents, and index.

BOLSTER.

A piece of stout leather strap nailed to the near long rib of a wooden press, at the fore end, and padded under so as to raise it sufficiently high; its use is to check the running out of the carriage, by friction, at the proper place to permit the tympan to rise clear of the platen, when the pressmen are in a train of work, a similar piece being nailed under the carriage. In iron presses a bar projects between the ribs on which is secured an inclined plane of wood, and in some iron presses a spring is screwed on the near long rib for the purpose. It prevents the sudden jerk upon the back stay, and also upon the carriage when it is run out.

BOLTS.

The pieces of furniture that are placed between the head lines of the pages in a form of twelves, to form the margin at the head of the pages, are called Bolts.

The bolts are cut to the width of the page, so that the gutters go a little way between them, and secure the sides of the pages the whole length: I would recommend to the compositor to cut his bolts square at the ends, and of such a length that they shall go into the measure of his composing stick easily; he will thus prevent the folios or any letters at the extremities of the head lines falling down, as well as the bolts binding against the gutters.

BOOK HOUSE.

A printing office in which the printing of books is the chief business carried on: in many houses in London the materials for this purpose are most abundant; but at the same time they very rarely keep any great assortment of large type for jobs. See Job House.

BOOK PRESS.

The Book Press, in the warehouse department, used for pressing books previously to their delivery, is the common screw press with a perpendicular screw, screwed down by means of an iron bar; it is also used for pressing paper when wetted, for the purpose of improving its condition previously to the process of printing, and also in cylindrical or machine printing to cause the paper, and particularly large sheets, to lie flat, which are otherwise apt to wrinkle in being carried round the cylinders upon a flat surface. In large establishments Bramah’s hydrostatic press is generally used for these purposes, as being much more powerful and expeditious both in its use and in its effect. See Hydrostatic Press.

BOOKS.

25 Hen. 8. c 15. intituled, “An Act for Printers and Binders of Books.”

“‘Whereas by the Provision of a Statute made in the first Year of the Reign of King Richard the Third, it was provided in the same Act, That all Strangers repairing into this Realm, might lawfully bring into the said Realm printed and written Books, to sell at their Liberty and Pleasure; (2) by Force of which Provision there hath come to this Realm sithen the making of the same, a marvellous Number at printed Books, and daily doth; and the Cause of the making of the same Provision seemeth to be, for that there were but few Books, and few Printers within this Realm at that Time, which could well exercise and occupy the said Science and Craft of Printing; nevertheless, sithen the making of the said Provision, many of this Realm, being the King’s natural Subjects, have given them so diligently to learn and exercise the said Craft of Printing, that at this Day there be within this Realm a great Number cunning and expert in the said Science or Craft of Printing, as able to exercise the said Craft in all Points, as any Stranger in any other Realm or Country: (3) And furthermore, where there be a great Number of the King’s Subjects within this Realm, which live by the Craft and Mystery of Binding of Books, and that there be a great Multitude well expert in the same, yet all this notwithstanding, there are divers Persons that bring from beyond the Sea great Plenty of printed Books, not only in the Latin Tongue, but also in our maternal English Tongue, some bound in Boards, some in Leather, and some in Parchment, and them sell by retail, whereby many of the King’s Subjects, being Binders of Books, and having no other Faculty wherewith to get their Living, be destitute of Work, and like to be undone, except some Reformation herein be had:’ Be it therefore enacted by the King our Sovereign Lord, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by Authority of the same, That the said Proviso, made in the first Year of the said King Richard the Third, from the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord God next coming, shall be void and of none Effect.

s. 4. “Provided alway, and be it enacted by the Authority aforesaid, That if any of the said Printers or Sellers of printed Books, inhabited within this Realm, at any Time hereafter happen in such wise to inhance or increase the Prices of any such printed Books, in Sale or Binding, at too high and unreasonable Prices, in such wise as Complaint be made thereof unto the King’s Highness, or unto the Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, or any of the Chief Justices of the one Bench or of the other; that then the same Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, and two Chief Justices, or two of any of them, shall have Power and Authority to enquire thereof, as well by the Oaths of twelve honest and discreet Persons, as otherwise by due Examination by their Discretions. (2) And after the same inhancing and increasing of the said Prices of the said Books and Binding shall be so found by the said twelve Men, or otherwise by Examination of the said Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer and Justices, or two of them; that then the same Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer and Justices, or two of them at the least, from Time to Time shall have Power and Authority to reform and redress such inhancing of the Prices of printed Books from Time to Time by their Discretions, and to limit Prices as well of the Books as for the Binding of them; (3) and over that the Offender or Offenders thereof being convict by the Examination of the same Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer and two Justices, or two of them, or otherwise, shall lose and forfeit for every Book by them sold, whereof the Price shall be inhanced for the Book or Binding thereof, three Shillings four Pence; the one Half thereof shall be to the King’s Highness, and the other Half to the Parties grieved that will complain upon the same in Manner and Form before rehearsed.”

(Sections 2. & 3. Repealed by 3 Geo. 4. c. 41. s. 2.)

By the Act 3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 52. s. 58. Books are absolutely prohibited to be imported for Sale, being “first composed or written or printed in the United Kingdom, and printed or reprinted in any other Country, except Books not reprinted in the United Kingdom within Twenty Years; or being Parts of Collections the greater parts of which had been composed or written abroad.”

By the “Table of New Duties, 1834,” in 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 89., the Customs Duties Inwards are for “Books in the Foreign living Languages, being of Editions printed in or since the Year One thousand eight hundred and one, bound or unbound, the cwt. 2l. 10s.”

2 & 3 Vict. c. 23. s. 1. Drawbacks on Excise Duty. “For every Pound Weight Avoirdupois of printed Books in perfect and complete Sets, or, if periodical Publications, in perfect Parts or Numbers, and of blank, plain, or ruled Account Books, whether bound or unbound, made of or printed or ruled on Paper made and charged with Duty in the United Kingdom, and which shall be exported as Merchandise, a Drawback of One Penny Halfpenny.” See Paper.

Books. (Ireland.)

4 Geo. 4. c 72. “An Act to repeal the several Duties and Drawbacks of Customs, chargeable and allowable in Ireland, on the Importation and Exportation of certain Foreign and Colonial Goods, Wares, and Merchandize, and to grant other Duties and Drawbacks in lieu thereof, equal to the Duties and Drawbacks chargeable and allowable thereon in Great Britain.”

Duties of Customs on Goods, &c. imported into Ireland.

Duty.

Books, printed, or Manuscripts, viz. £ s. d.

—— half-bound, or in any way bound, the Cwt. 6 10 0

—— unbound, the Cwt. 5 0 0

No Drawback.

The same Duties from the East Indies.

BOOKING.

The act of putting the different gatherings of a work together, in the warehouse, so as to make complete books. This is done by laying the gatherings in order upon a table, and, commencing with the first, taking them up in order; by adopting this method they are gathered under hand, as it may be termed, the succession being placed at the bottom as the person proceeds. The reverse of this method, is, however, to be preferred; to commence at the end of the work, and as the gathering is held in the hand, and rests on the arm, to lay the others upon it as they are taken up, so that in this way the commencement of the book will be the last to be gathered.

BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES,

with the Abbreviations by which they are generally referred to.

A. & S.—Albertini and Schweinitz, Writers upon Fungi.

Ab. China.—Abel (C.). A Voyage to China. 4to.

Ab. Ins.—Abbott’s Natural History of the Insects of Carolina. fol.

Ac. Boh.—Abhandlungen einer Gesellschaft in Bœhmen, zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterlændischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte. 8vo. Pragæ, 1775-1789.

Ac. Bon.—De Bononiense Scientiarum et Artium Instituto, Commentarii. 4to. Bononiæ. 7 vols. 1748—1791.

Ach.—Acharius. A Swedish professor, and writer upon Lichens.

Ac. Got.—Commentarii Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Gœttingensis. 4to. 1751. 1754. 1769. 1816.

Ac. Haf.—Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis. 1 vol. 4to. Hafniæ, 1778.

Ac. Hel.—Acta Helvetica Physico-mathematico-botanico-medica. 8 vols. 4to. Basileæ, 1757-1777.

Ac. Hol.—Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, 1739-1816.

Ac. Par.—Actes de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. fol. Paris, 1792.

Ac. Pet.—Commentarii Academiæ Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanæ. 14 vols. 4to. Petropoli, 1728-1751.

Ac. St.—Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, 1739.

Ac. Tou.—Histoire et Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, &c., de Toulouse. 3 vols. 4to. Toulouse, 1782. 1784. 1788.

Ac. Up.—Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Upsaliæ publicata. 8vo. 1720-1816.

Adams.—F. Adams. A Russian botanist, who travelled through Arctic and Eastern Siberia.

Adan.—Adanson. A French systematic botanist.

Afz.—Afzelius. A Swedish professor.

A. G.—And. Ger.—Andrews (Henry). Coloured Engravings of Geraniums. fol. Lond.

Ag.—Agardh. A Swedish professor, and writer upon Algæ, &c.

Ag. Sven. Bot.—Aghardt, in Svensk Botanik. 9 vols. 8vo. 1804 to the present time.

A. H.—And. Hea.—Andrews (Henry). Coloured Engravings of Heaths, with botanical descriptions. 3 vols. fol. London, 1802-1809.

Ait.—Aiton. The superintendent of the King’s garden at Kew.

Ait. Kew.—Ait. Hort. Kew.—Aiton’s (William) Hortus Kewensis; or a Catalogue of the Plants in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. 5 vols.

Al. Au.—Allioni (Carolus). Auctuarium ad Floram Pedemontanam. 1 fasc. 8vo. Taurini, 1789.

Alb.—Albertini. A writer on Fungi.

Alb. & Schw.—Albertini (J. B. de) and Schweinitz (L. D. de). Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiæ Superioris Agro Niskiensi crescentium. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1805.

All.—Allioni. An Italian botanist.

Al. Ped.—Allioni (Carolus). Flora Pedemontana. 3 vols. fol. Taurini, 1785.

Al. Tau.—Allioni (Carolus). Miscellanea Philosophico-mathematica Societatis privatæ Taurinensis.

Alp. Æg.—Alpinus (Prosper). De Plantis Ægypti liber. 4to. Venetiis, 1592.

Alp. Ex.—Alpinus (Prosper). De Plantis Exoticis libri duo. 4to. Venetiis, 1629.

Am. Ac.—Linnæi Amœnitates Academicæ, seu Dissertationes antehac seorsim editæ. 10 vols. 8vo. Holmiæ et Lipsiæ, 1749, et seq.

Am. Rut.—Ammann (Johan.). Stirpium rariorum in Imperio Rutheno sponte provenientium Icones et Descriptiones. 4to. Petrop., 1739.

Amans S.—Amans. Obs. in Recueil des Travaux de la Société d’Agriculture d’Agens. 1 vol.

Amm.—Ammann. An old Russian botanist.

An. Bot.—Annals of Botany, by C. König and J. Sims. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1805 and 1806.

An. Mu.—Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. 24 vols. 4to. Paris, 1802 to the present time.

An. Wett.—Annalen der Wetteranischen Gesellschaft für die gesammte Naturkunde.

And. Ger.—Andrews (Henry). Coloured Engravings of Geraniums. fol. London.

And. Heaths.—Andrews (Henry). Coloured Engravings of Heaths, with botanical descriptions. 3 vols. fol. London, 1802-1809.

And. Rep.—Andrews (Henry). The Botanist’s Repository for new and rare Plants. 10 vols. 4to. London, 1797, et seq.

Ander.—Anderson. A London merchant; published a paper on Pæonies.

Andr.—Andrews. A famous botanical draughtsman.

Andrz.—Andrzejowski. A Russian botanist.

Ard.—Arduini. An Italian botanist.

Ard. M.—Arduini (Pietro). Memoria di Osservazioni e di Sperienze sopra la Coltura e gli Usi di varie Piante. 4to. Padova, 1766.

Ard. Sag.—Arduini (Pietro), in Saggi dell’ Accad. de Padova. 2 vols.

Ard. Sp.—Arduini (Pietro). Animadversionum Botanicarum Specimen. 4to. Patavii, 1759.

As. Res.—Asiatic Researches, or the Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal. 4to. Calcutta, 1788, &c.

Asso.—Asso. A Spanish botanist.

Asso Ar.—De Asso (Ignatius). Synopsis Stirpium indigenarum Arragoniæ. 4to. Marsilliæ, 1779.

Aub.—Aublet. A French traveller in Guiana.

Aub. Gui.—Aublet (Fusée). Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Française. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1773.

Aud.—Audibert. A French cultivator.

B. C.—Botanical Cabinet. By Loddiges and Sons.

B. M.—Botanical Magazine. By Curtis, Sims, &c.

B. & W.—Bartling, M. D. and Wendland, of Göttingen, botanists.

B. R.—Botanical Register. By Ker and Lindley.

Bac.—Bacle. A German botanist?

B. Rep.—Botanical Repository. By Andrews and others.

Bal. Mis.—Balbis (Joh. Baptist.). Miscellanea Botanica. 4to. 1804.

Bal. St.—Balbis (Joh. Baptist.). Horti Academici Taurinensis Stirpium minus cognitarum aut forte novarum Icones et Descriptiones. Taurini, 1810.

Bal. Tic.—Balbis (Joh. Baptist.). Flora Ticinensis. 2 vols. 8vo. Ticin., 1816-1821.

Balb.—Balbis. A French professor of botany.

Baldw.—Baldwin, M. D. of Savannah in Georgia. A botanist.

Banks.—Banks. A great traveller and patron of science.

Banks K.—Banks (Josephus). Icones selectæ Plantarum quas in Japonia collegit et delineavit E. Kæmpfer. fol. London, 1791.

Bar. Fl.—Barton (W. P. C.). Flora of North America. 4to.

Bar. Ic.—Barrelier (Jacobus). Plantæ per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatæ. fol. Parisiis, 1714.

Barrl.—Barrelier. A French botanist.

Bart.—Barton, M. D. Formerly a professor at Philadelphia.

Bartr.—Bartram. Formerly a nurseryman at Philadelphia.

Bartr. It.—Bartram (Will.). Travels through South and North Carolina. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1791.

Bast.—Bastard or Bâtard. A writer upon the Flora of France.

Bast. J.—Bastard (T.), in Schrader’s Journal für die Botanik?

Batarra.—Batarra (John Ant.). Fungorum Agri Ariminensis Historia. 4to. Faventiæ, 1759.

Batsch.—Batsch. A writer upon Fungi.

Batsch Fun.—Batsch (Aug. Joh. Georg Carl). Elenchus Fungorum. 4to. Halæ, 1783-1789.

Batt.—Battarra. Published a History of Fungi, 1789.

Bau. His.—Bauhin (Johannes). Historia Plantarum universalis. fol. 1651.

Bau. Pin.—Bauhin (Caspar). Pinax Theatri Botanici. 4to. Basileæ, 1623.

Bau. Pr.—Bauhin (Caspar). Prodromus Theatri Botanici, in quo plantæ supra 600 proponuntur. 4to. Franc. Mœn., 1620.

Bauer N. H.—Bauer (Ferdin.). Illustrationes Floræ Novæ Hollandiæ. fol. 1813.

Baug.—J. C. Baumgarten, M. D. of Schasburgh, in Transylvania. A botanist.

Bauh.—Bauhin, brothers; professors of medicine, published 1620, 1650.

Baum.—J. C. Baumgarten, M. D. of Schasburgh, in Transylvania. A botanist.

Beau. Ow.—Allioni. Palisot de Beauvois. Flore des Royaumes d’Oware et de Benin. 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1805.

Beaup.—Beaupret. A French botanist, mentioned in Dec. Systems.

Beauv.—Palisot de Beauvois. A French traveller and botanist.

Beauv. Gr.—Allioni. Palisot de Beauvois. Essai d’une nouvelle Agrostograpbie. 8vo. Paris, 1812.

Beauv. In. Ac. Am.—Allioni. Palisot de Beauvois. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 4to. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1774-1793.

Bedf.—Duke of Bedford. A great promoter of botany.

Bel.—Bellardi. An Italian botanist.

Bel. Tau.—Bellardi (Ludovico). Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de Turin. 4to. 1782.

Benth.—Bentham. An English botanist, secretary to the Horticultural Society, London.

Berg.—Bergius. A Swedish writer upon Cape plants.

Berg. C.—Bergius (Peter Jonas). Descriptiones Plantarum ex Capite Bonæ Spei. 8vo. Stockholm, 1767.

Berg. Ho.—Bergius (Peter Jonas), in Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, 1739.

Berger.—J. Bergeret, M. D. A French botanist.

Berg. Ph.—Bergeret. Phytonomatotechnie universelle. 3 vols. fol. Paris.

Ber. Mag.—Martini (Fried. Henr. Wilh.). Berlinisches Magazin, oder gesammelte Schriften. 4 bänd. 8vo. Berlin, 1765-1767.

Ber. Ph. Tr.—Bergius (P. J.), in Philosophical Transactions, vol. for 1772. London.

Bernh.—Bernhardi. A German botanist.

Bert.—Bertolini. A writer upon the Flora of Italy.

Bes.—Besser. A Russian professor, resident in the Crimea.

Bes. Eys.—Besler (Basilius). Hortus Eystettensis. 2 vols. fol. Nuremberg, 1612.

Bib. It.—Memorie di Matematica e Fisica della Societa Italiana. 4to. Verona, 1782 and 1816.

Bieb.—Bieberstein. A Russian botanist of great note.

Bieb. Cen.—Bieberstein (Marschall von). Centuriæ Plantarum rariorum Rossiæ Meridionalis. Charkoviæ. fol.

Biv.—Bivona. A Sicilian botanist.

Biv. Cen.—Bivona Bernardi (Antonin.). Sicularum Plantarum Centuria prima. 8vo. Panormi, 1806.

Biv. Sic.—Bivona Bernardi (Antonin.). Stirpium rariorum minusque cognitarum in Sicilia provenientium Descriptiones. 4to. 1813.

Black.—Blackwell (Eliz.). A curious Herbal, containing 600 cuts of the useful plants. 2 vols. fol. London, 1737.

Blume.—Blume, M. D. A Dutch botanist.

Boc. Mu.—Boccone (Paolo). Museo di Piante rare della Sicilia, Malta, Corsica, Italia, Piemonte, e Germania. 4to. Venetia, 1697.

Boc. Sic.—Boccone (Paolo). Icones et Descriptiones rariorum Plantarum Siciliæ, Melitæ, Galliæ, et Italiæ. 4to. Londini, 1674.

Boer.—Boerhaave. An old Dutch botanist.

Böhm.—Böhmer. A German botanical writer.

Bois.—Boissieu la Martinière, who accompanied La Peyrouse.

Boj.—Bojer. A professor of botany in the Isle of France.

Bol.—Bolton. An English writer on Fungi.

Bolt. Fil.—Bolton (James). Filices Britanniæ. 4to. London, 1785-1790.

Bolt. Pil.—Bolton (James). Geschichte der merkwürdigsten Pilze. Berlin, 1795.

Bon. Mon.—Bonpland (Aimé). Monographie des Melastomes et Rhexes et autres Plantes de cet Ordre. fol. Paris, 1809.

Bon. Nav.—Bonpland (Aimé). Description des Plantes rares cultivés à Malmaison et à Navarre. fol. 1813.

Bon. Rhex.—Bonpland (Aimé). Monographie des Melastomes et Rhexes et autres Plantes de cet Ordre. fol. Paris, 1809.

Bonp.—Bonpland. A French traveller in South America, and botanist.

Borc.—Borckhausen. A writer upon the Flora of Hesse Darmstadt.

Bonam.—Bonamy (Franc.). Floræ Nannetensis Prodromus. 12mo. Nantes, 1782.

Bory.—Bory de St. Vincent. A French traveller and botanist.

Bosc.—Bosc. A French botanist, and traveller in North America.

Bot. Cab.—The Botanical Cabinet. By Conrad Loddiges and Sons. 14 vols. 12mo. and 4to, published monthly.

Bot. Mag.—The Botanical Magazine. 8vo. 55 vols. London, 1787-1830.

Bot. Mis.—Hooker (Will. Jackson). Botanical Miscellany. 2 parts, 8vo. London, 1830.

Bot. Reg.—The Botanical Register. 8vo. 14 vols. London, 1815-1830.

Bot. Rep.—The Botanist’s Repository for new and rare plants. 10 vols. 4to. London, 1797, et seqq.

Bouch.—Boucher. A writer upon the French Flora.

Bouché.—F. A. G. Boucher. A French botanist.

Bow.—J. Bowie. A collector of plants for Kew Gardens.

Br.—Patrick Browne, M. D. Author of Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. An Irish botanist.

Br. J.—Browne (Patrick). The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica. fol. London, 1756.

Br. Rem.—Brown (Robert). General Remarks, Geographical and Systematical, on the Botany of Terra Australia. 4to. 1814.

Bra. Sal.—De Braune (Franz Ant.). Salzburgische Flora. 8vo. 1791.

Braam.—Braam’s Icones Chinenses. Not published.

Brad.—Bradley. An old English writer upon succulent plants.

Brad. Suc.—Bradley (Richard). Historia Plantarum Succulentarum. 4to. London, 1716-1727.

Bred.—Bredemeyer. A German.

Brew. Jour.—Brewster’s Philosophical Journal. Edinburgh, published every three months.

Brey. C.—Breynius (Jacobus). Exoticarum Plantarum Centuria. fol. Gedani, 1678.

Brey. Pr.—Breynius (Jacobus). Prodromus Fasciculi rariorum Plantarum in Hortis Hollandiæ observatarum. 2 vols. 4to. Gedani, 1680-1689.

Brid.—Bridel. A German writer upon Mosses.

Brid. Mus.—Bridel (Samuel Elias). Muscologia. 4to. Gothæ et Parisiis, 1797-1803.

Brig.—J. Brignoli. Professor at Verona.

Brm.—Burmann. A Dutch editor of other people’s works.

Broeg.—Broegelmann. A German botanist.

Brong.—A. Brongniart. A French botanist.

Brot.—Brotero. A Portuguese botanist.

Brot. Lus.—Brotero (Felix Avellar). Flora Lusitanica. 2 vols. 8vo. Olyssip. 1801.

Brot. Ph.—Brotero (Felix Avellar). Phytographia Lusitaniæ selectior. fol. Olyssip. 1801.

Brou.—Broussonet. A French botanist, and traveller in Barbary.

Bruce Tr.—Bruce (James). Travels to discover the Source of the Nile. 5 vols. 4to. Edinburgh, 1790.

Bry. Hist.—Bryant (Charles). Flora Dietetica, or History of Esculent Plants. 8vo. London, 1783.

Buc.—Buchanan. An English physician, and traveller in Nepal.

Buch.—Buchoz (Pierre Joseph). Collection des Fleurs. fol. Paris.

Bul.—Bulliard. A French writer upon Fungi.

Bul. Her.—Bulliard. Herbier de la France. fol. 1780, &c.

Bul. Ph.—Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique de Paris. 1791-1816.

Bur. Af.—Burmann (Johannes). Rariorum Africanarum Plantarum Decades 10. 4to. Amstelodami, 1738-1739.

Bur. Am.—Burmann (Johannes). Plantæ Americanæ à C. Plumier detectæ et à J. Burmanno editæ. fol. Amstelod. 1755.

Bur. In.—Burmann (Johannes). Flora Indica. 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1768.

Bur. Zey.—Burmann (Johannes). Thesaurus Zeylanicus. 4to. Amst. 1737.

Burc.—Burchell. An English botanist, and traveller at the Cape of Good Hope.

Burg.—Burgsdorf. A German botanist.

Bux.—Buxbaum, M. D. A Russian botanist; travelled through Armenia.

Bux. C.—Buxbaum (Joh. Christ.). Plantarum minus cognitarum Centuriæ quinque. 4to. 1728.

C. Bauh.—Caspar Bauhin. A celebrated botanist of the seventeenth century.

C. & R.—Castagne and Robillard. French botanists?

C. G.—Commentarii Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Göttingensis. 4to. 1751-1816.

Cæs.—Cæsalpinus. A famous old Italian botanist.

Cam.—Campana. An Italian cultivator.

Cam. Ep.—Camerarius (Joachim). De Plantis Epitome utilissima. 4to. Francof. Mœn. 1586.

Cam. H.—Camerarius (Joachim). Hortus Medicus et Philosophicus. 4to. Franc. Mœn. 1588.

Campd.—Campdera. A Spanish botanist.

Carey.—W. Carey, D. D., of Serampore.

Carm.—Capt. D. Carmichael. A Scotch botanist.

Cass.—H. Cassini. A French botanist.

Castag.—L. Castagne. A French botanist?

Cat.—M. Catesby. A botanist, and traveller in North America.

Cat. Car.—Catesby (Marsh). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, &c. 2 vols. fol. London, 1741-1743.

Cav.—Cavanilles. A Spanish professor and botanist.

Cav. Dis.—Cavanilles (Ant. Jos.). Monadelphiæ Classis Dissertationes. 10 vols. 4to. Paris, 1785-1789. Madriti, 1790.

Cav. Ic.—Cavanilles (Ant. Jos.). Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum quæ aut sponte in Hispania crescunt aut in Hortis hospitantur. 6 vols. fol. Madrit., 1791-1800.

Cer.—Vicente Cervantez. A Spanish botanist and professor.

Chaix.—A French botanist and ecclesiastic.

Chalm. Ic.—Figures of Bulbs, by Miss Chalmers.

Cham.—Chamisso. A German traveller round the world.

Chan. Cam.—Chandler’s Camellias. London.

Choi.—Choisy. A Swiss botanist.

Chois. Hyp.—Choisy (J. D.). Prodromus d’une Monographie de la Famille des Hypericinées. 4to. 1821.

Cl. H.—Clusius (Carolus). Rariorum Plantarum Historia. fol. Antwerp, 1601.

Cl. Pan.—Clusius (Carolus). Rariorum aliquot Stirpium per Pannoniam observ. Historia. 8vo. 1583 (Hall.), 1584 (Ris.).

Clair.—Clairville. A French botanist.

Clar.—J. Clarion. A French botanist.

Clem.—S. Clemente. A Spanish agriculturist.

Clus.—Clusius. An old French botanist and traveller.

Co. C.—Colville’s Catalogue. Plants cultivated in Colville’s nursery, Chelsea.

Col. Cas.—Colladon (Fréderic). Histoire Naturelle et Médicale des Casses. 4to. Montpelier, 1816.

Col. Ec.—Columna (Fabius). Minus cognitarum Stirpium Ecphrasis. 4to. Romæ, 1616.

Col. H. Rip.—Colla. Hortus Ripulensis. 4to. Turin, 1822-1827.

Col. Ph.—Columna (Fabius). Phytobasanos. 4to. 1592.

Colb.—Colebrooke. A celebrated English writer upon Indian plants.

Coll.—J. F. Colladon. A Genevese botanist.

Com.—Commelin. A Dutch garden botanist.

Com. H.—Commelyn (Caspar). Horti Medici Amstelodamensis rariorum Plantarum Descriptio et Icones. 2 vols. fol. Amst. 1703.

Com. Pet.—Commentarii Academiæ Scientiarum Petropolitanæ. 14 vols. 4to. Petrop. 1728-1751.

Com. Pr.—Commelyn (Caspar). Præludia Botanica ad publicas Plantarum Demonstrationes. 4to. L. Bat. 1703.

Com. R.—Commelyn (Caspar). Horti Medici Amstelodamensis Plantæ rariores et exoticæ. 4to. L. Bat. 1706.

Cook.—Cook (James). Voyage round the World (2d). 2 vols. 4to. 1777.

Cor. Ca.—Cornuti (Jacob.). Canadensium Plantarum aliarumque nondum editarum Historia. 4to. Paris, 1635.

Corr.—Corréa de Serra. A Portuguese botanist and diplomatist.

Cr.—Crantz. An Austrian botanist.

Cr. Au.—Crantz (Henr. Joh. Nepom.). Stirpes Austriacæ. 8vo. 1762.

Crypt. Brit.—Greville (Charles Kaye). The British Cryptogamic Flora. 5 vols. 8vo.

Cun.—A. Cunningham. A collector of plants for Kew Gardens.

Cup. Pa.—Cupani (Franciscus). Pamphytum Siculum, seu Historia Plantarum Siciliæ. fol.

Cup. Sic.—Cupani (Franciscus). Catalogus Plantarum Sicularum noviter detectarum. Panormi, 1652.

Cur.—Curtis. An English writer upon plants.

Cur. Lon.—Curtis (William). Flora Londinensis. fol. London, 1777, continued.

Curt. Bot. Mag.—Curtis’s Botanical Magazine.

Cus.—Cusson. A Swiss writer upon Umbelliferæ, whose wife burnt his herbarium.

Cyr.—Cyrilli. An Italian botanist.

Cyr. Ne.—Cyrillo (Domenico). Plantarum rariorum Regni Neapolitani Specimen. fol. Neapol. 1788-1792.

Dalech.—Dalechamps (Jacques). Historia generalis Plantarum. 2 vols. fol. Lugd. 1586-1587.

Dan.—Danthoine. A French botanist.

Dav.—H. Davies, D.D. A Welsh botanist.

Deb.—Debry. A botanist of Frankfort.

Dec.—Decandolle. A celebrated French systematic botanist.

Dec. As.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Astragalogia. 4to. et fol. 1802.

Dec. Bis.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Monographie des Biscutelles, in Annales du Museum. vol. 13. 1811. 4to.

Dec. Cac.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Dissertation on Cacti, in Mémoires du Museum. vol. 17.

Dec. Diss.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Dissertations différens sur la Botanique. Various fascicles. 4to.

Dec. Gen.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Plantes rares du Jardin de Genève. Fasc. 1, 2. fol. Geneva, 1825.

Dec. Ic.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Icones Plantarum Galliæ rariorum. 4to. Paris, 1808.

Dec. Leg.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Mémoires sur les Legumineuses. 4to.

Dec. Mon.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Catalogus Plantarum Horti Monspeliensis, addito observationum circa Species novas aut non satis cognitas Fasciculo. 8vo. 1813.

Dec. Mu.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle. 4to. 1802.

Dec. Pl.—Decandolle (Augustus Pyramus). Plantarum Historia succulentarum. fol. and 4to. Paris, 1799-1830.

Del.—Delile. A French professor, and traveller in Egypt.

Del. Æg.—Delile (Alire Rafeneau). Mémoires Botaniques extraits de la Description de l’Egypte. fol. Paris, 1813.—Et Flora Ægyptiaca illustrata. fol. Paris, 1813.

Del. Eryn.—De la Roche (François). Eryngiorum necnon Generis novi Alepideæ Historia. fol. Paris, 1808.

Delan.—Delany. An English artist.

Deless.—Delessert. A French botanist.

Deless. Ic.—Delessert (Benj.). Icones selectæ Plantarum in System. univers. descriptarum. 4to. 1820.

Den. Br.—Watson (P. W.). Dendrologia Britannica. 1 vol. 1825.

Desf.—Desfontaines. A French botanist, and traveller in Barbary.

Des. Eg.—Description de l’Egypte, ou Recueil des Observations et des Recherches faites pendant l’Expédition de l’Armée Française. 4to. et fol. 1810.

Desf. Mem.—Desfontaines (Réné Louiche). Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. 4to. 1666.

Desf. At.—Desfontaines (Réné Louiche). Flora Atlantica. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1798, 1799.

Desf. Ch.—Desfontaines (Réné Louiche). Choix des Plantes du Corollaire des Instituts de Tournefort. 4to. Paris, 1808.

Desf. Pic.—Desfontaines (Réné Louiche). Icones pictæ Hort. Par. A Series of Drawings of Plants grown in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. Not published.

Desp.—Desportes. A French botanist.

Desr.—Desrousseaux. A French botanist.

Desv.—Desvaux. A French professor of botany.

Deth.—Detharding. A botanist of Rostoch.

Deutschl. Fl.—Sturm (Jacob). Deutschlands Flora. 2 vols. 4to. Nürnberg, 1798, &c.

Dick.—Dickson. An English cryptogamic botanist.

Dick. Cr.—Dickson (James). Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Britanniæ Fasciculi. 3. vols. 4to. London, 1785-1793.

Die.—Dietrich. A German gardener.

Dil.—Dillwyn. An English writer upon Confervæ.

Di. El.—Dillenius (John Jac.). Hortus Elthamensis. 2 vols. fol. Londini, 1732.

Di. Musc.—Dillenius (John Jac.). Historia Muscorum. 4to. Oxonii, 1741.

Dit.—Ditmar. A Dutch botanist.

Dod. M.—Dodart (Denys). Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire des Plantes. fol. Paris, 1676.

Dod. Pe.—Dodonæus or Dodoens (Rambrot). Stirpium Historiæ Pemptades vi. fol. Antwerp, 1583.

Domb.—Dombey. A French traveller in South America.

D. Don.—David Don. Librarian to the Linnean Society.

G. Don.—George Don.

Dor.—Dorthes. A French botanist

Dou.—Douglas. A collector of plants.

Dow.—Downe.

Dry.—Dryander. A Swedish botanist.

Dub.—Dubois. A French botanist.

Duch.—Duchesne. A French botanist or horticulturist.

Dufr.—Dufresne. A French writer upon Valerians.

Dufr. Val.—Dufresne (Pierre). Histoire Naturelle et Médicale de la Famille des Valerianées. 4to. 1811.

Duh.—Duhamel. A celebrated French physiological botanist.

Duh. Ar.—Duhamel du Monceau (Henri Louis). Traité des Arbres et Arbustes qui se cultivent en France en pleine terre. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1755.

Duh. Fr.—Duhamel du Monceau (Henri Louis). Traité des Arbres fruitiers. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1768; 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1782; fol. Paris, 1808, et seq.

Duh. No.—See Duh. Ar. A new edition, by Michel. 5 vols. folio. Paris, 1801-1816.

Dum.—Dumont Courset. A writer upon French garden plants.

Dun. Mon.—Dunal (Michel Felix). Monographie des Anonacées. 4to.

Dun. So.—Dunal (Michel Felix). Histoire Naturelle, Médicale, et Economique, des Solanum et des Genres qui ont été confondus avec eux. 4to. Montpelier, 1813.

Dunal.—Dunal. A French botanist.

Durand.—Durand. A French botanist.

Durb.—Durborough.

Duroi.—Du Roi. A German writer upon plants.

Duroi. Ha.—Du Roi (Joh. Phil.). Die Harbkische wilde Baumzucht. 2 vols. 8vo. Braunschweig, 1771-1772.

Dut.—Dutour. A Belgic botanist.

Duval.—Duval. A French botanist.

Dw. Con.—Dillwyn (Lewis Weston). Synopsis of the British Confervæ. 4to. 1802-1814.

E. B. } —English Botany, by Sir James Edward Smith, and Mr. James Sowerby. 36 vols. 8vo.

Eng. Bot. }

E. F.—English Flora. By Sir J. E. Smith.

Ed. Jour. } —The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. 8vo. Edinburgh. Published quarterly.

Ed. Ph. Jour. }

Eddy.—Eddy. An English gardener.

Ehr. Pl.—Ehret (George Dion.). Plantæ et Papiliones rariores. fol. London, 1748-1759.

Ehren.—Ehrenberg. A German traveller in Arabia, &c.

Ehrh.—Ehrhart. A German botanist.

El.—Ellis. A London merchant and botanist.

Ell.—Elliot. An American botanist.

Ency. Pl.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Encyclopædia of Plants. 8vo. London, 1830.

Esp.—Esper. A German writer on Fungi.

Esper Fuci.—Esper (Eug. Joh. Christ.). Icones Fucorum. Abbildungen der Tange. 4to. Nürnberg, 1797-1799.

Et.—Ettlinger. A German writer on Salvia.

Ex. Bot.—Exotic Botany, by Sir J. E. Smith. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1804-1808.

Ex. Fl.—See Hook. Ex. Fl.

Fau.—Faucoult. A French botanist.

Fer. Hes.—Ferrari (Joh. Baptist). Hesperides, sive De malorum aureorum culturâ et usu. fol. Romæ, 1646.

Feu.—Feuillée. A Chilian botanist.

Feu. Ob.—Feuillée (Louis). Journal des Observations Physiques, Mathématiques, et Botaniques, faites dans l’Amérique Méridionale, &c. 4to. Paris, 1714-1725.

Fi. N. H.—Field (Baron). Geographical Memoirs of New South Wales. 8vo. London, 1825.

Fis.—Fischer. A Russian botanist.

Fisch. Ic. In.—Collection of Drawings sent by Fischer to Decandolle. Not published.

Fl. Ant.—De Tussac (F. R.). Flora Antillarum. fol. Paris, 1808, et seq.

Fl. Bad.—Gmelin (Carol. Christ.). Flora Badensis-Alsatica. 8vo. 1808.

Fl. Bo.—Schmidt (Franc. Wilib.). Flora Bohemica. 2 vols. fol. Pragæ, 1793, 1794.

Fl. Br.—Flora Britannica. By Sir James Edward Smith.

Fl. Con.—Morris (Richard). Flora Conspicua. 8vo. London, 1826.

Fl. Dan.—Flora Danica, sive Icones Plantarum sponte nascentium in Regnis Daniæ et Norvegiæ, &c. 9 vols. fol. Hafniæ, 1761-1829. By Vahl, Hornemann, and Müller.

Fl. Gr.—Sibthorp (Joh.). Flora Græca, ed. J. E. Smith. 6 vols. fol. London, 1806-1829.

Fl. Lap.—Linnæus (Carolus). Flora Lapponica. 8vo. Amstelodami, 1757.

Fl. Lon.—Curtis (William). Flora Londinensis. fol. London, 1777, continued.

Fl. Mex. Ic. In.—Sesse and Mocino. Flora Mexicana Icon. ined. Iconibus ab ipso Sesse et Cervantesio curatis nondum editis usus est Candolleus.

Fl. Mon.—Magroff (W.). Flora Monacensis.

Fl. Nap.—Tenore (Michel). Flora Neapolitana. 4 vols. fol. Neap. 1811, &c.

Fl. Norv.—Gunnerus (Joh. Enn.). Flora Norvegica. 2 vols. fol. Nidrosiæ, 1766; Hafniæ, 1772.

Fl. Per.—Ruiz (Hippol.) et Pavon (Jos.). Flora Peruviana et Chilensis. 5 vols. fol. Madriti, 1798-1799.

Fl. Por.—Hoffmansegg and Link. Flore Portugaise. Fol. Rostock and Berlin, 1806, &c.

Fl. Pyr.—Picot de la Peyrouse (Philippe). Figures de la Flore des Pyrenées. fol. Paris, 1795-1801.

Fl. Scot.—Lightfoot (John). Flora Scotica. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1776.

Fl. Ver.—Pollini (Cyrus). Flora Veronensis. 3 vols. 8vo. Verona, 1822-1824.

Flu.—Flügg. A German writer upon Grasses.

For. Æg.—Forskahl (Petrus). Flora Ægyptiaco-Arabica. 4to. 1775. Or, Icones Rerum Nat. 4to. Hafniæ, 1776.

Forsk.—Forskahl. A Danish naturalist and traveller in Arabia.

Forst.—Forster. A traveller in the South Seas with Captain Cook.

For. Co. Goet.—Commentarii Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Göttingensis. 4to. Göttingen, 1751, to the present time.

Forst.—Forster (George). Characteres generum Plantarum quas in Itinere ad Insulas Maris Australia, &c. 4to. 1776.

Fra.—Frazer. A gardener, and collector of plants in North America.

Fras. Mon.—Fraser (John). A short History of the Agrostis Cornucopiæ. fol. London, 1789.

Fries.—Fries. A Swedish botanist, and writer upon Fungi.

Fries. Obs.—Fries (Elias). Observationes Mycologicæ. 12mo. 2 vols. Hafniæ, 1815-1818.

Frö.—Frölich. A German writer upon Gentiana.

Funk.—Funk. A German cryptogamic botanist.

Fuchs.—Fuchs (Leonhard). De Historia Stirpium Commentarii insignes. fol. Basiliæ, 1542-1545.

G. & A.—Greville and Arnott. British botanists.

Gae.—Gaertner. A celebrated German carpologist.

Gae. Fr.—Gaertner (Josephus). De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. 2 vols. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1788-1791.

Gar. Aix.—Garidel (Pierre Joseph). Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux Environs d’Aix. 2 vols. fol. Aix, 1715.

Gard. Mag.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Gardener’s Magazine. London, 1826, continued.

Gau.—Gaudin. A Swiss botanist.

Gay.—Gay. A French botanist.

Gay. Dis.—Gay (John). Fragment d’une Monographie des Buttneriacées. 4to. Paris, 1823.

Ger.—Gerard. An old French botanist.

Ger. Em.—Gerard (John). The Herbal, or General History of Plants. fol. London, 1597. Enlarged by Johnson. fol. 1638.

Ger. Gal.—Gerard (Ludovic). Flora Gallo-provincialis. 8vo. Paris, 1761.

Gil. Eu.—Gilibert (Joh. Em.). Histoire des Plantes de l’Europe, ou Elémens de Botanique Pratique. 2 vols. 8vo. Lyons, 1798; 3 vols. 8vo. Lyons, 1806.

Gilib.—Gilibert. A Lithuanian botanist.

Gill.—Gillies’s MSS. Dr. Gillies, a Scotch botanist.

Gin.—Gingins. A French botanist.

Gled.—Gleditsch. A German botanist.

Glox.—Gloxin. A botanist of Strasburgh.

Gm.—Gmelin. A Russian botanist, and traveller in Siberia.

Gm. It.—Gmelin (J. G.). Reise durch Sibirien. 4 vols. 8vo. Götting. 1751-1753.

Gm. Si.—Gmelin (J. G.). Flora Sibirica. 4 vols. 4to. Petropol. 1747-1769.

Goch.—Gochnat. A German botanist.

Gold.—Goldie. A nurseryman at Ayr, in Scotland.

Goldb.—Goldbach. A Russian botanist.

Good.—Goodenough. Bishop of Carlisle. An English botanist.

Gou.—Gouan. A French botanist.

Gou. Il.—Gouan (Antoine). Illustrationes Botanicæ. fol. Tiguri, 1773.

Gou. M.—Gouan (Antoine). Hortus Regius Monspeliensis. 8vo. Lugduni, 1762.

Gr. Wo.—Sinclair (George). Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis. 8vo. 1825.

Grah.—Graham, M.D. Regius professor of botany at Edinburgh. An assiduous botanist.

Grev.—Greville. An English botanist, and writer upon cryptogamic plants.

Grev. Cryp.—Greville (Robert Kaye). The Scottish Cryptogamic Flora. 4 vols. 8vo.

Gro.—Gronovius. A botanist of Leyden.

Guer.—Guersent. A French botanist.

Gül.—Güldenstaedt. A Russian botanist.

Günt.—Günther. A Silesian botanist.

H. An.—Hortus Anglicus.

H. & B.—Humboldt and Bonpland. Famous travellers and botanists.

H. & B. N.—Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Nova Plantarum Genera et Species. 7 vols. 4to. Paris, 1815 to 1825.

H. Ben.—Roxburgh (Will.). Hortus Bengalensis. 8vo. Calcutta, 1814.

H. Ber.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Hortus Berolinensis. fol. Berlin, 1806-1810.

H. C.—Chelsea botanic garden.

H. Cels.—Catalogue of the plants cultivated in the garden of M. Cels.

H. Cl.—Linnæus (Carolus). Hortus Cliffortianus. fol. Amst. 1737.

H. Er.—Hortus Erfurtsiensis. Catalogue of the plants cultivated in the botanical garden of Erfurt.

H. Er. Wo.—Hortus Ericeus Woburnensis. 4to. London, 1824.

H. Flor.—Passæus (Crispinus). Hortus Floridus. fol. Arnheim, 1614.

H. & G. Ic.—Hooker (W. J.) and Greville (R. K.). Icones Filicum. fol. London, 1827.

H. & G.—Hooker, LL.D., and Greville, LL.D. English botanists resident in Scotland.

H. Göt.—Hortus Göttingensis. 2 fasc. fol. Gottingæ, 1809-1813.

Hal. H.—Haller (Albert). Historia Stirpium indigenarum Helvetiæ. 3 vols. fol. Berne, 1768.

H. Has.—Moench (Conrad). Enumeratio Plantarum indigenarum Hassieæ. 8vo. Cassel. 1777.

H. Kew.—Aiton (William). Hortus Kewensis. Ed. 1. 3 vol. 8vo. London, 1789.

H. L.—Liverpool botanic garden.

H. Madr.—Lagasco (Mariano). Catalogus Plantarum quæ in Horto Regio Madritensi colebantur anno 1815. 8vo. Madriti, 1816.

H. Mon.—Decandolle (Aug. Pyr.). Catalogus Horti Monspeliensis. 8vo. Monspelii, 1813; 8vo. Göttingen, 1777.

H. N. H.—Hotton (Petrus). Rei herbariæ Historiæ et fatto sermo Acad. 4to. Lugd. 1695.

H. Par.—Of the Paris garden.

H. Pfl.—Houttuyn (Martin). Des Ritters von Linné Pflanzensystem nach der Anleitung des Houttuynschen Werks. 14 vols. 8vo. Nürnberg, 1777-1788.

H. & T.—Hooker and Taylor. English botanists.

H. T.—Hortus Taurinensis. Catalogue of the plants cultivated in the botanical garden at Turin.

H. Tr.—Transactions of the London Horticultural Society.

Habl.—Hablizl. A Russian botanist.

Hac. Ca.—Hacquet (Balthazar). Plantæ Alpinæ Carniolicæ. 4to. Vienna, 1782.

Hæ.—Hænke. A German botanical writer.

Hag. Lich.—Hagen (C. G.). Tentamen Historiæ Lichenum præsertim Prussicorum. 8vo. Regiomonti, 1782.

Hal.—Haller. A Swiss botanist.

Hal. F.—Haller the younger.

Ham.—Hamilton. A Scotch botanist, and traveller in the East Indies.

Har.—Hartig. A writer on the culture of forest trees.

Haw.—Haworth. An English writer upon succulent plants.

Hay.—Hayne. A German botanist.

Hay. Ter.—Hayne (Frid. Gottlieb). Termini Botanici Iconibus illustrati. 4to. Berlin, 1799.

Hay. Us.—Hayne (Frid. Gottlieb) in Usteri’s Annalen der Botanik. 6 vols. 8vo. Zurich, 1791-1793.

Hed. Cryp.—Hedwig (Johannes). Theoria Generationis et Fructificationis Plantarum Cryptogamicarum. 4to. Petropoli, 1784.

Hed. Mus.—Hedwig (Johannes). Species Muscorum Frondosorum. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1801.

Hedw.—Hedwig. A German cryptogamic botanist.

Hei.—Heister. A German botanist.

Her. Am.—Courset (Dumont de), or Delaune. Herbier de l’Amateur. Paris.

Herb.—Herbert. An English divine and botanist.

Herb. Ar.—Herbert (William). A Botanical Arrangement of Bulbous Roots. 8vo. 1821.

Her. Ger.—L’Heritier (Charles Louis). Geraniologia. fol. Paris, 1787, 1788.

Her. Lug.—Hermann (Paulus). Horti Lugduni Batavi Catalogus. 8vo. Lugd. Bat. 1687.

Her. Par.—Hermann (Paulus). Paradisus Batavus. 4to. Lugd. Bat. 1798.

Her. Ser.—L’Heritier (Charles Louis). Sertum Anglicum, sive Plantæ rariores. fol. Paris, 1788.

Her. St.—L’Heritier (Charles Louis). Stirpes novæ aut minus cognitæ. fol. Paris, 1784, 1785.

Herit.—L’Heritier. A French botanist.

Herm.—Hermann. Professor of botany at Leyden.

Heyne.—Heyne. A writer on East Indian Plants.

Hil.—Auguste St. Hilaire. A French botanist, and traveller in Brazil.

Hill.—Hill. An English compiler of botanical matters.

Hof. Cryp.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Vegetabilia Cryptogamica. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1787-1790.

Hof. Ger.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Flora Germanica. 2 vols. 4to.

Hof. Göt.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Programma Horti Göttingensis. fol. 1793.

Hof. Ph.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Phytographische Blätter. 8vo. Göttingen.

Hof. Sa.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Historia Salicum Iconibus illustrata. fol. Lipsiæ, 1785.

Hof. Um.—Hoffmann (Georg Franz). Umbelliferarum Genera. 8vo. 1816.

Hofg.—Hoffmannsegg. A botanist of Dresden.

Hofm.—Hoffmann. A German writer upon Umbelliferæ, &c.

Hogg.—Hogg. A nurseryman at New York.

Hök.—Hökert. A Swedish botanist.

Hol.—Holwell. An English botanist.

Holm.—Holmskiold. A Danish botanist.

Hook.—Hooker. An English botanist, and professor at Glasgow.

Hook. Ex. Fl.—Hooker (W. J.). The Exotic Flora. 3 vols. 8vo. Edinb. 1825-1827.

Hook. Jung.—Hooker (W. J.). Monograph of the British Jungermanniæ. 4to. London, 1812-1816.

Hoppe.—Hoppe. A German botanist, and collector of plants.

Hor. Ph.—Horæ Physicæ Berolinenses. fol. Berlin.

Horn.—Hornemann. A Danish botanist and professor.

Horns.—Hornschurch. A German botanist and professor.

Hort.—Of the gardens.

Hort. Tr.—Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. 7 vols. 4to. Continued.

Host.—Host. An Austrian writer upon grapes and European plants.

Host. Gr. } —Host (Nicol. Thom.). Icones et Descriptiones Graminum Austriacorum. 3 vols. fol. Vindob. 1801-1803.

H. G. }

Hout.—Houttuyn. A botanist of Amsterdam.

Hrtm.—Hartmann. A botanist of Stockholm.

Hud.—Hudson. An English writer upon British plants.

Hum.—Humboldt. A celebrated Prussian traveller and philosopher.

Hunter.—An English botanist.

Ic. H. K.—Bauer (Francis). Delineations of Exotic Plants cultivated in the Royal Garden at Kew, published by W. J. Aiton. fol. London, 1796.

Is. Ac. Pa.—Isnard. See Ac. Par.

Ives.—Ives. An American botanist.

J.—Jussieu. A celebrated French systematic botanist.

Jac.—Jacquin. An Austrian traveller in South America, and botanist.

Jac. Am.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Stirpium Americanarum Historia. fol. 1763.

Jac. Am. Pic.—The same work with coloured plates, no date.

Jac. Au.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Floræ Austriacæ Icones. 5 vols. fol. Vindob. 1773-1778.

Jac. C.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Collectanea ad Botanicam, &c. spectantia. 5 vols. 4to. Vindob. 1786-1796.

Jac. Ec.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Eclogæ Botanicæ. fol. 1811-1816.

Jac. Fr.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Fragmenta Botanica. fol. 1800-1809.

Jac. Gram.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Eclogæ Botanicæ. fol. 1811-1816.

Jac. H. Vin.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis. 3 vols. fol. Vindob. 1764-1776.

Jac. Ic.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Icones Plantarum rariorum. 3 vols. fol. Vindob. 1781-1793.

Jac. M.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Miscellanea Austriaca ad Botanicam, &c. spectantia. 2 vols. 4to. Vindob. 1778-1781.

Jac. Ob.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Observationes Botanicæ. fol. Vindob. 1764-1771.

Jac. Ox.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Oxalidis Monographia Iconibus illustrata. 4to. Vindob. 1792.

Jac. Sc.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Plantarum rariorum Horti Cæsarei Schœnbrunensis. 4 vols. fol. Vindobonen. 1797-1804.

Jac. St.—Von Jacquin (Nicolas Jos.). Stapeliæ cultæ. fol. Vindob. 1806-1815.

Jack.—Jackson. An English botanist.

Jnghans.—Junghans. A botanist of Halle.

Jo. H. N.—Journal d’Histoire Naturelle. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1792.

Jo. Sc.—Journal of Science, edited at the Royal Institution. 8vo. Published quarterly.

Jon.—Jones. An accomplished writer upon Indian matters.

Jun. Ic.—Junghans (Phil. Carp.). Icones Plantarum ad Vitam impressæ. fol. Halæ, 1787.

Juss. Sci.—Jussieu, in Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. 4to. Paris, 1740.

Kæm.—Kæmpfer. A traveller in Japan.

Kæm. Am.—Kæmpfer (Engelbert). Amœnitates Exoticæ. 4to. Lemgoviæ, 1712.

Kæm. Ic.—Kæmpfer (Engelbert). Icones selectæ Plantarum. fol. London, 1791.

Kern. Abr.—Kerner (John Sim.). Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Bäume welche in Würtemberg wild wachsen. 4 heft. 4to. Stuttgard, 1783-1786.

Ker. Rec.—Ker (John Bellenden). Recensio Plantarum hucusque in Repositorio Botanicorum depictarum. 4to. London, 1801.

Kion.—Not known.

Kit.—Kitaibel. A Hungarian botanist.

Kn. Pr.—Knight’s Proteàceæ.

Kno. Del.—Knorr (Georg. Wolfgang). Deliciæ Naturæ selectæ. 2 vols. fol. Nürnberg, 1766, 1767.

Kno. Th.—Knorr (Georg. Wolfgang). Thesaurus Rei Herbariæ Hortensisque universalis. 2 vols. fol. 1770-1772.

Koch.—Koch. A professor at Erlang.

Koel.—Koeler. A writer on German and French grasses.

Kölle.—Kölle. A botanist of Erlang.

Kön.—König. Several German naturalists of this name.

Kr. Sil.—Krocker (Ant. Joh.). Flora Silesiaca renovata. 2 vols. 8vo. Vratislaviæ, 1787-1790.

Kth.—Kunth. A Prussian botanist.

Kth. Mim.—Kunth (Car. Sigism.). Mimoses et autres Plantes Legumineuses du Nouveau Continent. fol. Paris, 1819, &c.

Kun. Nov. G.—Kunth (Car. Sigism.). Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. 7 vols. 4to. Paris, 1825.

Kunze.—Kunze. A German cryptogamic botanist.

L.—Linnæus. The celebrated Swedish reformer of natural history.

L. D. Fr.—Loiseleur’s Duhamel, &c. A new edition by Loiseleur Deslongchamps. See Duh. Fr.

L. Fil.—Linnæus the younger. The son of the great Linnæus.

L. F. Dec.—Linnæus (Carolus, filius). Plantarum rariorum Horti Upsaliensis Decas. fol. Stock. 1762, 1763.

L. F. Fa.—Linnæus (Carolus, filius). Plantarum rariorum Horti Upsaliensis fasciculus 1. fol. Lips. 1767.

L. & O. Ab. } —Link (Henr. Frid.) und Otto (Frid.). Abbildungen und Beschreibungen seltener Pflanzen im Berlin. Garten. 4to. Berlin, 1821, and following years.

L. & O. A. B. G. }

L. & O. Dis.—Link (Henr. Frid.) und Otto (Frid.). Ueber die Gattungen Melocactus und Echinocactus in Hort. Soc. Trans. Berlin, vol. 2. 4to.

L. & O. H. Ber.—Link (Henr. Frid.) et Otto (Frid.). Horæ Physicæ Berolinenses. fol.

L. Tr.—Linnæan Society’s Transactions.

Lab.—Labillardière. A French botanist.

Lab. N. H.—Labillardière (Jac. Jul). Novæ Hollandiæ Plantarum Specimen. 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1804-1806.

Lab. Syr.—Labillardière (Jac. Jul.). Icones Plantarum Syriæ rariorum. fol. Paris, 1791-1812.

Lab. Vo.—Labillardière (Jac. Jul.). Relation du Voyage à la Recherche de La Peyrouse. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1798.

Lag.—Lagasca. A Spanish botanist and professor.

Lal.—La Lave. A Mexican botanist.

Lam.—Lamarck. A French botanist.

Lam. Ic. In.—Lamarck (Jean Baptiste Monet de). Icones Plantarum ined.

Lam. Il.—Lamarck (Jean Baptiste Monet de). Illustrations des Genres. 4to. Paris, 1791, &c.

Lamb.—A. B. Lambert, V. P. L. S. An English botanist.

Lamb. Ci.—Lambert (Aylmer Bourke). Description of the Genus Cinchona. London, 1797.

Lamb. Pin.—Lambert (Aylmer Bourke). A Description of the Genus Pinus. fol. London, 1803. New edit. 1829.

Lamour. Dis.—Lamouroux (Justin). Dissertations sur plusieurs Espèces de Fucus. 4to. Agen, 1805.

Lan.—Langsdorff. A Russian botanist.

Lap.—La Peyrouse. A French writer upon the plants of the Pyrenees.

Lap. Sax.—La Peyrouse (Philip Picot). Monographia Saxifragarum cujus partem facit, &c. Toulouse.

Lar.—Laroche. A French botanist.

Lar. Dis.—De La Roche (Daniel). Specimen Botanicum inaugurale sistens Descriptiones Plantarum aliquot novarum. 4to. 1766.

Law.—Lawrence (Miss). An English flower-painter.

Lawr. Pass.—Lawrence (Miss). Six numbers of coloured figures of Passion Flowers. fol. London.

Lawr. Ros.—Lawrence (Miss). A Collection of Roses from Nature. fol. London, 1799.

Lax.—Laxmann. A German writer on Siberian plants.

Lec.—Leconte. An American botanist.

Lec. Pas.—Leconte’s Pastures.

Lech.—Lechenault. A French botanist.

Led.—Ledebour. A botanist, and traveller in Siberia.

Lee.—Lee. A nurseryman at Hammersmith.

Lee. Gr. } —Leers (Joh. Dan.). Flora Herbornensis. 8vo. Colon. Allobr. 1789.

Leers Her. }

Leers.—Leers. A German botanist.

Leh.—Lehmann. A German botanist, and professor at Hamburgh.

Leh. As.—Lehmann (J. C. G.). Plantæ Asperifoliæ Nucif. 2 vols. 4to. Berlin, 1818.

Leh. B.—Lehmann (J. C. G.) in Berlinisches Magazin, &c.

Leh. M.—Lehmann (J. C. G.). Monographia Generis Primularum. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1817.

Leh. Nic.—Lehmann (J. C. G.). Generis Nicotianarum Historia. 4to. 1818.

Leh. Pot.—Lehmann (J. C. G.). Monographia Generis Potentillarum. 4to. Hamburgh, 1820.

Lej.—Lejeune. A French botanist.

Lem.—Leman. A botanist mentioned in Dec. Fl. Franc.

Lep.—Lepechin. A Russian botanist.

Lepel.—Lepelletier. A French botanist.

Lewis.—Lewis. An American traveller.

Leys.—Leysser. A botanist of Halle.

Lich.—Lichtenstein. A German botanist and professor.

Light.—Lightfoot. A writer upon the Scottish Flora.

Liljeb.—Liljeblad. A professor at Upsal.

Lind.—Lindern. A French botanist.

Lind. Col.—Lindley (John). Collectanea Botanica. fol. London, 1821.

Lind. Dig.—Lindley (John). Digitalium Monographia. fol. London, 1821.

Lind. Ros.—Lindley (John). Rosarum Monographia. 8vo. London, 1821.

Lindl.—Lindley. An English botanist, and professor in London.

Lin. Er.—Linnæus’s Ericæ.

Lin. Tr.—Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 4to. London, 1791, &c.

Liv.—Livinston. A Scotch botanist.

Lk.—Link. A Prussian botanist.

Lk. & O.—Link and Otto. Prussian botanists.

Lk. Obs.—Link (Henr. Frid.). Observationes in Ordines Plantarum Naturales (Fungos tantum), diss. 1. et 2. in Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde.

Lo. C.—Loddiges’ Catalogue. Catalogue of the plants cultivated in Loddiges’ Nursery at Hackney.

Lo. S.—Loddiges’ Supplement.

Lob.—Lobel. An old writer upon plants.

Lob. Ic.—De Lobel or Lobelius (Mathias). Stirpium Icones. 4to. Antwerp, 1591.

Lob. Ob.—De Lobel or Lobelius (Mathias). Observationes Botanicæ.

Lock.—Lockhart. Superintendent of the Trinidad Botanical Garden.

Lod.—Loddiges. English nurserymen and botanists.

Loe.—Loeffling. A Swedish botanist and traveller.

Lœf. It.—Lœfling (Peter). Iter Hispanicum. 8vo. Stockholm, 1758.

Loe. Pr.—Loeselius (John). Flora Prussica. 4to. Regiomonti, 1793.

Loi.—Loiseleur Deslongchamps. A French botanist.

Loi. Gal.—Loiseleur Deslongchamps (J. L. A.). Flora Gallica. 2 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1806, 1807.

Loi. No.—Loiseleur Deslongchamps (J. L. A.). Notices sur les Plantes à ajouter à la Flore de France. 8vo. Paris, 1810.

Loi. Sup.—Loiseleur Deslongchamps (J. L. A.). Supplement to Flora Gallica. 8vo. Paris, 1807.

Lon.—Londes. A botanist of Göttingen.

Lou.—Loureiro. A Portuguese traveller in Cochin China.

Loud. Enc. Pl.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Encyclopædia of Plants. 8vo. London, 1830.

Loud. G. M.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Gardener’s Magazine. 8vo. London, 1826, &c. Continued.

Loud. M. N. H.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Magazine of Natural History. 8vo. London, 1828, &c. Continued.

Loudon.—J. C. Loudon. Author of various agricultural, horticultural, and botanical works.

Lum.—Lumnitzer. A German botanist.

Lunan.—Lunan. A writer on Jamaica plants.

Lyell.—Lyell. A Scotch botanist.

Lyng.—Lyngbye. A Danish writer upon cryptogamic matters.

Lyng. Hyd.—Lyngbye (H. C.). Hydrophytologia Danica. 4to. Copenhagen.

Lyon.—Lyon. A collector of American plants.

M. Fl. Vi.—Moretti (Gius.). Notizia sopra diverse Piante da aggungiarsi alla Flora Vicentina. 4to. 1813.

M. H.—Morison (Robert). Plantarum Historico Universalis Oxoniensis. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1680.

M. In.—Mémoires de l’Institut National des Sciences et des Arts. 4to. Paris, 1796, et seq.

M. Msq.—Usher, in Memoirs of Natural History of Moscow. See Mém. Mosc.

M. & S.—Mocino and Sessé. Mexican botanists.

M. Um.—Morison (Robert). Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio nova. fol. Oxon. 1672.

Mag. Ber.—Martini (Henr.). Berlinisches Magazin oder Gesammlete Schriften. 8vo. Berlin, 1765-1767.

Mag. H.—Magnol (Petrus). Hortus Regius Monspeliensis. 8vo. Monsp. 1697.

Mag. Mo.—Magnol (Petrus). Botanicon Monspeliense. 12mo. Monsp. 1686.

Mag. Nat. Hist.—Loudon (J. C. L.). Magazine of Natural History. 8vo. London, 1828, &c. Continued.

Ma. C.—Mackay’s Catalogue. Catalogue of the plants cultivated in Mackay’s nursery at Clapton.

Marcg. Bra.—Marcgravius (Georg). Historia Rerum Naturalium Brasiliæ. fol. L. Bat. 1648.

Marg.—Marcgraav. A traveller in Brazil.

Marsh.—Marshall. A writer on American trees.

Mart.—Martius. A Bavarian botanist, and traveller in Brazil.

Mart. Br.—Martius (C. F. P.). Nova Genera et Species Plantarum quas in Itinere per Brasiliam ann. 1817-1820, &c. 4to.

Mart. Cen.—Martyn (John). Historia Plantarum rariorum. Cent. 1. dec. 1-5. fol. London, 1728.

Mart. Med.—Von Martius (Carl F. P.). Specimen Materiæ Medicæ Brasiliensis. Monach. 1824. fol.

Mart. Palm. Ic.—Von Martius (Carl F. P.). Genera et Species Palmarum quas in Itinere per Brasiliam collegit. Monach. 1824. fol.

Mas.—Masson. A collector of plants at the Cape, and elsewhere.

Mass. St.—Masson (Francis). Stapeliæ novæ. fol. London, 1798.

Mat. Com.—Mathiolus (P. Andr.). Commentarii in Libros Dioscoridis de Medica Materia.

Mat. Op.—Mathiolus (P. Andr.). Opera Omnia. fol. Francof. 1598; Basiliæ, 1674.

Mayer.—Several German botanists of this name.

Med.—Medicus. A German botanist of the eighteenth century.

Mee. Ic.—Meerburg (Nicol). Plantarum selectarum Icones pictæ. fol. L. Bat. 1798.

Mém. M.—Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle. 4to. Paris, 1815-1829.

Mém. Mosc.—Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow. 6 vols. 4to. Moscow, 1811, &c.

Men. Pu.—Mentzel (Christ.). Pugillus Plantarum rariorum. fol. 1682.

Menz.—Menzies. A Scotch botanist, and traveller round the world with Vancouver.

Mer. Sur.—Merian (Maria Sybilla). De Metamorphosibus Insectorum Surinamensium. fol. Hagæ, 1726.

Merat.—Merat. A French botanist.

Mert.—Mertens. A French botanist.

Mey.—Meyer. A German botanist.

Mic. Am.—Michaux (André). Flora Boreali-Americana. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1803.

Mic. Ar.—Michaux (André Franc. fils). Histoire des Arbres forestiers de l’Amérique Septentrionale. 3 vols. 4to. Paris, 1810-1813.

Mic. Gen.—Micheli (Peter Ant.). Nova Plantarum Genera. fol. Florence, 1729.

Mic. Quer.—Michaux (André). Histoire des Chènes de l’Amérique Septentrionale. fol. Paris, 1801.

Mich.—Micheli. A Florentine botanist.

Miers.—Miers. A South American collector.

Mik.—Mikan. A German writer on Brazilian plants.

Mil.—Miller. An English gardener and botanist.

Mil. D. Ed.—Miller (Philip). Gardener’s Dictionary. Second edition. 2 vols. fol. London, 1760.

Mil. Ic.—Miller (Philip). Figures of plants described in the Gardener’s Dictionary. 2 vols. fol. London, 1760.

Mir.—Mirbel. A French physiological botanist.

Mo. Gr.—Monti (Josephus). Catalogi Stirpium Agri Bononiensis Prodromus Gramina et Affinia complectens. 4to. Bononiæ, 1719.

Moc.—Mocino. A Mexican botanist.

Moen.—Moench. A German botanist.

Moen. Wei.—Moench (Conrad). Verzeichniss ausländischer Bäume des Lustschlosses Weissenstein. 8vo. Frankf. 1785.

Mohr.—Mohr. A German cryptogamic writer.

Mol.—Molina. An Italian writer upon the natural history of Chile.

Mon.—Montin. A Swedish botanist.

Mor.—Morison. An old writer on plants.

Mord.—Mordant de Launy. A French botanist.

Moret.—Moretti. An Italian botanist.

Moug.—Mougeot. A German cryptogamic botanist.

Muhl.—Muhlenberg. A North American botanist.

Muhl. Dan.—Müller (Ott Frid.). Flora Danica. vols. 4 and 5. The rest by Vahl and Hornemann. 5 vols. fol. Havniæ, 1766-1782.

Munt. Ph.—Munting (Abrah.). Phytographia curiosa. fol. 1702. 1713. 1727.

Mur.—Murray. A German botanist.

Mur. Pr.—Murray (Joh. Andr.). Prodromus Designationis Stirpium Göttingensium. 8vo. Götting. 1770.

Mus.—Mussin-Puschkin. A Russian botanist, and traveller in Caucasus.

Musc. Brit.—Hooker and Taylor. Muscologia Britannica. 8vo. London, 1818.

Musc. Hib.—Turner (Dawson). Muscologiæ Hibernicæ Specimen. 12mo. London, 1804.

Mutis.—Mutis. A Spanish botanist, resident in New Grenada.

Mx.—Michaux. A French botanist, and traveller in North America.

N. A. P.—Nova Acta Academiæ Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanæ.

N. C. G.—Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiæ Scientiarum Göttingensis. 4to. 1751, to the present time.

N. C. P.—Novi Commentarii Academiæ Imperialis Petropolitanæ.

N. Cur.—Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldino-Carolinæ Naturæ Curiosorum. 4to. Continued.

N. H.—Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis. 4to. Hafniæ, 1778, &c.

N. & M.—Nees and Martius. German botanists.

N. M. R.—Nees and Martius, in Nova Acta Physico-medica Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldino-Carolinæ Naturae Curiosorum Bonnæ. 4to. 1757, to present time.

Nat. Ber.—Willdenow (Lud.). Der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin neue Schriften. 4to. Berlin, 1795, &c.

Neck.—Necker. A German writer upon botanical affairs.

Nees.—Nees von Esenbeck. A German botanist.

Nees H. B.—Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Horæ Physicæ Berolinenses collectæ ex Symbolis Virorum doctorum Link, Rudolphi, &c. fol. 1820.

Nees Pilze.—Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Das System der Pilze und Schwämme. 4to. Würzburg, 1817.

Nees. R. G.—Nees von Esenbeck (C. G.). Assisted by Aug. Weihe. Rubis Germanicis edendis, &c. 4to. Rome, 1823.

Nes. Pot.—Nestler (C. G.). Monographia de Potentilla. 4to. Parisiis et Argentorati, 1816.

Nest.—Nestler. A botanist of Strasburgh.

Niv.—Niven. A collector of plants at the Cape.

Noc.—Nocca. A professor of Pavia.

Nocca Tr.—Nocca (Dominicus). Ticinensis Horti Plantæ selectæ. 1 fasc. fol. Papiæ, 1814.

Noi. Jar.—Noisette (Louis). Le Jardin Fruitier. 4to. Paris, 1813.

Nois.—Noisette. A French nurseryman.

Nor.—Noronha. A Spanish botanist who visited Madagascar.

Nov. Com. Got.—See N. C. G.

Nut.—Nuttall. A North American botanist.

Oed.—Oeder. A Danish botanist.

Oliv.—Olivier. A French botanist, and traveller in Persia.

Or.—Ortega. A Spanish botanist.

Or. D.—De Ortega (Cas. Gomez). Novarum aut rariorum Plantarum Hort. R. Madritensis Decades. 4to. Madrid, 1797, 1798.

Osb. It.—Osbeck (Peter). A Voyage to China, &c. 8vo. London, 1771.

Otth.—Otth. A French writer in Decandolle’s Prodromus.

Otto.—A Prussian gardener.

Pa. It. Ger.—Pallas (Peter Simon). Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. 3 vols. 4to. Petrop. 1771-1776.

Pal. As.—Pallas (Peter Simon). Species Astragalorum descriptæ et Iconibus illustratæ. fol. Lips. 1800.

Pal. Ill.—Pallas (Peter Simon). Illustrationes Plantarum minus cognitarum. fol. Lipsiæ, 1803.

Pal. It.—Pallas (Peter Simon). Voyages dans l’Empire Russe. 8 vols. 8vo.

Pal. P.—Pallas (Peter Simon). In the Petersburgh Transactions. See Ac. Pet.

Pal. Ros.—Pallas (Peter Simon). Flora Rossica. fol. Petrop. 1784-1788.

Pall.—Pallas. A Russian traveller and naturalist.

Par. Lon.—Salisbury (Rich. Ant.). Paradisus Londinensis. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1805-1808.

Par. P.—Parkinson (John). A Paradise of Pleasant Flowers. fol. London, 1629.

Par. Th.—Parkinson (John). Theatrum Botanicum. fol. London, 1640.

Parm.—Parmentier. A French nurseryman.

Parry’s App. Ic.—Parry (William). A Voyage to discover the North West Passage. 4to. London. Appendix.

Pat.—Patrin. A Russian traveller.

Patters.—Patterson (William). A Narrative of Four Journeys into the Country of the Hottentots. 4to. London, 1789.

Perp.—Perpenti. A female Italian botanist.

Pers.—Persoon. A French botanist.

Pers. Disp.—Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Tentamen Dispositionis methodicæ Fungorum. 8vo. Lips. 1797.

Pers. Ic. Pict.—Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Icones pictæ Specierum rariorum Fungorum. 4to. Paris and Strasb. 1803.

Pers. Syn.—Persoon (Christ. Henr.). Synopsis Plantarum, seu Enchiridion Botanicum. 2 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1805-1807.

Pet.—Petagna. A Neapolitan botanist.

Pet. Brit.—Petiver (James). Herbarii Britannici Catalogus. fol. London, 1702-1704.

Pet. Fil.—Petiver (James). Pterigraphia Americana. fol. London.

Pet. G.—Petiver (James). Gazophylacium Naturæ et Artis. fol. London, 1702-1704.

Pet. M.—Petiver (James). Musæi Petiveriani Centuriæ 10. 8vo. London, 1695.

Ph.—Pursh. A Prussian botanist, and traveller in North America.

Ph. Am.—Pursh (Frederick). Flora Americanæ Septentrionalis. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1814.

Ph. Tr.—Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 4to. 1665 to the present time.

Pic. H. P.—Picciuoli (Giuseppe). Hortus Panciaticus. 4to. Firenze, 1783.

Pis. Br.—Piso (Gulielm.). Historia Naturalis Brasiliæ. fol. Amsterdam, 1648.

Pis. Lib.—Piso (Gulielm.). De Indiæ utriusque Re naturali et medica libri 14. fol. 1658.

Pl. Am.—Plumier (Charles). Description des Plantes de l’Amérique. fol. 1693-1712.

Pl. Dec.—Decandolle (Aug. Pyr.). Plantarum Historia succulentarum. fol. and 4to. Paris, 1799-1803.

Pl. Ed. B.—Plumier (Charles). Plantæ Americanæ à C. Plumier detectæ et à J. Burmanno editæ. fol. Amst. 1755.

Pl. Fil.—Plumier (Charles). Traité des Fougères de l’Amérique. fol. Paris, 1705.

Pl. Gen.—Plumier (Charles). Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera. 4to. Paris, 1703.

Pl. Ic.—Plumier (Charles). Plantarum Americanarum fasc. 10, continentes Plantas quas olim C. Plumierius detexit et depinxit. Edidit Johannes Burmannus. fol. Amst. 1755.

Plan. H. B.—Plantæ Selectæ Horti Berolinensis. See L. & O. Ab.

Plk. Ic.—Plenck (Jos. Jac.). Icones Plantarum medicinalium. Fasc. fol. 1803, et seq.

Plu.—Plumier. A French botanist, and traveller in the West Indies.

Pluk. Al.—Plukenett (Leonard). Almagestum Botanicum, sive Phyt. Onomasticon. 4to. 1796.

Pluk. Am.—Plukenett (Leonard). Amaltheum Botanicum. 4to. 1705.

Pluk. M.—Plukenett (Leonard). Almagesti botanici Mantissa. 4to. 1700.

Pluk. Ph.—Plukenett (Leonard). Phytographia, seu Stirpium illustriorum, &c. 4 vols. 4to. London, 1691-1706.

Poc. Crat.—Pococke. Cratægi.

Pohl.—Pohl. A German botanist.

Pohl Fl. Bo.—Pohl (Imman.). Versuch einer Flora Böhmens. 2 vols. 8vo. Prague, 1810-1814.

Poir.—Poiret. A French botanical compiler.

Poit.—Poiteau. A French botanist and draughtsman.

Pol.—Pollini. A professor at Verona.

Poll.—Pollich. A German writer on the plants of the Palatinate.

Pop.—Poppig. A German botanist.

Pou.—Pourret. A French botanist.

Presl.—Presl. A Bohemian botanist.

Pt. et T. Fl.—Poiteau et Turpin. Flore Parisienne. fol. Paris, 1808, &c.

Purt. Fl.—Purton (Th.). Midland Flora. 2 vols. 8vo. Stratford upon Avon, 1817.

Qu. His.—Quer (Martinez). Flora Española. 4 vols. 4to. Madrid, 1762-1764.

R. Br.—Robert Brown. An English botanist, and traveller in New Holland.

R. Hou.—Reliquiae Houstonianæ. 4to. London, 1781.

R. L.—Redouté’s Liliacées.

R. Mal.—Van Rheede (Henricus). Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. 12 vols. fol. 1678-1703.

R. & P.—Ruiz and Pavon. Spanish botanists, and travellers in Peru and Chile.

R. & S.—Römer and Schultes. German editors of Linnæus’s Species Plantarum.

Rad.—Raddi. An Italian cryptogamic botanist, and traveller in Brazil.

Rad. Dis.—Radius (Justus). De Pyrola et Chimaphila Specimen. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1821.

Raddi. M.—Raddi (Joseph). Memoir Flor. Brasil. Observationes in Atti di Siena. vol. 9. and in Memorie di Modena. vols. 18. and 19.

Raeu.—Raeuschel. A German botanist.

Rafi.—Rafinesque Schmalz. A modern writer upon botanical matters.

Ram.—Ramond. A French botanist.

Rau.—Rau. A German botanist.

Rauw. Hod. } —Rauwolf (Leonh.). Aigentliche Beschreibung der Raiss in den Morganlander. 4to. Laugangen, 1582-1583.

Rauw. It. }

Ray. Sy.—Ray (Joh.). Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. 8vo.

Rchb.—Reichenbach. A German botanist.

Rchb. Ac.—Reichenbach (Lodov.). Monographia Generis Aconiti et Delphinii. fol. Lipsiæ, 1820.

Rchb. Bot.—Reichenbach (Ludov.). Hortus Botanicus. 4to. Lipsiæ, 1824.

Reb. Neo.—Rebentisch (Joh. Frider.). Prodromus Floræ Neomarchicæ. 8vo. Berolini, 1804.

Red.—Redouté. A French botanical draughtsman.

Red. Lil.—Redouté (P. J.). Les Liliacées. 8 vols. fol. Paris, 1802-1816.

Red. Ros.—Redouté (P. J.). Les Roses. fol. Paris.

Redow.—Redowski. A Russian botanical collector.

Reich.—Reichard. A botanist of Frankfort.

Reinw.—Reinwardt. A professor at Leyden.

Rel.—Relham. A writer upon the Flora of Cambridgeshire.

Ren. Spec.—Reneaulme (Paul). Specimen Historiæ Plantarum. 4to. Paris, 1611.

Req.—Requien. A French botanist.

Retz.—Retzius. A German botanist.

Retz. Ob.—Retzius (And. Joh.). Observationes Botanicæ. 4to. London, 1774-1791.

Reyn.—Reynier. A botanist of Lausanne.

Rh.—Rheede. Author of Hortus Malabaricus.

Rich.—Richard. A French botanist.

Risso.—Risso. An Italian writer upon Oranges.

Riv.—Rivinus. A German botanist.

Riv. Mon.—Rivinus (Aug. Quirinus). Ordo Plantarum Flore irregulari Monopetalo. fol. Lips. 1690.

Riv. Tet.—Rivinus (Aug. Quirinus). Ordo Plantarum Flore irregulari Tetrapetalo. fol. Lips. 1699.

Rob. Ic.—Robert (Nicolas). Icones Plantarum. fol. Paris, 1701.

Robs.—Robson. An English botanist.

Roch.—Rochel. Superintendent of the garden at Pest.

Rœ. Ar.—Rœmer (Jac. Joh.). Archiv für die Botanik. 3 vols. 4to. 1796-1799.

Rœ. Sc.—Rœmer (Jac. Joh.). Scriptores de Plantis Hispanicis, Lusitanicis, et Brasiliensibus. 8vo. 1796.

Roem.—Roemer. A German botanist.

Rohde.—Rohde. A botanist of Bremen.

Rol.—Rolander. A Swedish botanist.

Roll.—Rollinson. A nurseryman near London.

Rosc.—Roscoe. An English botanist, and writer upon Scitamineæ.

Rosc. Scit.—Roscoe (W.). Figures of the Order of Scitamineæ or Monandrous Plants. fol. Liverpool.

Rost. J.—Rostkow (Fr. Gul. Th.). Monographia Generis Junci. 8vo. Berolini, 1801.

Roth.—Roth. A German botanical writer.

Roth. Abh.—Roth (Alb. Wilh.). Botanische Abhandlungen und Beobachtungen. 4to. Nuremberg, 1787.

Rox.—Roxburgh. An Indian botanist.

Rox. Cor.—Roxburgh (William). Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 2 vols. fol. London, 1795-1798.

Rtb.—Rottboll. A Danish botanist.

Rtb. Gr.—Rottboll (Christ. Friis.). Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum. fol. Hafniæ, 1773.

Rtl.—Rottler. A German missionary.

Ru. Am.—Rumphius (George Everh.). Herbarium Amboinense. 6 vols. fol. Amst. 1750.

Rud.—Rudge. An English writer upon botanical subjects.

Rud. Gui.—Rudge (Edward). Plantarum Guianæ rariorum Icones et Descr. fol. London, 1805.

Rudol.—Rudolph. A German botanist.

Rum.—Rumphius. Author of Herbarium Amboinense.

Rus.—Russel. A botanist of Aleppo.

Rus. Al.—Russel (Alex.). Natural History of Aleppo. 4to. 1756. Ed. 2. 1794.

S. & W.—Schrader and Wendland. German botanists.

Sab.—Sabine. An English amateur of botany.

Sab. Rom.—Sabbati (Liberatus). Hortus Romanus. 7 vols. fol. Romæ, 1772-1784.

Sal.—Salisbury. An English botanist.

Sal. St.—Salisbury (Richard Anthony). Icones Stirpium rariorum. fol. London, 1791.

Salm.—The Prince of Salm Dyck. A noble German amateur.

San. Vi.—Santi (George). Viaggi al Mont Amiata e per la Toscana. 3 vols. 8vo. Pisa, 1795-1806.

Santi.—Santi. An Italian botanist.

Savi.—Savi. An Italian botanist.

Savi D.—Savi (Gajetanus). Dissertatio Phaseoli.

Savi Med.—Savi (Gajetanus). Materia Medica vegetabile Toscana. fol. Firenze, 1805.

Savi Ph.—Savi (Gajetanus). Memoir on Phaseolus.

Savi Pis.—Savi (Gajetanus). Flora Pisana. 2 vols. 8vo. Pisæ, 1798.

Savig.—Savigny. A French botanist.

Sc. B. J.—Schrader (H. A.). Journal für die Botanik. 10 fasc. 8vo. Göttingæ, 1799-1803.

Sc. Dansk.—Schrader (H. A.). Det Kongelige Danske Landhuus holdings-selkabs Schrifter. 4 vols. 8vo. Kiobbenhavn, 1776-1794.

Sc. Gen. Nov.—Schrader (H. A.). Nova Plantarum Genera. 1 fasc. fol. 1797.

Sc. Ger.—Schrader (H. A.). Flora Germanica. 8vo. Göttingæ, 1806.

Sc. Hal.—Schrader (H. A.). De Halophytis Pallasii. 4to. Götting. 1810.

Sc. Han.—Schrader (H. A.). Sertum Hanoverianum. fol. Götting. 1795, 1796.

Sc. Phil.—Schrader (H. A.). Dissertation on the Genus Philadelphus. Not published.

Sc. Sam.—Schrader (H. A.). Systematische Sammlung Kryptogamischer Gewächse. 6 fasc. 8vo. Göttingen, 1796, 1797.

Sc. V.—Schrader (H. A.). Commentatio de Veronicis spicatis. 8vo. Gottingæ, 1803.

Sc. Verb.—Schrader (H. A.). Monographia Generis Verbasci. 4to. Gottingæ, 1803.

Sch. Ag.—Scheuchzer (Johan.). Agrostographia, sive Graminum, Juncorum, Cyperorum, iisque Affinium Historia. 4to. Tigari, 1775.

Sch. Bs.—Schwencke (Mart. W.). Beschryving der Gewassen. Gravhage, 1766.

Sch. Ce.—Schreber (John Christ.). Beschreibung der Græsser. fol. Leipsic, 1769 and 1810. 3 fasc.

Schæff.—Schæffer. A German writer upon Fungi.

Schæff. F.—Schæffer (Jac. Christ.). Fungorum Bavariæ et Palatinatus Icones. 4 vols. 4to. Ratisbonæ, 1702-1770.

Schk.—Schkuhr. A German writer upon Grasses and Ferns.

Schk. Ca.—Schkuhr (Christ.). Histoire des Carex ou Laiches. 8vo. Leipsic, 1802.

Schk. Cryp.—Schkuhr (Christ.). Vier und zwanzigste Klasse des Linné’schen Pflanzensystems. 4to. Wittenberg, 1809.

Schk. Fil.—Schkuhr (Christ). Abbildungen des Farrnkrautes.

Schk. Han.—Schkuhr (Christ.). Botanisches Handbuch. 3 vols. 8vo. Wittenberg, 1791-1803.

Schk. Us.—Schkuhr (Christ.) in Usteri’s (Paul) Annalen der Botanik. 6 vols. Zurich, from 1791 to 1793.

Schl.—Schleicher. A Swiss plant collector.

Schl. Ran.—Schlechtendahl (A.). Animadversiones in Ranunculeas Candollii. 4to. Berlin, 1819, 1820. In 2 fasciculi.

Schlec.—Schlechtendahl. A German botanist.

Schm. Ar.—Schmidt (Franz). Œsterreichs allgemeine Baumzucht. 2 vols. fol. Vienna, 1792-1794.

Schm. Ic.—Schmiedel (Cas. Christ.). Icones Plantarum. fol. Norimb. 1762.

Schmidt.—Schmidt. A Bohemian botanist.

Schn. Ic.—Schneevooght (G. Voorhelm). Icones Plantarum rariorum. 2 vols. fol. Haarlem, 1793.

Schott.—Schott. A traveller in Brazil.

Schou. M.—Schousboe (P. K. A.). Iagttagelser over væxtriget i Marocco. 4to. Kioberh. 1800.

Schous.—Schousboe. A writer upon the Flora of Morocco.

Sch. Mo.—Schranck (Fr. von Paula). Plantæ rariores Horti Monacensis. fol. Munich, 1817-1819.

Schr.—Schrader. A German botanist.

Schrank.—Schrank. A Bavarian botanist.

Schreb.—Schreber. A German botanist.

Schreb. Dec.—Von Schreber (Joh. Christ. Dan.). Icones Plantarum minus cognitarum. Decas I. fol. Halæ, 1766.

Schreb. Gr.—Von Schreber (Joh. Christ. Dan.). Beschreibung der Græser. 2 vols. fol. Lips. 1769-1779.

Schu.—Schubler. A professor at Tubingen.

Schult.—Schultes. A Bavarian botanist.

Schulz.—Schultz. A German botanist.

Schum.—Schumacher. A Danish botanist.

Schw.—Schweigger. A German botanist, author of Flora Erlangensis.

Schwæ.—Schwægrichen. A German cryptogamic botanist.

Schwæg. Sup.—Schwægrichen (Frid.). Species Muscorum Hedwig Supplementum. 4to. Lips. 1811.

Schwein.—An American botanist.

Sco.—Scopoli. An Italian botanist.

Scop. Car.—Scopoli (Joh. Ant.). Flora Carniolica. 8vo. Viennæ, 1760.

Scop. D.—Scopoli (Joh. Ant.). Deliciæ Floræ Insubricæ. 3 vols. fol. Ticini, 1786-1788.

Seb.—Sebastiani. An Italian botanist.

Seba.—Seba (Alb.). Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri Descriptio. fol. Amst. 1734-1765.

Seba. Rom.—Sebastiani (Ant.). Romanarum Plantarum, &c. 2 vols. 4to. Romæ, 1813-1815.

Seg. Ver.—Seguier (Joh. Franc.). Plantæ Veronenses. 3 vols. 8vo. Veronæ, 1745.

Ser. Hel.—Seringe (N. C.). Musée Helvétique d’Histoire Naturelle. 4to. 1818-1820.

Sessé.—Sessé. A Mexican botanist.

Shaw Bar.—Shaw (Thomas). Travels in Barbary and the Levant. fol. 1738. Supplement, 1746.

Sib.—Sibthorp. An English botanist, and traveller in Greece.

Sieb.—Sieber. A botanical collector.

Sims.—Sims. An English garden botanist.

Sin.—Sinclair. Nurseryman at New Cross.

Sl. Jam.—Sloane (Hans). A Voyage to Madeira, Barbadoes, Nevis, St. Christopher’s, and Jamaica. 2 vols. fol. London, 1707.

Sm.—Sir J. E. Smith. An English botanist, and purchaser of the Linnæan herbarium.

Sm. Ex. Bot.—Smith (J. Edward). Exotic Botany. 1804-1808.

Sm. Ic. In.—Smith (J. Edward). Plantarum Icones hactenus ineditæ. fasc. 1-3. 1789-1791. fol.

Sm. Ic. Pic.—Smith (J. Edward). Icones pictæ Plantarum rariorum. fol. London, 1790-1793.

Sm. N. H.—Smith (J. Edward). A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland. 4to. London, 1793.

Sm. Spic.—Smith (J. Edward). Spicilegium Botanicum. fol. London, 1791-1792.

Sm. Tr.—Tracts relating to Natural History. 8vo. 1798.

Soc. Mos.—See Mém. Mosc.

Sol.—Solander. A Swedish botanist, and companion of Sir Joseph Banks in Cook’s voyage round the world.

Sol. Min.—Sole (William). Menthæ Britannicæ. fol. Bath, 1798.

Sole.—Sole. A writer on Mints.

Son.—Sonnerat. A French botanist and traveller.

Son. It.—Sonnerat (P.). Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée. 4to. Paris, 1776.

Sow.—Sowerby. An English botanical draughtsman.

Sow. F.—Sowerby (James). Coloured figures of English Fungi. fol. London, 1796-1815, &c.

Spar.—Sparmann. A Swedish travelling botanist.

Spar. H.—Sparmann (Andr.). Kongl. Svenska Vetenscaps Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, from 1739 to 1816.

Spin.—De Spin. A botanist of Turin.

Spr.—Sprengel. A German botanist.

Spr. B. M.—Sprengel (Curt.), in Berlinisches Magazin.

Spr. Cryp.—Sprengel (Curt.). Introduction to the Study of Cryptogamous Plants, translated from the German.

Spr. End.—Sprengel (Curt.). Neue Entdeckungen im ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1820.

Spr. Hal.—Sprengel (Curt.). Floræ Halensis Tentamen novum. 8vo. Halæ Sax. 1806.

Spr. Um.—Sprengel (Curt.). Plantarum Umbelliferarum Prodromus. 4to. Halæ, 1813.

Stack.—Stackhouse. An English botanist.

Stack. Fuci.—Stackhouse (John). Nereis Britannica. fol. Bath, 1795-1797.

Stech.—Stechmann. A writer on Artemisia.

Step.—Stephan. A Russian botanist.

Ster.—Sternberg. A noble German botanist.

Ster. Sax.—Sternberg (Graf Casp.). Revisio Saxifragarum Iconibus illustrata. fol. 1810.

Steu.—Steudel. A German botanist.

Stev.—Steven. A Russian botanist.

Stœr. Stra.—Stœrck (Ant.). Libellus de Stramonio, Hyosciamo, Aconito. 8vo. 1763.

Stur. Deu. } —Sturm (Jacob). Deutschland’s Flora. 4to. Many volumes. Nuremberg, 1798-1829.

Stur. Ger. }

Sturm.—Sturm. A German botanical draughtsman.

Suter.—Suter. A Swiss botanist.

Sw. Au. Ic. In.—Sweet (R.). Flora Australasia. 8vo. London, 1827, 1828.

Sw. Cis.—Sweet (R.). Cistineæ. The Natural Order of Cistus, or Rock-Rose. 8vo. London, 1830.

Swert.—Swertius. An old writer on plants.

Swert. Fl.—Swertius (Eman.). Florilegium tractans de variis Floribus. fol. 1612.

Sw. Fl. Gar.—Sweet (R.). The British Flower Garden. 8vo. London, published in monthly numbers.

Sw. Fl. Gar. Ic. In.—Sweet (R.). British Flower Garden. 1823 to the present time, 3 vols. of the old series; and a part of a volume of the new series, 1830.

Sw. Ger.—Sweet (R.). Geraniaceæ. 8vo. Published in monthly numbers.

Swt.—Sweet. An English botanist.

Swz.—Swartz. A Swedish botanist, and traveller in the West Indies.

Swz. B. M.—Swartz (Olof), in Berlinisches Magazin.

Swz. Fil.—Swartz (Olof). Synopsis Filicum, earum Genera et Species complectens. 8vo. Kiliæ, 1806.

Swz. Fl.—Swartz (Olof). Floræ Indiæ Occidentalis. 3 vols. 8vo. Erlangæ, 1797. 1800. 1806.

Swz. Ic.—Swartz (Olof). Icones Plantarum Indiæ Occidentalis. 1 fasc. fol. 1794.

Swz. Ob.—Swartz (Olof). Observationes Botanicæ. 8vo. Erlangæ, 1791.

Swz. Pr.—Swartz (Olof). Prodromus Descriptionum Vegetab. Indiæ Occidentalis. 8vo. Holmiæ, 1788.

Symes.—Symes. A writer on English plants.

Tab. Ic.—Tabernæmontanus (Jac. Theod.). Eicones Plantarum, cur. N. Bassæo. 4to. Frankf. 1590.

Tab. Kr.—Tabernæmontanus (Jac Theod.). Kræuterbuch. fol. 1588.

Tau. H. C.—Tausch (Ign. Fred.). Hortus Canalius. fol. part 1. Prague, 1823.

Ten.—Tenore. A Neapolitan botanist.

Th. Act. Haf.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Acta Literaria Universitatis Hafniensis. 4to. Hafniæ, 1770.

Th. Gar.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Gardenia. 4to. Upsal, 1780.

Th. H.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. 8vo. Stockholm, 1739-1816.

Thib.—Thibaud de Chanvalon. A French botanist.

Thomas.—Thomas. A Swiss collector of plants.

Thore.—Thore. A French botanist.

Thore, J.—Thore (Jean). Observations in Journal de Botanique.

Thory.—Thory. A French botanist.

Thou.—Du Petit Thouars. A French botanist, and traveller in Madagascar.

Thou. Af.—Du Petit Thouars (Aubert). Histoire des Végétaux recueillies dans les Iles Australes d’Afrique. 4to. Paris, 1806.

Thou. Or.—Du Petit Thouars (Aubert). Histoire des Plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois Isles Australes d’Afrique. 8vo. Paris, 1822.

Th. P.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Novi Commentarii Academiæ Imperialis Petropolitanæ. 20 vols. 4to. 1720-1726.

Thouin.—Thouin. A French botanist.

Thuil.—Thuillier. A French botanist.

Thun.—Thunberg. A Swedish botanical traveller.

Thun. Dra.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Diss. Dracæna. 2 vols. 4to. Upsal, 1780.

Thun. Er.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissert. de Erica. 4to. Upsal, 1785.

Thun. Fic.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Diss. Ficus Genus. Upsal, 1786.

Thun. Ir.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Iris. 4to. 1782.

Thun. Jap.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Flora Japonica. 8vo. Lips. 1784.

Thun. Pr.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Dissertatio de Protea. 1781.

Thun. Up.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.), in Acta Literaria et Scientiarum Upsaliæ aut ab Academia Upsaliensi publicata. 1720-1816.

Thun. V.—Thunberg (Car. Petr.). Voyage au Japon, &c. 8vo. 1796.

Til. Pis.—Tilli (Mich. Aug.). Catalogus Horti Pisani. fol. Florence, 1723.

Timm.—Timm. A German botanist.

Tineo.—Tineo. A professor at Palermo.

To. It.—Tournefort (Pitton de). Relation d’un Voyage au Levant. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1717.

Tode.—Tode. A German writer on Fungi.

Tode Fun.—Tode (Henr. Jul.). Fungi Mecklenburgenses selecti. 4to. Luneburg, 1790.

Torrey.—Torrey. An American botanist.

Tou.—Tournefort. An old French botanist, and traveller in Greece and Asia Minor.

Tou. Ins.—Tournefort (Pitton de). Institutiones Rei Herbariæ. 3 vols. 4to. 1717. 1719.

Tourn. Vo.—Tournefort (Pitton de). Relation d’un Voyage au Levant. 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1717.

Trat.—Trattinik. A botanist of Vienna.

Trat. Ar.—Trattinnick (Leop.). Archiv der Gewächskunde. 4to. Vienn. 1811, 1812.

Trat. Au.—Trattinnick (Leop.). Flora Austriaca sicca. fol. 1792.

Trat. Tab.—Trattinnick (Leop.). Observationes Botanicæ Tabularium Rei Herbariæ illustrantes. 4to. 1811.

Trat. Th.—Trattinnick (Leop.). Thesaurus Botanicus. fol. Vien. 1819.

Tr. Ehr.—Trew (Christ. Jac.). Plantæ selectæ ab Ehret pictæ. fol. 1750-1773.

Trent.—Trentepohl. A German botanist.

Trev.—Treviranus. A German botanist.

Trev. B.—Treviranus (Lud. Christ.), in Berlinisches Magazin.

Trev. Del.—Treviranus (Lud. Christ.). De Delphinio et Aquilegia Observationes. 4to. 1817.

Tri. Ob.—Triumfetti (Joh. Bapt.). Observationes de Ortu et Vegetatione Plantarum. 4to. Romæ, 1685.

Tr. Pl.—Trew (Christ. Jac.). Plantæ rariores. Ed. J. C. Keller. fol. 1763.

Trin.—Trinius. A writer on Grasses.

Turn.—Dawson Turner. An English writer on Sea Weeds.

Turn. Fuci.—Turner (Dawson). Historia Fucorum. 3 vols. fol. London, 1802, &c.

Turp.—Turp. A French botanist and draughtsman.

Turra.—Turra. An Italian botanist.

Tus.—Tussac. A French writer on the Flora of the Antilles.

Uc.—Ucria. A botanist of Palermo.

Urv.—D’Urville. A captain in the French navy.

Us. An.—Usteri (Paul). Neue Annalen der Botanik. 8vo. 1794.

Vahl Ec.—Vahl (Martinus). Eclogæ Americanæ. fol. 1796.

Vahl Ic.—Vahl (Martinus). Icones Plantarum in Eclogis descriptarum. fol. 1798.

Vahl Sy.—Vahl (Martinus). Symbolæ Botanicæ. fol. Hafn. 1790-1794.

Vail.—Vaillant. A French botanist and traveller.

Vail. It.—Vaillant (Sebastien). Botanicon Parisiense. fol. Leid. 1727.

Vail. Pa.—Vaillant (Sebastien). Botanicon Parisiense, Operis majoris Prodromus. 8vo. L. Bat. 1723.

Van.—Vandelli. A Portuguese botanist.

Vau. Con.—Vaucher (Jean Pierre). Histoire des Conferves d’Eau douce. 4to. Genève, 1803.

Ven.—Ventenat. A French botanist.

Ven. Cels.—Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Description des Plantes nouvelles ou peu connues du Jardin de J. M. Cels. fol. Paris, 1800.

Ven. Ch.—Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Choix des Plantes. fol. Paris, 1803-1808.

Ven. Mal.—Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Jardin de la Malmaison. fol. 1803-1805.

Ven. Til.—Ventenat (Etienne Pierre). Monographie du Genre Tilleul. 4to. Paris, 1802.

Vest.—Vest. A Styrian botanist.

Vib. Ce.—Viborg on the Cerealia.

Vig.—Viguier. A writer upon Poppies.

Vig. His.—Viguier (L. G. A.). Histoire Naturelle des Pavots et des Argemones. 4to. Montpelier, 1814.

Vil.—Villars. A French botanist.

Vil. Del.—Villars (D.). Histoire des Plantes du Dauphiné. 3 vols. 8vo. Grenoble, 1786-1788.

Vil. S. J.—Villars (D.), in Schrader’s Journal für die Botanik. 5 vols. 8vo. Göttingen, 1803-1810.

Vil. Stras.—Villars (D.). Catalogue méthodique du Jardin du Strasbourg. 8vo. 1807.

Vit.—Vitmann. A German botanist.

Viv.—Viviani. An Italian botanist.

Viv. An.—Viviani (Dom.). Annali di Botanica. 2 vols. 8vo. Genoa, 1802, 1803.

Viv. Fr.—Viviani (Dom.). Floræ Italicæ Fragmenta. 4to. Genoa, 1808.

Viv. Lib.—Viviani (Dom.). Floræ Libycæ Specimen. fol. Genoa, 1824.

Vol. Nor.—Volckamer (Joh. Georg.). Flora Noribergensis. 4to. Noribergæ, 1700.

W.—Willdenow. A German botanist.

W. Ach.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Tractatus de Achilleis et Tanaceto. 8vo. Halæ Magd. 1789.

W. Ar.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Historia Amaranthorum. fol. Turici, 1790.

W. En.—Willdenow’s Enumeration of the Plants in the Berlin Garden.

W. B. M.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Berlinisches Magazin oder Gesammlete Schriften, &c. 4to. 1765-1767.

W. Erf.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Acta Academiæ Electoralis Moguntinæ Scientiarum utilium quæ Erfordiæ. 2 vols. 8vo. Erford et Gothæ, 1757-1761; the rest in 4to. 1775 and 1776.

W. H. B.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Hortus Berolinensis. fol. Berlin, 1806-1810.

W. & K.—Waldstein and Kitaibel. Authors of Flora of Hungary.

W. & K. Hun.—Waldstein (Franc.) et Kitaibel (Paul). Descriptiones et Icones Plantarum rariorum Hungariæ. 3 vols. fol. Vienn. 1802-1812.

W. & M.—Weber and Mohr. German botanists.

W. N. Ber.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.), in Neuen Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. 6 vols. 8vo. Berlin, 1780-1785.

W. Ph.—Willdenow (Car. Lud.). Phytographia. fol. Erlangæ, 1797.

Wa. Fl. Hel.—Wahlenberg (Georg). De Vegetatione Helvetica. 8vo. Furic. 1813.

Wa. Lap.—Wahlenberg (Georg). Flora Lapponica. 8vo. Berlin, 1812.

Wahl.—Wahlenberg. A Swedish botanist.

Wal.—Wallich. Superintendent of the botanical garden at Calcutta.

Wal. Pl. As. Ra. Ic.—Wallich (Nath.). Plantæ rariores Asiaticæ. 2 parts, fol. London, 1830.

Wal. Res.—Wallich (Nath.). Asiatic Researches, or Transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal. 4to. 1788.

Wald.—Waldstein. A noble German patron of botany.

Wallr.—Wallroth. A German botanist.

Walt.—Walter. A writer on the Flora of Carolina.

Walt. Ca.—Walter (Thom.). Flora Caroliniana. 8vo. London, 1788.

Walt. H.—Walther (Aug. Frid.). Designatio Plantarum Horti ejus. 8vo. Lips. 1735.

Wan.—Wangenheim. A German botanist.

Wang. Am.—Von Wangenheim (Fried. Ad. Jul.). Anpflanzung Nord Amerikanischer Holzarten. fol. Göttingæ, 1787.

Wat.—Watson. An English writer upon trees and shrubs.

Web.—Weber. A German cryptogamist.

Weig. Obs.—Weigel (Christ. Ehrenb.). Observationes Botanicæ. 4to. Gryphiæ, 1772.

Weigel.—Weigel. A German botanist.

Weihe.—Weighe. A German writer on Rubi.

Wein.—Weinmann. A German gardener, superintendent of one of the royal gardens in Russia.

Wein. Ic.—Weinmann (J. Gul.). Phytanthoza Iconographica. 4 vols. fol. Regemb. 1737-1745.

Weis.—Weis. A German botanist.

Wen. C.—Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Collectio Plantarum tam exoticarum quam indigenarum. 4to. Hanoveræ, 1805, &c.

Wen. Er.—Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Ericarum Icones et Descriptiones. 4to. 1798, &c.

Wen. Han.—Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Sertum Hanoveranum. 4 fasc. fol.

Wen. Her.—Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Hortus Herrenhusanus. fol. 1798, &c.

Wen. Ob.—Wendland (Joh. Christ.). Botanische Beobachtungen. 4to. Hanover, 1798.

Wern. Tr.—Transactions or Memoirs of the Wernerian Society. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1809. Continued.

West.—West. An English botanist.

Wibel.—Wibel. A German botanist.

Wig.—Wiggers. A German botanist.

Wik.—Wikstrom. A Swedish botanist.

With.—Withering. An English botanist.

Wnl.—Wendland. A German garden botanist.

Wood.—Woodville (William). Medical Botany. 3 vols. 4to. 1790.

Woods.—Woods. An English writer on Roses.

Woodw.—Woodward. An English botanist.

Worm.—Wormskiold. A Norwegian botanist.

Wre.—Wredow. A German divine and botanist.

Wrede.—Wrede. A German botanist.

Wul.—Wulfen. A German botanist.

Y.—Young. A writer in the Linnean Transactions.

Za.—Zanon (Antonio). Istoria Botanica. fol. Bologna, 1675.

Zea.—Zea. A Spanish botanist.

Zey.—Zeyer. A German gardener.

Zo. Ic.—Zorn (Barthol.). Icones Plantarum Medicinalium. 8vo. Nuremb. 1779-1784.

Zuc.—Zuccagni. Superintendent of the botanical garden at Florence.

BOTANY.

The following is a list of the Technical Terms most commonly employed in Botany:—

Abnormal, contrary to general rules.

Accumbent, lying against anything, in distinction to lying upon; as the cotyledons of some cruciferous plants.

Acerose, stiff and slender and sharp-pointed, as the leaves of a pine-tree.

Achenium, a small, hard, one-seeded fruit, resembling a seed.

Aciculate, needle-shaped.

Acinaciform, scymitar-shaped.

Acinus, a bunch of succulent berries, as of grapes.

Acrogen, a plant which grows at its end only, without increasing in diameter, as ferns, and all flowerless plants.

Aculeate, covered with prickles.

Aculeus, a prickle.

Acuminate, tapering to the point, but flat.

Adnate, growing to any thing by the whole length.

Adventitious, appearing accidentally.

Æstivation, the arrangement of the parts of the flower before they expand.

Alabastrus, a flower-bud.

Albumen, a substance interposed in some seeds between the embryo and the seed coats.

Alburnum, the young wood; sap-wood.

Amentum, a catkin; the male inflorescence of the hazel, &c.

Amplexicaul, clasping a stem.

Anastomosing, the growing together of two parts which meet from different directions.

-androus, a Greek termination expressive of the male sex.

Anfractuous, doubled abruptly in several different directions.

Angiocarpous, having seeds enclosed in a pericarp.

Annotinous, a year old.

Anther, the case containing pollen.

Apetalous, having no petals.

Apiculate, abruptly pointed.

Apocarpous, where the carpels are distinct from each other.

Apophysis, the enlarged base of the theca of some mosses.

Apothecium, the shield, or mass of reproductive matter of a lichen.

Appendiculate, having some kind of appendages.

Arachnoid, resembling a spider’s web.

Areolate, divided into little spaces.

Aril, a peculiar wrapper of some seeds, as the mace of the nutmeg.

Arista, the beard or awn of grasses.

Asci, the cases in which the spores of lichens are enclosed.

Ascidium, a hollow leaf looking like a water vessel; as the pitcher of Nepenthes.

Attenuated, gradually tapering to a point without becoming flat.

Auriculate, having two lobes (like ears) at the base.

Awn, see Arista.

Axil, the acute angle formed by the junction of the leaf, &c. to its axis.

Axillary, growing in an axil.

Axis, the root and stem either taken together or separately.

Baccate, fruit covered with soft flesh.

Barbate, covered with long hairs resembling a beard.

Beard, a tuft of long hairs.

Biconjugate, in two pairs, placed side by side.

Bidentate, having two teeth.

Bifarious, arranged in two rows.

Bifid, divided into two shallow lobes.

Bifoliate, having two leaflets.

Bifurcate, twice forked.

Bijugous, in two pairs, placed end to end.

Binate, growing in pairs.

Bipartite, divided into two deep lobes.

Bipinnate, twice pinnate.

Biserrate, twice serrate.

Brachiate, when branches stand nearly at right angles to the stem from which they proceed.

Bract, the leaf or leaflet from the axil of which a flower grows.

Bulb, a scaly, underground bud.

Bulbotuber, a short, roundish, underground stem resembling a bulb.

Caducous, falling off sooner or later.

Cæsious, of a bluish grey colour.

Cæspitose, growing in tufts.

Calcar, a spur or horn; as in the Nasturtium.

Calcarate, having a spur or horn.

Calyculate, having a whorl of bracts on the outside of a calyx, or of an involucre.