Part 2 — CHAPTER LIX ZOOLOGY

At the very outset of his zoological studies the reader will find that the doctors still differ as to the best and most scientifically logical system to be employed in classification. So important is it that the connotation and denotation of every zoological designation should be definite, that Sir Edwin Ray Lankester devotes the title article Zoology (Vol. 28, p. 1022) mainly to a discussion of systems of classification, and besides there is a separate article Zoological Nomenclature (Vol. 28, p. 1021) by P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, university demonstrator in comparative anatomy and assistant to the Linacre Professor at Oxford, and adviser to the editor in the organization of the whole subject of zoology in the Britannica.

The Britannica articles may be classified in three divisions: dealing with (i) General Principles, (ii) Systematic, (iii) Natural History.

General Principles

The student should read at any rate some of the general articles mentioned in the chapter on Biology; and these will prepare him for the difficult questions involved in the articles Zoology and Zoological Nomenclature. Supplementary to these are the following: Animal (Vol. 2, p. 48), in connection with which should be read the article Protista (Vol. 22, p. 476) where the borderland between the animal and vegetable kingdoms is further discussed, and the very valuable article Protozoa (Vol. 22, p. 479) in which E. A. Minchin, professor of protozoology in the University of London, discusses the minute animal organisms, which in the last decade have proved immensely important in the study of parasitic diseases. In Larval Forms (Vol. 16, p. 224), and Metamorphosis (Vol. 18, p. 221) Prof. Adam Sedgwick, of the Imperial College of Science and Technology in London, discusses the early history of larvae and their change from larval to adult growth. The articles Metamerism (Vol. 18, p. 215), by Sir Edwin Ray Lankester, and Regeneration of Lost Parts (Vol. 23, p. 36), by P. Chalmers Mitchell, discuss the capacity for repeating parts (as in the case of the common earth worm) and for the formation of new parts to take the place of those lost by accident or injury. The article Monster (Vol. 18, p. 740) by Dr. Charles Creighton will be found very suggestive.

Protective Modifications

The eyes of most of us are shut to the wonders of the animal kingdom. We know by hearsay that the colouring 354of an animal or insect, brilliant and startling though it often be, is designed by nature for protection by enabling it to assimilate itself to that of its surroundings. But how many of us have taken the trouble to verify this? The articles Colours of Animals, Bionomics (Vol. 6, p. 731), by Prof. Poulton of Oxford, and Mimicry (Vol. 18, p. 495), by R. I. Pocock, superintendent of the Zoological Gardens in London, will suggest to the reader many objects for observation. Especially interesting in the former article is the section on the use of colour for warning and signaling. In connection with these articles, those on Egg (Vol. 9, p. 13) and Feather (Vol. 10, p. 224), by W. P. Pycraft, of the British Museum, may be read, and Nidification (Vol. 19, p. 666), by Prof. Alfred Newton of Cambridge University, and Hans Gadow, Strickland curator and lecturer on zoology in the University of Cambridge; especially those sections concerned with the precautions taken by the birds for protection and concealment. A very fascinating subject is discussed in the articles dealing with the distribution and movements of animal life. These are Zoological Distribution (Vol. 28, p. 1002), by the well-known zoologist Richard Lydekker; Migration (Vol. 18, p. 433), by Hans Gadow; and Plankton (Vol. 21, p. 720), by G. H. Fowler of University College, London. Reference to these articles has already been made in the chapter on Biology. Closely connected with them is the article on Palaeontology (Vol. 20, p. 579), by Prof. H. F. Osborn, Columbia University and American Museum of Natural History, in which the distribution of prehistoric life is discussed; and, as will be seen from the list below, all the principal species now only found in fossil remains are described in separate articles.

Intelligence of Animals

The editor succeeded in getting the psychologist, Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, of the University of Bristol, who has made a specialty of this particular subject, to write extremely illuminating articles on Instinct and on Intelligence in Animals (Vol. 14, pp. 648 and 680). Interesting as throwing a side light on either the instinct or intelligence of birds, is the section on their song in the article Song (Vol. 25, p. 413). It is hardly possible to look through any of these articles, or those on mimicry and colour, above alluded to, without coming across some striking and interesting fact, as for instance, the sudden change from a divine melody to an anxious croak in the utterance of the male nightingale as soon as the brood is hatched. These articles will be read for their great interest by many who do not intend systematically to pursue the subject of Zoology.

Animals in Captivity

The housing of animals in captivity is discussed in the articles Aquarium (Vol. 2, p. 237), by Professor G. H. Fowler, University College, London; Aviary (Vol. 3, p. 60), by D. Seth-Smith, curator of birds to the Zoological Society of London; and Zoological Gardens (Vol. 28, p. 1018), by P. Chalmers Mitchell. The first two contain some very useful hints for the care of small aquaria and aviaries; and young people who like to have aquaria at home, and are often disappointed by their failure to keep alive some of their specimens, especially larval and other surface-swimming animals, will find one of their difficulties solved. These surface-swimming animals die of exhaustion from their unaided efforts to keep off the bottom, lacking the support given in their surroundings by the natural flow of the water, native tides, and surface currents. The article describes a very simple arrangement by which this motion of the water can be simulated.

355Other articles which will be found very interesting are those on Hibernation (Vol. 13, p. 441) and on Incubation and Incubators (Vol. 14, p. 359). In the latter many will be surprised to note that incubators have been in use in Egypt from time immemorial under the name Mamal. In one district of Egypt alone 90,000,000 eggs are annually hatched out in these old time incubators, of which the secret has been handed down, jealously guarded, from father to son. In the article Taxidermy (Vol. 26, p. 464), Montagu Browne, a practical taxidermist, deals with the artistic as well as the technical aspects of the craft.

Classification and Divisions

Turning to the articles of the chief divisions of the animal kingdom, the most useful arrangement will be to enumerate them in their order. As has been already said, zoologists do not yet agree as to the best system of classification; the one which is given in the Britannica is that upon which the very eminent zoologists who have contributed the special articles, agree as being the most suitable. There are two main grades. The Protozoa (Vol. 22, p. 479) contain the animalcules, mainly microscopic. These are the most elementary forms of life and consist of single cells. The other and more important grade is that of the Metazoa, which are built up of many cells.

Protozoa

The main subdivisions (called phyla) of the Protozoa are: phylum i. Sarcodina (Vol. 24, p. 208); phylum ii. Mastigophora (Vol. 17, p. 873); phylum iii. Sporozoa (Vol. 25, p. 734); phylum iv. Infusoria (Vol. 14, 557).

Metazoa

Coming next, the Metazoa in their order are, as follows: phylum i. Porifera (see Sponges, Vol. 25, p. 715); phylum ii. Hydromedusae or Hydrozoa (Vol. 14, pp. 135 and 171) which include aquatic animals of the coral kind; phylum iii. Scyphomedusa (Vol. 24, p. 519) which include groups of shell fish; phylum iv. Anthozoa (Vol. 2, p. 97) with the corals; phylum v. Ctenophora (Vol. 7, p. 592) including the jelly fish; phylum vi. Platyelmia (Vol. 21, p. 826) a group of animals in which creeping first became habitual; phylum vii. Nematoidea (see Nematoda, Vol. 19, p. 359) which include certain kinds of worms; phylum viii. Chaetognatha (Vol. 5, p. 789) an isolated class of transparent pelagic organisms; phylum ix. Nemertina (Vol. 19, p. 363) worm families; phylum x. Mollusca (Vol. 2, p. 669) shell-bearing animals.

Phylum xi. Appendiculata (Vol. 2, p. 220) which include the sub-phyla Rotifera (Vol. 23, p. 759), Chaetopoda (Vol. 5, p. 789), and Arthropoda (Vol. 2, p. 673), the sub-phylum which comprises practically the whole insect family. Important articles on animals in this class are: Hexapoda (Vol. 13, p. 418) which include the wasp, beetle, and other families; the Crustacea (Vol. 7, p. 552) which cover a field wide enough to embrace species as different outwardly as lobsters, wood-lice, and minute water fleas; and Arachnida (Vol. 2, p. 287) the spider family. Phylum xii. Echinoderma (Vol. 8, p. 871) with all the sea-urchins and star fish.

Phylum xiii. Vertebrata (Vol. 27, p. 1047) to which man belongs as an order of a sub-class of a class of a sub-phylum. The most important sub-phylum of the Vertebrata is the Craniata (see Vol. 27, p. 1048). The sub-phyla Hemichorda (Vol. 13, p. 257), Urochorda (see Tunicata, Vol. 27, p. 379), and Cephalochorda (see Amphioxus, Vol. 1, p. 886) deal with the lower orders of Vertebrata. The sub-phylum Craniata comprises the following classes: class i. Pisces, see Ichthyology (Vol. 14, p. 243) with the fishes; class ii. Batrachia (Vol. 3, p. 521), with the frog tribe; class iii. Reptilia (see Reptiles, Vol. 23, 356p. 136); and in close connection with this—class iv. Aves (see Bird, Vol. 3, p. 959, and Ornithology, Vol. 20, p. 299); class v. Mammalia (Vol. 17, p. 520) to which man belongs.

Phylum xiv. Mesozoa (Vol. 18, p. 187) minute parasitic animals intermediate between the Protozoa and the Metazoa. Phylum xv. Polyzoa (Vol. 22, p. 42) aquatic animals forming colonies by budding. Phylum xvi. Acanthocephala (Vol. 1, p. 109) including the parasitic worms. Phylum xvii. Podaxonia (Vol. 28, p. 1023), and phylum xviii. Gastrotricha (Vol. 11, p. 526) minute animals living at the bottom of ponds and marshes.

Natural History

This is an outline of the main division of the animal kingdom in their order as now classified. The subject of zoology is so vast that the student will probably confine himself to one branch of the subject, perhaps to one small fraction of a division, of which he proposes to investigate the complete natural history. As will be seen from the list below, which is classified, the Britannica offers an immense amount of material bearing on the subject. But of course the study of any one sub-class needs a general knowledge of the foundations of zoological science, so that some acquaintance with the principles on which the animal world is classified is indispensable. As in Botany, it will be easy to see from the article on any individual animal to which family it belongs so that the young student can work back from the particular to the general and find out the whole relationship of the subject in which he is interested by reference to the “systematic” article.

LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ON ZOOLOGY

(For biographies of Zoologists, see the end of the chapter on Biology)

Zoology: General

Abomasum

Acetabulum

Animal

Aquarium

Aviary

Beak

Breeds and Breeding

Carapace

Colours of Animals

Comparative Anatomy

Conch

Contractile Vacuole

Crepuscular

Dew-claw

Dewlap

Dorsiventral

Dredge

Egg

Feather

Grub

Herd

Hibernation

Incubation and Incubators

Instinct

Intelligence in Animals

Karyogamy

Larval Forms

Meganucleus

Membranelle

Metamerism

Metamorphosis

Micronucleus

Migration

Mimicry

Mongrel

Monster

Moult

Nest

Nidification

Plankton

Proboscis

Pylome

Quill

Regeneration of Lost Parts

Sex

Song (of Birds)

Taxidermy

Vermin

Zoology

Zoological Distribution

Zoological Gardens

Zoological Nomenclature

Zoology, Systematic: Invertebrata

Acanthocephala

Acineta

Actinozoa

Algae

Amoeba

Annelida

Anthozoa

Appendiculata

Aptera

Arachnida

Arcella

Arthropoda

Articulata

Aspirotrochaceae

Brachiopoda

Campodea

Cephalopoda

Chaetognatha

Chaetopoda

Ciliata

Coccidia

Coelentera

Coleoptera

Crustacea

Ctenophora

Cystoflagellata

Dendrocometes

Desmoscolecida

Difflugia

Dinoflagellata

Diptera

Echinoderma

Echiuroidea

Ectospora

Endospora

Entomostraca

Epistylis

Filosa

Flagellata

Foraminifera

Gastropoda

Gastrotricha

Gephyrea

Globigerina

Gnathopoda

Gregarines

Gymnostomaceae

Haemosporidia

Haplodrili

Heliozoa

Hemiptera

Heterokaryota

Hexapoda

Hydromedusae

Hydrozoa

Hymenoptera

357Infusoria

Kinorhyncha

Labyrinthulidea

Lamellibranchia

Lepidoptera

Malacostraca

Mastigophora

Medusa

Mesozoa

Mollusca

Molluscoida

Mycetozoa

Myonemes

Myriapoda

Myzostomida

Nematoda

Nematomorpha

Nemertina

Neuroptera

Nummulite

Opalina

Orthoptera

Paramecium

Pedipalpi

Pelomyxa

Pentastomida

Peripatus

Perissodactyla

Phoronidea

Planarians

Platyelmia

Polyp

Polyzoa

Priapuloidea

Proteomyxa

Protista

Protogenes

Protomyxa

Protozoa

Pseudopod

Pycnogonida, or Pantopoda

Radiata

Radiolaria

Rhizopoda

Rotifera

Sarcodina

Scaphopoda

Scyphomedusae

Sipunculoidea

Sponges

Sporozoa

Stentor

Thyrostraca

Thysanoptera

Thysanura

Trematodes

Trypanosomes

Vampyrella

Vorticella

Zoology, Systematic: Vertebrata

Amphibia

Artiodactyla

Amphioxus

Balanoglossus

Batrachia

Bovidae

Caecilia

Carnivora

Cetacea

Chaetosomatida

Chiroptera

Cyclostomata, or Marsipobranchii

Cyprinodonts

Edentata

Equidae

Hemichorda

Hyracoidea

Insectivora

Marsupialia

Monodelphia

Monotremata

Pecora

Proboscidea

Pterobranchia

Ratitae

Rodentia

Ruminantia

Salmon and Salmonidae

Sauropsida

Selachians, or Elasmobranchii

Suina

Tardigrada

Teleostomes

Tunicata

Tylopoda

Ungulata

Vertebrata

Zoology, Natural History: Mammals

Aard-vark

Aard-wolf

Addax

Agouti

Alpaca

Ant-eater

Antelope

Anthropoid Apes

Aona

Ape

Argali

Armadillo

Ass

Aurochs

Avahi

Aye-aye

Babirusa

Baboon

Badger

Bandicoot

Bandicoot-rat

Bantin

Barbary Ape

Bat

Bear

Beaver

Beluga

Bharal

Binturong

Bison

Black Ape

Black Buck

Boar

Bongo

Bottlenose Whale

Bronco

Buck

Buffalo

Bushbuck

Ca’ing Whale

Calf

Camel

Capuchin Monkey

Capybara

Caracal

Cat

Catarrhine Ape

Cattle

Cavy

Chacma

Chamois

Cheeta

Chevrotain

Chimpanzee

Chinchilla

Chiru

Civet

Clouded Leopard

Coati

Colugo

Coyote

Coypu

Dasyure

Deer

Diana Monkey

Dingo

Dog

Dolphin

Dormouse

Douroucouli

Dromedary

Dugong

Duiker

Echidna

Eland

Elephant

Elk

Ermine

Eyra

Fallow-deer

Ferret

Field-mouse

Filander

Flying-fox

Flying Squirrel

Foussa

Fox

Galago

Galeopithecus

Gaur

Gayal

Gelada

Genet

Gerbil

Gerenuk

Gibbon

Giraffe

Glutton, or Wolverine

Gnu

Goat

Gopher

Goral

Gorilla

Green Monkey

Grison

Grivet

Groove-toothed Squirrel

Ground-squirrel

Guanaco

Guenon

Guereza

Hamster

Hare

Hartebeest

Hedgehog

Heifer

Heron

Hind

Hippopotamus

Horse

Hound

Howler

Humpback-whale

Hunting Dog

Hyena

Ibex

Ichneumon

Indri

Jackal

Jaguar

Jaguarondi

Jennet

Jerboa

Jumping-hare

Jumping-mouse

Jumping-shrew

Kangaroo

Kangaroo-rat

Kinkajou

Kit-fox

Klipspringer

Koala

Kudu

Langur

358Lemming

Lemur

Leopard

Linsang

Lion

Llama

Loris

Lynx

Macaque

Macrauchenia

Mammalia

Manati

Mandrill

Mangabey

Manul

Mare

Markhor

Marmoset

Marmot

Marshbuck

Marsupial Mole

Marten

Merino

Mink

Mole

Mole-rat

Mole-shrew

Mona Monkey

Monkey

Moose

Mouflon

Mouse

Mule

Muntjac

Musk-deer

Musk-ox

Musk-rat

Musk-shrew

Mustang

Nilgai

Ocelot

Octodon

Okapi

Opossum

Orang-utan

Oribi

Oryx

Otter

Ox

Paca

Palla

Palm-civet

Panda

Pangolin

Panther

Pariah Dog

Patas Monkey

Peccary

Père David’s Deer

Phalanger

Pica

Pig

Pithecanthropus Erectus

Platypus

Pluto Monkey

Pocket-gopher

Pocket-mouse

Polecat

Pony

Porcupine

Porpoise

Potoroo

Potto

Pouched-mouse

Prairie-marmot

Primates

Proboscis-monkey

Prongbuck

Puma

Quagga

Rabbit

Raccoon

Raccoon-dog

Ram

Rat

Ratel

Reedbuck

Reindeer

Rhinoceros

Rhytina

River-hog

Rocky-Mountain Goat

Roebuck

Rorqual

Sable Antelope

Saiga

Saki

Seal

Serow

Serval

Sheep

Shrew

Sifaka

Sirenia

Skunk

Sloth

Snow-leopard

Souslik

Sperm-whale

Spider-monkey

Spiny Squirrel

Springbuck

Squirrel

Squirrel Monkey

Star-nosed Mole

Suricate

Swine

Tahr

Takin

Tapir

Tarsier

Tenrec

Thylacine

Tiger

Tiger-cat

Timber-Wolf

Tree Kangaroo

Tree-shrew

Udad, Aoudad, or Audad

Uakari

Vampire

Vervet

Vicugña

Viscacha

Vole

Wallaby

Walrus

Waltzing Mouse

Wanderu

Wart-hog

Waterbuck

Water-deer

Water-opossum

Weasel

Whale

Wolf

Wombat

Yak

Zebra

Zoology, Natural History: Birds

Albatross

Auk

Beccafico

Bird

Birds of Paradise

Bittern

Blackbird

Blackcock

Bullfinch

Bunting

Bustard

Buzzard

Canary

Capercally

Cassowary

Chaffinch

Cockatoo

Cock-of-the-Rock

Condor

Coot

Cormorant

Crane

Crossbill

Crow

Cuckoo

Curassow

Curlew

Diver

Dodo

Dove

Duck

Eagle

Eider

Emeu

Falcon

Fieldfare

Finch

Flamingo

Flycatcher

Fowl

Frigate-bird

Fulmar

Gadwall

Gannet

Gare-fowl

Garganey

Goatsucker

Godwit

Golden-eye

Goldfinch

Goose

Gos-hawk

Grackle

Grebe

Greenfinch

Greenshank

Grosbeak

Grouse

Guacharo

Guan

Guillemot

Guinea Fowl

Gull

Harpy

Harrier or Hen Harrier

Hawfinch

Hawk

Hen

Heron

Hoactzin, or Hoatzin

Honey-eater

Honey-guide

Hoopoe

Hornbill

Humming-bird

Ibis

Icterus

Jabiru

Jacamar

Jacaná

Jackdaw

Jay

Kakapo

Kestrel

Killdeer

King-bird

Kingfisher

Kinglet

Kite

Kiwi, or Kiwi-Kiwi

Knot

Lammergeyer

Lapwing

Lark

Linnet

Loom, or Loon

Lory

Love-bird

Lyre-bird

Macaw

Magpie

Mallemuck

Manakin

Manucode

Martin

Megapode

Merganser

Mew

359Moa

Mocking-bird

Moor-hen

Morillon

Motmot

Mouse-bird

Nestor

Nightingale

Noddy

Nonpareil

Nutcracker

Nuthatch

Ocydrome

Oriole

Ornithology

Orthonyx

Ortolan

Osprey

Ostrich

Ousel, or Ouzel

Owl

Oyster-catcher

Parrot

Partridge

Peacock

Pelican

Penguin

Petrel

Pheasant

Pica

Pigeon

Pipit

Pitta

Plover

Pochard, Pockard, or Poker

Pratincole

Ptarmigan

Puff-bird

Puffin

Quail

Quezal, or Quesal

Rail

Raven

Razorbill

Redbreast, or Robin

Redshank

Redstart

Redwing

Rhea

Rifleman-bird

Roller

Rook

Ruff

Sand-grouse

Sandpiper

Scaup

Scoter

Screamer

Scrub-bird

Secretary-bird

Seriema, or Cariama

Shearwater

Sheathbill

Sheld-drake

Shoe-bill

Shoveler

Shrike

Siskin

Skimmer

Skua

Snake-bird

Snipe

Sparrow

Spoonbill

Starling

Stilt, or Long-legged Plover

Stork

Sugar-bird

Sun-bird

Sun-bittern

Swallow

Swan

Swift

Tanager-bird

Tapaculo

Teal

Tern

Thrush

Tinamou

Titmouse

Tody

Toucan

Touracou

Tree-creeper

Trogan

Tropic-bird

Trumpeter

Turkey

Turnstone

Vulture

Wagtail

Warbler

Waxwing

Weaver-bird

Wheatear

Whitethroat

Wigeon, or Widgeon

Woodchuck

Woodcock

Woodpecker

Wren

Wry-neck

Zosterops

Zoology, Natural History: Reptiles

Adder

Alligator

Alytes

Amphisbaena

Anaconda

Asp

Basilisk

Boa

Chameleon

Cobra

Cockatrice

Crocodile

Cryptobranchus

Dragon

Gecko

Iguana

Lizard

Proteus

Python

Rattlesnake

Reptiles

Sea-serpent

Snakes

Sphenodon

Tortoise

Viper

Zoology, Natural History: Fishes

Anchovy

Angler

Barbel

Beluga

Bitterling

Bleak

Bream

Brill

Burbot

Carp

Cat-fish

Char

Chub

Cichlid

Coal-fish

Cod

Dace, Dare, or Dart

Dog-fish

Dory, or John Dory

Eel

Electric Eel

File-fish and Trigger Fish

Flat-fish

Flounder

Fluke

Flying-fish

Gar-fish

Globe-fish

Goby

Goldfish

Goramy, or Gouramy

Grampus

Grayling

Gudgeon

Gurnard

Gwyniad

Haddock

Hag-fish

Hair-tail

Hake

Halibut

Hammer-Kop, or Hammerhead

Herring

Horse Mackerel

Ichthyology

Kipper

Lamprey

Ling

Loach

Lump-sucker

Mackerel

Mahseer, or Mahaseer

Menhaden

Miller’s Thumb

Minnow

Mormyr

Mullet

Muraena

Murray Cod

Narwhal

Opah

Parr

Parrot-fishes

Perch

Pike

Pike-perch

Pilchard

Pilot-fish

Pipe-fishes

Plaice

Pollack

Pollan

Pout

Ray

Ribbon-fishes

Roach

Rudd, or Red-eye

Salmon

Sand-Eel

Sea-horse

Sea-wolf

Shad

Shark

Sheepshead

Silverfish

Smelt

Sole

Sprat

Stickleback

Sturgeon

Sun-fish

Sword-fish

Tench

Trout

Tunny

Turbot

Vendace

Weever

Whitebait

Whitefish

Whiting

Wrasse

360

Zoology, Natural History: Batrachians

Axolotl

Batrachia

Frog

Newt

Salamander

Siren

Surinam Toad

Tadpole

Toad

Tree Frog

Zoology, Natural History: Insects

Acarus

Alder-fly

Ant

Ant Lion

Aphides

Bee

Beetle

Bird-louse

Bug

Butterfly and Moth

Caddis-fly and Caddis-worm

Caterpillar

Chafer

Cicada

Cochineal

Cockroach

Cricket

Cuckoo-spit

Death-watch

Dragon-fly

Earwig

Entomology

Fire Brat

Fire-fly

Flea

Fly

Glow-worm

Gnat

Grasshopper

Ground-pearl

Harvest-bug

Harvester

Hemimerus

Ichneumon-fly

Insect

Katydid

Lacewing-fly

Lantern-fly

Leaf-insect

Locust

Louse

Mantis

Mantis-fly

May-fly, or Ephemeridae

Mosquito

Moth

Palmer

Phylloxera

Saw-fly

Scale-insect

Scorpion-fly

Snake-fly

Springtail

Stick-insect

Stone-fly

Tarantula

Termite

Ticks

Tsetse-fly

Wasp

Water-boatman

Water-scorpion

Weevil

Wireworm

Zoology, Natural History: Other Invertebrata

Abalone

Asterid

Barnacle

Bêche-de-Mer, or Trepang

Book-scorpion

Centipede

Chiton

Cockle

Cowry

Crab

Crayfish

Cuttle Fish

Earthworm

King-crab

Leech

Lobster

Millipede

Mite

Mussel

Nautilus

Octopus

Oyster

Prawn

Scorpion

Sea-urchin

Shrimp

Snail

Spider

Starfish

Tapeworms

Teredo

Water-flea

Wood-louse

Worm

Zoology, Palaeontology

Amblypoda

Anclyopoda

Anthracotherium

Archaeopteryx

Arsinoïtherium

Creodonta

Dinotherium

Diplodocus

Dryopithecus

Ganodonta

Glyptodon

Graptolites

Ichthyosaurus

Iguanodon

Litopterna

Machaerodus

Mammoth

Mastodon

Megatherium

Multituberculata

Mylodon

Odontornithes

Oreodon

Ostracoderms, or Ostracophores

Palaeontology

Palaeospondylus

Palaeotherium

Phenacodus

Phorohacos

Plesiosaurus

Pterodactyles

Sparassodonta

Tillodontia

Titanotheriidae

Toxodontia

Trilobites

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