Part 1 — CHAPTER XX FOR ENGINEERS

What “Engineering” Includes

The history of a word will sometimes supply the key to the gradual development of an art. “Engineering” was originally used to describe a mere branch of military science, the construction of fortifications and the trenching and sapping needed for their capture. Then about a century and a half ago the use of the phrase “civil engineering” came into use to indicate the broadening of the engineer’s functions to civil pursuits, but even then it served for a long time chiefly to describe surveying, road-making and bridge building. To-day, the specialized knowledge of engineers of one kind or another directs or facilitates every branch of industry. Consider for a moment the handling of iron, which, as the Britannica article Iron and Steel shows, has become the most indispensable of all substances save air and water, because we can find no substitute for it that possesses its strength, the hardness and the pliability we can give to it, and its magnetic properties, upon which all our electrical work depends. The mining engineer is concerned with the ore, the mechanical engineer with the machinery employed in its treatment; the transportation of the finished iron or steel depends upon the skill of the engineers who construct railroads and ships; the structural engineer shapes our buildings from the girders and erects them on the sites indicated by the surveying engineer; the sanitary engineer makes them wholesome, and the electrical engineer provides them with the many convenient appliances we need. Various primitive races have believed that the earth is supported upon the back of a tortoise, an elephant, or a fish; but when we begin to look into the origin of the surroundings we have made for ourselves, we cannot carry our examination very far before we find that almost everything we possess begins with a blueprint.

It seems a paradox, and yet it is true, that the more a man’s profession tends to specialization, the more help he can get from the comprehensiveness of the Britannica. He finds it necessary to dig so deep that the shaft he sinks must perforce be of narrow diameter, limiting his daily vision to but a small circle of the broad sky above him. The engineer of each class has his own text books, but at any moment his work may bring him into temporary relation with allied subjects which they do not cover, and in connection with which he may need trustworthy information. There is certainly no other book which surveys so authoritatively and minutely as does the Britannica the whole field of applied science. The services rendered by the 73 engineering experts—German, American, English, French and Italian—who collaborated in the production of the work are not to be measured only by the articles they wrote; for the advice and 101assistance many of them gave the editors in planning the book as a whole, ensured such treatment as an engineer would desire of many subjects indirectly connected with his work.

Mathematical Articles

The engineer will naturally turn first to the mathematical articles, which may be described as text-books of the most concise and useful nature, written by leading mathematicians of the age. Algebra (Vol. 1, p. 599) is by Dr. Sheppard, and G. B. Mathews, formerly professor of mathematics, University College of North Wales; Algebraic Forms (Vol. 1, p. 620) by Major P. A. Macmahon, formerly president of the London Mathematical Society; Geometry (Vol. 11, p. 675), Euclidean, Projective, Descriptive, by Dr. Henrici, professor of mathematics, Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute; Analytical, by E. B. Elliott, Waynflete professor of pure mathematics, Oxford; Line, by B. A. W. Russell, author of Foundations of Geometry, etc., and Dr. A. N. Whitehead of Trinity College, Cambridge; Axioms, by Dr. Whitehead; Trigonometry (Vol. 27, p. 271) by Dr. E. W. Hobson of Cambridge University; Surveying (Vol. 26, p. 142), Geodetic Triangulation, Levelling, Topographical Surveys, and Geographical Surveying, by Sir Thomas Holdich, formerly superintendent of Frontier Surveys, India; Nautical, by Vice-Admiral A. M. Field, R.N., author of Hydrographical Surveying, etc.; Geodesy (Vol. 11, p. 607) by Col. A. R. Clarke of the British ordinance survey, and Prof. F. R. Helmert of the University of Berlin; Logarithm (Vol. 16, p. 868) by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher, editor of the Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics; Mechanics (Vol. 17, p. 955), Statics, Kinetics, by Dr. Horace Lamb, professor of mathematics, University of Manchester; Theory of Structures, Theory of Machines, Applied Dynamics, by Dr. W. J. M. Rankine, late professor of civil engineering, Glasgow University, and W. E. Dalby, professor of civil and mechanical engineering, City and Guilds of London Institute; Dynamics (Vol. 8, p. 756) by Professor Lamb; Differences, Calculus of (Vol. 8, p. 223), by Dr. W. F. Sheppard; Infinitesimal Calculus (Vol. 14, p. 535) by Dr. A. E. H. Love, secretary of the London Mathematical Society; Variations, Calculus of (Vol. 27, p. 915), by Dr. Love; Quaternions (Vol. 22, p. 718) by Alexander McAulay, professor of mathematics and physics, University of Tasmania; Diagram (Vol. 8, p. 146), by Dr. James Clerk Maxwell, the noted physicist; Mensuration (Vol. 18, p. 135) by Dr. Sheppard; Table, Mathematical (Vol 26, p. 325), by Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher; Units, Physical (Vol. 27, p. 738), by Dr. J. A Fleming, professor of electrical engineering, University of London; Units, Dimensions of (Vol. 27, p. 736), by Sir Joseph Larmor, secretary of the Royal Society, England; and Calculating Machines (Vol. 4, p. 972), with 24 illustrations, is by Professor Henrici.

These admirable treatises as well as the article Drawing, Drawing-Office work (Vol. 8, p. 556), by Joseph G. Horner, will be useful to all engineers, and in the special field of civil engineering the following partial list of articles will convey some idea of the scope of the material to which the professional man has immediate access.

Articles for Civil Engineers

Bridges (Vol. 4, p. 533), with 72 illustrations, diagrams, etc., is a thorough discussion of the subject by Dr. William C. Unwin, emeritus professor of engineering, Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London Institute, author of Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs, etc. This article covers the whole theory of bridge design, and describes all the typical structures from the timber 102Pons Sublicius of ancient Rome, the bridge Horatius defended, to the Manhattan Bridge over the East River at New York. Roads and Streets (Vol. 23, p. 388); River Engineering (Vol. 23, p. 374), with 26 illustrations, by the late L. F. Vernon-Harcourt, professor of civil engineering, University College, London, and author of Rivers and Canals, etc.; Jetty (Vol. 15, p. 359), with 6 illustrations, and Pier (Vol. 21, p. 588), illustrated, also by Prof. Vernon-Harcourt; Dredge and Dredging (Vol. 8, p. 562), with 13 illustrations, by William Hunter, consulting engineer for Waterworks to Crown agents for the Colonies.

Hydraulics (Vol. 14, p. 35), with 213 illustrations, is by Prof. W. C. Unwin—an article in which the whole theory and practice of water-power, including discussions of water-motors and turbines, are brought fully up to date by the designer of the first water-motors at Niagara, the section dealing with hydraulic machines occupying 25 pages; Hydromechanics (Vol. 14, p. 115) by Sir Alfred George Greenhill, formerly professor of mathematics in the Ordnance College, Woolwich; Ventilation (Vol. 27, p. 1008), illustrated, by James Bartlett; Water Supply (Vol. 28, p. 387), with 20 illustrations, diagrams, and maps, by Dr. G. F. Deacon, formerly engineer-in-chief for the Liverpool Water Supply; Aqueduct, Modern Construction (Vol. 2, p. 244), by E. P. Hill; Sewerage (Vol. 24, p. 735), with 29 illustrations, by James Bartlett; Irrigation (Vol 14, p. 841).

Canal (Vol. 5, p. 168), by Sir E. Leader Williams, chief engineer of Manchester Ship Canal during construction, is an interesting article. There are also separate articles on great engineering undertakings, such as Panama Canal (Vol. 20, p. 667); Manchester Ship Canal (Vol. 17, p. 550) by Sir E. Leader Williams; Suez Canal (Vol. 26, p. 22). It will surprise many readers to learn that the project of a ship canal across Central America was considered as early as 1550, when a book demonstrating its feasibility was published in Portugal. Only a year later the King of Spain was strongly urged, in a memorial presented by De Gomara, the Spanish historian, to undertake the work.

Railways and Transportation

Tunnel (Vol. 27, p. 399), with many plans and illustrations, by H. A. Carson, in charge of designing and constructing the Boston Subway; Dock (Vol. 8, p. 353), with illustrations and plans; Caisson (Vol. 4, p. 957); Breakwater (Vol. 4, p. 475), with 16 illustrations; Harbour (Vol. 12, p. 935), illustrated; Reclamation of Land (Vol. 22, p. 954), with 13 illustrations. The last five articles are by Professor Vernon-Harcourt; Lighthouse (Vol. 16, p. 627), with 59 illustrations, by W. T. Douglass, who erected the Eddystone and Bishop Rock Lighthouses, and Nicholas G. Gedye, chief engineer to the Tyne Improvement Commission; Shipbuilding (Vol. 24, p. 922), with 125 illustrations—a complete treatise on the subject by Sir Philip Watts, director of naval construction for the British Navy; Traction (Vol. 27, p. 119), illustrated, by Prof. Louis Duncan, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Tramway (Vol. 27, p. 159), illustrated, by Emile Garcke, managing director of the British Electric Traction Co., Ltd.; Railways (Vol. 22, p. 819), a magnificent composite article, fully illustrated, in which the Introduction and the sections on Construction and Rolling Stock are by H. M. Ross, editor of The Times Engineering Supplement; General Statistics and Financial Organization, by Ray Morris, formerly of the Railway Age Gazette, New York, and author of Railroad Administration; Economics and Legislation, by Arthur T. Hadley, president of Yale University; American Railway Legislation, by Prof. Frank H. Dixon, of Dartmouth College, 103author of State Railroad Control; Accident Statistics, by B. B. Adams, associate editor, Railway Age Gazette; Intra Urban Railways, by W. B. Parsons, formerly chief engineer, Rapid Transit Commission, New York, and Light Railways, by C. E. Webber of the Royal Engineers, and Emile Garcke. No book on the subject has ever before contained so great a collection of expert knowledge as this article presents.

Structural Engineering

In regard to construction, engineers will find most valuable for reference and study the elaborate treatises Strength of Materials (Vol. 25, p. 1007), with 42 diagrams and illustrations, by Prof. J. A. Ewing, and Elasticity (Vol. 9, p. 141), with 32 diagrams, by Prof. A. E. H. Love. Notable articles in this connection are Iron and Steel (Vol. 14, p. 801), illustrated, by Dr. H. M. Howe, professor of metallurgy, Columbia University; and Steel Construction (Vol. 25, p. 861), illustrated. It is interesting to note that early in the 19th century a tall shot-tower was built in New York city by erecting a braced cage of iron and filling in the panels with masonry. Stone (Vol. 25, p. 958); Masonry (Vol. 17, p. 841), with 18 illustrations; Brickwork (Vol. 4, p. 521), with 15 illustrations—these four articles by James Bartlett, lecturer on construction at King’s College, London; Cement (Vol. 5, p. 653), illustrated, by Bertram Blount, hon. president, Cement Section of International Association for Testing Materials, Budapest; Concrete (Vol. 6, p. 835), with 16 illustrations, by F. E. Wentworth-Shields, dock engineer of the London and South-Western Railway; Mortar (Vol. 18, p. 875); Foundations (Vol. 10, p. 733), with 13 illustrations; Timber (Vol. 26, p. 978); Roofs (Vol. 23, p. 697), with 23 illustrations; Scaffold (Vol. 24, p. 279) illustrated; Shoring (Vol. 24, p. 1004), illustrated—the last six by James Bartlett.

For the Mechanical Engineer

The Engineering Section of the new Britannica provides an equal wealth of authentic material for members of other branches of the profession. It is impossible to indicate the exact lines of demarcation between these branches, and many articles are of use to all engineers alike; but in the special field of mechanical engineering there are Thermodynamics (Vol. 26, p. 808) by Dr. H. L. Callendar, professor of physics, Royal College of Science, London; Steam Engine (Vol. 25, p. 818) by Prof. Ewing, more than 30 pages long, with 68 illustrations. This article, with its up-to-date section on turbines, is one of the many in the engineering department of the Britannica which have been said by technical critics to merit separate publication as text-books. But such articles are all the more useful because they form part of one great library of universal knowledge. Other mechanical articles are Air Engine (Vol. 1, p. 443), illustrated, also by Professor Ewing; Gas Engine (Vol. 11, p. 495), illustrated, by Dugald Clerk, inventor of the Clerk Cycle Gas Engine; Oil Engine (Vol. 20, p. 35), illustrated, also by Dugald Clerk; Boiler (Vol. 4, p. 141), with 20 illustrations, by James T. Milton, chief engineer surveyor to Lloyd’s Registry of Shipping, and Joseph G. Horner, author of Plating and Boiler Making; Injector (Vol. 14, p. 570); Water Motors (Vol. 28, p. 382), illustrated, by T. H. Beare, Regius professor of engineering in the University of Edinburgh; Windmill (Vol. 28, p. 710), illustrated, by Professor Unwin; Fuel (Vol. 11, p. 274), illustrated, Solid Fuels by Hilary Bauermann, of the Ordnance College, Woolwich; Liquid Fuel, by Sir James Fortescue-Flannery, formerly president of the Institute of Marine Engineers; Gaseous Fuel, by Dr. Georg Lunge, 104professor of technical chemistry at the Zurich Polytechnic; Gas, Gas for Fuel and Power (Gas producers) (Vol. 11, p. 490), illustrated, also by Professor Lunge.

Power Transmission (Vol. 22, p. 224), illustrated, Mechanical, by Professor Dalby; Hydraulic, by Edward B. Ellington, chief engineer of the General Hydraulic Power Co., Ltd.; Pneumatic, by A. de W. Foote, superintendent of the North Star Mining Co., California; Pulley (Vol. 22, p. 641), illustrated, by Dr. Ernest G. Coker, professor of mechanical Engineering in the City and Guilds of London Technical College; Pump (Vol. 22, p. 645), illustrated; Brake (Vol. 4, p. 413), illustrated; Tool (Vol. 27, p. 14), with 79 illustrations, by Joseph G. Horner; Cranes (Vol. 7, p. 368), with 21 illustrations, by Walter Pitt; Elevators (Vol. 9, p. 263), illustrated, by G. F. Zimmer, author of Mechanical Handling of Material; Lubricants (Vol. 17, p. 89) by R. M. Deeley, joint author of Lubrication and Lubricants; Pneumatic Despatch (Vol. 21, p. 865) by H. R. Kempe, electrician to the General Post Office, London; Gyroscope and Gyrostat (Vol. 12, p. 769), illustrated, by Sir Alfred Greenhill; Motor Vehicles (Vol. 18, p. 914), with 37 illustrations—Light, by the Hon. C. S. Rolls, late managing director of the Rolls Royce Co., Ltd.; Heavy Commercial Vehicles, by Edward S. Smith, editor of The Commercial Motor; Railways, Locomotive Power (Vol. 22, p. 842) by Professor W. E. Dalby.

For the Electrical Engineer

The key article describing the general principles of electrical engineering is Electricity Supply (Vol. 9, p. 192), illustrated, by Emile Garcke, but at the immediate service of the electrical engineer there also stand Dynamo (Vol. 8, p. 764), with 42 illustrations, by C. C. Hawkins, author of The Dynamo; Power Transmission, Electrical (Vol. 22, p. 233) by Dr. Louis Bell, chief engineer, Electric Power Transmission Dept., General Electric Co.; Conduction, Electric (Vol. 6, p. 855), Conduction in Solids by Professor Fleming; in Liquids, by W. C. D. Whetham; in Gases, by Sir J. J. Thomson, a Nobel prize-winner and professor of experimental physics at Cambridge; Electrolysis (Vol. 9, p. 217) by W. C. D. Whetham; Electrokinetics (Vol. 9, p. 210), illustrated; Electrostatics (Vol. 9, p. 240); Electromagnetism (Vol. 9, p. 226), illustrated; Units, Physical, Electrical Units (Vols. 27, p. 740); Galvanometer (Vol. 11, p. 428), illustrated; Electrometer (Vol. 9, p. 234), illustrated; Amperemeter (Vol. 1, p. 879), illustrated; Voltmeter (Vol. 28, p. 206), illustrated; Ohmmeter (Vol. 20, p. 34), illustrated; Wattmeter (Vol. 28, p. 419)—all of these by Professor Fleming; Potentiometer (Vol. 22, p. 205); Accumulator (Vol. 1, p. 126), with 24 illustrations and diagrams, by Walter Hibbert, of the London Polytechnic; Transformers (Vol. 27, p. 173), with 15 illustrations and diagrams, and Wheatstone’s Bridge (Vol. 28, p. 584), illustrated, by Professor Fleming; Motors, Electric (Vol. 18, p. 910), by Dr. Louis Bell; Meter, Electric, (Vol. 18, p. 291), by Professor Fleming; Lighting, Electric (Vol. 16, p. 659), with 16 illustrations, by Professor Fleming, and a chapter on its commercial aspects, methods of charging, wiring of houses, testing meters, etc., by Emile Garcke; Telegraph (Vol. 26, p. 510), fully illustrated, Land and Submarine Telegraphy, by H. R. Kempe; Wireless Telegraphy, by Professor Fleming, and Commercial Aspects, by Emile Garcke; Telephone (Vol. 26, p. 547), illustrated, by H. R. Kempe and Emile Garcke; Traction, Electric (Vol. 27, p. 120), illustrated, by Professor Duncan. An admirable historical sketch of electricity will be found in Electricity (Vol. 9, p. 179), by Professor Fleming, which contains also an account of the development of electric theory.

American Practice in Mining

105It is typical of the policy pursued in making the new Britannica that the Editor placed the mining section in the hands of American experts, since they are universally regarded as the best in the world. This entire section is a worthy monument to American learning and practice.

The key-article Mining (Vol. 18, p. 528), fully illustrated, is by Dr. Henry Smith Munroe, professor of mining in Columbia University. This covers every branch of the subject, but further discussion of its special phases is continued in Mineral Deposits (Vol. 18, p. 504) by Dr. James F. Kemp, professor of geology, Columbia University; Quarrying (Vol. 22, p. 712) by Dr. F. J. H. Merrill, formerly state geologist of New York; Ore-Dressing (Vol. 20, p. 238), illustrated, by Dr. R. H. Richards, professor of mining and metallurgy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Shaft-Sinking (Vol. 24, p. 766), illustrated; Boring (Vol. 4, p. 251), illustrated; Blasting (Vol. 4, p. 44), illustrated—the last three by Robert Peele, professor of mining in Columbia University.

The Metallurgical Section

Metallurgy (Vol. 18, p. 203) describes in outline the general sequence of operations. Assaying (Vol. 18, p. 776) is by Andrew A. Blair, formerly chief chemist U. S. Geological Survey. See also Metal (Vol. 18, p. 198). Metalography (Vol. 18, p. 202), illustrated, is an account of the new and important method of microscopical examination of alloys and metals by Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen; and Francis H. Neville. Alloys (Vol. 1, p. 704), with unique photomicrographs of alloys and metals, is also by the authors of the article Metallography. Annealing, Hardening and Tempering (Vol. 2, p. 70), illustrated, is by Joseph G. Horner, who also writes Forging (Vol. 10, p. 663), which has 19 illustrations, Founding (Vol. 10, p. 743), with 11 illustrations, and Rolling-Mill (Vol. 23, p. 468), with 8 illustrations. The material on Fuel has already been mentioned. Furnace (Vol. 11, p. 358) describes and illustrates all the latest designs. Welding (Vol. 28, p. 501) is by J. G. Horner and Elihu Thomson, who writes on his own invention, Electric Welding.

The mining engineer or metallurgist will have in the new Britannica constantly at his elbow a complete series of articles dealing with the mining and metallurgy of all minerals and metals. Professor Howe’s exhaustive article Iron and Steel has already been noted in another part of this chapter. A few of the other important articles are Copper (Vol. 7, p. 103); Gold (Vol. 12, p. 192); Silver (Vol. 25, p. 112); Lead (Vol. 16, p. 314); Tin (Vol. 26, p. 995); Zinc (Vol. 28, p. 981); Manganese (Vol. 17, p. 569); Aluminum (Vol. 1, p. 767) by E. J. Ristori, member of Council, Institute of Metals. Safety-Lamp (Vol. 23, p. 998) is written by Hilary Bauermann. The latest mining statistics of all countries are to be found under their respective headings.

Biographies of Engineers

Military men are familiar with the lives and deeds of great soldiers; lovers of art and literature know something of the careers of their favorites; but as a rule the engineer knows little or nothing about the lives of the great ornaments of his profession, the splendid heroes of peace who have done much more than the soldier and the artist to create the world of to-day. The reason for this is that engineering biographies are very scarce, and in this connection the new Britannica fills a positive gap in the engineer’s library. There are considerably more than 100 biographies of great engineers, living and dead, written in the most interesting fashion by authoritative 106contributors. Among these articles are Watt, James (Vol. 28, p. 414) by Professor Ewing; Arkwright, Sir Richard (Vol. 2, p. 556); Stephenson, George (Vol. 25, p. 888); Bessemer, Sir Henry (Vol. 3, p. 823); Whitworth, Sir Joseph (Vol. 28, p. 616); Rennie, John (Vol. 23, p. 101); Lesseps, Ferdinand de (Vol. 16, p. 494) by Henri G. S. A. de Blowitz; Eads, James B. (Vol. 8, p. 789); Edison, Thomas A. (Vol. 8, p. 946); Ericsson, John (Vol. 9, p. 740); Maxim, Sir Hiram (Vol. 17, p. 918); Roebling, John A. (Vol. 23, p. 450); Siemens, Sir William (Vol. 25, p. 47) by Professor Ewing; Telford, Thomas (Vol. 26, p. 573); McAdam, John L. (Vol. 17, p. 190), and Trevithick, Richard (Vol. 27, p. 256).

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO ENGINEERS

Aberration

Abrasion

Abscissa

Absorption of Light

Acceleration

Accumulator

Achromatism

Acoustics

Actinometer

Adhesion

Adjutage

Adze

Aeronautics

Aether, or Ether

Aggregation

Agonic Lines

Air Engine

Algebra

Algebraic Forms

Aliquot

Alloys

Aluminium

Amicable Numbers

Amperemeter, or Ammeter

Anchor

Angle

Annealing, Hardening and Tempering

Anthracite

Anvil

Aperture

Aqueduct

Archimedes, Screw of

Architecture

Arkwright, Sir Richard

Armature

Armour Plates

Armstrong, 1st Baron

Artesian Wells

Assaying

Atmospheric Electricity

Atmospheric Railway

Auger

Autoclave

Awl

Axe

Axis

Axle

Baird, James

Baker, Sir Benjamin

Ballast

Ballistics

Balloon

Banket

Barker’s Mill

Barometer

Barometric Light

Battery

Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William

Bearings

Bell, Henry

Bellows and Blowing Machines

Bench-mark

Berlin

Berthon, Edward Lyon

Berthoud, Ferdinand

Bessel Function

Bessemer, Sir Henry

Bicycle

Bidder, George Parker

Biddery

Binocular Instrument

Binomial

Biquadratic

Bisectrix

Blasting

Bloom

Bogie

Boiler

Boring

Boulton, Matthew

Brachistochrone

Bradawl

Brake

Bramah, Joseph

Brass

Brassey, Thomas

Brazing and Soldering

Breakwater

Brick

Brickwork

Bridges

Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of

Bright, Sir Charles

Brindley, James

Bronze

Bronzing

Brown, Sir John

Brunel, I. K.

Brunel, Sir Marc

Buoy

Building

Burns, Sir George

Bush

Cab

Cable

Caisson

Caisson Disease

Calculating Machines

Caledonian Canal

Calorescence

Calorimetry

Camera Lucida

Camera Obscura

Camus, F. J. des

Canal

Cantilever

Capillary Action

Car

Cardioid

Carnegie, Andrew

Carpentry,

Cart

Cartwright, Edmund

Cash Register

Catenary

Causeway

Caustic

Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas

Cement

Chain

Chappe, Claude

Chart

Chisel

Chronograph

Chubb, Charles

Cinematograph

Circle

Cissoid

Clark, Josiah Latimer

Clock

Coal

Cockerill, W. (and J.)

Cofferdam

Cold

Colour

Combinational Analysis

Compass

Conchoid

Concrete

Condensation of Gases

Conduction, Electric

Conduction of Heat

Cone

Congreve, Sir William

Conic Section

Conoid

Continued Fractions

Contour, Contour-line

Conveyors

Coode, Sir John

Copper

Copying Machines

Cordite

Corning, Erastus

Coxwell, Henry Tracey

Cramp, Charles Henry

Cranes

Crank

Crompton, Samuel

Cube

Cubitt, Thomas

Cubitt, Sir William

Cunard, Sir Samuel

Curricle

Curve

Cycloid

Cyclometer

Cylinder

Damascening or Damaskeening

Damask Steel or Damascus Steel

Density

Destructors

Determinant

Diagonal

107Diagram

Diamagnetism

Diameter

Dielectric

Differences, Calculus of

Differential Equation

Diffraction of Light

Diffusion

Dimension

Dispersion

Divers and Diving Apparatus

Dock

Dodecahedron

Drawing

Dredge and Dredging

Drill

Drummond, Thomas

Dry Rot

Dupuy de Lôme, S.C.H.L.

Dynamics

Dynamite

Dynamo

Dynamometer

Eads, James Buchanan

Earth Currents

Earth, Figure of the

Edison, Thomas Alva

Elasticity

Electrical, or Electrostatic Machine

Electricity

Electricity Supply

Electric Waves

Electrochemistry

Electrokinetics

Electrolysis

Electromagnetism

Electrometallurgy

Electrometer

Electron

Electroplating

Electroscope

Electrostatics

Electrotyping

Electrum

Elevators, Lifts or Hoists

Ellipse

Ellipsoid

Embankment

Employers’ Liability

Energetics

Energy

Engine

Engineering

Epicycloid

Equation

Ericsson, John

Evans, Oliver

Explosives

Fairbairn, Sir William

Felloe

Ferguson, James

Figurate Numbers

File

Filter

Finlay, Sir George

Fire and Fire Extinction

Firebrick

Firth, Mark

Fitch, John

Flight and Flying

Flume

Flux

Focus

Folium

Forging

Fortification and Siegecraft

Fossick

Foundations

Founding

Fourier’s Series

Fowler, John

Fowler, Sir John

Friction

Frustum

Fuel

Fulton, Robert

Function

Furnace

Fusible Metal

Fusion

Fuze, or Fuse

Galvanized Iron

Galvanometer

Gas Engine

Gatling, Richard Jordan

Gauge, or Gage

Geodesy

Geoid

Geometrical Continuity

Geometry

Gimlet

Girard, Philippe Henri de

Glazing

Gnomon

Gold

Gooch, Sir Daniel

Goodyear, Charles

Gouge

Graduation

Gramophone

Graphical Methods

Gravitation

Greathead, James Henry

Grimthorpe, 1st Baron

Groups, Theory of

Guncotton

Gyroscope and Gyrostat

Gunpowder

Hachure

Hammer

Harbour

Harmonic

Harmonic Analysis

Harrison, John

Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus

Hawkshaw, Sir John

Hawksley, Thomas

Hawser

Heat

Heathcoat, John

Heating

Heliostat

Hodgkinson, Eaton

Hodograph

Holden, Sir Isaac

Horse-Power

Hose-pipe

Hydraulics

Hydrodynamics

Hydrography

Hydromechanics

Hydrometer

Hydrostatics

Hyperbola

Hypsometer

Hysteresis

Icosahedron

Illumination

Inclinometer

Induction Coil

Infinitesimal Calculus

Ingot

Injector

Interference of Light

Interpolation

Invar

Inversion

Involution

Iron and Steel

Irrigation

Ismay, Thomas Henry

Jacquard, Joseph Marie

Jenkin, H. C. F.

Jetty

Joinery

Joints

Joist

Kaleidoscope

Kiln

Kinematics

Kinetics

Kingsford, W.

Knife

Knot

Krupp, Alfred

Labour Legislation

Ladder

Lamp

Lantern

Lath

Lathe

Latitude

Latten

Lead

Lemniscate

Lens

Lesseps, Ferdinand de

Lever

Leyden Jar, or Condenser

Life-boat

Light

Lighthouse

Lighting

Lightning Conductor

Limaçon

Lindley, William

Line

Liquid Gases

Lock

Locus

Logarithm

Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid, or Foliate

Longitude

Loxodrome

Lubricants

Lubrication

Magic Square

Magnetism

Magnetism, Terrestrial

Magnetograph

Magnetometer

Magneto-Optics

Manchester Ship Canal

Manganese

Manometer

Map

Masham, Baron

Masonry

Mathematics

Matter

Maxima and Minima

Maxim, Sir Hiram

McAdam, John Loudon

McCormick, Cyrus Hall

Mechanics

Mensuration

Meridian

Metal

Metallography

Metallurgy

Meter, Electric

Metric System

Microscope

Mill

Mineral Deposits

Mining

Mirror

Model

Molecule

Mortar

Mortise, or Mortice

Motion, Laws of

Motors, Electric

Motor Vehicles

Murdock, William

Myddelton, Sir Hugh

Nasmyth, James

Navigation

Newcomen, Thomas

Nitro-glycerine

Nixon, John

Noble, Sir Andrew

Number

Numbers, Partition of

Numeral

Objective, or Object Glass

Octahedron

Ohmmeter

Oil Engine

Optics

108Ordinate

Ore Dressing

Oscillograph

Oval

Painter-work

Palanquin

Palmer, Sir Charles Mark

Panama Canal

Pantograph

Parabola

Parachute

Parallel Motion

Pedometer

Perkins, Jacob

Permeability, Magnetic

Permeameter

Perpetual Motion, or Perpetuum Mobile

Perspective

Phonograph

Photography

Photometry

Physics

Pier

Piston

Plaster-work

Pneumatic Despatch

Pneumatics

Polarity

Polarization of Light

Pole, William

Polygon

Polygonal Numbers

Polyhedral Numbers

Polyhedron

Porism

Potentiometer

Power Transmission

Prism

Probability

Projection

Prony, G. C. F. M. R. de

Pulley

Pump

Pyrometer

Quadratrix

Quarrying

Quaternions

Radiation, Theory of

Radiometer

Rafter

Railways

Random

Rankine, W. J. M.

Rawlinson, Sir Robert

Reclamation of Land

Reflection of Light

Refraction

Refrigerating and Ice Making

Reid, Sir Robert G.

Rennie, John

River Engineering

Rivet

Roads and Streets

Roebling, J. A.

Rolling-mill

Roofs

Roulette

Safes, Strong-rooms and Vaults

Safety-lamp

Saw

Scaffold, Scaffolding

Scantling

Schichau, Ferdinand

Science

Scissors

Screw

Semaphore

Seppings, Sir Robert

Series

Serpentine

Sewerage

Sewing Machines

Sextant

Shadoof

Shadow

Shaft-sinking

Shears

Ship

Shipbuilding

Shoring

Shovel

Shuttle

Siemens, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm)

Sieve

Signal

Silver

Siphon, or Syphon

Sleeper

Sleigh, Sled, or Sledge

Smeaton, John

Smoke

Solder

Sound

Sounding

Spade

Spectroscopy

Speculum

Sphere

Spherical Harmonics

Spheroid

Sphereometer

Spiral

Starley, James

Statics

Steel Construction

Steam Engine

Stephenson, George

Stephenson, Robert

Stereoscope

Stevenson, Robert

Stone

Strength of Materials

Strutt, Jedediah

Stucco

Suez Canal

Sun Copying, or Photo Copying

Surface

Surveying

Table, Mathematical

Tacheometry

Tangye, Sir Richard

Technical Education

Telegraph

Telephone

Telford, Thomas

Tetrahedron

Theodolite

Thermodynamics

Thermoelectricity

Thermometry

Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist

Tide

Timber

Time, Measurement of

Time, Standard

Tin

Tin-plate and Terne-plate

Tire

Tongs

Tool

Topography

Traction

Tramway

Transformers

Tredgold, Thomas

Trevithick, Richard

Triangle

Tricycle

Trigonometry

Trisectrix

Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing

Tube

Tunnel

Turbine

Tweezers

Typewriter

Units, Dimensions of

Units, Physical

Vacuum Tube

Valve

Vaporization

Variations, of Calculus

Vector Analysis

Ventilation

Vernier

Vision

Voltmeter

Wagon or Waggon

Water Motors

Water Supply

Watt, James

Wattmeter

Wave

Wedge

Weighing Machines

Weights and Measures

Weir

Welding

Well

Wheatstone’s Bridge

White, Sir William H.

Whitney, Eli

Whitworth, Sir Joseph

Wilkinson, John

Windmill

Witch of Agnesi

Zero

Zinc

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