Part 10 — Errata for Part X (United States):

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till after the war of 1812-’15 proved his ideas to be correct 1812—’15

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VIII. NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY. VII.

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the latter is given according to the Census of 1850. final . missing or invisible

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according to the personal merits and fitness of the candidate.” printed as shown: missing open quote or superfluous close quote?

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Before your memorialist proceeds to examine the truth exaime

the abuse of the mode of appointing Cadets apppointing

of 5206 cadets admitted from 1842 to 1863 inclusive page damaged: number computed from table on page 799

an amendment to the appropriation bill in 1836 apppropriation

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[Footnote 23]

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renew his knowledge of what he had been taught. taught.”

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[Footnote 25]

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impress them more strongly with its importance. expected close quote missing

Reveille at day break, and they march by squads Revielle

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[Footnote 26]

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well instructed and thoroughly disciplined seamen thoroughy

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Pay of Professors and Assistants Asssistants

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CONTENTS BY COUNTRY:

France Prussia Austria Bavaria Italy Russia Sweden Great Britain Switzerland United States

Military Education in France; Part I. of Military Schools and Courses of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 7—276.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Military Schools of Special Application in France, 131

I. Artillery and Engineers’ School at Metz, 133

1. History and General Description, 137

First Artillery School in 1679 at Douai, 137

Garrison Schools in 1720, 137

Academy at La Fère in 1756, 137

First Engineer School at Mézières in 1749, 137

School at Metz in 1795, 137

2. Location, Buildings, Barracks, Riding School, 138

3. Staff of Government, 140

3. Staff of Instruction, 141

Superior Council, 141

Instructional Council, 142

Administrative “ 142

4. Subjects and Methods of Study, 142

Instruction Common to both, 143

Instruction Special to Artillery, 143

Instruction Special to Engineers, 143

Employment of time for First Year, 144

Employment of time for Second Year, 143

5. Examination and Classification, 145

Final Examination, 146

Classification of the Order of Merit, 147

6. Subsequent instruction and Employment, 148

7. Regimental Schools, 150

Appendix, 151

Regulations and Programmes of Instruction, 151

I. Police Regulations, 152

II. Regulations for Estimating the value of Work Executed, 151

III. Programme of Artillery Course, 156

Introduction—1. Effects of Powder, 158

Introduction—2. Projectiles, 159

Introduction—3. Motion of Carriages, 160

Second Part—Section 1. Small Army, 161

Second Part—Section 2. Projectiles and Cannon, 162

Second Part—Section 3. War and Signal Rockets, 164

Second Part—Section 4. Carriages, 166

Second Part—Section 5. Artillery Force, 165

Second Part—Section 6. Construction of Carriages, 166

Third Part—Effects of Projectiles, 167

Fourth Part—Trace and Construction of Batteries, 168

Fifth Part—Section 1. Organization and Service of Artillery, 179

Fifth Part—Section 2. Artillery in the Field, 170

Fifth Part—Section 3. Artillery in the Attack and Defense, 170

Fifth Part—Section 4. Artillery in the Sham Siege, 174

Recapitulative Tables, 180

IV. Course on Military Art and Field Fortification, 181

I. Lectures, 181

1. Historical Notices of the Organization of Armies, 181

2. Tactics, 182

3. Castrametation, 182

4. Field Fortification, 182

5. Military Communications, 184

6. Strategy, 184

II. Works of Application, 184

Recapitulations, 189

V. Permanent Fortifications and Attack and Defense of Places, 190

VI. Course of Topography, 194

1. Topographical Drawing, 194

2. Topographical Surveying, 194

VII. Course of Geodesy and Dialling, 197

1. Special for Engineers, 197

2. Common to Engineers and Artillery, 198

VIII. Course of Sciences applied to Military Arts, 200

1. Geology, 200

2. Working in Iron, 200

3. Application of the Working of Iron, 201

4. Manufacture of Small Arms, 201

5. Manufacture of Ordnance, 201

6. Manufacture of Powder, 201

7. Pyrotechny, 201

Works of Application, Samples of Minerals, Geological Exercises, Molding, Chemical Compounds, 202

Practical Instructions on Munitions and Fireworks, 203

IX. Course of Applied Mechanics, 205

1. General Principles, 205

2. Motion of Machines, 205

3. Resistance of Materials, 205

4. Working Machines, 206

5. Explanations and Works of Application, 207

X. Course of Construction, 208

1. Elements of Masonry, 208

2. Architecture of Military Building, 209

3. Resistance of Material, 210

4. Hydraulic Construction, 210

Works of Application, 215

XI. Course in the German Language, 214

XII. Programme of Sham Siege, 217

Preliminary Measures and Lectures, 217

Composition of the Personnel, 218

Conferences, 218

Tracing of the Work, 219

Memoir and Sketch, 219

XIII. Course on the Veterinary Art, 220

Interior of the Horse, 220

Exterior of the Horse 220

Health of the Horse 220

II. Regimental Artillery and Engineers’ Schools, 221

1. Artillery Regimental Schools, 221

Design, 221

Staff, 221

Instruction, 221

Theoretical—Practical—Special, 221

2. Engineer and Regimental Schools, 223

Staff’s, 223

Instruction—kinds, 223

Courses, 224

III. The Infantry and Cavalry School at St. Cyr, 225

History and General Description, 225

Origin, 225

General Description, 226

Staff of Government and Instructions, 228

Buildings, 229

Daily Routine, 231

Course of Study, 235

Examinations, 238

Co-efficients of Influence, 238

Classification in Order of Merit, 239

Choice of Service, 240

IV. The Cavalry School of Application at Saumur, 241

Design, 241

Staff, 241

Instruction, 241

Pupils, 242

Text-books and Recitations, 243

Veterinary Instructions, 243

Hippology, 244

The Model Stud, 244

Breaking Young Horses, 244

School of Farriers, 244

V. The Staff School at Paris, 245

1. Duties of the French Staff, 245

The War Dépot, 246

The Staff Corps, 246

2. Buildings and Establishment, 248

3. Staff of Government and Instruction, 248

4. Conditions of Admission, 249

Entrance Examination, 250

Studies, 250

Daily Routine, 251

Examinations, 253

Co-efficients of Influence, 253

Examination before Consulting Committee, 256

VI. The Military Orphan-School at La Fleche, 257

Juvenile and Privileged School, 257

Course of Instruction, 257

Staff of Government and Instruction, 257

Yearly Charge, 257

Courses, 258

Examination, 258

Inspection, 258

VII. The School of Musketry at Vincennes, 259

Origin, 259

Staff, 259

Course of Instruction, 260

VIII. The Military and Naval School of Medicine and Pharmacy, 261

1. Military School of Medicine at Paris, 261

2. Naval Schools of Medicine at Brest, Toulon, and Rochefort, 262

IX. The Naval School at Brest, 263

Examination for Admission, 263

Course of Instruction, 264

X. The Military Gymnastic School at Vincennes, 265

1. Elementary Gymnastics, 265

Classification, 265

Spirit and Method of Teaching, 266

Learning to March, 266

Gymnastic Chain, 266

Pyrrhic Exercise, 267

Equilibrium: Wrestling, 268

Traction, 268

2. Applied Gymnastics, 269

Leaping, 270

Climbing, 271

Swimming, 271

Escalading, 272

Carrying Weights, 272

XI. Remarks on the Military Education of France, 273

1. Officers must be regularly Trained, or have seen Service, 273

2. Junior Military Schools, 273

3. Professional Education at St. Cyr, 273

4. Staff School, 273

5. Officers of Artillery and Engineers, 274

6. Mathematical bias, 274

7. Bourses, 274

8. Practical Teaching, 274

9. Number of Senior Departments, 274

REVISED EDITION—1872.

I. French Military Education in 1869, 274

1. Increase of professionally educated officers, 274

2. Admission to the Military Schools and to the Staff, by competition, 275

3. Military Schools under control of Minister of War, 275

4. Internal Economy of each School determined by its own Staff, 275

5. Military and instructional Staff, distinct but cooperative, 275

6. Great care exercised in appointment of professors, 275

7. Discipline very strict, 276

Power of dismissal rests with the Minister of War, 276

8. Age of admission, and general education advanced, 276

Strictly professional instruction does not begin generally till 20, 276

9. Military Schools, more and more professional and practical, 276

10. Much time given to drawing, military administration and practical exercises, 277

11. System of Instruction the same in all the schools, 277

Active competition the leading feature, 277

No choice of studies allowed, 277

12. Education of French officers concluded before regimental duty begins, 278

13. Chief changes since 1856, 278

Increase of literary subjects in the Polytechnic, 278

An examination at the end of the first year at Metz, 278

Advance of age for admission at St. Cyr, 278

Conversion of La Fleche into a purely civil school, 278

Increase of students in the Staff School, 278

II. Expense of Military Schools in 1869, 278

III. Organization of the Polytechnic School in 1869, 131

Programme of instruction in 1856, 47

Annual expenses for 1869, 132

Changes in course of instruction, 133

Subjects and course of studies, 133

Studies involving least difficulty occupy the evenings, 134

Military Education in Prussia and Other German and European States: Parts II., III., IV., V. and VI., of Military Schools and Classes of Special Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 277-518.

CONTENTS.

Military System and Education in Prussia, 277

I. Outline of Military System, 281

1. The Standing Army, 281

2. The National Militia, or First Landwehr, 282

3. The Last Reserve, or Landsturm, 282

Origin of the Landwehr System, 283

II. Historical View of Military Education, 284

Basis of the present System is a good General Education, 284

Origin of the Military Schools in the Wars of the Reformation, 284

School of Frederick William in 1653, 284

Military Academy opened in 1765, 286

Plans of Scharnhorst and Stein in 1807, 288

Origin and Changes of the Division Schools, 289

III. Present System of Military Education and Promotion, 293

Usual Conditions and Course of obtaining a Commission, 293

1. A good General Education, 294

2. Actual Military Service, 294

3. Professional Knowledge by Military Study, 294

Central and Local Boards of Examination, 294

Supreme Officer Board of Control, 295

Classification and cost of Military Schools, 295

IV. Examinations—general and Professional for a Commission, 297

1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination, 297

Who may be Examined, 298

Time and Mode of Examination, 298

Results of Examination, how ascertained, 299

2. The Second, or Officers’ Examination, 302

Time and Place, 302

Preliminary Certificates, 302

Mode—Oral and Written, 303

Programme of Studies, on which Examination turns, 304

V. Military Schools for Preparing Officers, 310

1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses, 310

Number and Classification, 310

Junior Cadet House at Berlin, 312

Senior Cadet House at Berlin, 312

2. The Division Schools, 320

Number and Location, 320

Professors—Studies—Examinations, 321

3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, 324

Admission, 324

Examinations, 325

Studies, 326

VI. the Staff School at Berlin, 329

Entrance Examination, 330

Course, Method, and Subjects of Instruction, 331

Final Examination, 335

Appointment to the Staff Corps, 336

VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers, 336

1. Military Orphan-Houses, 336

A. Military Orphan-House at Potsdam, 337

B. Military Orphan-House at Annaburg, 342

2. The School Division, or Non-Commissioned Officers’ School, 345

3. Regimental Schools, 347

4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz, 348

VIII. General Remarks on the System of Military Education in Prussia, 348

Appendix, 351

The Artillery and Engineers’ School at Berlin, 351

Object and Course of Study, 351

Staff And Authorities, 351

Superior Authorities, or Curatorium, 352

Executive Authorities, 352

Course of Instruction, 357

A. General Course, 357

B. Instruction in Detail, 358

Financial Matters, 365

Programmes of Principal Subjects Taught, 367

1. Artillery, 367

Preliminary Instruction:—a. Mathematics; b. Physics; c. Chemistry; d. Tactics; e. Fortification; f. Veterinary Art, 367

A. First Cœtus, 368

1. Arms, 368

2. Gunpowder, 368

3. Cannon, 368

4. Gun-Carriages, 368

5. Military Combustibles, 368

6. Movement of Cannon, 368

7. Firing, 368

8. Small and Side-Arms, 368

B. Second Cœtus, 369

1. Organization of Artillery, 369

2. Use in the field, 369

3. Use in the Siege, 369

a. For Attack; b. For Defense, 369

C. Third Cœtus, 369

1. Organization of Artillery Service, 370

2. Artillery regarded as an Arm, 370

3. Artillery in Technical and Administrative point of view, 370

4. Progress and Literature of Artillery, 371

D. General Distribution of Time for each Cœtus, 371

2. General and Special Engineering in the First and Second Cœtus, 373

A. First Cœtus 373

a. In Field Fortification; b. in Permanent Fortification, 373

B. Second Cœtus, 374

The Applied Arts in Attack and Defense, &c., 374

3. Exclusive Engineering in the Third Cœtus, 375

1. Application of Rules to Regular Fortresses, 375

2. Theory of Constructions, Materials, Modes of Building, 375

4. Hydraulic Construction in the Third Cœtus, 377

1. General Principles of Hydraulic Architecture, 377

2. Internal Navigation, Harbors, Bridges, &c., 378

5. Tactics. Construction of Cannon, 378

6. Mathematics, 380

A. First Cœtus—Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane Geometry, Plane Trigonometry, 381

B. Second Cœtus—Geometry of Solids, Solid Trigonometry, Projection, Conic Sections, 382

C. Statics, Geostatics, Hydrostatics, 382

D. Dynamics and Hydraulics, 382

7. Practical Artillery Exercises, 384

1. First Cœtus, 385

A. Visits—a. Foundry and the Boring-Machine; b. Examination of Ordnance, Carriages, &c.; c. Workshops, 385

B. Exercises—a. Small-Arms; b. Management of Machines, 386

2. Second Cœtus, 386

Tracing Batteries; Placing Ordnance; Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, 387

3. First and Second Cœtus, 388

Proof of Powder; Artillery Practice; Laboratory, 389

4. Third Cœtus, 390

Visit to and practice in Workshops; Iron Foundry; Boring-Machine, 390

Ammunition; Cannon; Gun-Carriages; Rules of placing Guns; Sham Siege, 391

8. Practical Exercises in Fortification, 392

The War Or Staff School at Berlin, 395

1. Objects and Plan; 2. Instruction; 3. Professors and Students, 397

REVISED EDITION—1872.

I. Prussian Staff in 1869, 399

1. Peace establishment. 2. War establishment, 399

Staff at head-quarters of each army corps, 399

General Staff at Berlin—Sectional work, 400

II. Prussian Military Education in 1869, 403

1. Changes since 1856, 403

2. General education more and more the basis of professional studies, 404

3. Theory of military perfection attended to after practice, 404

4. Military examinations made to advance civil education, 405

5. Liberal education encouraged in officers, 405

6. General management of all military education vested in a single officer, 405

Assisted by Board of Studies and Board of Examination, 405

7. The heads of each school supreme in discipline, 405

8. Educational experience valued in the head of a school, 405

9. Competition not very extensively recognized, 406

Its place supplied by personal knowledge of each individual, 406

10. Great care bestowed on the methods of instruction, 406

III. AUSTRIA.

Military System and Instruction in Austria, 409

I. Outline of Military System, 409

Mode of recruiting—period of service, 409

Officers—non-commissioned—commissioned, 410

Training—payment, 410

II. System of Military Education, 410

Center of Administration—Fourth Section of War Department, 410

Annual appropriations in 1856, and 1871, 411, 464

Imperial Institutions of Military Education, 410

A. Schools for non-commissioned Officers, 411

1. Lower Military Houses, 420

2. Upper Military Houses, 422

3. School Companies and School Squadrons, 424

Frontier—Artillery—Engineer—Flotilla, 426

B. Schools for Officers, 429

1. Cadet Institutions, 429

2. Military Academies, 431

Neustadt Academy for Infantry and Cavalry, 433

Artillery and Engineering Academy, 434

3. Marine Academy, 435

C. Special Military Schools 436

1. Normal School for Military Teachers 436

2. United Higher Course for Artillery and Engineers 437

3. Staff and Adjutant School 439

Supreme Control of each class of Schools 441

III. Peculiarities of Austrian Military Education in 1856 453

IV. Staff School at Vienna 447

1. General Staff of Austrian Army 447

2. Admission—Specimens of questions put 448

3. Subjects and Course of Instruction 449

4. Austrian Staff in 1868 462

V. Reorganization of Military Education in 1868 453

VI. Cavalry Brigade School for Officers 463

IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND, &c.

Military System and Schools in Bavaria 465

I. Military System 467

II. Military Education 468

1. Cadet Corps 468

2. War School 469

3. Artillery and Engineer School 471

4. Staff Academy 472

Military Instruction in Saxony 471

Royal Military Academy at Dresden 471

Military System and Education in Holland 475

I. Military System 475

II. Military Education 476

1. Military Academy at Breda 477

2. Naval Academy and Navigation Schools 478

V. ITALY.

Military System and Schools in Italy 479

I. Military System in Kingdom of Italy 481

II. Military Education in the Kingdom of Sardinia 483

General characteristics 483

1. Military Academy at Turin 486

2. Artillery and Engineer School 489

3. Staff School and Staff Corps 492

4. Regimental Schools 494

5. School of Artillery at the Arsenal 498

III. Modifications since the Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy 499

VI. RUSSIA

Military System and Schools in Russia 501

I. Military System 503

II. Military Schools 504

1. Schools under Board of Military Instruction 504

2. Schools under Ministry of War 504

Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg 505

VII. NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK.

Military System and Schools 515

1. Sweden 517

2. Norway 519

3. Denmark 520

VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.

Military System and Education 519-686

Historical Notice 521

Organization and Institutions in 1871 535

I. Council of Military Education 535

1. Historical Notice 535

Organization and Duties in 1869 537

Military Schools and Examinations 539

Army Schools, Regimental Libraries and Reading-rooms 540

2. Examinations for Commissions and Promotions 541

(1.) Examination for Direct Commissions 541

Regulations in 1869 544

(2.) Public School Education as preparatory for Examination 543

(3.) Examinations for Promotions 550

(4.) Results of Examinations 555

(5.) Expenses of the Council 555

(6.) List of Examiners employed 555

3. Military, Orphan, and Soldiers Schools 557

II. Royal Military College at Sandhurst 559

1. Historical Notice 559

Junior and Senior Departments 560

Inquiry and condition in 1855 563

Junior Department changed to a College 566

Queen’s Cadetships—Proposed enlargement in 1860 566

Free Commissions opened to Competition 570

Attendance—Staff—Expense 574

2. Queen’s and Indian Cadetships 575

3. Regulations for Admission, etc. 577

Subjects and Marks—Value of Entrance Examinations 577

Value of University Examinations 578

Preliminary Provisions—Payments 579

Discipline—Termination of Course 580

Compassionate Allowance 581

Subjects and their Marks—Value in Final examination 581

4. Subjects and Course of Instruction 582

5. Results of Competitive Examination 584

III. Royal Military Academy for the Scientific Corps at Woolwich 585

1. Historical Notice 585

2. Regulations for Admission 586

Open Competition to the Artillery and Engineers established 588

Subjects and their Marks—Value in Entrance Examinations 589

Length of Course—Scale of Payments 590

3. Course of Study 591

4. School Preparation for Woolwich Examinations 592

IV. Royal School of Military Engineering at Chatham 595

1. Origin and Object of the Institution 595

2. Organization for Instruction 595

3. Nature and Length of Practical Courses 596

(1.) Survey Course—Astronomical Observations 596

(2.) Course of Construction and Estimating 598

(3.) Field-work Course 600

Modeling in Sand 601

Siege Works 601

Works of Defence 601

Mining 601

Bridging 601

Railways 601

Boring for Water 601

Drawing Projects of Attack, Construction 602

(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects 602

Course of Telegraphy 602

Chemical Laboratory course 602

Photography 603

Lectures on Engineering and Professional Subjects 603

Demolitions—Submarine Mines 603

V. Professional Instruction of Officers 605

Historical Notice 605

1. Survey Class at Aldershot 611

2. Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at Woolwich 613

3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness 616

VI. Staff College and Staff Appointments 619

Historical Notice 619

1. Staff College at Sandhurst 620

Admissions—Course of Instruction 620

2. Examinations for Staff Appointments 623

VII. Schools of Musketry and Rifle Corps 625

1. School of Musketry 625

2. Rifle Corps—Volunteer Force and Practice 626

3. Corps Manœuvering 626

VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools 627

1. Naval Schools for Officers 627

(1.) Old System of Training Officers 627

(2.) Royal Naval Academy 628

(3.) Training Ship Britannia 629

(4.) Gunnery Instruction 629

(5.) Steam and Steam Engine 629

(6.) Naval Cadets and Midshipmen 630

2. Marine Artillery 632

3. Schools for Warrant Officers and Seamen 634

(1.) Seamen’s Schoolmasters 634

(2.) Schools on board of Ships in Harbor 635

(3.) Royal Marine Schools 636

(4.) Dockyard Schools 637

(5.) Greenwich Hospital Schools 639

4. Schools for Mercantile Marine 639

(1.) Historical Notice of Navigation Schools 639

(2.) London Navigation School 640

(3.) Number of Seamen required in the British Service 643

(4.) Subjects of Instruction 644

(5.) Teachers and their Assistants 646

(6.) Instruction and Government Aid 647

5. College of Naval Architecture in London 650

6. Present Condition of Naval Education 651

IX. Appendix.—French and German Naval Schools 653

I. French Naval and Navigation Schools 657

1. Nautical School for Orphans of Sailors 659

2. School Ships for Practical Instruction 662

3. Naval Apprentice Schools 662

4. Schools for Boatswains 664

5. School for Naval Engineers 667

6. Naval Drawing Schools 668

7. Schools of Navigation 669

8. Naval School at Brest—The School Ship Borda—Jean Bart 672

9. School of Naval Architecture 676

10. Schools of Marine Artillery 678

II. German Naval and Navigation Schools 679

1. Prussia 681

2. German Empire 683

3. Austria 685

IX. SWITZERLAND.

Military System and Military Instruction, 687-713

I. Outline of Military System, 689

Area—Population—Military Service, 689

Federal Militia—Elite, Reserve, Levy en masse, 690

Federal Army—Various Corps, 691

II. Cadet System, 693

Helvetic Military Association—Volunteer Corps, 693

Cantonal Organizations—Juvenile Military Festivals, 694

Swiss Cadet Feast in 1856, 695

Sham Fight in 1860, and Zurich Cantonal Festival, 696

III. Target Shooting of Sharp-Shooters in 1859, 701

Number of Candidates—Prizes—Public and Religious Services, 705

IV. Federal Instruction of Officers—Scientific Culture, 710

X. UNITED STATES.

Military System and Military Education, 713-940

Regular Army—State Militia—Volunteer Force, 715

Officers—How Trained and Appointed, 717

A. Military Education for Land Service, 719

National, State, Individual, and Corporate Institutions, 720

I. United States Military Academy at West Point, 721

1. Historical Development, 721

2. Summary of Instructional Progress, 751

Condition in 1870-71, 753

(1.) Government and Organization, 753

Military Staff—Staff of Instruction, 753

Professors—Assistant and Acting Assistants, 754

Academic Board, 755

(2.) Mode and Conditions of Admission, 755

(3.) Subjects and Marks—Value of Each Study, 758

Practical Instruction and Exercises, 757

(4.) Classification of Cadets for Instruction, 757

(5.) Methods of Instruction—Recitation—Independent Study, 758

(6.) Routine of Daily Work, 759

(7.) System of Estimating Daily Proficiency, 760

Weekly Class Report—Monthly Record, 760

(8.) Periodical Examinations—Oral, 760

Annual Examinations—Board of Visitors, 761

Classification by Results—mainly from the Daily Record, 762

Dismissal for want of Proficiency in Studies, 763

(9.) Graduation—Penalties Attached to Idleness, 763

Choice of Service determined by standing on the Roll, 764

Honorable Mention in the Army List, 765

(10.) Discipline—Punishments—Demerits, 765

Credit Allowed to Conduct on Final Examination, 767

(11.) Athletic Sports—Recreation, 767

(12.) Assimilation of Duties to those of a Regiment, 768

Officer of the Day—Officer in Charge—Guard—Sentries, 769

(13.) Academy Buildings, 770

(14.) Annual Expense—Aggregate—to each Cadet, 771

4. Staff of Government and Instruction, Jan. 1, 1872, 772

5. Subjects and Synopsis of Course of Instruction, 773

6. Regulations for Admission, 777

Official Exposition of the Aim and Mode of Examination, 779

7. Board of Visitors—Annual Report, 781

Report on Competitive Examinations in 1862, 784

8. Discussion of the Subject in Senate, 809

II. Special Schools of Application 819

Artillery School at Fortress Monroe 821

III. Military Element in State Schools 825

1. State Military Schools 825

2. Military Tactics in State Science Colleges 827

IV. Individual and Corporate Military Schools 831

Capt. Alden Partridge 833

Memorial adverse to Exclusive Government Schools 857

Literary and Scientific Institute at Middletown and Norwich 857

V. Military Exercises in Public Schools 865

B. United States Naval and Maritime Education 885

1. United States Navy and Naval Affairs 885

Growth and Condition in Ships, Officers, and Men 887

2. Steam and Science in their Applications to Navigation 895

I. United States Naval School at Annapolis 897

Historical Development 897

Secretary Bancroft’s Letter, Aug. 7, 1815 899

1. Exposition of its Condition and Needs in 1864 901

Organization for Administration and Instruction 902

Buildings and Material Equipment 903

Pupils—Entrance Examination 905

Daily Routine—Study—Recitation—Recreation 907

Course of Instruction, Examinations, and Merit Roll 908

Physical Training—Expansion of Chest—Vocal Organs 915

Domestic and Sanitary Arrangements 916

Religious Observances and Instruction 916

Discipline—Offenses—Demerits—Punishments 918

Financial Affairs-Cost per Pupil 919

Graduating Class of 1864—Summer Cruise 920

2. Recommendations by Board of Visitors 921

(1.) Change of Relation and Name from Midshipmen to Cadets 922

(2.) Change in Mode and Condition of Appointment and Admission 922

(3.) Practical Test of Aptitude and Constitutional Qualities 925

(4.) Reorganization of Studies on the Basis of Special Schools, Courses optional after Second Year, and open to Outsiders 926

(5.) Temporary and Special Courses for Officers on Furlough 927

(6.) Navigation Schools for Seamen, Mates, and Masters 927

Not Government Schools, but inspected by National Officers 928

Evening Classes, Junior and Senior Departments 928

Local and National, Commercial and Military cooperation 929

Experience of England and France in Navigation Schools 929

(7.) Appointment of Council of Naval Education 930

Constitution of such a Council—in Attainment, Experience 931

Duties—Useless Character of Existing Board of Visitors 932

(8.) Inspector of Studies needed 932

(9.) Appointment of Professors and Assistants 933

(10.) Greater Publicity given to the Annual Reports 934

3. Condition in 1872 935

II. School of Naval Construction 937

III. School of Steam Engineering 938

IV. Naval Apprentices 939

V. Instruction in Navigation, and Examinations for Commands 940

VI. Nautical Reformatory Ships 940

General Review of Military Systems and Education 941

Contents of Volume 947

Errata for Index:

I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM, ... 281 221

Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, ... 387 378

III. PECULIARITIES OF AUSTRIAN MILITARY EDUCATION IN 1856 AUSRTIAN

2. War School ... 469 461

III. MODIFICATIONS SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KINGDOM II.

(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects ... 602 number “6” missing or invisible

I. FRENCH NAVAL AND NAVIGATION SCHOOLS NAVAGATION

Practical Instruction and Exercises, ... 757 357