ILLUSTRATIONS

I.

1. Mixed Evergreen Forest on the edge of Barombo Lake (Elephant Lake). Cotton Trees in foreground Frontispiece

II. SIERRA LEONE.

To face page

2. Red Ironwood (Lophira procera), in the Forest, Gumah 16

3. Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone 16

4. View of Gumah Mountain from the Gumah 16

5. African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing bole in middle foreground, near Bureh Town Bridge 24

6. African Oak (Oldfieldia Africana), showing scaly bark at base of tree, the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it 24

7. Pterocarpus esculentus in flower near Fakar Kole, at the edge of the Peninsular Forest 40

8. Forest of true Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing nearly all the trees bare of foliage and dying, due to overtapping, near Sussuwuru, Moyamba District 40

9. True Gum Copal (Copaifera salikounda), showing base of stem with tapping squares, near the bank of the Rokell River, north of Moyamba District 40

III. LIBERIA.

10. Large Brimstone Tree (Sarcocephalus sp.), Gola Forest 66

11. African Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora), Gola Forest 66

12. Gola Forest, general view, near Morro River 80

13. Mahogany (Khaya Ivoriensis), the late Mr. C. W. Smythe standing beside it, Gola Forest 80

14. Young Yawey Cedar (Heritiera?), Gola Forest 80

IV. TOGO.

15. Teak Plantation of 1908, 35¾ feet high, Sokode, in 1911 90

16. Teak Plantation of 1907 and 1908 on hill-side, Atakpame 90

17. One-year-old Oil Palms amongst seven- to ten-year-old trees, 1911 116

18. Two-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

19. Three-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

20. Four-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 116

21. Chlorophora excelsa, 1911 126

22. Five-year-old Oil Palm Plantation, Sokode 126

23. Five-year-old Khaya Senegalensis, 1911 126

24. Teak Plantation made in 1907 at Pfandu, in 1911 136

25. Khaya Klaineana, 17 feet in girth, Misahohe Station 136

26. Corner of a 1907 Teak Plantation, Pfandu, in 1911 136

V. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

Ebuttemetta Gardens.

27. Large Teak Tree (Tectona grandis), about sixteen years old, Ebuttemetta Gardens 150

28. Large Para (Hevea Braziliensis), Ebuttemetta Gardens, age about sixteen years 150

VI. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

Olokemeji Arboretum and Railway Plantation and Two Studies of Capsules.

29. The Chief Conservator of Forests’ House, with five-year-old Albizzia Lebbek standing beside it 162

30. Three capsules of Mahogany (Khaya grandis Ivoriensis and Punchii), from banks of Owena River 162

31. Capsules of three species of Entandrophragma: E. macrophyllum, the largest; E. utilis, the next in size; and E. cylindricum, the smallest 162

32. Cedrela odorata, seven years old, with Forest Office in background, Olokemeji 174

33. Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, girth 5 feet, twelve years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 174

34. Teak (Tectona grandis), ten years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 174

35. Teak, six years old, Olokemeji Arboretum 184

36. Khaya Senegalensis, five years old, from seed obtained by H. N. Thompson, Esq., in Shaki District 184

37. Mature Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa), over 12 feet in girth in 1911, since cut down and used for building the Chief Conservator of Forests’ house 184

VII. NORTHERN PROVINCES, NIGERIA.

38. Marsh or “fadama” with islets of foliage, Benué overflow near Yola 196

39. The Lower Niger in flood 196

40. Fringing Forest on River Benué, in the rainy season 196

41. A Baobab (Adansonia digitata) 208

42. Giginya or “Fan Palm” (Borassus flabellifer, var. Æthiopum), with waterlilies (Nymphæaceæ) 208

VIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OLOKEMEJI ARBORETUM.

43. Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 6½ years old, showing bent leader, owing to previous one being eaten out by the leading-shoot borer 216

44. 1909 Mahogany (Khaya grandis and K. Punchii) Plantation after six years’ growth, near road to Chief Conservator’s house, Olokemeji Arboretum 216

45. The largest Mahogany (Khaya Punchii), seven years old, Olokemeji Arboretum, in the Forest Reserve 216

46. Corner of the 1908 Teak Plantation, Olokemeji Arboretum, showing it at the end of the dry season, March 1915, Captain Owens 228

47. Cedrela odorata, Cigar-box Cedar, three years old (seen close), R. E. Dennett, Esq. 228

48. Corner tree of the 1908 Teak Plantation, with H. N. Thompson, Esq., 1911 228

49. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii), standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house, June 1915, after being protected from fire eight years 234

50. Teak (Tectona grandis), three years old, Compartment 2, Range 2, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 234

51. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii) in fruit, April 1911, standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house. This tree has been protected from fire for nearly four years 234

52. Shea Butter Tree (Butyrospermum Parkii), standing near the Conservator of Forests’ house. The same tree of which the fruit was photographed April 1911 234

IX. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

Studies of Trees, Olokemeji Reserve.

53. Mature Opepe (Sarcocephalus esculentus), in middle of picture, across Ogun River, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 250

54. Mature Oganwo (Khaya Punchii), near Dajopa, Olokemeji Reserve, showing base of stem for nearly 12 feet stripped of bark 250

55. Large Emido (Mimusops multinervis), 10 feet in girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 250

56. Large-leaved Mahogany (Khaya grandis), 14 feet in girth, with smaller Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), standing at the side, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 260

57. Arere (Triplochiton Nigericum), 120 feet high, thirty years old 260

58. Ebony (Diospyros mespiliformis), 7 feet 6 inches in girth, on Dajopa Road, Olokemeji Reserve 260

59. Large Ayin (Anogeissus leiocarpus), 10 feet in girth, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 272

60. Oil Palm in bearing, two bunches of fruit in view, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 272

61. Base of 14-foot Bilinga (Afzelia Africana), Dajopa Forest Reserve, Olokemeji Reserve 284

62. Shea Butter (Butyrospermum Parkii), 7 feet in girth, near Oniloku Road, Olokemeji Reserve 284

63. Afara (Terminalia superba), base of mature tree over 12 feet in girth, Olokemeji Reserve 284

64. Afzelia Africana, 14 feet in girth, showing bole and usual fork, Ijaiye Range, Dajopa, Olokemeji Forest Reserve 284

X. WESTERN CIRCLE.

Forest Trees, Ilaro.

65. Khaya Ivoriensis, 14 feet 8 inches in girth, Ilaro Forest Reserve 294

66. Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa), 8 feet in girth, standing in Ilaro Forest Reserve after Forest was cleared 294

XI. WESTERN CIRCLE.

Dry Zone Vegetation, Oyo District.

67. Khaya Senegalensis, 1910, on bank of Ogun River, near Iporin, Oyo Province 308

68. Locust Tree (Parkia filicoidea), in bearing, Oyo District, 1910 308

XII. WESTERN CIRCLE.

Studies of Forest Vegetation, Ado and Mamu Forest.

69. Mature Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) and Teak, one year old, Mamu Forest Reserve, Ibadan Province, 1915 320

70. Large full-grown Iroko Tree (Chlorophora excelsa) standing near Ibadan, Jebu Ode Road, Mamu Forest Reserve, in May 1910. See Fig. 69, which is of the same tree taken five years later 320

71. Untouched Forest on summit of Ado Rock, Oyo Province, 1910 320

XIII. WESTERN CIRCLE, OSHUN AND MAMU FORESTS.

72. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking downstream, Oshun Forest Reserve 332

73. Large Arere Tree (Triplochiton Nigericum) already girdled and dead 332

74. Forest on banks of Oshun River, looking upstream, Oshun Forest Reserve, Jebu Ode District 332

75. Ride between Compartments C and D, Mamu Forest Reserve, Funtumia seedlings on either side, six to eight years old 332

XIV. WESTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, ONDO AND IWOYE FORESTS.

76. Path in Iwoye Forest, Western Circle, showing parts of four mahogany trees in the picture 342

77. Mature Cocoanut Grove near stream in the middle of Idanre Town, 1910 342

XV. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, IFON FOREST.

78. Osse River, looking downstream, edge of the Pool, Ifon District 354

79. Mixed Forest near Osse, looking upstream, Ifon District 354

XVI. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, EBEKWI FOREST.

80. Heavy Sapeli Mahogany (Entandrophragma utilis) standing near the road between Uyeri and Benin City, Benin Province 364

81. Agba (Benin), (Pterogopodium?), standing near Ifon Road, south of Uyeri, Benin Province 364

XVII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA.

Ogba Plantation, Benin.

82. Benin Satinwood (Afrormosia laxiflora) standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin District 376

83. Mixed Mahogany Plantation, Khaya grandis on left, K. Punchii in centre, and Entandrophragma in the right foreground, six years old, near Ogba, Benin Province 376

84. Ogea, Gum Copal (Daniellia caudata), standing in the Ogba Plantation, Benin Province 376

XVIII. CENTRAL CIRCLE, OBAGIE FOREST, BENIN.

85. Khaya anthoteca, 16 feet in girth, Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin Province 384

86. Okan (Cylicodiscus Gabunensis), African Greenheart, 24 feet in girth, standing in Obagie Forest Reserve, Benin Province 384

XIX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, KOKO TOWN MAHOGANY.

87. Koko Town, with raft of mahogany logs moored near the bank 396

88. Mahogany logs floating in the river above Koko Town 396

XX. CENTRAL CIRCLE, NIGERIA, OSSE RIVER FOREST.

89. Funtumia Rubber Plantation, both sides of the road, Igwoshudi, Benin 408

90. Mahogany Plantation, Khaya Punchii, twelve years old, near Noami, on the banks of the Osse River, Benin Province 408

91. Entandrophragma log with three sides already squared and fourth partially cut ready for squaring 408

92. Stump of Khaya Punchii with log at base, left in the Benin Forest 408

XXI. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

Degema Forest Station, including Imo Bridge.

93. Mimusops Djave, about twelve years old, standing near Prison, Degema Station, Eastern Circle 414

94. Mature Light African Greenheart, Piptadenia Africana, standing in the middle of Degema Station 414

95. Young Oil Bean Tree in bearing, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Degema Station 414

96. Red Oak, Berlinia acuminata, 20 feet in girth, standing near the Sombreiro River, Degema Station 414

97. Base of Red Oak, Berlinia acuminata, showing smooth bark with comparatively few large scales, Degema Station 428

98. Iroko, Chlorophora excelsa, nursery bed, with seedlings two years old, at the side of Forest House, Degema 428

99. The temporary Wooden Bridge over the Imo, on the Eastern Division, Nigerian Railway. Note, only native, locally grown timber used in its construction 446

100. Medium-sized African Pearwood, Mimusops Djave, standing in the middle of the road outside Degema Station on the road to Illimema, since felled, and logs sold in England 446

101. Inoi Tree, Poga oleosa, standing at the edge of the Degema Station grounds 446

XXII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CALABAR ARBORETUM AND STATION.

102. Oil Palm, Elæis Guineensis, eight years old, in bearing, showing nine out of the twenty-one bunches of fruit on the tree 460

103. Seven-year-old Oil Palm in bearing, rather over-pruned, showing male inflorescence just below boy’s finger and bunch of fruit in the middle of the picture 460

104. Mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing the typical shape of the crown and branches 472

105. Base of mature Brachystegia spicæformis standing at the side of the Calabar Road, Calabar, showing both the scaly untouched bark and the wounded section covered with nodules 472

XXIII. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, CROSS RIVER.

Teak Plantations, Ndeh.

106. Rest House Teak Plantation at Ndeh, showing rows of trees 9 feet apart and 4 feet between 486

107. View between the lines of one-year-old Teak Plantation at Ndeh, in which trees were planted 4 feet apart 486

XXIV. EASTERN CIRCLE, NIGERIA, STUDIES OF TREES.

Ikrigon Forest.

108. Shinglewood, Terminalia scutifera, 12 feet in girth, standing in the Ikrigon Forest Reserve, Eastern Circle 496

109. Iroko, Chlorophora excelsa, 15 feet in girth, standing in Ikrigon Forest Reserve 496

110. Mahogany, Khaya Senegalensis (?), standing at the edge of Ikrigon Forest Reserve, showing base of trunk with old bark wounds already healed over 496

Fig. 2.—Red Ironwood (Lophira procera) in the Forest, Gumah.

Fig. 3.—Mature Cola Tree (Cola vera), growing in Fundo Village, Protectorate of Sierra Leone.

Fig. 4.—View of Gumah Mountain, from the Gumah.

WEST AFRICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY