Tactics, Volume 1 (of 2). Introduction and Formal Tactics of Infantry

THE FORMAL TACTICS OF INFANTRY. (continued 10)

Walter Krueger translation

When the force is to stand on the defensive, especially if the position to be occupied has been prepared for defense, ammunition should be deposited all along the firing line. (Cartridge boxes or other utensils may be used as receptacles). It is advisable to use first the cartridges carried in caps, haversacks, coat and trousers’ pockets. The contents of the right cartridge box are saved for decisive moments when great rapidity of fire is essential. In replenishing ammunition, the right cartridge box is filled first, then the left, and the surplus is accommodated in haversack, coat and trousers’ pockets.

AUSTRIA. (Par. 70 Regulations of 1903).

The regulations are extremely thorough and deserve special attention. If an engagement is imminent, each private receives 20 additional rounds before leaving the bivouac or reserve position, and each non-commissioned officer 100 rounds from the company ammunition wagon, so that the latter is about half emptied.[517] This brings the total amount carried by each soldier up to 140 rounds, and increases the load of the privates by 0.71 kg., and that of the non-commissioned officers by about 4 kg. When troops go into action, the ammunition wagons are assembled and accompany the battalion reserve, taking as much advantage of cover as possible, so that the attention of the enemy may not be drawn to them. After the battalion reserve has been absorbed by the firing line, the ammunition wagons accompany the regimental reserve. When exposed to artillery fire, the wagons maintain intervals of twenty paces from one another. They are either placed under the orders of the battalion adjutant, or of the senior supply officer present with them, as may be directed by the battalion commander.

In attack, it will, as a rule, only be possible to replenish ammunition until troops get within about 1,000 paces (750 m.) of the enemy. From this point on, however, it will be extremely difficult to supply ammunition. Every lull in the fight must be taken advantage of to replenish ammunition. The firing line receives a fresh supply of ammunition through reinforcements or through small detachments under non-commissioned officers sent forward from the reserves. These detachments, after distributing the ammunition they have brought up, remain with the firing line. The companies engaged in the fire fight later take advantage of every opportunity to replenish and to redistribute ammunition.

In defense, all the ammunition wagons may be emptied before the action begins, and sent to the rear to be refilled. The ammunition should be deposited in the vicinity of the firing line. The subsequent replenishment of the supply should be managed as in an attack. If ammunition is very urgently needed by the firing line, and when no other remedy suggests itself, a part of the ammunition of the reserves may be turned over to the firing line. Special detachments should be detailed to remove the ammunition from the dead and wounded. Wounded men who are able to walk to the dressing station, turn over their ammunition to their comrades.

If another organization requests to be furnished ammunition, the entire amount required, or a part thereof, depending upon the urgency of the case and the amount available, should be turned over to it.

RUSSIA.[518]

The ammunition carried in the cartridge boxes of the men may prove insufficient during an action. On open ground the ammunition wagons, assembled by regiment, accompany the regimental reserve, and in covered terrain, they are assembled by battalion, and follow the battalion reserve. When practicable, their position is to be indicated during the day by red flags placed on their flank, and at night by green lanterns. In defense, an adequate supply of ammunition should be deposited in rear of the firing line, or should be at once distributed among the men. In attack, the ammunition supply of the firing line and of the supports is to be replenished when they enter ranges under 700 m. The best means of preventing shortage of ammunition is to husband it at long ranges. Ammunition wagons are not to be emptied and their contents distributed before an action begins; on the contrary, the ammunition is to be issued during the fight, one wagon after another being emptied. Ammunition may be sent forward from the reserve to the firing line, the men who carry it remaining with that line. On the other hand—and this seems to be the method most frequently employed—men from the firing line may be sent to the rear for ammunition. The men of the reserves at once turn over one-half of their cartridges to these men, who are then assembled and sent forward under the command of a non-commissioned officer. The ammunition is carried forward in sacks—so-called “bashlicks.”

FRANCE.

Each company has one ammunition wagon, which is a part of the combat train (train de combat), and carries 16,384 Lebel cartridges, and 36 intrenching tools. It can carry 19,000 rounds of the new “D” ammunition,[519] So long as any ammunition remains in the ammunition wagons, they remain under all circumstances with their battalion. They are assembled in battalion groups on the left flank of their battalion. When the battalion is broken up for advance, flank, rear guard, or outpost work, they remain with the main body of the battalion. When the companies are separated for a protracted period, the battalion commander decides whether or not the ammunition wagons should accompany their respective companies. The ammunition in the wagons is, as a general rule, to be distributed before the commencement of an action. If this is impossible when the force is taken by surprise, the commander of the group of ammunition wagons must bring them up as close as possible under cover, and the battalion commander must supervise the distribution of the ammunition. In quarters and on the march, the ammunition is to be replenished by taking the ammunition from the sick, from the men detailed away, or from the supply carried by the baggage wagon.[520] The ammunition in the baggage wagon is only to be used when all these other sources are exhausted. When an encounter with the enemy may be expected, and only a short march is anticipated, the ammunition carried in the baggage wagons may be distributed before starting.

Any further replenishment of ammunition is to be ordered by the division commander. The empty company ammunition wagons are assembled in regimental groups and follow at least 1,000 m. in rear of the regimental reserve. At each halt, the wagon train is to prepare for defense. The regimental commander is to regulate the distribution of the ammunition sent forward by the ammunition columns.

When this distribution cannot be made for some reason or other, the wagons, assembled in groups of four, follow their battalions. It is the duty of the battalion commander to keep the firing line supplied with ammunition. The contents of the company ammunition wagons are not to be replenished from the ammunition columns during an action. The ammunition is to be removed from the dead and wounded.

The source of the ammunition supply is the corps ammunition park, which is divided into three echelons, as follows:

1st echelon consists of two infantry ammunition columns and marches at the head of the combat train of the troops engaged;

IInd echelon consists of three infantry ammunition columns;

IIIrd echelon carries artillery ammunition only.

Two infantry ammunition columns of the 1st echelon, which, as a rule, constitutes the “ammunition supply center” at the commencement of an action, march at the head of the combat train (train de combat). A half-filled infantry ammunition column must at all times be available at this “ammunition supply center.” Ammunition wagons of the infantry ammunition column are sent forward at the request of the division commander to the position taken up by the company ammunition wagons. The latter are generally posted not more than 1,000 m. in the rear of the fighting line, and parts of each infantry ammunition column (usually one ammunition wagon for each battalion) are posted by an officer not more than 1,500 m. in rear of these. The empty company ammunition wagons are not refilled, the ammunition being sent forward directly from the ammunition columns. As soon as the infantry ammunition columns are informed which organizations they are to supply, they send out non-commissioned officers to locate the ammunition wagons of those organizations and establish communication with them. The commander of the ammunition column directs where empty ammunition wagons are to assemble. In emergencies, wagons of the infantry ammunition column may also drive close up to the fighting line. In this case, empty wagons assemble near the groups of company ammunition wagons, and from there they are sent back in trains to the ammunition column to which they belong.

Every opportunity, such as a lull in the fight, or an abatement of the hostile fire, etc., must be utilized to distribute the ammunition of the company wagons or of the ammunition column.

It is prohibited to send wagons or men to the rear for the purpose of bringing up ammunition on the battlefield. All men sent forward with ammunition should remain in the firing line.

ENGLAND.

The British infantryman is usually provided with 115, and each machine gun with 3,500 rounds of ammunition. Each battalion is, in addition, provided with 8 pack animals, each carrying two ammunition chests containing 4,400 cartridges (77 kg.), and with 8 ammunition wagons.

On the march, the pack animals and half of the ammunition wagons follow immediately in rear of the battalion. The (16) remaining wagons form a reserve ammunition column at the disposal of the brigade commander, and march at the tail of the brigade. When an engagement is anticipated, 50 additional rounds (1.3 kg.) may be issued to each man before leaving camp. During an action, one pack animal and two ammunition wagons follow each half-battalion. Empty company ammunition wagons are refilled from the brigade reserve ammunition column. When the wagons of the latter are empty, they are replaced by filled wagons from the ammunition column. The teams are not transferred with the wagons, but remain with the organization to which they belong.

Ammunition wagons are expected to approach to within about 900 m. of the firing line, and pack animals to within 450 m. One non-commissioned officer and two or three privates are to be detailed from each company to bring up ammunition. Each man is to carry a sack containing 600 cartridges (16 kg.). That this method of supplying ammunition is practicable under fire is shown by the distinguished conduct lists for Paardeberg, where men were praised or decorated for endurance and fearlessness in bringing up ammunition. (See p. 371 supra). The men who bring up ammunition may be kept in the firing line when the ground is devoid of cover.

The division ammunition columns, although they carry both infantry and artillery ammunition, constitute an integral part of the artillery battalions.

ITALY.

When an encounter with the enemy is anticipated, the ammunition wagons are to be emptied, the men detailed to carry ammunition are to remove their packs, and each one of them is to carry ammunition weighing about 7.5 kg.

The packs are to be removed only in case of urgent necessity. When this is ordered, however, the soldier first removes all the cartridges and the emergency ration from his pack. The ammunition knapsacks, which are always to be taken along, are, however, carried in turn by all the soldiers of the company.

The advancing units that are in need of ammunition, may demand it from troops ordered to remain behind. They take along their own ammunition carriers. The latter, assembled in a squad, distribute the ammunition along the firing line, and remain with that line. In the first lull that occurs, they assemble again as a squad and take part as such in the action.

The empty ammunition knapsacks belonging to organizations in reserve are to be refilled as rapidly as possible from the ammunition wagons sent forward from the ammunition park to the fighting line.

The ammunition of the dead and wounded is to be removed ind distributed among the remaining men. During pauses in the fire, the ammunition is to be equalized in all organizations engaged in the fire fight.

The ammunition wagons of the echelons in rear are to approach the fighting line as far as the available cover permits. Their position is to be indicated by flags. The ammunition carriers are to come to these wagons to refill the empty ammunition knapsacks.

3. WHAT DEDUCTIONS MAY BE MADE FROM THE REGULATIONS OF THE VARIOUS ARMIES.

1. The contents of the ammunition wagons should be distributed at the commencement of an action. This should not be done too early as the packing and unpacking of ammunition takes time, and as the soldier will not march so well when loaded down at the wrong time with 60 to 75 additional cartridges (1.8 to 2.4 kg.), unequally distributed in haversack and pockets. It is also a good plan to issue as many rounds of ammunition to the non-commissioned officers as to the men. During a fight this ammunition can then be distributed to the men.

2. As soon as the ammunition wagons have been refilled from the ammunition columns, which have been brought up, they should at once endeavor to rejoin their battalions and should then follow as close as possible in rear of the latter. The expenditure of ammunition will never be equally distributed along the line; therefore, if the battalion commander retains all four ammunition wagons directly under his own orders, he will be better able to equalize the supply of ammunition than would be the case if each ammunition wagon, as soon as it is refilled, were to follow its own company, which, in many cases, it will scarcely find again.

3. It is the duty of the commander to assign a few ammunition wagons belonging to organizations held in reserve to bodies of troops which will in all probability need a greater quantity of ammunition.

4. The organization must be in possession of an adequate supply of ammunition on entering the zone of effective fire, i.e., at a distance of 600 m. from the enemy. The sending of individual men to the rear for the purpose of bringing up ammunition will only be practicable in rare cases. As a rule, the violence of the hostile fire will make this impossible. Only the best men can be sent back. It is asking too much to expect them to cross twice the zone swept by hostile fire. Moreover, the best men are needed in the firing line to encourage the weaker element, and to replace disabled squad leaders. Under no circumstances should the firing line be withdrawn to get ammunition from the ammunition wagons, as an attack made unexpectedly by the enemy might find the position unoccupied and thus cause its loss.[521] It is a general principle that ammunition must be sent forward from the rear.

5. The ammunition can be removed from the dead and wounded only in defense, or in attack when the forward movement has come to a standstill. In an advance, it cannot be done without retarding the movement and without affording individual men an excuse to remain behind.

6. The bringing up of ammunition by individual men, left to their own devises, is not to be recommended, as it facilitates “shirking”; moreover, if one of the men is disabled, the ammunition he carries will never reach the firing line. Ammunition should either be sent to the firing line with each support, or it should be carried by detachments sent forward in thin skirmish lines under the command of non-commissioned officers. These detachments should remain with the firing line.

7. Whether or not signals for informing the troops in rear of a shortage of ammunition in the firing line will fulfill the expectations entertained for them, can only be determined by the test of war.

INDEX.

ACCELERATED FIRE, effect of 162

ACCELERATED TIME, in various armies (tables) 54

ACCURACY, effect of, in collective fire 169

ACTION

Breaking off an 441

Conduct and duties of the leaders in 399

Containing 445

Delaying 445

ADJUSTMENT, artillery fire 319

ADVANCE

Crawling—see Crawling

Fire while in motion 92, 93

Firing line in attack 366

Formations suitable for, through timber 332

Impulse from the rear 95

Infantry under artillery fire 321

Rushes—see Rushes

Skirmish line 76

ADVANCE BY CRAWLING—see Crawling

ADVANCE BY RUSHES—see Rushes

ADVANCE GUARD.

Battalion, formation for attack 212

Conduct in a rencontre 334

Conduct of, France 454

Conduct of, Italy 451

ADVANCED POSITIONS 413

Austria 450

Danger of fight being decided in 414

England 462

Examples of 412

Example of attack on 348

Japan 465

Russia 413

ADVANCED TROOPS 349

AGENTS DE LIAISON 245

AIM, points of 165

AIMING POSITION, warding off cavalry 307

ALPINI 22, 24

ALTITUDE, effect of, on ranges 145

AMMUNITION

Expenditure and supply of 468

Franco-German War 468

Russo-Japanese War 473

Russo-Turkish War 472

Expenditure of, during advance by rushes 90

How carried by soldier in various armies 476

Knapsacks 483

Machine guns 261

Austria 288

England 290

Switzerland 284

Germany 273

Rate of fire versus waste of 161

Shortage of, examples 469

Supply and distribution in action 400

Supply, Austria 475, 479

Supply, Deductions from various regulations 483

Supply, Defense 400

Supply, England 475, 482

Supply, France 475, 480

Supply, Germany 475, 476

Supply, Italy 475, 483

Supply, Japan 475

Supply, Russia 475, 480

Supply, Various armies (table) 475

Wagon—see Ammunition Wagons

Weight of, in various armies (table) 40

AMMUNITION CARTS—see Ammunition Wagons

AMMUNITION KNAPSACKS 483

AMMUNITION WAGONS 72

Austria 479

England 482

France 480

Germany 477

Italy 483

Russia 480

APPLICATORY METHOD OF INSTRUCTION 10, 11

APPLIED TACTICS 12, 13

ARBITRATION, Courts of 3

ARMY CORPS, frontage in attack 236

ARTILLERY,

Adjustment of fire 319

Cavalry charge supported by 313

Combat of infantry against 316

Combat of machine guns against 297

Combination fuses 113

Coöperation with infantry 351, 354

Effect of fire (France) 123, 124, 321

Field guns, in various armies 111

Fire at successive ranges 321

Fire diverted by advancing infantry 327

Fire effect of French 4-gun battery 321

Fire effect of (French data) 123, 124

Fire for effect 320

Howitzer, heavy field 118

Howitzer, Light field 116

Infantry screen 327

Line, distance from infantry line in defense 415

Losses, Franco-German War 20

Losses, Percentage of 188

Losses, Under infantry fire 326, 327

Percussion shell (Model 96) 115

Percussion shrapnel 111

Positions in defense 414

Preparatory action (France) in attack 454

Progressive fire 320

Searching fire 321

Shields, protection afforded by 324

Shrapnel 112, 113

Effect of (table) 114, 122

Sweeping fire 321

Time required for adjusting the fire 119

Time shell (Model 96) 116

Time shell (Model 98) 118

Time shrapnel 112, 113

Unlimbering under infantry fire 326

Zone fire 320

ASSAULT 373

Austria 449

Conduct of the 374

Decision to make an 373

England 462

Examples 376

Fire support 379

Fire while in motion 381

France 457

Guidons 355

Italy 452

Japan 464

Moment for making the 374

Pursuit after successful 385

Successful, conduct after 385

Trumpet signal, fix bayonet 377

Unsuccessful, conduct after 386

ASSAULTING DISTANCE 385, 424

ASSEMBLY FORMATIONS 42

France (carré de division) 454

ATTACK 329

Abridged 330

Advance of the firing line 366

Advance guard, conduct of the—in a rencontre 334

Advanced troops 349

Assault 352, 373, 374, 399

Assaulting distance 385, 424

Austria 448

Brigade, frontage of a, in 399

Column 44, 45

Comparison with defense 329

Conditions upon which success depends 345

Conduct of the 365

Coöperation of infantry and artillery 351, 352, 354

Decision to assault 373

Deliberately planned, comparison with rencontre 334, 338

Deployment, initial 366

Distances 368

Of supports from firing line 99

Duration of the 351

England 459

Envelopment 356

Examples

Boer War 340

Russo-Japanese War 340, 345

Fire fight 368

Fixing bayonets 372

Formation for, of a battalion 211, 212, 213

France 453

Advance in mass formation 455

Group attack 255

Preparatory attack formation 455

Frontage 234

Army corps 236

Battalion 236

Brigade 235, 236, 399

Company 96, 235, 236

Gaps in the line 239

General rules for use of intrenching tools 393

Higher troop leading, duties 366

Holding 357, 445

Intrenching tools, use of 387

Infantry against dismounted cavalry 313

Italy 451

Japan 463

I. Army 342

Influences determining tactics in Russo-Japanese War 341

Launching the enveloping force 359

Lessons of the Boer War 340

Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War 340

Local reconnaissance in 347

Machine guns in 365

Methods of forming a battalion for (plates) 215, 216

Minor troop leading, duties 365

Moment for making the assault 374

Normal attack 203, 204, 205

Number of men required 234

On an enemy deployed for defense 340

Orders, issue of, in rencontre 36

Over plain devoid of cover 255

Point of 355

Position of commander in 399

Preparation by infantry and artillery (France) 454

Preparation of the 346

Preparatory position, advance into 350

Provisions of various regulations in re use of spade in 392

Pure frontal 357

Range finding instruments, employment in 146

Reconnaissance 346

In force 347

Rencontre 333

Compared with deliberately planned attack 338

Conduct of main body in a 336

Reserve, strength of 395

Reserves, employment of 394

Rules for the advance under fire 367

Sand bag cover 344, 390

Secondary 357

Separation of holding and flank attacks 361

Signal (fix bayonet) 377

Spade, use of, in 387, 392, 449, 457, 465, 466

Successful, conduct after 385

Superiority of fire, necessity of 370, 371

Supports, advance of 368

Supports, Distance from firing line 99

Surprise 330

Switzerland 466

Time for opening fire, general rules 155

Troop leading, duties of 365, 366

United, examples illustrating necessity of a 402

Unsuccessful, conduct after 386

ATTACK ON A POSITION PREPARED FOR DEFENSE

Austria 448

Japan 464

Switzerland 466

AUSTRIA

Advanced positions 450

Advanced troops 349

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 479

Assault 449

Attack 448

Attack on a position prepared for defense 448

Battalion, formations of the 69, 72

Column of platoons, how formed 49

Column of platoons, (plate) 62

Company, strength of (table) 35

Coöperation of infantry and artillery 354

Counter-attack 438, 450

Crawling 449

Defense 450

Seeking a decision 450

Development for action 208

Envelopment 362, 449

Fire control and fire discipline 135

Fire, kinds of 159

Fire, Time for opening 153

Fire, While in motion, experiments with 92

Firing line, method of reinforcing the 96

Firing line, Position, choice of 370

Frontage 241

Front and facing distance 48

Infantry combat 448-450

Infantry versus cavalry 314

Intrenching tool equipment (table) 39

Kinds of fire 449

Load carried by a soldier 40

Machine gun 288

Ammunition supply 288

And infantry, relative fire effect of 267

Fire, kinds of 263

Formations 288

Organization 288

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Ranges, ascertaining 144

Reinforcing the firing line, method of 96

Rencontre 339, 448

Rushes 90, 449

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Superiority of fire 371

Supply of ammunition 475, 479

Telegraph detachments 248

Use of spade in attack 392, 449

BASE UNIT 218

Advantages and disadvantages 218, 219

Of combat, designation of 244

BATTALION

Acting alone, formation for attack 212

Advance guard, formation for attack 212

Attack formation, France 457

Austrian, formation of the 69, 72

Broad column (with plates) 67, 68

Commander, duties in action 400

Commander, Post in action 400

Deep column (with plates) 67, 68

Depth on the march 72

English, formation of the 71

Formation, in a containing action 213

Forming for attack 211

French, formation of the (with plates) 70

Frontage in attack and defense 236

German, formation of the 67, 68

Group intrenchments 417

Historical development 36

Intrenching tool equipment (table) 39

Intrenchments for a 419, 421

Italian, formation of the 70

Japanese, formation of the 70

Method of forming for attack (plates) 215, 216

Movements of the 67

Normal formation 67

Organization of the 36, 37

Part of a larger force, formation in attack 213

Part of a larger force, formation In defense 213

Route column, formation 72

Route column, Provisions of various regulations 73

Russian, formations of the 69

Swiss, formations of the 71

BATTALION COMMANDER

Duties in action 400

Post in action 400

BATTLE UNIT 34

BAYONET FENCING 134

BAYONET FIGHTS 382

BEATEN ZONE 179

Definition 179

Depth at various angles of slope—General Paquié’s rule for determining 183

Formulae for computing depth of 180

Increase and diminution of (table) 181

BELGIUM

Fire control and fire direction 135

Frontage 242

Front and facing distance 48

BREAKING OFF AN ACTION 441

BRIGADE 37

Attack formation of a French 454

Cavalry, strength of 311

Combat formation 74

Development for action (with plate) 216, 217

Formations 73, 74

Frontage in attack 235, 236, 399

Importance 37, 38

Movements 73, 74

Three-unit organization 218

BROAD COLUMN (with plate) 67

CADENCE 53, 54

CAVALRY

Charge of French Cuirassiers of the Guard at Vionville 311

Charge supported by artillery 313

Charges 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313

Combat of infantry against 301

Provisions of various regulations 314, 315

Combat of machine guns against 296

Dismounted, infantry attack against 313

Losses

Charge of French cavalry at Vionville 312

Franco-German War 20

Percentage of 188

Massed employment 313

Moral effect of a charge 306

Regiment, strength of German 273

Relative strength as compared to infantry 311

CHANGE OF DIRECTION, how executed 219

CHANGE OF FRONT

Examples of 220, 221

How executed 219

CHASSEURS ALPINS 22

CLEARING THE FOREGROUND 421

CLOSE COLUMN, definition 47

CLOSE ORDER

Battalion 67

Brigade 73

Company 56

Compared with extended order 102

Regiment 73

CLOSE ORDER FORMATIONS,

Effect of fire on 102, 103

Value of 103, 104

COLLECTIVE FIRE 169

COLOR, position of the 68

COLT MACHINE GUN 261

COLUMN

Attack in 44, 45

Battalion in route 72

Broad (with plate) 67

Close, definition of 47

Comparison with line 42-45

Deep (with plates) 67, 68

Dimensions of broad and deep (plate) 69

Double 71

French double (plate) 70

Open, definition of 47

Route (machine gun battery) 273, 274

Section (machine gun battery) 273, 274

COLUMN OF FOURS 58

How formed (plate) 58

And squads compared 59

COLUMN OF PLATOONS 61

How formed 49

Machine gun battery 273, 274

(plate) 62

Vulnerability of 186, 187

COLUMN OF SQUADS 57

Employment of 59

(plates) 57

COLUMN OF TWOS 56

COLUMNS, line of company, France (plate) 70

COMBAT

Conduct and duties of the leaders 399

Drill, importance of 105

Duration of 178

Frontage—see Frontage.

Infantry 448-467

Austria 448-450

France 453-459

Italy 451-453

Japan 463-465

Japanese, Characteristics of 341

Russia 466

Switzerland 466-467

Versus artillery 316

Versus cavalry 301

Versus machine guns 268

Machine Guns 296, 297

Versus artillery 297

Versus cavalry 296

Orders 243, 244

Necessity for written 244

Patrols 80, 250

Sections 257

Assignment of 243

Division of a position into 411

Tasks, assignment of 243

Train (machine guns) 270

Unit 34

COMBAT DRILL, importance of 105

COMBAT FRONTAGE—see Frontage

COMBAT ORDERS 243

Items that should not appear in 244

Written, necessity for 244

COMBAT PATROLS 250

COMBAT SECTIONS 257

Division of a position into 411

COMBAT TRAIN, machine gun 270

COMBAT UNIT 34

COMBINED SIGHTS, use of 166

COMMANDER

Battalion, post of, in action 400

Company, post of, in action 400

Conduct in action 399

Interference with subordinates 401

Post of, in action 399

Post of, in rencontre 398

Regimental, post of, in action 400

Selection of a position during combat 244

COMMANDS 41

Fire 166

COMMUNICATING TRENCHES 421

COMMUNICATION

With neighboring troops and next higher headquarters 245

On the battlefield 246

COMPANY 34

Ammunition wagons 72, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483

Austrian, in column of platoons (plate) 62

Columns of the 56

Commander, duties in action 400

Commander, Post in action 400

Dimensions of the 3 and 4 platoon company (plate) 52

Division into platoons, sections, squads 46-53

Division into 3 or 4 platoons 48, 53

Formation of the 46, 47

French 4-rank formation (with plates) 65, 66

French In line (plate) 49

Frontage in attack 235

Frontage in Attack and defense 96

Frontage in Defense and rear guard actions 236

German,

In column of platoons (plate) 62

In column of squads (plate) 57

In company column (plate) 60

In line (plate) 47

In route column (plate) 57

Movements in line and column 56

Non-commissioned officers, posts of, in various armies 47

Organization of the 34, 35

Range finders, post of 46, 47

Russian, in column of platoons (plate) 62

Strength of the 24, 35

In the various armies (table) 35

COMPANY AMMUNITION WAGONS 72, 477, 479, 480, 482, 483

COMPANY COLUMN (with plates) 60

Value of 186, 187

COMPANY COMMANDER,

Duties in action 400

Post in action 400

CONCENTRATED FIRE, machine guns 263

CONCENTRATION

For action 205

French, into carré de division, in attack 454

CONE OF DISPERSION, machine gun fire 264

CONE OF MISSES, Wolozkoi’s theory of the constant 173

CONTAINING ACTIONS 445

Delaying action and holding attack compared 445

COÖPERATION

Formation of a battalion in 213

Infantry and artillery 351, 352, 354

Difficulties of 354

Provisions of various regulations 354

COUNTER-ATTACK 378, 428, 453

After position is carried 433

Austria 410

Decision brought about by the 234

England 463

Examples of 433, 435, 436, 437, 438

France 439, 458

Frontal 436

In conjunction with a movement to the rear 434

Moment for making 432, 434

Moral effect of 436

Provisions of various regulations 438, 439

COURTS OF ARBITRATION 3

COVER

Sand bag 344, 390

Trenches 421

Use of 256

By firing line 138

COVER TRENCHES 421

CRAWLING 86

Austria 49

How executed 87, 88

CUTTING WEAPONS, wounds produced by (%) 384

CYCLISTS 28, 29, 30, 414

Depth of detachment of 29

Rate of march of 29

Use of, on battlefield 246

“D” BULLET

Data regarding 130

Effect on steel shields 324

DANGER, effect of 195

DANGER SPACE, definition 179

DEEP COLUMN (with plates) 67, 68

French (with plates) 70

DEFENSE 408

Advanced positions 413

Ammunition supply 410

Austria 450

Battalion group intrenchments 417

Clearing the foreground 421

Combat sections, division of the position into 411

Communicating trenches 419, 420, 421

Company, frontage of 96

Comparison with attack 329

Conduct of the 423

Counter-attack 234, 428

After position is carried 433

Frontal 436

Moment for making 432, 434

Cover trenches 419-421

Distance of general reserve from defensive line 430

Distribution in depth in 232

Dummy intrenchments 421

England 462

Field magazines 418

Fire fight 427

Firing trenches 417

Flanks, protection of the 425

Formation of a battalion 213, 214

Fortifying the position 415

Framework of the position 414

France 458

Frontage in 232, 233

Frontage of a battalion 236

Frontage of a Company 96, 236

Frontal counter-attack 436

Gaps in the line 411

General reserve, location of the 411

General reserve, Position of the 429

General reserve, Strength of the 431

Interval between general reserve and defensive line 430

Intrenching, time essential for 416

Intrenchments, purpose of 416, 417

Italy 453

Japan 465

Long range fire, use of 150

Machine guns 295, 425

Masks 421

Number of men required in temporary 233

Observation of the foreground 420

Obstacles, construction of 421

Occupation of the position 426

Offensive,

Assumption of the 428

—defensive 408

Necessity of assuming the 409

Passive 409

Position,

Advanced 413

Determining factors in selecting a 414

Division of the, into sections 411

Fortifying the 415

Framework of the 414

Requirements of a 410

Purely passive 408

Range finding instruments, employment of 146

Refusing a flank 425

Reserve, strength of 395

Russia 422

Section reserves 411

Sections, division of the position into 411

Seeking a decision 233, 234, 409, 450, 467

Splinter proofs 418, 419, 420

Superiority of fire 427

Supports 410

Switzerland 467

Temporary,

Frontage in 233

Number of men required in 233

Occupation of a position 408

Terrain, character of, required by 254

Time for opening fire, in (general rules) 155

Traverses 417

Trenches (dimensions) 418, 420

Troops required to occupy the position 410, 411

Weak points, strengthening of 412

DEFENSE SEEKING A DECISION 409

Austria 450

Frontage 233, 234

Number of men required 234

Switzerland 467

DELAYING ACTION 445

Compared with holding attack 445

Distribution in depth in 232

Frontage in 232

DEMOLITION TOOLS 39

DEPLOYMENT 78, 80, 209

For action 209

France, from 4-rank formation (with plate) 65, 66

Initial, in attack 366

Provisions of various regulations 80

DEPTH

Battalion on the march 72

Cyclist detachment 29

Distribution in 222-225, 235, 237, 241, 242

DEVELOPMENT FOR ACTION 207

Brigade 216, 217

DISARMAMENT, proposals for 3

DISCIPLINE and the moral factors 107, 108

DISPERSION 33

DISTANCE,

Definition of 47

Assaulting 385, 424

Attack 368

Between elements in the battalion 72, 73

Facing, in various armies (table) 48

General reserve from defensive line 430

Support from firing line in attack 99

DISTRIBUTION IN DEPTH 222

Maximum, when necessary 235

Necessity for 224

Necessity for, increase with size of force 241

Provisions of various regulations 241, 242

Relation to frontage 225

Examples 223, 237

DIVISION, attack formation, France 457

DOUBLE COLUMN, France (with plates) 70

DOUBLE TIME 55

In various armies (table) 54

DRILL AND TRAINING 105, 106

DRILL ATTACK 204

DRILL, importance of combat 105

DRILL REGULATIONS 13-16

Provisions of various—see under name of country

DUMMY INTRENCHMENTS 421, 423

ECHELON FORMATION 73, 74

EFFECT OF FIRE 167

As regards time 172

At medium ranges 151

Influence of the elevation selected 162

On artillery when unlimbering 326

On close order formations 102, 103

On thin and dense skirmish lines 77

Standard of measurement of the 168

EFFICACY OF FIRE 140

Against hill positions 183

Dependent upon accuracy 156

Influence of the ground on 179

Influence of training 168

ELEVATIONS, rear sight 165, 310

ÉLITE TROOPS 21, 22

ENGLAND

Advanced positions 413, 462

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 482

Assault 462

Attack 459

Battalion, formations of the 71

Coöperation of infantry and artillery 354

Counter-attack 439, 463

Defense 462

Envelopment 362

Fire fight in attack 461

Fire of position 154

Fire, time for opening 154

Fire, Kinds of 160

Frontage 242

In attack 460

Front and facing distance 48

Frontal counter-attack 463

Group intrenchments 462

Holding attack 447

Infantry combat 459-463

Infantry Versus cavalry 314

Intrenching in attack 392

Local counter-attack 463

Machine guns 289

Ammunition supply 290

And infantry, relative fire effect 266, 267

Organization 290

Views on 297

Mounted infantry 26

Normal attack 203

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Rallying position 460

Reserves, use of, prior to Boer War 397

Rushes 91, 462

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Supply of ammunition 475, 482

Telephone detachments 248

Use of spade in attack 392

ENVELOPMENT 356

Austria 362, 449

Dangers involved 358

England 363

Examples of 357-361

France 362, 457

Italy 363

Provisions of various regulations 362, 363

ESKADRONS

Number in German brigade 311

Strength of 32

ESTIMATING DISTANCES—see Range

EQUIPMENT 38-40

Intrenching tool 38-40

Tent, weight of 40

Weight of, in various armies (table) 40

EXPENDITURE AND SUPPLY OF AMMUNITION 468

Examples from military history 468-474

Franco-German War 468

Russo-Japanese War 473

Russo-Turkish War 472

EXPLOSIVES 39, 480

EXTENDED ORDER 75

Compared with close order 102

Movements in 81

FACING DISTANCE, in various armies (table) 48

FIELD ARTILLERY—see Artillery

FIELD GUN 111

FIELD MAGAZINES 418

FIELD TRAIN 72

Machine guns 270

FIGHTING UNIT 33

FILE CLOSERS, position of 46, 47

FIRE

Accelerated, effect of 162

Beaten zone, definition 179

Collective, effect of accuracy in 169

Combined sights 166

Commands for firing 166

Constant cone of misses, Wolozkoi’s theory of the 173

Continuous, fatigue produced by 155

Control 134

Curve of hits obtained by various marksmen 170

Danger space, definition 179

Direction 134

Discipline 133

Distribution of, against charging cavalry 311

Effect 167

As regards time 172

At medium ranges 151

Influence of the elevation selected on 162

On artillery when unlimbering 326

On close order formations 102, 103

On thin and dense skirmish lines 77

Efficacy of 140

Against hill positions 183

Dependent upon accuracy 156

Influence of the ground on 179

Influence of training on 168

Elevations and points of aim 165

To be used in warding off cavalry charges 310

Employment of infantry 132

Expedients for minimizing the effect of hostile 118

Flanking 254

Formula for determining favorable range for firing against hill positions 183

Hits obtained by various marksmen (table) 171

Hostile, expedients for minimizing effect of 118

Hostile, Formations suitable under 120, 121

Hurried, effect of 162

Increasing difficulties in adjusting hostile artillery fire 119

Indirect 184

Infantry 126

Against charging cavalry 308

And machine gun, relative value of 265-267

Employment of 132

Influences affecting accuracy of 173

Influence of the ground on efficacy of 179

Kinds of 157

Austria 449

France 455

Italy 451

Japan 463

Provisions of various regulations 158-160

Russo-Japanese War 157

To be used in warding off a cavalry charge 310

Long range 148, 150-153, 176

Losses produced by long range fire 176

Machine gun—see Machine Guns

Marksmanship, effect of, in collective 169

Misses

Effect of 173

Wolozkoi’s theory of the constant cone of 173

Moral effect of 191, 227

On charging cavalry 309

Number of rounds to be expended to accomplish a certain result 172

Oblique, effect of, against shielded batteries 324

Observation of 167

Pauses in 155

Preparation 149

Provisions of various regulations in re kinds of 158

Provisions of various regulations in re Time for opening 153

Rafale 164

Rate of 160

At various ranges 162

Versus waste of ammunition 161

Ricochets, effect of 185

Rifle-rests, influence of 178

Superiority of, in defense 427

Time for opening 147

General rules 155

On charging cavalry 308

Provisions of various regulations 153

Training, influence of, on efficacy of 168

Trial volleys 164

Volley, value of 157, 163

With counted cartridges 164

Withholding the 151

Wolozkoi’s theory of the constant cone of misses 173

FIRE AT SUCCESSIVE RANGES 321

FIRE EFFECT 167

As regards time 172

At medium ranges 151

Influence of the elevation selected, on 162

On artillery when unlimbering 326

On close order formations 102, 103

On thin and dense skirmish lines 77

Standard of measurement of the 168

FIRE FIGHT

Attack 368, 369, 461

Defense 427

Machine guns 283

Superiority of fire in attack 370-371

FIRE FOR EFFECT 320

FIRE OF POSITION 140

Infantry 85

Machine guns 85

FIRE WHILE IN MOTION 92, 381

Austrian experiments with 92

Examples of employment of 93

Losses when using 92

FIRING LINE

Advance in attack 366

Assembling the 97

Closing in 97

Dense 75

Prolonging the 96

Re-forming the 97

Reinforcing the, method of 96

Selection of line to be occupied by 138

Strength and density 75

Strength of the 139

Use of cover by the 138

FIRING TRENCHES 417, 419, 420

FIXING BAYONETS 372

Signal for, in assault 377

FLAGS, Guidon 62, 63

FLANK ATTACK

Separation from holding attack 361

France 455

FLANKS, protection of the, in defense 425

FOREGROUND, division into sections 411

FORMAL TACTICS 12

FORMATIONS 42

Advance through woods 332

Assembly 42, 454

Austria 49, 52, 58, 62, 69, 72

Battalion 67-73

Battle 43

Belgium 58

Brigade 73-74

England 58, 71

France 49, 65, 66, 70, 73, 454

Germany 47, 52, 57, 60, 62, 67, 68, 72

Infantry under artillery fire 318, 321-324

Influence of various rifles on density of 240

Italy 58, 70, 73

Japan 58, 70

Line and column, comparison of 43

Machine guns 273, 274

Austria 288

Germany 273, 274

Switzerland 287

Netherlands 58

Provisions of various regulations 69-71

Purpose of 42

Regiment 73, 74

Route 42

Russia 58, 62, 69, 73

Sweden 58

Switzerland 71

Tactical, importance of 108

Troops in rear of firing line 186

Vulnerability of various 181, 186, 187

Warding off a cavalry charge 302

FORTIFYING THE POSITION 415

Russia 422

FORTRESS WARFARE 13

FOURS, column of 58

Compared with column of squads 59

How formed 58

FRAMEWORK OF A POSITION 414

FRANCE

Advance guard, conduct of the 454

Advance in mass formation in attack 455

Advanced positions 413

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 480

Artillery fire, effect of 123, 124

Assembly (carré de division) 454

Assault 457

Attack 453

Artillery in the preparatory action 454

Formation

Attack Formation Battalion 457

Attack Formation Brigade 454

Attack Formation Division 457

Infantry preparation 454

Battalion, formation of the (with plate) 70

Company (plate) 49

Strength of (table) 35

Contre attaque 439

Coöperation of infantry and artillery 334

Counter-attack 378, 439, 458

In conjunction with a movement to the rear 434

Defense 458

Envelopment 363, 457

Fire, kinds of 159, 455

Fire pauses 156

Fire, time for opening 154

Flank attack 455

Frontage 241, 242

Front and facing distance 48

Group attack 255

Group combat 241, 242

Infantry combat 453-459

Infantry versus cavalry 315

Intrenching in attack 457

Intrenching, tool equipment (table) 39

Intrenchments 416

Kinds of fire 159, 455

Line of company columns 70

Load carried by soldier 40

Machine guns 290

Offensive return 458

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Platoon in 4-rank formation (with plates) 65, 66

Preparatory attack formation 455

Pure frontal attack 455

Rafale fire 164

Rencontre 339

Retour offensif 439

Rushes 90, 91

Signal detachments 248

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Supply of ammunition 475, 480

Supports, conduct in attack 456

Units of direction 219

Use of spade in attack 392, 457

Vulnerability of various formations 187

FRONTAGE

Army corps in attack 236

Attack 234

England 460

Austria 241

Battalion in attack and defense 236

Belgium 242

Brigade in attack 235, 399

Combat formations 222

Company in attack 235, 236

Company in Attack and defense 96

Company in Defense 236

Company in Rear guard action 236

Considerations governing in attack 229

Defense, factors governing in 232

Defense, Seeking a decision 233, 234

Defense, Temporary 233

England 242, 460

Examples 223, 237

France 241

Gaps in the line 239, 411

Italy 242

Japan 242

Maximum, when justifiable 235

Overextension of 238

Provisions of various regulations 241, 242

Regiment 236

Relation to distribution in depth 225

Resumé of most important points governing 241

Russia 242

Russo-Japanese War 239

Various battles 240

FRONTAL COUNTER-ATTACK 436

England 463

Examples of 437, 438

FRONT AND FACING DISTANCE in various countries (table) 48

GAPS IN THE ATTACKING LINE 239

GAPS IN THE DEFENSIVE LINE 411

GATLING GUN 259

GENERAL RESERVE

Distance from defensive line 430

Interval from flank of defensive line 430

Position of the, in defense 411, 429

Strength in defense 431

GERMANY

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 476

Battalion, formations of the 67, 68

Broad column (plate) 67

Cavalry brigade, number of Eskadrons in 311

Column of platoons (plate) 62

Column of squads and route column (plate) 57

Company (plate) 47

Strength of (table) 35

Company column (plate) 60

Concentration, defense 205

Deep column (plate) 67, 68

Development for action, defense 207

Distribution in depth, defense 207

Eskadron, strength of 32

Fire, kinds of 158

Front and facing distance 48

Intrenching tool equipment (table) 39

Load carried by soldier 40

Machine guns—see Machine Guns

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Ranges, ascertaining 143

Rushes 90

Supply of ammunition 475, 476

“To form for attack,” definition 207

GROUND, influence of the 179

GROUP INTRENCHMENTS 417

England 462

Switzerland 467

GUARDS 22

GUIDON FLAGS 62, 63

Examples of the use of 355

HATCHET, weight of the 40

HEADQUARTERS, distribution of work at 245

HELIOGRAPH, use of, on the battlefield 246

HISTORY—see Military History

HITS

Number of, obtained by various marksmen (table) 169

Curves of hits (plate) 170

Percentage of, standard of measurement of effect of fire 168

HOLDING ATTACK 357

Compared with delaying action 445

Separation from flank attack 361

Strength of 446

HOTCHKISS MACHINE GUN 260

HOWITZER

Heavy field 118

Light field 116

INDIVIDUALISM, influence of, on tactics 201

INDIRECT FIRE 184

INFANTRY FIRE—see Fire

INFLUENCE OF THE GROUND 179

INFANTRY

Advance under artillery fire 318

Advance under fire, rules for 367

Attack

In Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 340-345

On dismounted cavalry 313

Combat

According to various drill regulations 448-467

Against artillery 316

Against Cavalry 301

Provisions of various regulations 314-315

Against Machine guns, general principles 268

In Russo-Japanese War 341

Value of, as compared with machine guns 267

Conduct under machine gun fire 269

Coöperation with artillery 351, 354

Cyclists 28, 29, 30

Deployment 201

For firing on charging cavalry 303

Élite 21

Equipment, weight of (table) in various armies 40

Fire, effect of, against shielded batteries 324, 325

Fire effect, as compared with machine guns 265

Fire of position 85

Firing on artillery in position 324

Formations for advancing under artillery fire 318, 321, 324

Importance and employment of 19-32

Japanese, tactics in Russo-Japanese War 341

Load carried 39

Local reconnaissance of the 248

Losses in Franco-German War 20

Percentage of 188

Manner of fighting 19, 20

Method of warding off a cavalry charge 304

Mounted infantry 25, 26, 27

Passage through artillery lines 316

Proportion to other arms 19

Relative strength as compared to cavalry 311

Russian, tactics in Russo-Japanese War 340

Screen for artillery 327

Tactical unit 32-34

Tactics in Russo-Japanese War 341

Time for opening fire on charging cavalry 308

INFANTRY COMBAT

Austria 448-450

England 459-463

France 453-459

Italy 451-453

Japan 463-465

Russia 466

Switzerland 466-467

INFANTRY SCREEN 327

INFORMATION OFFICERS 245

INSTRUCTION

Method of 7-13

Applicatory (or inductive) 10, 11

Deductive 11

Maneuvers 8, 12

Map problems 8, 11

Military history, study of 7, 8

INSTRUCTIONS FOR CAMPAIGNS 15

INTERVAL

Between general reserve and flank of defensive line 430

Definition 47

INTRENCHING IN ATTACK

Austria 392, 449

England 392

France 392, 457

Germany 392

Japan 392, 465

Russia 392

Switzerland 466

INTRENCHING TOOL EQUIPMENT 38-40

In various armies (table) 39

INTRENCHING TOOLS

General rules for use in attack 393

Use of in attack 387

Provisions of various regulations 392, 393

INTRENCHMENTS

Battalion groups of 417

Communicating trenches 419, 421

Cover trenches 419, 421

Dimensions 418, 420

Dummy 421, 423

Field magazines 418

Firing trenches 417, 419, 420

Foreground, clearing the 421

Foreground, Observation of the 420

Masks 421

Narrow trenches 418

Obstacles, construction of 421

Purpose 416

Splinter proofs 418, 420

Traverses 417

IRON RATION, weight of 40

ITALY

Advance guard, conduct of the 451

Ammunition knapsacks 483

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 483

Assault 452

Attack 451

Battalion, formations of the 70

Company, strength of (table) 35

Coöperation of infantry and artillery 354

Counter-attack 453

Cyclists, rate of march of 29

Defense 453

Envelopment 362

Fire, kinds of 160

Fire, Time for opening 154

Frontage 242

Front and facing distance 48

Infantry combat 451-453

Intrenching tool equipment 39

Kinds of fire 451

Load carried by soldier 40

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Ranges, ascertaining 143

Rushes 91, 452

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Supply of ammunition 475, 483

Vulnerability of various formations 186

JAPAN

Advance in skirmish line 76, 77

Advanced positions 465

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Assault 464

Attack 463

On a position prepared for defense 464

In Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 341, 342

Battalion, formations of the 70

Combat, characteristics of 341

Counter-attack 439

Defense 465

Fire, kinds of 160

Frontage 242

Front and facing distance 48

Infantry

Combat 463-465

Tactics in Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 341

Versus cavalry 315

Intrenching in attack 392, 465

Kinds of fire 463

Load carried by soldier 40

Machine guns 290

Pace, length and number per minute (table) 54

Pursuit 465

Rencontre 464

Rushes 91, 463

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Use of spade in attack 392, 466

JÄGER 21-23

KAISERJÄGER 24

KINDS OF FIRE—see Fire

KNAPSACKS

Ammunition 483

Loss of 364

Weight of, in various armies (table) 40

LEADERS

Conduct in action 399

Duties in action 399, 400, 401

Posts in action 399

LEADING—see Troop Leading

LESSONS OF THE BOER WAR, in re

Attack 340

Rushes 88, 89

LESSONS OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, in re

Attack 340

Fire control and fire direction 137

Formations under artillery fire 321-324

Rushes 89, 90

LINE

Comparison with column 42-45

Vulnerability of the 187

LINE FORMATION 73, 74

LINE OF COMPANY COLUMNS, French (with plate) 70

LINE OF PLATOONS, vulnerability of 186

LOCAL RECONNAISSANCE—see Reconnaissance

LONG RANGE FIRE 148, 150-153, 176

LOSSES

Artillery under infantry fire 326, 327

British, in Boer War 193

Examples 20, 36, 45, 50, 51, 153, 167, 168, 176, 178, 188, 189, 190, 193, 227, 312, 324

Franco-German War (by arm) 20

French Cuirassiers in charge at Vionville 312

In action 185

Infantry under artillery fire 324

Percentage of 186, 188, 189, 227

Produced by

Long range fire 176

Artillery and infantry fire, comparison 167, 168

Officers and men, comparison 189, 190

Skirmish line 81

When using fire while in motion 92

MACHINE GUNS 259

Ammunition 261

Supply

Austria 288

Battery 273

England 290

Germany 273

Russia 291

Switzerland 284

Transportation of 270

Assignment to cavalry 296

Attack, employment in 365

Austria 288

Basket mount 261

Battery (Germany)

Ammunition supply 273

Column of platoons 273, 274

Combat train 276

Employment of 293

Field train 270

Fighting 270

Formations 273, 274

Movements and gaits 273

Order in line 273, 274

Organization 270

Relative combat value 273

Route column 273, 274

Section column 273, 274

Belts, ammunition 261

Cavalry 261

Colt 261

Column of platoons 273, 274

Combat

Against artillery 297

Against Cavalry 296

Of infantry against, general principles 268

Train 270

Value as compared with skirmishers 267

Companies

Germany 275

Russia 290

Switzerland 284

Cone of dispersion 264

Crawling into position (illustration) 277

Defense 414

Employment in 425

Development, historical 259

Employment of 263

English views on employment of 297

Examples of employment of 283

Feldl gun 219

Field train 270

Fighting battery 270

Fire 263

Austria 263

Comparison with infantry fire 265-267

Concentrated 263

Cone of dispersion 264

Effect of 264, 294

Germany 263

Kinds of 263, 287-288

Progressive 263

Rate of 261

Sweeping 263

Switzerland 263, 287

Formations

Austria 288

Germany 273, 274

Switzerland 287

Fire effect 264, 294

As compared with a body of skirmishers 265

Fire fight 283

Fire of position 85

France 290

Gatling 259

Germany 270

Going into position 276

Historical development 259

Hotchkiss 260

In position (illustration) 279

Intrenched (illustration) 281

Japan 290

Kinds of fire

Austria 263, 288

Germany 263

Switzerland 263, 287, 288

Mitrailleuse 259

Mountain batteries 288

Mounting, method of 261, 284

Organization

Austria 288

England 290

Germany 270, 271, 275

Russia 291

Switzerland 284

Order in line 273-274

Progressive fire 263

Russia 290

Schwarzlose 260

Searching fire 263

Section column 273, 274

Sled mount 261

Sweeping fire 263

Swiss views on employment of 299

Tripod mount 261

Various countries 284-293

Weights of various, with mounts 261

MAGAZINES—see Field Magazines

MAIN BODY, conduct in a rencontre 336

MAIN FIRING POSITION 369

MANEUVERS 8, 12

MAP PROBLEMS 8, 11

MARCH, rate of, cyclists 29

MARCHING, length of pace and 53

MARKSMANSHIP, value of 169

MASKS 421

Influence of 120

MATTOCK, weight of 40

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS, effect of, on range 145

METHOD OF INSTRUCTION—see Instruction

MILITARY HISTORY, EXAMPLES FROM

Abridged attack 330

Advance, impulse from the rear 95

Advanced positions 412

Attack on 348

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 89, 90, 468, 474

Artillery fire diverted from proper objective by advancing infantry 327

Artillery supporting a cavalry charge 313

Artillery Under infantry fire 326-327

Assault 376, 409

Assaulting guidons, use of 355

Attack 340-345

Formation of a brigade 207

Battalions, strength of 36

Cavalry charges 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313

Changes of front 320, 321

Charge of French Cuirassiers of the Guard at Vionville 311

Close order formation, effect of fire on 102, 103

Column as attack formation 44, 45

Combats, duration of 178

Companies, consolidation of 36

Concentration for action 205, 209, 210

Counter-attack

After position is carried 433

Against a hostile flank 435, 436

Cover,

Construction of, in attack 344

Use of 257

Defensive position, location of 410

Deployment 206

Of reserves 369

Distribution in depth and frontage 222, 223, 226

Dummy trenches 421

Effect of danger 195-200

Effect of Fire on charging cavalry 308

Envelopment 357, 358, 359, 360, 361

Expenditure and supply of ammunition 468-474

Fatigue produced by continuous fire 155

Fire,

Effect of 132

Kinds of, used in Russo-Japanese War 157, 159

Kinds of, used in Russo-Turkish War 158, 159

Withholding the 151, 152

Fire control and fire direction, difficulties of 137

Fire effect on close order formations 102, 103

Fire pauses 156

Fire preparation 149

Fire support during an assault 380

Fire while in motion 93

Flank attack 357

Flanking fire 354

Formations suitable under fire 121

Formations suitable Under artillery fire 321, 322, 323, 324

Frontage 231, 232

And distribution in depth 237

In Russo-Japanese War 239

Of battalions at Mukden 211

Overextension of 238

Frontal counter attacks 437, 438

Gaps in the line 239

Improvised units, use of 197

Influence of various rifles on density of battle formations 24

Length of rushes and expenditure of ammunition 89-90

Lessons of the Boer War, in re attack 340

Lessons of the Russo-Japanese War, in re attack 340

Local reconnaissance 250, 253

Long range fire 149, 150, 151, 152, 153

Long range fire In defense 155

Losses 36, 50, 51, 153, 332

Percentage of 188, 189, 227

Produced by infantry and artillery fire 167

Produced by Long range fire 176

Relative, officers to men 189, 190

Under artillery fire 324

Machine guns, employment of 260, 275, 283, 289, 290

Masks, effect of 120

Mistakes caused by trumpet signals 42

Mixing of organizations 195, 226

Moral effect of a cavalry charge 306

Moral effect of Fire 426

Gen. Bennal’s impressions at Wörth 191

Moral effect of Fire On charging cavalry 309

Number of troops required for attack and defense 234

Passage through timber 333

Ranges, underestimation of 142

Removal of packs 364

Rencontre 339

Reserves, employment of 340, 395, 396, 397

Rushes, employment of 93, 94, 95

Rushes, Length of 89, 90

Sand bags, use of, in attack 344, 390

Study of 7-8

Surprise 208, 250, 252, 331, 340

Surrender of British troops in Boer War 192

Telephone communication at Mukden 247

Temperature, effect of 145

Trumpet signals, mistakes caused by 42

United attack, necessity of 402

Use of spade in attack 387, 388

Value of 8, 9, 10

Void of the battlefield 194

Volleys, use of 164

Woods, passage through 333

Wounds

Produced by cutting weapons 384

Character of 128, 129

MINOR TACTICS 12

MISSES, effect of; Wolozkoi’s theory 173

MITRAILLEUSE 259

MIXING OF ORGANIZATIONS 195, 226

How prevented 96, 97

MORAL EFFECT

Cavalry charge 306

Counter-attack 436

Fire 191, 227

On charging cavalry 309

MORAL FACTORS and discipline 107, 108

MOUNTAIN TROOPS 23

MOUNTAIN WARFARE 23

MOUNTED INFANTRY 25, 26, 27

MOUNTED MESSENGERS, use on battlefield 246

MUSICIANS

Duties in skirmish line 79

Posts in skirmish line 79

NEEDLE GUN, compared with rifle, model 98, as regards flatness of trajectory 153

NETHERLANDS, column of fours 58

NIGHT ATTACKS, distribution in depth 233

NIGHT OPERATIONS, close order formations, importance of 104

NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, posts of, in various armies 47

NORMAL ATTACK 203

v. Boguslawski’s views 204

Clausewitz’s views 204

v. Scherff’s views 205

NORMAL FORMATIONS, necessity for, in some countries 201

OBSERVATION OF THE FOREGROUND 420

Compared with deliberately planned attack 334, 338

OBSERVATION STATIONS 421

OBSTACLES 422

OBUS ALLONGÉ 115

OFFENSIVE

Assumption of the 428

OFFENSIVE In defense 409

Spirit of the 109, 110

OFFENSIVE-DEFENSIVE 408

OFFENSIVE RETURN (France) 439, 458

OFFICERS

Demeanor, influence of 84

Losses among 50, 51

Franco-German War (by arm) 20

Relative to men 189, 190

OPEN COLUMN, depth of 47

ORDER IN LINE, machine gun batteries 273, 274

ORDERS 41

Combat 243, 244

Contents of 41

Issue of 41

In a rencontre 336

ORGANIZATION 34

Battalion 36, 37

Brigade 37, 38

Company 34, 35

In various armies (table) 35

Machine guns,

Austria 288

England 290

France 290

Germany 270

Japan 290

Russia 290

Switzerland 284

Mounted infantry (England) 26

Regiment 37

ORGANIZATIONS

Mixing of 195, 226

How prevented 96, 97

Use of improvised 197

PACE

Diminution of length of, on various slopes 141

Length of, and marching 53

Length of, In various armies (table) 54

PACES, number of, per minute 54

PACKS, removal of 363, 364

PANIC 27, 107, 441

PASSIVE DEFENSE 408, 409

PATROLS 27

Combat 80

PEACE, eternal 1

PENETRATION, “S” bullet 131

PLATOON

Column of twos, vulnerability of 187

Commander, post in close order 63

Commander, post in Skirmish line 79

French 4-rank formation (with plates) 65, 66

Infantry, strength of the German 273

One-rank, vulnerability of the 187

PLATOONS

Column of (with plate) 61, 62

How formed 49

Machine gun battery 273, 274

Division of the company into 46

Three or four platoons 48

POSITION

Advance into a preparatory 350

Advanced 413

Battalion groups of intrenchments 417

Communicating trenches 421

Cover trenches 421

Determining factors in selecting a 414

Dummy intrenchments 421

Foreground, clearing the 421

Foreground, Division into sections 411

Foreground, Observation of the 420

Fortifying the 415

Framework of the 414

Gaps in the defensive 411

Intrenchments 418-422

Masks 421

Obstacles, construction of 421

Occupation of the 426

Rallying 442

Requisites of a defensive 410

Russian views in re defensive 422

Sections, divisions into 411

Temporary occupation 408

POSTS

Battalion commander in action 400

Commander in a rencontre 338

Company commander in action 400

Musicians in skirmish line 79, 80

Non-commissioned officers in close order 47

Platoon commanders in close order 63

Platoon commanders in Skirmish line 79

Range finders in close order 46, 47

Range finders in Skirmish line 79, 80

Squad leaders in close order 46, 47

Squad leaders in Skirmish line 79

Regimental commander in action 400

PREPARATION OF THE ASSAULT 352

PREPARATION OF THE ATTACK 346

By artillery, provisions of various regulations 354

PREPARATORY POSITION 350

PROGRESSIVE FIRE

Artillery 320

Machine guns 263

PURE FRONTAL ATTACK 357

France 455

PURSUIT 385

Japan 465

QUICK TIME, in various armies (table) 54

RAFALE 158, 164

RALLYING POSITION 442

England 460

Occupation of the 443

RANGE

Altitude, effect of, on the 145

Ascertaining the 140

Pacing and galloping 141

Provisions of various regulations 143

Ascertaining the 140

Range finding instruments 146

Trial volleys 145

Error of estimation 141

Formulae for determining favorable range for firing against hill positions 183

Influence of error in estimating the 170

Influence of Knowledge of the 140

Meteorological conditions, effect of 145

Range finding instruments, permissible error 146

Trial volleys 145

RANGE FINDERS

Classification 143

Duties in machine gun detachments 283

Post in close order 46, 47

Post in Skirmish line 79, 80

RANGE FINDING INSTRUMENTS

Errors permissible 146

Principle of construction 146

RANGING—see Range

RANKS, influence of rate of fire upon the number of 46

RATIONS, weight of 40

REAR GUARD ACTION, frontage of a company in 236

RECONNAISSANCE

Companies 251

Detachments of all arms 251

In attack 346

In force 251, 347

Local, in attack 347

Local, Object of 250

Local, Of the infantry 248

Patrols and scouting detachments 27

REGIMENT 37

Cavalry, strength of German 273

Combat frontage 236

Formation for attack 214

Formations 73, 74

Importance 37

Organization 37

REGIMENTAL COMMANDER

Duties in action 400

Post in action 400

REGULATIONS—see Drill Regulations

REMOVAL OF PACKS 363, 364

RENCONTRE 333

Advance guard, conduct of the 334

Austria 448

Commander, position of 338

Conduct of main body 336

Examples of 339

Japan 464

Machine guns, examples of, in a 295, 338

Main body, launching of the 338

Orders, issue of 336

Provisions of various regulations 339

Use of echelon formation in 74

Switzerland 466

REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, influence of, on war 3

RESERVE

Employment of, in attack 394

Examples of employment of 340, 395, 396, 397

General, distance from defensive line 430

General, Interval from flank of defensive line 430

General, Position in defense 429

General, Strength of, in defense 431

In retreat 442

Launching or withholding the 396

Section 411

Size of, in various units 235

Strength of the (in attack and defense) 395

RETREAT

Direction of 440, 442

Rallying position 442

Reserve 442

RICOCHETS, effect of 185

RIFLE—see Rifles

RIFLEMEN 22

RIFLE-RESTS, influence of 178

RIFLES

Automatic 126

Influence of various, on density of battle formations (table) 240

Used in Russo-Japanese War 127

Weight of, in various armies (table) 40

ROAD SPACE—see Depth

ROUTE COLUMN (with plate) 57

Battalion in 72

Machine gun battery 273, 274

RUSHES

Advance by 82

Austria 449

England 462

Examples of the employment of 93, 94, 95

Gait to be employed in 82, 86

How made in various armies 90, 91

Italy 452

Japan 91, 463

Length of 83

Lessons of the Boer and Russo-Japanese Wars 88, 89, 90

Long or short 85, 86

Preparation for 83

Provisions of various regulations 90-91

Russia 91

Short or long 85, 86

Strength of the rushing unit 83

Time required for 83

RUSSIA

Advanced positions 413

Ammunition, how carried by soldier 476

Ammunition supply 475

Regulations in re 480

Assault 381

Battalion, formations of the 69, 73

Column of platoons (plate) 62

Company, strength of (table) 35

Defensive position, views on 422

Fire, kinds of 160

Frontage 242

Front and facing distance 48

Infantry

Combat 466

Tactics in Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 340

Versus cavalry 315

Intrenching tool equipment of Russian companies 38

Load carried by soldier 40

Machine guns 290

Pace, length and number per minute 54

Ranges, ascertaining 143

Rushes 91

Sandbag cover, results of experiments 390

Skirmish line, formation of 80

Supply of ammunition 475, 480

Use of general reserve 397

Use of Spade in attack 392

“S” BULLET

Effect on corpses 130

Effect on Materials 131

Effect on Steel shields 324

SAND BAGS 344, 390

Results of Russian experiments 390

SCHWARZLOSE MACHINE GUN 260

SCOUTING DETACHMENTS 27, 28, 414

Use of, in reconnaissance 252

SEARCHING FIRE

Artillery 321

Machine guns 263

SECONDARY ATTACK 357

SECTIONS

Assignment of combat 243

Defensive position, division into combat 411

Division of the platoon into 46

SECTION COLUMN, machine gun battery 273, 274

SHARPSHOOTER PLATOONS 21

SHELL

Comparison between that of field gun and howitzer 117

Percussion (Model 96) 115

Time (Model 96) 116

Time (Model 98) 118

SHIELDS

Protection afforded by 324

SHRAPNEL

Comparison between that of field gun and howitzer 117

Effect (tables) 114, 122

On animate targets 125

Incendiary effect 112

Percussion 111, 112

Time 112

SIGNAL LAMPS, use of, on battlefield 246

SIGNALS 41

Advance 41

Assemble 41

Attention 41

Charge 41

Deploy 41

Employment of, by combat patrols 80

Fix bayonet 41, 377

Halt 41

Misunderstanding of 42

Trumpet 41

SITUATION, estimate of the 11

SKI DETACHMENTS 30, 31, 32

SKI RUNNERS 30, 31, 32

SKIRMISH LINES

Boer advance in thin 75

Cover, use of 256

Efficacy of fire against thin and dense (table) 77

Fire effect, as compared with machine guns 265

Formation of 78

In various armies 80

Gaits of 81

Japanese advance in thin 76, 77

Losses 81

Movements in 81, 82

Thin and dense 76, 77

Vulnerability of 186, 187

SNOW SHOE MARCHING 30, 31

SPADE

Use of, in attack 387, 388, 392, 449, 457, 465, 466

Small, weight of 40

SPLINTER PROOFS 418, 420

SQUAD LEADERS

Posts in close order 46, 47

Posts in Skirmish line 79

SQUADS

Column of, compared with column of fours 59

Column of, (Plate) 57

Division of the company into 46

Machine gun, composition and duties of members of (Germany) 283

STAFFS, division of work in 245

STRATEGY

Definitions of 4, 5, 6

Relation of tactics to 6, 7

SUPERIORITY OF FIRE 370, 371, 427

SUPPLY OF AMMUNITION

Austria 475, 479

Deductions from various regulations 483

England 475, 482

France 475, 480

Germany 475, 476

Italy 475, 483

Japan 475

Russia 475, 480

Various armies (table) 475

SUPPORTS 98, 99

Advance of 100

In attack 368

Advantages of 102

Arguments against 101, 102

Commander, duties of 100

Conduct, French regulations 455

Defense 410

Deployment in attack 369

Distance from firing line 98, 99

Duties 98

Formations 100

Movements 100

Necessity 98

Purpose 98

SURPRISE 330

Examples of 331

SURRENDER, British troops in Boer War 192

SWEDEN, column of fours 58

SWEEPING FIRE

Artillery 321

Machine guns 263

TACTICAL FORMATIONS, Importance of 108

TACTICAL MISSIONS, compared with united action 401

TACTICAL UNIT 32, 33, 34

TACTICS

Applied 12, 13

Changes in 13, 14

Definitions of 4, 5, 6

Formal 12

Grand 12

Japanese infantry in Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 341

Minor 12

Relation of strategy to 6-7

Russian infantry in Russo-Japanese War, characteristics of 340

TARGET, selection of a 147

TASKS

Assignment of 218

Dangers of assigning 405

TELEGRAPH, FIELD, use of, on battlefield 246

TELEPHONE, FIELD, use of, in infantry combat 246

TEMPORARY OCCUPATION of a position 408

TERRAIN, importance of 254

TIMBER, advance through 332

TRAINING and drill 105, 106

Influence of, on efficacy of fire 168

TRAVERSES 417

TRENCHES 416-420

Dimensions 418

TROOP LEADING

Duties of higher 366

Duties of Minor 365

TROOP UNIT 34

TRUMPET SIGNALS 41

TWOS, column of 56

UNIFORM, color of, influence on visibility 119

UNITED ACTION

Compared with tactical missions 401

Dangers of 405

UNITED STATES, three-unit organization 38, 218

UNIVERSAL SERVICE, influence of, on war 4

USE OF SPADE IN ATTACK 387

Austria 449

France 457

Japan 465

Provisions of various regulations 392

Switzerland 466

VOID OF THE BATTLEFIELD 194

VOLLEY

Value of the 157, 163

Trial 145

VULNERABILITY of various formations 186, 187

WAR 2, 3, 4

Importance and necessity of 2

Influence of representative government in reducing number of wars 3

Influence of universal service on 4

Lessons of, in re attack 340

Lessons of, in re Rushes 88, 89

Purpose of 4

Ultimo ratio of state policy 2, 3

WEAPONS, changes and improvements in 13

WIGWAG FLAGS, use of, in infantry action 246

WIRE CUTTERS 39

WITHDRAWAL 441

Conduct of a 441

WOLOZKOI’S THEORY of the constant cone of misses 173

WOODS, advance through 332

WOUNDS

Produced by cutting weapons, (%) 384

Produced by Infantry and artillery fire, comparison 167

Produced by Jacketed bullets 129

Produced by Shrapnel bullets 125

Produced by Small arms in Russo-Japanese War, character of 127, 128

ZONE FIRE, artillery 320

INDEX OF EXAMPLES FROM MILITARY HISTORY.

Aiaslar, August 25, 1877. PAGE

Ammunition, expenditure of 472

Albuera, 1811.

Losses 227

Amiens, November 27, 1870.

Frontage 237

Austerlitz.

Attacking column, formation 44

Azay, January 6, 1871.

Masks, effect of 112

Baalon, September 17, 1870.

Surprise 331

Beaumont, August 30, 1870.

Advance guard, deployment of 231, 232

Artillery, losses of the 327

Cavalry charge 309

Deployment of an advance guard 231, 232

Distribution in depth 231, 232

Flank attack 357

Frontage 231, 232

Frontal counter-attack 437

Ineffective rapid fire at short ranges 162

Line of platoons in columns of twos 121

Losses, artillery under infantry fire 327

Rencontre 339

Surprise 331

Woods, passage through 333

Beaune la Bolande, November 28, 1870.

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 470

Ammunition, Shortage of 469

Short range fire 153

Withholding the fire 152

Belmont, November 22, 1899.

Night march 351

Boer War—see South African War (1899-1902).

Busaco.

Frontal counter-attack 437

Buzanval, January 19, 1871.

Ammunition, expenditure of 470

Casablanca, 1907.

Effect of infantry fire on charging cavalry 308

Chagey, January 11, 1871.

Short range fire 153

Champigny, November 30, 1870.

Ammunition, expenditure and supply 471

Influence of the ground on efficacy of fire 183

Jägers, employment of 23

Chevilly, November 30, 1870.

Fire while in motion 93

Chlum (Königgrätz), 1866.

Flank attack 357

Colenso, December 15, 1899.

Artillery under infantry fire 326

Boer position, location of 410

Density of battle line 240

Insufficient reconnaissance 340

Losses 189

Officers 190

Moral effect of fire 152, 426

Pure frontal attack 340

Reconnaissance, lack of local 249

Reserves, use of 340

Surprise 340

Withholding the fire, moral effect 152

Colombey, August 14, 1870.

Attack on Aubigny 405

Attack On the “Tannenwäldchen” 403

Frontage 237

Losses 195

Mixing of organizations 195

Moral effect of fire 199

Coulmiers, November 9, 1870.

Ammunition supply 484

Reserve, employment of the 395

Coulomiers, December 15, 1870.

Withholding the fire 152

Custozza, 1866.

Battle lines, density of 240

Cavalry charge 302

Cavalry charge Moral effect of a 200

Reserves, employment of 396

Daix, November 26, 1870.

Ammunition, supply of 484

Datshishiao, July 24, 1904.

Bayonet fight 382

Diamond Hill, 1900.

Frontage 238

Doornkop, May 29, 1900.

Opening fire 150

Etoges, 1814.

Infantry versus cavalry 313

Franco-German War (1870-71).

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 468

Close order formations, impossibility of employing, in first line 102

Fire, efficacy of 176

Frontages 237

Losses among officers, percentage of (by arm) 20

Officers, number of, per 1000 men 51

Proportion of the various arms 19

Fuchau, 1905.

Local reconnaissance 250

Garcia Hernandez, 1812.

Cavalry charge 309

Gitschin, 1866.

Trumpet signal, misunderstanding caused by 42

Gorni Bugarov, January 1, 1878.

Frontal counter-attack 438

Short range fire 153

Gorni Dubniac, October 24, 1877.

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 473

Assault, inability to 409

Fire, ineffectiveness of uphill 183

Intrenching in attack 389

Isolated attacks with inadequate forces 223

Perseverance under fire 387

Reserves, deployment of 369

Rushes, advance by 95

Signal for attack, failure of 361

Strength, relative, of opposing forces 234

Gravelotte (St. Privat).

Advance to the battlefield 67

Ammunition, expenditure 471

Artillery under infantry fire 326

Assault 376

Assaulting distance 385

Attack made by the III. Army Corps 398

Battle lines, density of 240

Close order formations under fire 103

Columns of twos, line of 121

Companies, consolidation of 36

Concentration for action 210

Density of battle lines 240

Enfilade fire 254

Envelopment 361

Fire,

Artillery under infantry 326

Close order formation under 103

Columns of twos, line of, under 121

Enfilade 254

Long range 152

Pause 156

Perseverance under 108, 387

Uphill, ineffectiveness of 183

Flanking fire 254

Infantry fire, artillery under 326

Intrenchments, construction of 388

Losses, aggregate and detail 188

Losses, At various ranges 176

Losses, Franz regiment 195

Losses, Officers 33, 51, 190

Lull in the fight at Point du Jour 156

March formations 67

Mitrailleuses, employment of 260

Mixing of organizations 196

Officers, losses among 33, 51, 190

Organizations, mixing of 196

Ranges, underestimation of 142

Reconnaissance, relaxing in the 347

Reserves 398

Stragglers 196

Uphill fire against trenches, ineffectiveness of 183

Haicheng, 1904.

Advanced positions, several lines of 412

Hallue, December 23, 1870.

Envelopment 6

Attempted, by first line 360

Frontage 232

l’Hay, September 30, 1870.

Fire while in motion 93

Helmstedt, July 25, 1866.

Change of front 220

Hühnerwasser, 1866.

Ammunition found on the battlefield 469

Karahassankioi, August 23, 1877.

Ammunition, expenditure of 472

Katzbach, August 26, 1813.

Attack in line 108

Kazeljevo.

Frontal counter-attack 438

Kesselsdorf, 1745.

Frontal counter-attack 437

Losses 189

Kinchau, November 26, 1904.

Ammunition, expenditure of 474

Assaulting distance 385

Kolin, 1757.

Losses 189

Königgrätz, July 3, 1866.

Adjustment of fire facilitated by a poplar 120

Advance to the battlefield 205

Battle lines, density of 240

Cavalry charge, moral effect of a 306

Flank attack 357, 359

Jägers, employment of 23

Trumpet signal, misunderstanding caused by 42

Ladon, November 26, 1870.

Envelopment 361

Ladonchamps (near Metz).

Artillery fire, ineffectiveness of 120

Ladysmith, 1900.

Supports 98

Le Bourget, October 30, 1870.

Assaulting distance 385

Columns of twos, line of 121

Rushes 93, 94

Le Mans.

Battalions, strength of 36

Gatling guns 260

Officers, number present for duty 50

Liao Yang, 1904.

Ammunition, expenditure of 473, 474

Battle lines, density of 239

Fire 155

Frontage 239

Intrenching tools, use of, in attack 392

Machine guns 291

Strength of opposing forces 341

Surprise 208, 250

Linshinpu, 1904.

Ammunition, expenditure of 473

Lisaine.

Frontage 228

Loigny, December 2, 1870.

Advance to the battlefield 67

Counter-attack, 433, 435, 436

Intrenching tools, lack of 388

Wheel executed by Kottwitz’ Brigade 220

Lovtcha, September 1, 1877.

Ammunition, expenditure of 472

Mixing of organizations 197

Registration mark for artillery fire 120

Rushes 95

Strength of opposing forces 234

Magersfontain, December 11, 1899.

Boer position, location of 410

Convalescence of wounded 129

Dummy trenches 421

Fire surprise 133

Frontage 227, 238

Lack of reinforcements 227

Losses 189

Officers 190

Perseverance under fire 137, 387

Pure frontal attack 340

Reconnaissance, lack of local 249

Reinforcements, lack of 227

Reserves, employment of 340

Withholding the fire, moral effect of 152

Maida.

Frontal counter-attack 437

Marengo, 1800.

Attacking column, formation of 45

Mars-la-Tour—see Vionville.

Minden, 1757.

Infantry versus cavalry 313

Modder River, November 28, 1899.

Boer position, location of 410

Fire fight 132, 371

Moral effect of fire 426

Opening fire at long range 150

Perseverance under fire 132

Pure frontal attack 340

Reconnaissance, lack of 252, 340

Surprise 252, 340

Montoy (Noisseville).

Surprise 332

Mont Valérien, January 19, 1871.

Ammunition, shortage of 469

Mukden, 1905.

Advance in thin skirmish lines 76, 77

Assault with cold steel 134

Attack, mode of Japanese 343, 344

Battle lines, density of 239, 240

Bayonet fights 382

Construction of cover in attack 344

Frontage 239

Gaps in the attacking line 239

Machine guns 292

Perseverance under fire 348

Reserves 395, 396

Sand bags, use of, in attack 344

Skirmish lines, thin 76, 77

Strength of opposing forces 341

Telephone communication 247

Nachod, 1866.

Bayonet attack 153

Concentration 209

Frontage 231

Losses 153

Mixing of organizations 196

Rencontre 339

Nicholson’s Neck, October 24, 1899.

Crawling 87, 88

Volleys, ineffectiveness of 157

Noisseville.

Bayonet fight 382

Counter-attack 429, 433

Flank attack 358

Intrenching tools, lack of 388

Losses 332

Reconnaissance 253

Surprise 331

Nuits, December 18, 1870.

Abridged attack 330

Oerrshikiatsy (Shaho), 1904.

Intrenching tools, use of, in attack 388

Orleans, December 3, 1870.

Counter-attack 436

Strength of German battalions 36

Paardeberg, February 18, 1900.

Advance without firing 149

Convalescence of wounded 129

Crawling 87

Distribution in depth, lack of 238

Frontage 76, 227

Intrenching tools, use of, in attack 388

Opening fire at long range 150

Reinforcements, lack of 227

Skirmish lines, thin 76

Pieters Hill, February 27, 1900.

Fire support 380

Frontage 238

Machine guns 289, 298

Plevna, 1877.

Ammunition, expenditure of 472

Attacks with inadequate forces 222, 223

Bayonet fights 382

Combat impressions 191

Fire, opening 152

Fire, Uphill, ineffectiveness of 183

Fire, While in motion 93

Improvised units 197, 198

Intrenching tools, use of 388

Isolated attacks with inadequate forces 222, 223

Knapsacks, loss of 364

Losses among officers 190

Losses At various ranges 152, 177

Mixing of organizations 197

Officers, losses among 190

Opening fire at long range 152

Ranges, underestimation of 142

Reserves, deployment of 369

Reserves, Employment of 395

Rushes 95

Strength of opposing forces 234

Underestimation of ranges 142

Volleys 158

Podol, June 26, 1866.

Jägers 23

Poplar Grove, March 7, 1900.

Advance in attack formation 206

Attack formation of a brigade 207

Frontage 238

Russo-Japanese War.

Advance in thin skirmish lines 76, 77

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 473

Formations under artillery fire 321, 322

Frontage 238

Infantry attack 137, 340

Local reconnaissance 250

Machine guns 290

Rushes 89

Strength of opposing forces 341

Wounds, character of 128

Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.

Ammunition, expenditure of 472

Attacks 222, 223

Frontal counter-attacks 438

Losses 176

St. Privat—see Gravelotte.

St. Quentin, January 19, 1871.

Attack on Grugies, isolated 403

Bayonet attack 103

Sandepu, 1904.

Losses among officers 190

Sapignies.

Cavalry charge 302

Scheinovo, January 9, 1878.

Ammunition, expenditure of 94, 95, 473

Cavalry charge 303

Losses 94, 95

Rushes 94, 95

Simultaneous attack 361

Sedan.

Ammunition, expenditure of 469

Cavalry charge 308, 310, 311

Losses among officers 51

Mixing of organizations 197

Packs, removal of 469

Shaho, 1904.

Advanced positions 348

Artillery, capture of 326

Attack formation of a brigade 343

Battle lines, density of 239

Frontage 239

Infantry attack 343

Intrenching tools, use of 388

Machine guns 292

Reserves 396

Shiliho, 1905.

Attack 344

Rushes 90

Shipka Pass, 1877.

Short range fire 153

Skalitz, 1812.

Jägers 23

Mixing of organizations 196

Slivnica, November 17 and 19, 1885.

Losses at long ranges 177

Solferino, 1859.

Bayonet fight 382

Battle lines, density of 240

Soor, 1745.

Losses 189

Frontal counter-attack 437

Soor, 1866.

Jägers 23

South African War (1899-1902).

Assaults 379

Crawling 87, 88

Front, overextension of 238

Lessons gained from the 88, 340

Machine guns 289

Mounted infantry 25

Rushes 88

Skirmish lines, thin 75

Surrenders 192

Wounds, character of 129

Spicheren.

Advance in assembly formation 210

Ammunition, expenditure of 469

Attack, orders for 349

Change of front 220

Concentration 210

Counter-attack 436

Envelopment 357, 358, 360

Formation in echelon and in line 74, 226

Front, change of 220

Frontage 226

Knapsacks, loss of 364

Losses 195

Mixing of organizations 196, 226

Orders for attack 349

Stragglers 195

Spionskop, 1900.

Crawling 88

Losses at short ranges, insignificant 178, 189

Reserves 340

Tagliamento, 1797.

Attack formations 45

Tashkessen, January 1, 1878.

Ammunition, expenditure of 473

Frontal counter-attack 438

Tel el Kebir, 1882.

Night attack 233

Terrayama (Temple Hill), October 11, 1904.

Attack 343

Bayonet fight 382

Intrenching tools, use of 388

Tobitschau, 1866.

Cavalry charge 313

Towan, 1904.

Perseverance under fire 348

Trautenau, 1866.

Bayonet attack 153

Jägers 23

Packs, removal of 364

Rencontre 339

Trumpet signal, misunderstanding caused by 42

Tsinortun, August 26, 1904.

Counter-attack 435

Tugela (Pieters Hill), 1900.

Rushes 95

Tuminling Pass, 1904.

Losses, officers 190

Vauxchamps, February 14, 1814.

Infantry versus cavalry 313

Villepion, December 1, 1870.

Holding wavering troops 382

Intrenching tools, use of 388

Villermain-Cravant, 1870.

Flank march along hostile front 360

Villiers, October 30, 1870.

Influence of the ground on the efficacy of fire 183

Vimiero.

Frontal counter-attack 437

Vionville.

Abridged attack 330

Advance in broad formations 67

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 469, 470

Artillery fire diverted by infantry 327

Cavalry charge, 302, 304, 311, 313

Moral effect of 302

Preparation by artillery fire 313

Close order formations, losses in 102, 103

Concentration 209

Cover, use of 257

Direction of retreat 440

Flanking fire 254

Losses in close order formations 102, 103

Officers 190

Masks 120

Moral effect of a cavalry charge 302, 303

Packs, removal of 364

Rencontre 339

Reserves, employment of 397

Retreat 440

Trumpet signal, misunderstanding caused by 42

United attack, necessity of a 403

Volley fire, ineffectiveness of 164

Vouziers, December 15, 1870.

Surprise 331

Wafangu, June 15, 1904.

Attack 341

Communication 247

Distribution in depth, excessive 223

Envelopment 341, 359

Wagram, 1809.

Attacking column, formation of 44, 45

Waterberg, 1904.

Assaulting guidons 355

Machine guns, employment of 283

Waterloo, 1815.

Attacking column, formation of 44, 45

Battle lines, density of 240

Concentration 209

Frontal counter-attack 437

Weiszenburg, August 2, 1870.

Losses among officers 51, 190

Masks 120

Wörth, August 6, 1870.

Assault 376

Assaulting distance 385

Attack, orders to 349

Battle lines, density of 240

Cavalry charge 310, 311

Change of front 220

Colors 69

Concentration 209

Counter-attack 433

Distance, elimination of, during advance 72

Distribution in depth 224

Fire while in motion 93

Interference by the commander-in-chief 248

Losses 227

Officers 51

Relative, officers and men 190

Mixing of organizations 196

Moral effect of fire 191

Officers, losses among 51

Orders to attack 349

Packs, removal of 364

Panic 440

Passage through woods 333

Reserve, employment of the 395

Stragglers 196

Supports 224

Uphill fire 183

Woods, passage through 254

Yalu, 1904.

Ammunition, expenditure and supply of 473

Attack 341

Bayonet fight 382

Losses, officers 190

Machine guns 291

Yangtsuling, 1904.

Attack 343

Yoshirei, July 31, 1904.

Formations under artillery fire 321, 323

Yuhuntun, 1905.

Perseverance under fire 348

Yuputz, March 1, 1905.

Sand bags, use of 390

Yushuling, 1904.

Intrenching tools, use of 388

Zella.

Counter-attack 433

Notes in this chapter

Note 1 · The company ammunition wagon carries 9,450 rounds of ammunition, packed in seven compartments. It consists of a body and a limber, has a wid Note 2 · In each battalion, the ammunition wagon of the 2nd company carries 108 explosive cartridges, weighing 200 g. each, and that of the 3rd compa Note 3 · The company ammunition wagon Model 1893 weighs 287 kg. when empty, and 770 kg. when filled. It carries 14,400 rounds of ammunition (net capa Note 4 · Examples: The loss of the park at Coulmiers (Helvig, Das 1. bayerische Armeekorps, p. 202). The engagement at Daix on January 21st, 1871 (Ge