Part 1 — CHAPTER XXIX FOR ARMY OFFICERS

A New Departure

It is often said of an article in the Britannica that it is “the last word on the subject,” so thoroughly has the authority of the book been recognized. This is quite as true of military articles as of those in any other field; but of the military articles it may also be said that they are the first word. Of course, there have been, in previous editions of the Britannica and, to a less degree in minor works of general reference, articles on military history and biography. But in the new Britannica, for the first time, all branches of military knowledge are included, and the spirit of the entire treatment is comparative and critical. The military student will find a discussion not merely of Napoleon’s influence on army organization or Frederick’s influence on cavalry (in the articles on these two leaders), but also of the influence of army organization on Napoleon (in the articles on the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Campaigns), and of cavalry drill on the peculiar generalship of Frederick (in such articles as Seven Years’ War, on Hohenfriedberg, and on Rossbach). Put more concretely, the novelty consists in the inclusion of articles on wars, campaigns and battles, chosen because of their importance in military as well as in political history, 159and treated from the point of view of the military critic and with particular attention to the lessons they contain for the modern army officer. The care with which the battles and campaigns of the American Civil War are analyzed and criticized will be of singularly great interest to the American soldier, who will immediately notice among the contributors to the military department of the Britannica such names as those of Capt. C. F. Atkinson, author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour, Major G. W. Redway, author of Fredericksburg: A Study in War, Col. G. F. R. Henderson, author of Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War, and Col. F. N. Maude, lecturer in military history, University of Manchester.

Army

The best starting point for a study of military affairs in the Britannica is the article Army (Vol. 2, p. 592; equivalent to more than 100 pages of this Guide). This “key” article may be outlined as follows:

General History

Early Armies—Egypt (chariots, infantry, archers). Babylon and Assyria (horsemen, charioteers, etc.). Persian, largely cavalry; the first “organized” army. Greece,—compulsory service; citizen militia; heavy infantry the strong arm; phalanx, the Greek formation. Sparta,—a nation in arms. Greek mercenaries. Epaminondas and Thebes—new phalanx tactics, “oblique order”; development of cavalry. Alexander and Macedon—a modified Theban system. Carthage—mercenary troops led by great generals, with modification of phalanx for greater elasticity. Rome—army under the Republic; its characteristics; under the Empire; see also separate article Roman Army (Vol. 23, p. 471), by Professor F. J. Haverfield of Oxford. The Dark Ages, the Byzantines, and the development of Feudalism. Medieval Mercenaries. Infantry in Feudal Times. The Crusades. The Period of Transition (1290–1490), development of English archers and of professional soldiery,—condottieri, Swiss, Landsknechts. The Spanish army: “at the disposal of its sovereign, trained to the due professional standard and organized in the best way found by experience.” The Sixteenth Century—rise of the heavy cavalry armed with pistols, and fall of the pikemen. Dutch System—attention to minute detail; William the Silent and Maurice of Nassau. Thirty Years’ War—the Werbe-system, small standing army to be increased by levy at time of need. The Swedish Army—conscription and feudal indelta; Gustavus. The English Civil War—real national armies; Cromwell and the “New Model” only an incident without influence on army organization. Standing Armies. French pre-eminence after Rocroi. Small field armies, well-fed and sheltered for economy’s sake. 18th Century organization: “linear” formation and its negative results. Frederick the Great: the art of war a formal science. The French Revolution: a “nation in arms,” a war-machine more powerful than Frederick’s. The conscription in France. Napoleon—his attempt to make a dynastic army out of the “nation in arms.” The Grande Armée of 1805–1806; development of artillery; the army corps. The Wars of Liberation: new Prussian army; excellent Austrian organization. Armies of 1815–1870. American Civil War,—its slow decision. Contrast between French and Prussian staff systems in 1870. Modern Developments: German model followed slavishly except in Great Britain and the United States.

Present Day Armies: The general accounts of existing armies, and of the past organizations of each country, are supplemented by detailed information in the articles on different countries. Especial attention should be given to the military information in the article on Japan. Army Systems: Compulsory Service; Conscription; Voluntary Service; Militia.

Army Organization

The three chief arms—their relative importance: proportion on peace footing—5 160or 6 guns per 1000 men, 16 cavalry soldiers to 1000 men of other arms; proportion in war—Russian (1905) 3½ guns per 1000 men of other arms, 60 cavalry to 1000 infantry; Japanese (1905), 2½ field guns per 1000 men, 37 cavalry to 1000 infantry. Command: Brigade; Division; Army Corps, its constitution; Army; Chief Command of group of armies; chief of general staff and his relations to commander-in-chief—for example, von Moltke and King William. Branches of Administration—war office and general staff.

Table: Comparative strength of Various Armies.

British Army, Indian Army, Canadian Forces.

Austrian Army.

French Army.

German Army.

Italian Army.

Russian Army.

Spanish Army.

Turkish Army.

United States Army.

Armies of minor countries.

Bibliography (2000 words)

Theory and Practice

Next in order the student should turn to the article War (Vol. 28, p. 305; equivalent to 40 pages of this Guide), by Col. G. F. R. Henderson, well known for his books on the American Civil War (Fredericksburg, Stonewall Jackson, etc.), with a section on Laws of War, by Sir Thomas Barclay. Col. Henderson’s article lays down important general principles. An analysis of modern conditions shows that improved methods of communication have made war a much speedier process, in which the victorious general cannot make mistakes at the outset. That intellect and education count for more than stamina and courage was the lesson of the Franco-Prussian War—a lesson learned by the Prussians before that war. Modern war is a science and the amateur has little chance; in this respect things have changed. “It is impossible to doubt that had the Boers of 1899 possessed a staff of trained strategists, they would have shaken the British Empire to its foundations.” There must be a concert between diplomacy and strategy. Civilian war ministers cannot solve strategic problems. The greater deadliness of modern warfare, and the greater moral effect of being under fire call for better foresight, strategy and morale. The relation of army and navy is discussed and the new doctrine of “sea-power” explained. (See the chapter For Naval Officers in this Guide). The remaining topics in the article are: weakness of allied armies; railways and sea as lines of operation; amphibious power; value of unprofessional troops and the need of professional leaders.

Arms of Service

In the articles Infantry (Vol. 14, p. 517; 2 plates; equivalent to 35 pages of this Guide) and Artillery (Vol. 2, p. 685; 2 plates; equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide), both by Capt. Atkinson, and in the article Cavalry (Vol. 5, p. 563; illustrated with 2 plates and 1 cut; in length equivalent to 30 pages of this Guide), by Col. F. N. Maude, the student will find an elaborate treatment of the history, organization and tactics (especially since 1870) of each of these arms. For details of their organization and equipment he should read the articles Engineers, Staff, Mounted Infantry, Supply and Transport (Military), Officers, Ambulance, Fortification, Machine Guns, Coast Defence, Ordnance, Ballistics, Sights, Rifle, Gun, Pistol, Explosive, Gunpowder, Guncotton, Cordite and Nitro-glycerine. In many geographical articles there are descriptions of the world’s great fortifications, e. g., Paris, Antwerp, and Verdun. Other topics of a more miscellaneous character are covered by the articles Army Signalling, Pigeon Post, Signals, War Game, Manoeuvres, Kite, etc.

161The military use of aeroplanes and balloons is very fully shown in the articles Flight and Aeronautics.

Strategy and Tactics

Before taking up a systematic course in military history, there are two general articles that the military student should read: Tactics (Vol. 26, p. 347; equivalent in length to 20 pages of this Guide), by Maj. Neill Malcolm, editor of the Science of War; and Strategy (Vol. 25, p. 986; equivalent to 35 pages of this Guide), by Col. F. N. Maude. The former article should be compared with the sections on tactics in the articles Infantry, Cavalry and Artillery. Major Malcolm makes much of the continuity of military history, comparing Metaurus and Ramillies with the fighting in Manchuria, and Wellington at Maya with Oyama in his contest with Kuropatkin. The mistakes that have been made once should not be made again; at least the careful student of tactical history may see to it that if they are repeated, it is done by his opponent and not by himself. Modern tactics are different from ancient because of greater fire-power and improved methods of transportation. Cavalry tactics are in an uncertain condition; there is no recent practice to serve as a guide, since neither in South Africa in the Boer war nor in Manchuria during the Russo-Japanese conflict was cavalry much used. Infantry must co-operate to make artillery bombardment effective. An interesting discussion of offensive and defensive fighting is summed up in the words “To the true general the purely defensive battle is unknown” and as evidence are adduced Wellington at Salamanca and Oyama at Sha-ho. Oyama’s victory in the latter battle, it is pointed out, shows the increased ease of the process of envelopment, which has resulted in discarding corps artillery in favour of divisional artillery. The importance—and the possibility—of the counter stroke; the danger of using for the relief of one’s own troops forces which might better be launched at the enemy’s weakest spot; and the similar unwisdom of any negative tactics, adopted to avoid loss, as in “holding attacks”—are the other principal points made in the article.

The article Strategy should be read in conjunction with the articles Army and War. It is impossible to summarize or outline it here, but it is worth noting that the article closes with a definition and discussion of the following terms: Base; Line of Communication; Line of Operations; Exterior Lines; Obstacles.

Military History and Criticism

For a reasoned history of warfare in more detail than has been given in the general articles already alluded to, the reader will find some outline like the following valuable, the arrangement being roughly chronological and all words in Italics being titles of articles in the Britannica.

Marathon; Darius; Miltiades; Herodotus.

Thermopylae; Leonidas; Salamis.

Peloponnesian War; Pericles; Cleon; Pylos; Brasidas; Alcibiades; Critias; Thucydides; Xenophon.

Epaminondas; Mantineia.

Philip II of Macedon; Olynthus; Chaeroneia; Alexander the Great; Arrian.

Pyrrhus.

Roman Army; Caudine Forks; Punic Wars; Carthage; Hanno; Hannibal; Hasdrubal; Mago; Trasimene; Fabius (Cunctator); Cannae; Scipio Africanus; Scipio Aemilianus; Aemilius Paulus; Perseus; Marius; Jugurtha; Sulla; Sertorius; Pompey; Caesar; Antonius (Mark Antony).

Charles Martel.

Charlemagne.

William I (of England); Hastings; Standard, Battle of.

Crusades (equivalent to 90 pages of this Guide); Godfrey of Bouillon; Raymund of Toulouse; Richard I (of 162England); Philip II (of France); Saladin; Henry VI (Roman Emperor); Baldwin I; Frederick II; Louis IX (of France).

Bouvines.

Bannockburn; Robert Bruce.

Hundred Years’ War; Philip VI; Edward III; Crécy; John of Bohemia; Edward (the Black Prince); Calais; Poitiers; John II (of France); Lancaster, House of (for John of Gaunt); Bertrand Du Guesclin; Henry V (of England); Agincourt; Joan of Arc; 1st Duke of Bedford (John Plantagenet); Count of Dunois.

Wars of the Roses; St. Albans; Towton; Earl of Warwick (Richard Neville); Edward IV.

Ravenna, battle of; Bayard (the chevalier); Gaston de Foix; Pescara; Navarro; Marignan; Francis I (of France).

Flodden; James IV (of Scotland); Norfolk, 3rd Duke.

St. Quentin (1557); Coligny; Montmorency (constable); Emmanuel Philibert.

Alva; William the Silent (Vol. 28, p. 672); Maurice of Nassau; Farnese (duke of Parma).

Thirty Years’ War; Maximilian I (of Bavaria); Frederick V (elector palatinate; Vol. 11, p. 59); Mansfeld; Tilly; Wallenstein; Gustavus Adolphus; Breitenfeld; Lützen; Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar; duc de Rohan; Frederick Henry; Gallas; Banér; Piccolomini; Turenne; Torstensson; Condé; Freiburg; Mercy; Nördlingen; Wrangel (1613–1676); Fronde.

Great Rebellion (English Civil Wars of 1642–52); Charles I (of England); Prince Rupert; Essex (2nd Earl, Vol. 9, p. 782); Edgehill; John Hotham; Baron Hopton; Sir William Waller; Duke of Newcastle (1592–1676); Fairfax of Cameron (2nd and 3rd Barons); Sir Bevil Grenville; Oliver Cromwell; Manchester, 2nd Earl of (Vol. 17, p. 543); Marston Moor; Leven; Skippon; Argyll, 8th Earl; Montrose; Lord Newark; Goring; Naseby; John Lambert; Charles Fleetwood; Dunbar; Thomas Harrison.

Dutch Wars; Louis XIV; Condé; Frederick William of Brandenburg; Turenne; Montecucculi; William III (of England); Duke of Luxembourg; Charles of Lorraine (Vol. 17, p. 11).

Vauban.

Grand Alliance, War of; Catinat; Luxembourg; Vauban; Fleurus; Louvois; Duc de Boufflers; Coehoorn; William III of England; Steenkirk; Neerwinden; Villeroi.

Spanish Succession; Marlborough; Eugene of Savoy; Villars; Peterborough; Ruvigny; Catinat; Vendôme; Blenheim; Ramillies; Oudenarde; Malplaquet; Berwick.

Polish Succession War.

Austrian Succession; Frederick the Great; Count von Schwerin; L. A. Khevenhüller; Duc de Broglie; Traun; Charles (of Lorraine; Vol. 5, p. 936); Seckendorf; George II (of England); Noailles; Conti (Vol. 7, p. 28); Hohenfriedberg; Fontenoy; comte de Saxe (marshal); Duke of Cumberland; Ligonier; Belle-Isle.

Seven Years’ War (with 5 diagrams): Frederick the Great; Clive; Amherst; Wolfe; comte de Lally; Montcalm; Count von Browne; Ferdinand (of Brunswick); Daun; Zieten; F. E. J. Keith; Seydlitz; Rossbach; Soubise (1715–1787); Leuthen; Loudon; Kunersdorf; Finck; Minden; Sackville, 1st Viscount; Granby.

American War of Independence; Lexington; Concord; Bunker Hill; Joseph Warren; Israel Putnam; Thomas Gage; William Howe; Ethan Allen; Ticonderoga; George Washington; Benedict Arnold; Richard Montgomery; Long Island; Rufus Putnam; William Alexander; Trenton and Princeton; Henry Knox; Brandywine; Germantown; Burgoyne; Bennington; John Stark; Saratoga; George Rogers Clark; Sir Henry Clinton; Monmouth; John Sullivan; Anthony Wayne; William Moultrie; Charleston (S. C.); Francis Marion; Thomas Sumter; Andrew Pickens; Horatio Gates; Nathanael Greene; Cornwallis; Kalb; Camden; King’s Mountain; Daniel Morgan; 163Henry Lee; Tarleton; Eutawville; Lafayette; Yorktown.

French Revolutionary Wars (with 6 diagrams); Dumouriez; Kellerman (1735–1820); Custine; Jemappes; Gribeauval; Neerwinden (1793); Clerfayt; Vendée; L. N. M. Carnot; Jourdan; Wattignies; Joubert; Frederick Augustus, Duke of York; Souham; Moreau; Kray von Krajova; Vandamme; Pichegru; Marceau; Charles, archduke of Austria (Vol. 5, p. 935); Masséna; Napoleon; Augereau; Serurier; Joubert; Sir W. Sidney Smith; Kléber; Alexandria; Oudinot; Suvarov; Borodino; Macdonald; Marengo; Murat; Lannes; Berthier; Bautzen.

Napoleonic Campaigns (9 diagrams; and see, on p. 233 of Vol. 19, “The Military Character of Napoleon”); Napoleon; Wrede; Murat; Charles XIV (Bernadotte); Marmont; Davout; Ney; Lannes; Soult; Berthier; Angereau; Dupont de l’Etang; Austerlitz; Kutusov; Hohenlohe (Vol. 13, p. 572); Blücher; Lasalle; Massenbach; Kalckreuth; Scharnhorst; Lefebvre-Desnoëttes; Count von Bennigsen; Eylau; Friedland; Grouchy; Mortier; Senarmont; Oudinot; Massena; Aspern-Essling; Charles, archduke of Austria; Bellegarde; Wagram; Beauharnais; Macdonald; Jerome Bonaparte (Vol. 4, p. 195); Barclay de Tolly; Bagration; Victor-Perrin; Yorck von Wartenburg; Lauriston; Wittgenstein; Bautzen; Schwarzenberg; Gouvion St. Cyr; Dresden (battle).

Peninsular War; Junot; Murat; Dupont de l’Etang; Moncey; Palafox y Melzi; Wellington; Sir John Moore; Sir David Baird; Talavera; Suchet; Sebastiani; Foy; Lord Hill; Lord Lynedoch; W. C. Beresford; Salamanca; Clausel; O’Donnell; Vitoria; Sir William Napier.

American War of 1812; Isaac Brock; Dearborn; Baltimore; Washington; New Orleans; Andrew Jackson; Jacob Brown; James Wilkinson; and for sea-fighting the titles in the chapter of this Guide: For Naval Officers.

Waterloo Campaign (with 3 maps); Napoleon; Murat; Schwarzenberg; Barclay de Tolly; Wellington; Blücher; Lord Hill; Anglesey; D’Erlon; Gneisenau; Gérard; Grouchy; Vandamme; Thielmann; Bülow (1755–1816); Ney; Exelmans; Pajol; Picton.

Greek Independence; Ypsilanti; Mavrocordato; Coraës; Dundonald; Sir Richard Church.

Russo-Turkish Wars (1828–29); Paskevich; Diebitsch (1877–78); Osman; Skobelev; Plevna (with diagram); Todleben; Shipka Pass.

Crimean War (with 2 diagrams): Gorchakov; Hess; Raglan; Saint Arnaud; Canrobert; Pelissier; Menshikov (1787–1869); Bosquet; Todleben; Alma; Balaklava; Scarlett; Cardigan; Inkerman; Sir George Brown; Sir George Cathcart; Kinglake.

Italian Wars (1848–1870); Radetzky; Charles Albert of Sardinia (Vol. 5, p. 938); Durando; Pepe; Victor Emmanuel; Pelissier; Canrobert; La Marmora; Napoleon III; Forey; MacMahon; Bazaine; Wimpffen; Benedek; Niel; Custozza; Cialdini.

American Civil War; Bull Run; McDowell; Beauregard; J. E. Johnston; R. E. Lee; Rosecrans; Lexington, Mo.; Fremont; Nathaniel Lyon; F. P. Blair, Jr.; Pope; Burnside; B. F. Butler; McClellan; A. S. Johnston; G. H. Thomas; U. S. Grant; C. F. Smith; Lew Wallace; McClernand; Halleck; O. M. Mitchel; Shiloh; N. P. Banks; T. J. (Stonewall) Jackson; Shenandoah; Fair Oaks; Seven Days; A. P. Hill; D. H. Hill; J. E. B. Stuart; Braxton Bragg; Longstreet; Bull Run (second battle); Ewell; Sigel; Hooker; Kearny; Fitz-John Porter; Antietam; E. V. Sumner; Hood; Burnside; Van Dorn; Fredericksburg; W. B. Franklin; John F. Reynolds; D. N. Couch; Stone River; Hardee; A. McD. McCook; T. L. Crittenden; G. H. Thomas; J. C. Breckinridge; McPherson; Chancellorsville; T. F. Meagher; Meade; Gettysburg; O. O. Howard; Doubleday; Early; Hancock; Sickles; Vicksburg; J. H. Morgan; Chickamauga; N. B. Forrest; Chattanooga; Sheridan; Wilderness (4 diagrams); Fitz-Hugh 164Lee; J. H. Wilson; G. K. Warren; John Sedgwick; Merritt; R. H. Anderson; Spottsylvania; Cold Harbor; Petersburg; Shenandoah Valley; Cedar Creek; W. T. Sherman; Marietta; Atlanta; Slocum; Schofield; Joseph Wheeler; J. A. Logan; Nashville; Richmond; Appomatox Court-House; Durham, N. C.

Seven Weeks’ War (with 2 diagrams): William I (of Germany); Moltke; Benedek; Frederick III (of Germany); Frederick Charles (of Prussia; Vol. 11, p. 61); Steinmetz; Blumenthal; Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen (Vol. 13, p. 573b); Goeben; and see Italian Wars above.

Franco-German War; Napoleon III; Niel; Moltke; William I (of Germany); Steinmetz; Frossard; MacMahon; Wörth (with plan); Bazaine; Metz (2 plans); Alvensleben; Canrobert; Bourbaki; Leboeuf; Manteuffel; Caprivi; Prince Frederick Charles; Sedan (with plan); Vinoy; Wimpffen; Gallifet; Werder; Gambetta; Freycinet; Aurelle de Paladines; Orleans; Bourbaki; Le Mans; Chanzy; Faidherbe; Belfort; Clinchant; Paris.

Servo-Bulgarian War; Alexander of Bulgaria (Vol. 1, p. 544); Milan of Servia.

Greco-Turkish War; Edhem Pasha.

Spanish-American War; Joseph Wheeler; F. V. Greene; Roosevelt; Miles.

Transvaal (Vol. 27, pp. 203 sqq. for Boer War of 1899–1902); Kruger; Cronje; P. J. Joubert; Sir George White; Buller; Lord Roberts; Lord Kitchener; J. H. De la Rey; Christian DeWet; Louis Botha.

Russo-Japanese War (with 4 diagrams); Kuroki; Kuropatkin; Inouye; Oku; Nozu; Oyama.

A Military Encyclopaedia

The military student will see from what has already been said that the Britannica is not merely a general work of reference but a valuable aid in the study of military history, biography, theory, practice and phraseology. The following alphabetical list names only the chief of the articles in the Britannica which make it a military cyclopaedia. As has been noticed above, many articles are special treatises in themselves dealing with many related topics, and—for instance—articles on wars or campaigns contain elaborate descriptions of separate battles. Many topics are treated in the Britannica, even if they are not in the following list, and their whereabouts may be readily learned by turning to the Index volume.

Abatis

Accoutrement

Acinaces

Adjutant

Adjutant-general

Adye, Sir John Miller

Aelian (Aelianus Tacticus)

Aemilius, Paulus

Aeneas Tacticus

Aeronautics

Agincourt, Battle of

Aide-de-camp

Albert, Charles, of Sardinia

Alcibiades

Alexander

Alexander the Great

Alexander, William

Alexander of Bulgaria

Alexandria

Alignment

Allan, Ethan

Alma

Alva

Alvensleben

Ambush

Ammunition

American Civil War

American War of 1812

American War of Independence

Amherst

Anderson, R. H.

Anglesey

Antietam

Antonius (Mark Antony)

Antwerp

Archery

Argyll, 8th Earl

Armet

Arms and Armour

Army

Army Corps

Army Signalling

Arnold, Benedict

Arquebus

Arrian

Arsenal

Artillery

Asclepiodotus

Aspern-Essling

Assegai

Atlanta

Augereau

Augsburg, War of the League of

Augustus, Frederick, Duke of York

Aurelle de Paladines

Austerlitz

Austrian Succession, War of the

Aventail or Avantaille

Bagration

Bailey

Baird, Sir David

Balaklava

Baldwin I

Ballistics

Bandolier

Banér

Banks, N. P.

Bannockburn

Barbette

Barclay de Tolly

Barracks

Barricade

Basinet

Bastion

Batta

Battalion

Battering Ram

Battle

Bautzen

Bayonet

Bazaine

165Bayard (the Chevalier)

Beauharnais

Beauregard

Bedford, 1st Duke of

Belfort

Bellegarde

Belle-Isle

Benedek

Bennigsen, Count von

Bennington

Beresford, W. C.

Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar

Berthier

Berwick

Bivouac

Blair, F. P., Jr.

Blenheim

Blockhouse

Blücher

Blumenthal

Blunderbuss

Bomb

Bombardier

Bombardment

Bonaparte, Jerome

Borodino

Bosquet

Botha

Boufflers, Duc de

Boulevard

Bourbaki

Bouvines

Bragg, Braxton

Brandywine

Brasidas

Breckinridge, J. C.

Breitenfeld

Brevet

Brialmont, H. A.

Brigade

Brigandine

Benedetto Brin

Bronsart von Schellendorf, Paul

Brown, Sir George

Brown, Jacob

Brown Bess

Browne, Count von

Bruce, Robert

Bullet

Buller

Bull Run

Bull Run (second battle)

Bülow, Dietrich Heinrich

Bunker Hill

Burgonet, or Burganet

Burgoyne

Burnside

Busby

Butler, B. F.

Cadet

Cadre

Caesar

Calais

Caliver

Caltrop

Camden

Camp

Campaign

Canadian Forces

Cannac

Cannon

Canrobert

Canteen

Cantonment

Capitulation

Caponier

Caprivi

Captain

Carabiniers

Carbine

Cardigan

Carnot, L. N. M.

Carronade

Carthage

Cartridge

Carrington, H. B.

Casemate

Case-Shot

Cashier

Castle

Catapult

Cathcart, Sir George

Catinat

Caudine Forks

Cavalry

Cedar Creek, Va.

Chaeroneia

Chancellorsville

Chanzy

Chaplain

Charlemagne

Charles, Archduke of Austria

Charles I (of England)

Charles XIV (Bernadotte)

Charles Martel

Charleston, S. C.

Chassepot

Chattanooga, Tenn.

Chesney, C. C.

Chesney, Sir G. T.

Chevaux-de-frise

Church, Sir Richard

Chickamauga Creek

Cialdini

Circumvallation, Lines of

Clark, George Rogers

Clausel

Clausewitz, Karl von

Claymore

Cleon

Clerfayt

Clinchant

Clinton, Sir Henry

Clive

Coast Defence

Coastguard

Coehoorn

Cold Harbor

Coligny

Colonel

Colours, Military

Colour-sergeant

Commander

Commandeer

Commando

Commissariat

Concord

Condé

Condottiere

Conscription

Conti

Coraés

Cordite

Cormontaingne, Louis de

Cornwallis

Corporal

Corps

Couch, D. N.

Counterscarp

Countersign

Court Marshal

Cox, J. D.

Crécy

Crimean War

Crilias

Crittenden, T. L.

Cromwell, Oliver

Cronje

Crusades

Cuirass

Cuirassiers

Cumberland, Duke of

Custine

Custozza

Cutlass

Dagger

Dannewerk

Darius

Daun

Davout

Dearborn

Defile

Depot

D’Erlon

De la Rey

Devolution, War of

De Wet

Diebitsch

Dirk

Division

Dodge, Theodore A.

Donelson, Fort

Doubleday

Dragoon

Dresden

Du Guesclin, Bertrand

Dumouriez

Dunbar

Dundonald

Dunes

Dunois, Count of

Dupont de l’Etang

Düppel

Durando

Dutch Wars

Early

Echelon

Edgehill

Edhem Pasha

Edward (the Black Prince)

Edward III

Edward IV

Emmanuel Philibert

Emmanuel, Victor

Enceinte

Enfilade

Engineers, Military

Ensign

Epaminondas

Epaulette

Essex

Eugene of Savoy

Eutawville

Ewell

Exelmans

Explosives

Eylau

Fabius (Cunctator)

Faidherbe

Fairfax of Cameron

Fair Oaks, Va.

Farnese (Duke of Parma)

Fascine

Ferdinand (of Brunswick)

Filibuster

Finck

Fleetwood, Charles

Fleurus

Flodden

Flying

Flying Column

Foix, Gaston de

Folard, Jean Charles

Fontenoy

Forey

Forlorn Hope

Forrest, N. B.

Fortification and Siegecraft

Foy

Francis I (of France)

Franco-German War

Franklin, W. B.

Frederick II

Frederick III (of Germany)

Frederick V

Frederick Charles (of Prussia)

Frederick Henry

Frederick the Great

Frederick William of Brandenburg

Fredericksburg, Va.

Freiburg im Breisgau

Fremont, J. C.

French Revolutionary Wars

Freycinet

Friedland

Frigate

166Fronde

Frossard

Fugleman

Fusilier

Gabion

Gage, Thomas

Gallas

Galliffet

Gambetta

Garrison

Gates, Horatio

Gauntlet

General

George II of England

Gerard

Germantown

Gettysburg

Gingall or Jingal

Glacis

Gneisenau

Godfrey of Bouillon

Goeben

Gorchakov

Gorget

Goring

Gouvion St. Cyr

Granby

Grand Alliance, War of the

Grant, U. S.

Grape

Great Rebellion

Greco-Turkish War

Greek Fire

Greek Independence, War of

Greene, F. V.

Greene, Nathanael

Grenade

Grenadier

Grenville, Sir Bevil

Gribeauval

Grouchy

Guards and Household Troops

Guardship

Guibert, Comte de

Guichard, Karl Gottlieb

Gun

Guncotton

Gunner

Gunpowder

Gun-Room

Gustavus Adolphus

Halbert

Halleck, H. W.

Hamley, Sir Edward

Hancock

Hannibal

Hanno

Hardee

Harper’s Ferry, W. Va.

Harrison, Thomas

Hasdrubal

Hastings

Haversack

Heliograph

Helmet

Henderson, G. F. R.

Henry V (of England)

Henry VI (Roman Emperor)

Herodotus

Herrings, Battle of the

Hess

Hill, A. P.

Hill, D. H.

Hill, Lord Rowland

Hohenfriedberg

Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Holster

Hood

Hooker

Hopton, Baron

Hostage

Hotham, John

Howard, O. O.

Howe, William

Howitzer

Hull, William

Hundred Years’ War

Hussar

Infantry

Inkerman

Inouye

Isly

Italian Wars

Jackson, Andrew

Jackson, T. J. (“Stonewall”)

James IV (of Scotland)

Japan, Army

Jemappes

Joan of Arc

John of Bohemia

John II of France

Johnston, A. S.

Johnston, J. E.

Jomini, Baron A. H.

Joubert, P. J.

Jourdan

Jugurtha

Junot

Kalb

Kalckreuth

Kearny

Keith, F. E. J.

Kellermann

Khaki

Khevenhüller, L. A.

Kinglake

King’s Mountain

Kitchener, Lord

Kite

Kléber

Knobkerrie

Knox, Henry

Kray von Krajova

Kriegspiel

Kruger

Kunersdorf

Kuroki

Kuropatkin

Kutusov

Laager

Lafayette

Lally, Comte de

Lambert, John

La Marmora

Lancaster, House of

Lance

Landsknecht

Landsturm

Landwehr

Langlois, H.

Lannes

Lasalle

Lauriston

Leboeuf

Lee, Fitz-Hugh

Lee, Henry

Lee, R. E.

Lefebvre-Desnoëttes

Legion

Leipzig

Le Mans

Leonidas

Leuthen

Leven

Lexington

Ligonier

Linstock

Logan, J. A.

Long Island, N. Y.

Longstreet

Lorraine, Charles of

Loudon

Louis IX (of France)

Louis XIV

Louvois

Lützen

Luxembourg

Luxembourg, Duke of

Lord Lynedoch

Lyon, Nathaniel

McClellan

McClernand

McCook, A. McD.

Macdonald

McDowell

McPherson

Macedon

Machine Gun

MacMahon

Mago

Major

Malleson, George Bruce

Malplaquet

Mameluke

Manchester, 2d Earl of

Military Manoeuvres

Mansfeld

Manteuffel

Mantineia

Marathon

Marceau

March

Marengo

Marietta, Ga.

Marignan

Marion, Francis

Marius

Marlborough

Marmont

Marston Moor

Martello Tower

Martial Law

Martinet

Masséna

Massenbach

Massinissa

Matross

Maurice of Nassau

Mavrocordato

Maximilian I (of Bavaria)

Meade

Meagher, T. F.

Menshikov

Mercenary

Mercy

Merritt

Metz

Meuse Line

Milan of Servia

Miles

Military Law

Militia

Miltiades

Minden

Minute Men

Mitchel, O. M.

Moat

Moltke

Moncey

Monmouth

Montalembert

Montcalm

Montecucculi

Montgomery, Richard

Montmorency (constable)

Montrose

Moore, Sir John

Moreau

Morgan, Daniel

Morgan, J. H.

Morion

Mortier

Moselle Line

Moultrie, William

Mounted Infantry

Murat

Musket

Muster

Mutiny

Napier, Sir William

Napoleon

Napoleonic Campaigns

Napoleon III

Naseby

Nashville

Navarro

Needle-gun

Neerwinden

Newark, Lord

Newcastle, Duke of

New Orleans

Ney

Niel

Nitro-glycerine

167Noailles

Nördlingen

Norfolk, 3rd Duke

Nozu

O’Donnell, H. J.

Officers

Oku

Olynthus

Onosander

Ordnance

Orleans

Osman

Oudenarde

Oudinot

Oyama

Pajol

Palafox y Melzi

Panoply

Parade

Parados

Parallels

Paris

Parole

Partisan

Paskevich

Pasley, Sir C. W.

Patrol

Pavis, or Pavise

Pelissier

Peloponnesian War

Peninsular War

Pericles

Perseus

Pescara

Petard

Peterborough

Petersburg Campaign

Petronel

Petty-Officer

Phalanx

Philip II (of Macedon)

Philip II (of France)

Philip VI

Piccolomini

Pichegru

Pickens, Andrew

Picket

Picton

Pigeon Post

Pike

Pistol

Platoon

Pneumatic Gun

Poitiers

Polish Succession, War of the

Polyaenus

Pompey

Poniard

Pontoon

Pope

Porter, Fitz-John

Press Gang

Propellants

Punic Wars

Purser

Putnam, Israel

Putnam, Rufus

Pylos

Pyrrhus

Quadrilateral

Quiver

Radetzky

Raglan

Ramillies

Range-finder, Telemeter or Position-finder

Rapier

Rapparee

Ravenna

Raymund of Toulouse

Razzia

Reconnaissance

Redan

Redoubt

Regiment

Retrenchment

Réveillé

Reynolds, John F.

Richard I (of England)

Ricochet

Richmond

Rifle

Roberts, Lord

Rocket

Rohan, duc de

Roosevelt

Ropes, J. C.

Rosecrans

Roses, Wars of the

Rossbach

Rupert, Prince

Russo-Japanese War

Russo-Turkish Wars

Rüstow, Friedrich W.

Ruvigny

Sackville, 1st Viscount

Saint Arnaud

St. Quentin

Salade, Sallet or Salet

Saladin

Salamanca

Salamis

Saratoga, Battles of

Saxe, Comte de (marshal)

Scabbard

Scarlett

Scharnhorst

Schiavone

Schofield

Schwarzenberg

Schwerin, Count von

Scimitar

Scipio Aemilianus

Scipio Africanus

Scout

Sebastiani

Seckendorf

Sedan

Sedgwick, John

Senarmont

Sentinel or Sentry

Sepoy

Serjeant

Sertorius

Servo-Bulgarian War

Sérurier

Seven Days’ Battle

Seven Weeks’ War

Seven Years’ War

Seydlitz

Shenandoah Valley Campaign

Sheridan

Sherman, W. T.

Shield

Shiloh

Shipka Pass

Sickles

Siege

Sigel

Sights

Signal

Silesian Wars

Sirdar

Skippon

Skobelev

Sling

Slocum

Smith, C. F.

Smith, Sir W. Sidney

Soubise

Souham

Soult

Sowar

Spahis

Spanish-American War

Spanish Succession, War of The

Spear

Spontoon

Spottsylvania

Spur

Spy

Squadron

Staff, military

Standard, Battle of

Stark, John

Steenkirk

Steinmetz

Stiletto

Stone River

Stony Point

Strategy

Strelitz

Stuart, J. E. B.

Suchet

Sulla

Sullivan, John

Sumner, E. V.

Sumter, Thomas

Supply and Transport (Military)

Sutler

Suvarov

Swold

Sword

Tactics

Talavera de la Reina

Target

Tarleton

Tattoo

Thermopylae

Thielmann

Thirty Years’ War

Thomas, G. H.

Thucydides

Ticonderoga, N. Y.

Tilly

Todleben

Torstensson

Towton

Transvaal

Trasimene

Traun

Traverse

Trébuchet

Trenton and Princeton

Troop

Turenne

Ulan

Uniforms

Vandamme

Van Dorn

Vauban

Vedette

Vegetius

Vendée

Vendôme

Verdun

Verdy du Vernois

Veteran

Vexillum

Vicksburg

Victor-Perrin

Villars

Villeroi

Vinoy

Visor

Vitoria

Volunteers

Wagram

Wallace, Lewis

Waller, Sir William

Wallenstein

Ward Room

War Game

Warrant Officer

Warren, G. K.

Warren, Joseph

Warwick, Earl of

Washington, George

Waterloo Campaign

Wattignies

Wayne, Anthony

Weapon

Wellington

Werder

Wheeler, Joseph

White, Sir George

Wilderness, Va.

Wilkinson, James

William the Silent

William I (of England)

William III (of England)

William I (of Germany)

Wilson, J. H.

Wimpffen

168Wittgenstein

Wolfe

Wood, Sir H. E.

Worth

Wrangel

Wrede

Xenophon

Yataghan

Yeomanry

Yorck von Wartenburg

Yorktown, Va.

Ypsilanti

Zieten

Zouave