CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS, ACCORDING TO DR. BREHM.

—♦—

ORDER I. CRACKERS (ENUCLEATORES).

SUB-ORDER I.

THE PARROTS (PSITTACINI).

FAMILY I.—THE TRUE PARROTS (PSITTACINÆ), i., 34.

Sub-Family 1.—The Grey Parrots (Psittacus), i., 34; Jako (P. erithacus), i., 35.

" " 2.—The Green Parrots (Chrysotis), i., 39; Amazon Parrot (C. Amazonica), i., 39.

" " 3.—The Blunt-tailed Parrots (Pionus), i.,40; the Maitakka (P. menstruus), i., 41.

" " 4.—The Crested Hawk Parrots (Deroptyus), i., 42; the Crested Hawk Parrot (D. accipitrinus), i., 42.

" " 5.—The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis), i., 43; Swinder's Love Bird (A. Swinderiana), i., 43.

" " 6.—The Sparrow Parrots (Psittacula), i., 44; the Sparrow Parrot (P. passerina), i., 44.

" " 7.—The Siskin Parrots (Nasiterna), i., 45; the Siskin Parrot (N. pygmæa), i., 45.

FAMILY II.—THE COCKATOOS (PLYCTOLOPHI), i., 45.

Sub-Family 1.—The Cockatoos Proper (Cacatua), i., 42; the Lemon-crested Cockatoo (C. galerita), i., 47.

" " 2.—The Helmet Cockatoos (Callicephalus), i., 47; the Helmet Cockatoo (C. galeatus), i., 47.

" " 3.—The Nose Cockatoos (Licmetis), i., 48; the Nose Cockatoo (L. nasicus), i., 48.

" " 4.—The Nestor Cockatoos (Nestor), i., 50; the Nestor Cockatoo (N. productus), i., 50.

" " 5.—The Eagle Cockatoos (Dasyptilus), i., 51; the Eagle Cockatoo (D. Pequetii), i., 51.

" " 6.—The Long-billed Cockatoos (Microglossus), i., 51; the Casmalos (M. aterrimus), i., 52.

" " 7.—The Raven Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus), i., 54; the Raven Cockatoo (C. Banksii), i., 54.

FAMILY III.—THE NIGHT PARROTS (STRIGOPES), i., 55.

Sub Family 1.—The Night Parrots (Strigops), i., 55; the Kakapo (S. habroptilus), i., 55.

FAMILY IV.—THE ARARAS (ARÆ), i., 58.

Sub-Family 1.—The Araras (Ara), i., 58; the Scarlet Macaw (A. Macao), i., 58; the Soldier Arara (A. militaris), i., 60; the Anakan (A. severa), i., 60; the Ararauna (A. Sittace Ararauna), i., 62.

" " 2.—The Blue Macaws (Anodorhynchus), i., 62; the Hyacinth-coloured Arara (A. hyacinthinus), i., 62.

" " 3.—The Wedge-tailed Parrots (Conurus), i., 63; the Garuba (C. luteus), i., 64; the Tiriba (C. leucotis), i., 63; the Carolina Parrakeet (C. Carolinensis), i., 64.

" " 4.—The Long-nosed Parrakeets (Enicognathis), i., 66; the Choroy (E. leptorhynchus), i., 66.

[Pg 270]

FAMILY V.—THE PARRAKEETS (PALÆORNITHES), i., 66.

Sub-Family 1.—The Noble Parrakeets (Palæornis), i., 67; the Collared or Rose-ringed Parrot (P. torquata), i., 67; the Bettet (P. pondiceriana), i., 68.

" " 2.—The Superb Parrots (Polytelis), i., 69; the Scarlet-crested Superb Parrot (P. Barrabandi), i., 69.

" " 3.—The Grass Parrots (Platycercus), i., 70; the Rosella (P. eximius), i., 70.

" " 4.—The Variegated Parrots (Psephotus), i., 71; the Variegated Parrot (P. multicolor), i., 71.

" " 5.—The Ornamented Parrots (Melopsittacus), i., 72; the Waved Parrot (M. undulatus), i., 72.

" " 6.—The Gay Parrots (Nymphicus), i., 77; the Corella (N. Novæ-Hollandiæ), i., 77.

" " 7.—The Ground Parrakeets (Pezoporus), i., 78; the Ground Parrakeets (P. formosus), i.,78.

FAMILY VI.—THE LORIES (LORII), i., 79.

Sub-Family 1.—The Lories Proper (Lorius), i., 79; the Purple-capped Lory (L. domicella), i., 79.

" " 2.—The Lorikeets (Psitteuteles), i., 79; the Dappled Lorikeet (P. versicolor), i., 79.

" " 3.—The Purple Lories (Coryphilus), i., 81; the Maiden Lorikeet (C. Tahitianus), i., 81.

" " 4.—The Long-tailed Lories (Pyrrhodes), i., 82; the Rasmalas (P. Papuensis), i., 82.

SUB-ORDER II.

PASSERINE BIRDS (PASSERES).

FAMILY I.—THE CROSS-BILLS (LOXIÆ), i., 85.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Cross-bills (Loxia), i., 85; the Large-beaked Cross-bill (L. pityopsittacus), i., 86; the Pine-tree Cross-bill (L. curvirostra), i., 86; the Banded Cross-bill (L. tænioptera), i., 86.

" " 2.—The Parrot Greenfinches (Psittirostra), i., 91; the Parrot Greenfinch (P. psittacea), i., 91.

FAMILY II.—THE BULLFINCHES (PYRRHULÆ), i., 92.

Sub-Family 1.—The Parrot Bullfinches (Paradoxornis), i., 92; the Parrot Bullfinch (P. flavirostris), i., 92.

" " 2.—The Pine Grosbeaks (Pinicola), i., 93; the Pine Grosbeak (P. enucleator), i., 93.

" " 3.—The Carmine Grosbeaks (Erythrothorax), i., 95; the Rose Bullfinch (E. roseus), i., 95; the Carmine Bullfinch, (E. erythrinus), i., 95.

" " 4.—The Long-tailed Bullfinches (Uragus), i., 97; the Siberian Bullfinch (U. Sibericus), i. 97.

" " 5.—The Desert Bullfinches (Bucanetes), i., 98; the Vinous Grosbeak (B. githagineus), i., 98.

" " 6.—The True Bullfinches (Pyrrhula), i., 102; the Bullfinch (P. vulgaris), i., 102.

" " 7.—The Garden Bullfinches (Serinus), i., 106; the Girlitz (S. hortulanus), i., 106.

" " 8.—The Tree Bullfinches (Dryospiza), i., 108; the Canary-bird (D. Canaria), i., 108.

FAMILY III.—THE FINCHES (FRINGILLÆ), i., 114.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Finches (Fringilla), i., 114; the Chaffinch (F. cœlebs), i., 115; the Mountain Finch (F. montifringilla), i., 118.

" " 2.—The Mountain Finches (Montifringilla), i., 119; the Snow Finch (M. nivalis), i., 119.

" " 3.—The Winter Finches (Nyphæa), i., 119; the Winter Finch (N. hyemalis), i., 119.

" " 4.—The Linnets (Cannabinæ), i., 122; the Brown Linnet (C. linota), i., 122; the Mountain or Grey Linnet (C. montium), i, 124.

" " 5.—The Birch Siskins (Linaria), i., 124; the Birch-tree Siskin (L. rubra), i., 124.

" " 6.—The True Siskins (Spinus), i., 127; the Common Siskin (S. viridis), i., 127.

" " 7.—The Thistle Finches (Carduelis), i., 129; the Goldfinch (C. elegans), i., 129.

" " 8.—The Golden Thistle Finches (Astragalinus), i.. 130; the Golden Thistle Finch (A. tristis), i., 130.

[Pg 271]

FAMILY IV.—THE SPARROWS PROPER (PASSERES), i., 131.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Sparrows (Passer), i., 131; the Common Sparrow (P. domesticus), i., 131; the Spanish Sparrow (P. Hispanicus), i., 135; the Field or Tree Sparrow (P. montanus), i., 136.

" " 2.—The Plain Sparrows (Pyrgitopsis), i., 137; the Plain Sparrow (P. simplex), i., 137.

" " 3.—The Golden Sparrows (Chrysospiza), i., 137; the Golden Sparrow (C. lutea), i., 137.

" " 4.—The Mountain Sparrows (Petronia), i., 138; the Rock Sparrow (P. rupestris), i., 138.

FAMILY V.—THE HAWFINCHES (COCCOTHRAUSTÆ), i., 139.

Sub-Family 1.—The Greenfinches (Chloris), i., 139; the Green Grosbeak, or Greenfinch (C. hortensis), i., 139.

" " 2.—The True Hawfinches (Coccothraustes), i., 141; the Hawfinch (C. vulgaris), i., 141.

" " 3.—The Evening Hawfinches (Hesperiphona), i., 142; the Evening Cherry Hawfinch (H. vespertina), i., 142.

" " 4.—The Large-beaked Hawfinches (Geospiza), i., 143; the Large-beaked Hawfinch (G. magnirostris), i., 143.

FAMILY VI.—THE PARROT FINCHES (PITYLI), i., 143.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rose-breasted Grosbeaks (Coccoborus), i., 143; the Rose-breasted Hawfinch (C. Ludovicianus), i., 143.

" " 2.—The Tufted Grosbeaks (Cardinalis), i., 145; the Cardinal Grosbeak (C. Virginianus), i., 145.

" " 3.—The Grey Finches (Paroaria), i., 146; the Dominican Finch (P. dominicana), i., 146.

" " 4.—The Bullfinch Finches (Sporophila), i., 146; the Tiny Finch (S. minuta), i., 146.

" " 5.—The Diadem Grosbeaks (Catamblyrhynchus), i., 147; the Diadem Grosbeak (C. diadematus), i., 147.

" " 6.—The True Parrot Finches (Pitylus), i., 147; the Ashy-blue Parrot Finch (P. cœrulescens), i., 147.

" " 7.—The Masked Parrot Finches (Caryothraustes), i., 147; the Masked Parrot Finch (C. Brasiliensis), i., 147.

" " 8.—The Habias (Saltator), i., 148; the Capi (S. cœrulescens), i., 148.

" " 9.—The Plant Cutters (Phytotoma), i., 149; the Rarita, or Rara (P. rara), i., 150.

FAMILY VII.—THE TANGARAS (TANAGRÆ), i., 150.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tangaras Proper (Tanagra), i., 151; the Ornate Tangara (T. ornata), i., 151.

" " 2.—The Fire Tangaras (Pyranga), i., 151; the Flax Bird (P. rubra), i., 151; the Summer Red Bird (P. æstiva), i., 152.

" " 3.—The Callistes (Calliste), i., 153; the Red-necked Calliste (C. festiva), i., 153.

" " 4.—The Callous-beaked Tangaras (Ramphocelus), i., 153; the Tapiranga (R. Brasiliensis), i., 154.

" " 5.—The Butcher-Bird Tangaras (Lanio), i., 154; the Black-headed Butcher-Bird Tangara (L. atricapillus), i., 154.

" " 6.—The Organist Tangaras (Euphone), i., 154; the Violet Organist, or Guttarama (E. violacea), i., 155.

FAMILY VIII.—THE BRIGHT-COATED FINCHES (AMADINÆ), i., 155.

Sub-Family 1.—The Band-Birds, or Collared Finches (Amadina), i., 156; the Collared Finch (A. fasciata), i., 156.

" " 2.—The Hooded Finches (Spermestes), i., 157; the Magpie Finch (S. cucullata), i., 158.

" " 3.—The Reed Finches (Donacula), i., 158; the Chestnut Reed Finch (D. castaneothorax), i., 158; the Double-banded Reed Finch (D. bivittata), i., 158.

" " 4.—The Grass Finches (Poëphila), i., 159; the Admirable Chaff-finch (Chloëbia mirabilis), i., 159.

" " 5.—The Rice Finches (Padda), i., 160; The Rice Bird (P. oryzivora), i., 160.

" " 6.—The Striped Finches (Pytelia), i., 161; the Little Gold-breast (P. subflava), i., 161.

" " 7.—The Speckled Finches (Lagonosticta), i., 162; the Blood Finch (L. minima), i., 162.

" " 8.—The Variegated Finches (Emblema), i., 162; the Variegated Finch (E. picta), i., 162.[Pg 272]

" " 9.—The Bright Finches (Hypochera), i., 163; the Steel Finch (H. ultramarina), i., 163.

" " 10.—The Butterfly Finches (Mariposa), i., 163; the Butterfly Finch (M. phœnicotis), i., 163.

" " 11.—Astrilds (Astrilda), i., 164; the Pheasant Finch (A. undulata), i., 164.

FAMILY IX.—THE WEAVER BIRDS (PLOCEI), i., 166.

Sub-Family 1.—The Social Weaver Birds (Philetaërus), i., 167; the Social Weaver Bird (P. socius), i., 167.

" " 2.—The Yellow Weaver Birds (Ploceus), i., 168; the Golden Weaver Bird (P. galbula), i., 168.

" " 3.—The Bayas, or Bunting Weaver Birds (Nelicurvius), i., 170; the Baya (N. Baya), i., 170.

" " 4.—The Crimson-beaked Weaver Birds (Quelea), i., 171; the Crimson-beaked Weaver Bird, or Diock (Q. sanguinirostris), i., 171.

" " 5.—The Tahas (Taha), i., 174; the Taha (T. dubia), i., 174.

" " 6.—The Fire-finches (Euplectes), i., 174; the Flame-coloured Fire-finch (E. ignicolor), i., 175.

" " 7.—The Buffalo Weaver Birds (Textor), i., 176; the Alecto Buffalo Weaver Bird (T. Alecto), i., 177.

FAMILY X.—THE WHYDAH OR WIDOW BIRDS (VIDUÆ), i., 178.

Sub-Family 1.—The Mourning Widows (Coliuspasser), i., 179; the Yellow-shouldered Mourning Widow (C. flaviscapulatus), i., 179.

" " 2.—The Long-tailed Widow Birds (Chera), i., 179; the Long-tailed Widow Bird (C. caffra), i., 179.

" " 3.—The Cock-tailed Widow Birds (Steganura), i., 180; the Paradise Widow Bird (S. paradisea), i., 180.

FAMILY XI.—THE BUNTING FINCHES (PASSERELLÆ), i., 181.

Sub-Family 1.—The Morning Finches (Zonotrichia), i., 181; the White-throated Sparrow (Z. albicollis), i., 182; the Morning Finch (Z. matutina), i., 182.

" " 2.—The Bunting Finches Proper (Spizella), i., 183; the Tree Bunting Finch (S. Canadensis), i., 183.

" " 3.—The Prairie Bunting Finches (Passerculus), i., 184; the Prairie Bunting Finch (P. savannus), i., 184.

" " 4.—The Shore Finches (Ammodromus), i., 184; the Sea Bunting Finch (A. maritimus), i., 184.

FAMILY XII.—The Buntings (EMBERIZÆ), i., 185.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Buntings (Gubernatrix), i., 185; the Crested Bunting (G. cristatella), i., 185.

" " 2.—The Grey Buntings (Miliaria), i., 186; the Grey Bunting (M. valida), i., 186.

" " 3.—The True Buntings (Emberiza), i., 187; the Golden or Yellow Bunting (E. citrinella), i., 187; the Ortolan (E. or Glycyspina hortulana), i., 188; the Red Bunting (E. or Glycyspina cia), i., 190.

" " 4.—The Ornate Buntings (Euspiza), i., 190; the Black-headed Bunting (E. melanocephala), i., 190.

" " 5.—The Reed Buntings (Cynchramus), i., 191; the Reed Bunting (C. Schœniclus), i., 191.

" " 6.—The Spurred Buntings (Centrophanes), i., 191; the Lark Bunting (C. Lapponicus), i., 192.

" " 7.—The Winter Buntings (Plectrophanes), i., 194; the Snow Bunting (P. nivalis), i., 194.

FAMILY XIII.—THE LARKS (ALAUDÆ), i., 195.

Sub-Family 1.—The Calandra Larks (Melanocorypha), i., 196; the Calandra Lark (M. calandra), i., 197; the Short-toed Lark, or Calandrelle (M. or Calandritis brachydactyla), i., 198.

" " 2.—The Black Larks (Saxilauda), i., 199; the Black or Moor Lark (S. Tatarica), i., 199.

" " 3.—The Sand Larks (Ammomanes), i., 199; the Desert Lark (A. deserti), i., 199.

" " 4.—The Bunting Larks (Pyrrhulauda), i., 200; the Black-headed Bunting Lark (P. leucotis), i., 201.

" " 5.—The Mountain Larks (Phileremos), i., 201; the Alpine Lark (P. alpestris), i., 201.

" " 6.—The Tufted Larks (Galerita), i., 203; the Tufted Lark (G. cristata), i., 203.[Pg 273]

" " 7.—The Wood Larks (Corys), i., 204; the Wood Lark (Corys or Alauda arborea), i., 204.

" " 8.—The Larks Proper (Alauda), i., 206; the Skylark (Alauda arvensis), i., 206.

" " 9.—The Spur Larks (Macronyx), i., 208; the Sentry Lark (M. capensis), i., 208.

" " 10.—The Courser Larks (Alæmon), i., 209; the Desert Courser Lark (A. desertorum), i., 209.

SUB-ORDER III.

RAVENS (CORACIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE YELLOW STARLINGS (ICTERI), i., 211.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rice-eaters (Dolichonyx), i., 212; the Boblink, or Rice-bird (D. oryzivorus), i., 212.

" " 2.—The Marsh Troopials (Agelaius), i., 214; the Red-winged Troopial (A. Phœniceus), i., 214.

" " 3.—The Cow-Birds (Molothrus), i., 215; the Cow-Starling (M. pecoris), i., 215.

" " 4.—The Yellow or Golden Starlings (Icterus), i., 215; the Jamaica Yellow Bird (I. Jamaicaii), i., 216.

" " 5.—The Hang-nests (Hyphantes), i., 218; the Baltimore Golden Starling (H. Baltimori), i., 218.

" " 6.—The Cassicans (Cassicus), i., 218; the Japu, or Tufted Cassican (C. cristatus), i., 219.

" " 7.—The Boat-tails (Quiscalus), i., 222; the Great Boat-tail (Q. major), i., 222.

FAMILY II.—THE STARLINGS (STURNI), i., 223.

Sub-Family 1.—The Starlings Proper (Sturni), i., 223; the Common Starling (S. vulgaris), i., 223; the Sardinian Starling (S. unicolor), i., 227.

" " 2.—The Blackbird Starlings (Pastor), i. 227; the Rose Starling (P. roseus), i., 227.

" " 3.—The Mina Birds (Acridotheres), i., 228; the Mina Bird (A. tristis), i., 228.

" " 4.—The Grakles (Gracula), i., 230; the Musical Grakle (G. musica or religiosa), i., 230.

" " 5.—The Ox-biters (Buphaga), i., 231; the African Ox-biter (B. Africanus), i., 231; the Red-beaked Ox-biter (B. erythrorhyncha), i., 231.

FAMILY III.—THE GLOSSY STARLINGS (LAMPROTORNITHES), i., 232.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Glossy Starlings (Lamprocolius), i., 234; the Bronze-coloured Glossy Starling (L. chalybeus), i., 234.

" " 2.—The Glossy Thrush-Starlings (Notauges), i., 234; the Golden-breasted Glossy Starling (N. chrysogaster), i., 234; the Superb Glossy Starling (N. superbus), i., 234.

" " 3.—The Scaly Glossy Starlings (Pholidauges), i., 235; the Scaly Glossy Starling (P. leucogaster), i., 235.

" " 4.—The Glossy Magpies (Lamprotornis), i., 236; the Brazen Glossy Magpie (L. aënea), i., 236.

" " 5.—The Rock Glossy Starlings (Ptilorhinus), i., 237; the White-beaked Rock Glossy Starling (P. albirostris), i., 237.

" " 6.—The Mountain Glossy Starlings (Amydrus), i., 238; the Naburup (A. Naburup), i., 238.

FAMILY IV.—THE ORIOLES (ORIOLI), i., 238.

Sub-Family 1.—The Satin Birds (Ptilonorhynchus), i., 239; the Satin Bower Bird (P. holosericus), i., 239.

" " 2.—The Collar Birds (Chlamydera), i., 240; the Spotted Collar Bird (C. maculata), i., 240.

" " 3.—The Orioles Proper (Oriolus), i., 242; the Golden Oriole (O. galbula), i., 242.

" " 4.—The Silky Orioles (Sericulus), i., 243; the Golden-crested Oriole (S. chrysocephalus), i., 243.

FAMILY V.—THE BIRDS OF PARADISE (PARADISEÆ), i., 245.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Birds of Paradise (Paradisea), i., 245; the Footless Bird of Paradise (P. apoda), i., 246; the Wumbi (P. Papuana), i., 246; the Ruby or Red Bird of Paradise (P. rubra), i., 247.[Pg 274]

" " 2.—The Spiral-tailed Birds of Paradise (Cincinnurus), i., 250; the King of the Birds of Paradise (C. regius), i., 250.

" " 3.—The Collared Birds of Paradise (Lophorina), i., 251; the Collared Bird of Paradise (L. superba), i., 251.

" " 4.—The Ornate Birds of Paradise (Parotia), i., 251; the Six-feathered Birds of Paradise (P. sex-pennis), i., 251.

" " 5.—The Resplendent Epimachi (Seleucides), i., 251; the Resplendent Epimachus (S. resplendens), i., 251.

" " 6.—The Epimachi Proper (Epimachus), i., 252; the Collared Epimachus (E. magnus), i., 252.

" " 7.—The Magpie Birds of Paradise (Astrapiæ), i., 253; the Magpie Bird of Paradise (A. gularis), i., 253.

FAMILY VI.—THE RAVENS (CORACES), i., 254.

Sub-Family 1.—The Choughs (Fregilus), i., 254; the Chough (F. graculus), i., 254.

" " 2.—The Alpine Choughs (Pyrrhocorax), i., 255; the Alpine Chough (P. alpinus), i., 255.

" " 3.—The Ravens Proper (Corax), i., 257; the Raven (C. nobilis), i., 257.

" " 4.—The Vulture Ravens (Corvultur), i., 259; the White-necked Vulture Raven (C. albicollis), i., 259; the Thick-billed Vulture Raven (C. crassirostris), i., 259.

" " 5.—The Ornamented Ravens (Pterocorax), i., 260; the Scapulated Raven (P. scapulatus), i., 260.

" " 6.—The Crows (Corvus), i., 262; the Carrion Crow (C. corona), i., 262; the Hooded Crow (C. cornix), i., 262.

" " 7.—The Rooks (Frugilegus) i., 264; the Rook (F. segetum), i., 264.

" " 8.—The Jackdaws (Monedula), i., 266; the Jackdaw (M. turrium), i., 266.

" " 9.—The Glossy Crows (Anomalocorax), i., 267; the Glossy Crow (A. splendens), i., 267.

" " 10.—The Nutcrackers (Nucifraga), i., 269; the Nutcracker (N. caryocatactes), i., 269.

" " 11.—The Piping Crows (Gymnorhina), i., 270; the Flute Bird (G. tibicen), i., 270.

" " 12.—The Bell Magpies (Strepera), i., 271; the Bell Bird (S. graculina), i., 271.

" " 13.—The Bald-headed Crows (Picathartes), i., 271; the Bald-headed Crow (P. gymnocephalus), i., 271.

FAMILY VII.—THE JAYS (GARRULI), i., 272.

Sub-Family 1.—The Magpies (Pica), i., 272; the Magpie (P. caudata), i., 272.

" " 2.—The Blue Magpies (Cyanopica), i., 274; the Blue Magpie (C. Cookii), i., 274.

" " 3.—The Blue Ravens (Cyanocorax), i., 275; the Hooded Blue Raven (C. pileatus), i., 275.

" " 4.—The Blue Jackdaws (Cyanocitta), i., 275; the Crested Blue Jackdaw (C. cristata), i., 275.

" " 5.—The Jays Proper (Garrulus), i., 278; the Common Jay (G. glandarius), i., 278.

" " 6.—The Unlucky Jays (Perisoreus), i., 279; the Unlucky Jay (P. infaustus), i., 279.

" " 7.—The Tree Magpies (Dendrocitta), i., 280; the Wandering Magpie (D. vagabunda), i., 280.

" " 8.—The Benteots (Crypsirhina), i., 281; the Benteot (C. varians), i., 281.

" " 9.—The Stump Jays (Temnurus), i., 282; the Saw-tail (T. truncatus), i., 282.

" " 10.—The Long-tailed Kittas (Urocissa), i., 282; the Long-tailed Kitta (U. Sinensis), i., 282.

" " 11.—The Feather-Beaks (Cissa), i., 283; the Sirgang (C. Sinensis), i., 283.

FAMILY VIII.—THE PLANTAIN EATERS (AMPHIBOLÆ), i., 283.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Plantain Eaters (Musophagæ), i., 283; the Banana Eater (M. violacea), i., 284.

" " 2.—The Helmet Birds (Corythaix), i., 285; the White-cheeked Helmet Bird (C. leucotis), i., 285.

" " 3.—The Turakos (Corythacola), i., 286; the Crested Turako (C. cristata), i., 286.

" " 4.—The Split-beaks (Schizorhis), i., 287; the Alarm Bird (S. zonurus), i., 287.

" " 5.—The Mouse Birds (Colii), i., 288; the Wiriwa, or White-cheeked Mouse Bird (C. leucotis), i., 289.

[Pg 275]

ORDER II. THE CATCHERS (CAPTANTES).

SUB-ORDER IV.

BIRDS OF PREY (RAPTORES).

FAMILY I.—THE FALCONS (FALCONES), i., 293.

Sub-Family 1.—The Hunting Falcons (Hierofalco), i., 299; the Hunting Falcon (H. candicans), i., 299; the Polar Falcon (H. arcticus), i., 299; the Gier Falcon (H. gyrfalco), i., 299.

" " 2.—The Wandering Falcons (Falco), i., 300; the Peregrine Falcon (F. peregrinus), i., 301; the Red-necked Falcon (F. ruficollis), i., 303; the Turumdi (F. Chiquera), i., 303.

" " 3.—The Tree Falcons (Hypotriorchis), 306; the Tree Falcon (H. subbuteo), i., 306.

" " 4.—The Bush Falcons (Hieracidea), i., 307; the Berigora (H. Berigora), i., 307.

" " 5.—The Kestrels (Tinnunculus), i., 307; the Lark Kestrel (T. alaudarius), i., 308; the Kestrel (T. cenchris), i., 308.

" " 6.—The Red-footed Falcons (Erythropus), i., 310; the Evening Falcon (E. vespertinus), i., 310.

" " 7.—The Sparrow Falcons (Rhynchodon), i., 311; the Sparrow Falcon (R. sparverius), i., 311.

" " 8.—The Dwarf Falcons (Hierax), i., 312; the Muti (H. cœrulescens), i., 312.

FAMILY II.—THE HAWKS (ACCIPITRES), ii., 1.

Sub-Family 1.—The Laughing Hawks (Herpetotheres), ii., 1; the Laughing Hawk (H. cachinnans), ii., 1.

" " 2.—The Toothed Hawks (Harpagus), ii., 2; the Double-toothed Hawk (H. bidentatus), ii., 2.

" " 3.—The Sparrow Hawks (Nisus), ii., 2; the Sparrow Hawk (N. communis), ii., 2.

" " 4.—The Hawks Proper (Astur), ii., 4; the Gos Hawk (A. palumbarius), ii, 4.

" " 5.—The Singing Hawks (Mclierax), ii., 6; the Singing Hawk (M. musicus and M. polyzonus), ii, 6.

" " 6.—The Serpent Hawks (Polyboroides), ii., 7; the Serpent Hawk (P. typicus), ii., 7.

FAMILY III.—THE EAGLES (AQUILÆ), ii., 8.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Eagles (Aquila), ii., 10; the Tawny Eagle (A. fulva), ii., 11; the Golden Eagle (A. chrysaëtos), ii., 10; the Imperial Eagle (A. imperialis), ii., 10; the Spotted Eagle (A. nævia) ii., 13; the Dwarf Eagles (Hieraëtos), ii., 13; the Booted Eagle (H. pennata), ii., 14; the Dwarf Eagle (H. minuta), ii., 15.

" " 2.—The Wedge-tailed Eagles (Uroaëtos), ii., 15; the Bold Wedge-tailed Eagle (U. audax), ii., 17.

" " 3.—The Hawk Eagles (Pseudaëtos Eudolmaëtos, or Asturaëtos), ii., 17; the Hawk Eagle (P. Bonellii), ii., 17.

" " 4.—The Hooded Eagles (Spizaëtos), ii., 18; the Martial Hooded Eagle (S. bellicosus), ii., 18.

" " 5.—The Tufted Eagles (Lophaëtos), ii., 19; the Tufted Eagle (L. occipitalis), ii., 19.

" " 6.—The Destroying Eagles (Pternura), ii., 19; the Urutaurana (P. tyrannus), ii., 20; Isidore's Destroying Eagle (P. Isidori), ii., 21.

" " 7.—The Brazilian Eagles (Morphnus), ii., 21; the Crested Brazilian Eagle (M. Guianensis), ii., 21.

" " 8.—The Harpy Eagles (Harpyia), ii., 22; the Harpy Eagle (H. destructor), ii., 22.[Pg 276]

" " 9.—The Sea Eagles (Haliaëtos), ii., 23; the Sea Eagle (H. albicilla), ii., 23; the White-headed Sea Eagle (H. leucocephalus), ii., 23; the African Screaming Sea Eagle (H. vocifer), ii., 27.

" " 10.—The River Eagles, or Fish Hawks (Pandion), ii., 30; the Osprey (P. Haliaëtos), ii., 30.

FAMILY IV.—THE KITES (MILVI), ii., 31.

Sub-Family 1.—The Short-tailed Kites (Helotarsus), ii., 32; the Short-tailed Kite (H. ecaudatus), ii., 32.

" " 2.—The Gliding Kites (Elanus), ii., 34; the True Gliding Kite (E. melanopterus), ii., 34.

" " 3.—The Hovering Kites (Ictinia), ii., 35; the Mississippi Kite (I. Mississippiensis), ii., 35.

" " 4.—The Crooked-billed Kites (Cymindis), ii., 36; the Buzzard Kite (C. uncinatus), ii., 36.

" " 5.—The Hooded Kites (Baza), ii., 37; the Syama (B. lophotes), ii., 37.

" " 6.—The Water Kites (Hydroictinia), ii., 37; the Black Kite (H. atra), ii., 37; the Govinda (H. Govinda), ii., 39; the Parasite Kite (H. parasitica), ii., 39.

" " 7.—The True Kites (Milvus), ii., 40; the Red or Royal Kite (M. regalis), ii., 40.

" " 8.—The Swallow-tailed Kites (Nauclerus), ii., 41; the Swallow-tailed Kite (N. furcatus), ii., 41.

" " 9.—The Dwarf Swallow-tailed Kites (Chelidopterix), ii., 42; the Dwarf Swallow-tailed Kite (C. Riocouri), ii., 43.

" " 10.—The Meadow Kites (Strigiceps), ii., 43; the Blue Kite, or Hen Harrier (S. cyaneus), ii., 43; the Pallid Harrier (S. pallidus), ii., 43; the Ash-coloured Harrier (S. cineraceus), ii., 44.

" " 11.—The Marsh Kites (Circus), ii., 45; the Reed Kite, or Marsh Harrier (C. rufus), ii., 45.

" " 12.—The Spotted Kites (Spilocircus), ii., 46; Jardine's Spotted Kite (S. Jardinii), ii., 46.

FAMILY V.—THE BUZZARDS (BUTEONES), ii., 47.

Sub-Family 1.—The Eagle Buzzards (Circaëtos), ii., 47; the Snake Buzzard (C. brachydactylus), ii., 48.

" " 2.—The Crested Buzzards (Spilornis), ii., 50; the Bacha (S. Bacha), ii., 50.

" " 3.—The Honey Buzzards (Pernis), ii., 50; the Wasp Kite (P. apivorus), ii., 50; the Crested Honey Buzzard (P. cristatus), ii., 52.

" " 4.—The Rough-legged Buzzards (Archibuteo), ii., 52; the Winter Buzzard (A. Lagopus), ii., 52.

" " 5.—The True Buzzards (Buteo), ii., 52; the Common or Mouse Buzzard (B. vulgaris), ii., 52.

" " 6.—The Grasshopper Buzzards (Poliornis), ii., 54; the Red-winged Buzzard (P. rufipennis), ii., 54; the Tesa (P. tesa), ii., 54.

" " 7.—The Hook-beaked Buzzards (Rostrhamus), ii., 55; the Caracolero (R. hamatus), ii., 55.

" " 8.—The Urubitingas (Hypomorphnus), ii., 55; the Urubitinga (H. Urubitinga), ii., 55.

FAMILY VI.—THE VULTURE FALCONS (POLYBORI), ii., 56.

Sub-Family 1.—The Vulture Buzzards (Milvago), ii., 57; the Chimango (M. Chimachima), ii., 57; the Vulture Buzzard (M. Australis), ii., 58.

" " 2.—The Vulture Falcons (Polyborus), ii., 58; the Carancho (P. Brasiliensis), ii., 58.

" " 3.—The Screaming Buzzards (Ibicter), ii., 60; the Ganga (I. Americanus), ii., 60.

FAMILY VII.—THE CRANE VULTURES (GYPOGERANI), ii., 62.

Sub-Family 1.—The Secretary or Crane Vulture (Gypogeranus serpentarius), ii., 62.

FAMILY VIII.—THE VULTURE EAGLES (GYPAËTI), ii., 67.

Sub-Family 1.—The Lämmergeier (Gypaëtos), ii., 67; the Bearded Vulture (G. barbatus), ii., 67.

FAMILY IX.—THE VULTURES PROPER (VULTURES), ii., 69.

Sub-Family 1.—The Wattled Vultures (Sarcorhamphus), ii., 70; the Condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphus), ii., 70; the Californian Condor (S. Californianus), ii., 71; the King of the Vultures (S. papa), ii., 71.[Pg 277]

" " 2.—The Goose Vultures (Gyps), ii., 73; the Tawny Goose Vulture (G. fulvus), ii., 74; the Sparrow-hawk Goose Vulture (G. Rüppellii), ii., 74.

" " 3.—The Crested Vultures (Vultur), ii., 75; the Cowled or Brown Vulture (V. cinereus), ii., 75; the Crested Vulture (Vultur or Lophogyps occipitalis), ii., 76.

" " 4.—The Eared Vultures (Otogyps), ii., 76; the Eared Vulture (O. auricularis), ii., 77.

FAMILY X.—THE RAVEN VULTURES (CATHARTÆ), ii., 77.

Sub-Family 1.—The Scavenger Raven Vultures (Percnopterus), ii., 78; the Egyptian Raven Vulture (P. stercorarius), ii., 78.

" " 2.—The Collared Vultures (Neophron), ii., 79; the Monk Vulture (N. pileatus), ii., 79.

" " 3.—The True Raven Vultures (Cathartes), ii., 82; the Urubu (C. aura), ii., 82.

" " 4.—The Crow Vultures (Coragyps), ii., 82; the Gallinazo (C. atratus), ii., 82.

FAMILY XI.—THE DAY OWLS (SURNIÆ), ii., 85.

Sub-Family 1.—The Falcon Owls (Surnia), ii., 85; the Sparrow-hawk Owl (S. Ulula), ii., 85.

" " 2.—The Hare Owls (Nyctea), ii., 86; the Snow Owl (N. nivea), ii., 86.

" " 3.—The Stone Owls (Athene), ii., 87; the Stone Owl (Athene noctua), ii., 87.

" " 4.—The Burrowing Owls (Pholeoptynx), ii., 89; the Brazilian or Rabbit Owl (P. cunicularia), ii., 90; the Prairie Owl (P. hypogæa), ii., 90.

" " 5.—The Sparrow Owls (Microptynx), ii., 91; the European Sparrow Owl (M. passerina), ii., 91.

FAMILY XII.—THE EARED OWLS (BUBONES), ii., 91.

Sub-Family 1.—The Uhus (Bubo), ii., 91; the Uhu (B. maximus), ii., 93.

" " 2.—The Water Owls (Ketupa), ii., 95; the Brown Fish Owl (K. Ceylonensis), ii., 95.

" " 3.—The Eared Owls (Otus), ii., 97; the Woodland Owl (O. sylvestris), ii., 97; the Marsh Owl (O. brachyotus), ii., 98.

" " 4.—The Dwarf Eared Owls (Ephialtes), ii., 98; the Dwarf Eared Owl (E. Scops, or E. Carniolica), ii., 98.

FAMILY XIII.—THE NOCTURNAL OWLS (STRIGES), ii., 99.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tree Owls (Syrnium), ii., 99; the Tree Owl (S. aluco), ii., 99.

" " 2.—The Night Owls (Nyctale), ii., 100; the Hairy-footed Night Owl (N. dasypus), ii., 100.

" " 3.—The Veiled Owls (Strix), ii., 102; Kirchhoff's Owl (S. Kirchhoffii), ii., 102; the Barn Owl (S. flammea), ii., 102.

SUB-ORDER V.

THE GAPERS (HIANTES).

FAMILY I.—THE SWALLOWS (HIRUNDINES), ii., 104.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Swallows (Cecropis), ii., 105; The Chimney Swallow (C. rustica), ii., 106; the Senegal Swallow (C. Senegalensis), ii., 109; the Thread-tailed Swallow (C. filifera), ii., 110.

" " 2.—The Martins (Chelidon), ii., 110; the House Martin (C. urbica), ii., 110; the Ariel (C. Ariel), ii., 113.[Pg 278]

" " 3.—The Mountain or Shore Swallows (Cotyle), ii., 111; the Rock Swallows (C. rupestris), ii., 111; the Sand Martin (C. riparia), ii., 112.

" " 4.—The Wood Swallows (Atticora), ii., 114; the Striped Wood Swallow (A. fasciata), ii., 114.

" " 5.—The Sailor Swallows (Progne), ii., 114; the Purple Swallow (P. purpurea), ii., 114.

FAMILY II.—THE SWIFTS (CYPSELI), ii., 115.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tree Swifts (Dendrochelidon), ii., 118; the Klecho (D. klecho), ii., 118.

" " 2.—The Salanganes (Collocalia), ii., 118; the Salangane Proper (C. nidifica), ii., 118; the Kusappi (C. fuciphaga), ii., 119.

" " 3.—The Prickly-tailed Swifts (Acanthylis), ii., 121; the White-throated Prickly-tailed Swift (A. caudatus), ii., 122.

" " 4.—The Swifts Proper (Cypselus), ii., 122; the Dwarf Swift (C. parvus), ii., 122; the Palm-tree Swift (C. palmarum), ii., 122; the Steeple Swift (C. apus), ii., 122; the Alpine Swift (C. Melba), ii., 123.

FAMILY III.—THE GOATSUCKERS (CAPRIMULGI), ii., 124.

Sub-Family 1.—The Podagers (Podager), ii., 125; the Nacunda (P. nacunda), ii., 125.

" " 2.—The Twilight Night Jars (Chordeiles), ii., 126; the Night Falcon (C. Virginianus), ii., 126.

" " 3.—The Goatsuckers (Caprimulgus), ii., 127; the European Night Jar (C. Europæus), ii., 127; the Resplendent Goatsucker (C. eximius), ii., 128.

" " 4.—The Bristled Night Jars (Antrostomus), ii., 128; the Whip-poor-Will (A. vociferus), ii., 128.

" " 5.—The African Night Jars (Scotornis), ii., 129; the African Night Jar (S. climacurus), ii., 129.

" " 6.—The Lyre-tailed Night Jars (Hydropsalis), ii., 130; the Lyre-tailed Night Jar (H. forcipata), ii., 130.

" " 7.—The Streamer Night Jars (Macrodipteryx), ii., 131; the Long-winged Macrodipteryx (M. longipennis), ii., 131; the Streamer-bearing Night Jar (M. or Cosmetornis vexillarius), ii., 131.

" " 8.—The Giant Goatsuckers (Nyctibius), ii., 134; the Ibijau, or Earth-eater (N. grandis), ii., 134.

FAMILY IV.—THE OIL BIRDS (STEATORNITHES), ii., 135.

Sub-Family 1.—The Guachero, or Oil Bird (Steatornis Caripensis), ii., 135.

FAMILY V.—THE OWL SWALLOWS (PODARGI), ii., 136.

Sub-Family 1.—The Dwarf Owl Swallows (Ægotheles), ii., 136; the Dwarf Owl Swallow (Æ. Novæ-Hollandiæ), ii., 137.

" " 2.—The Giant Owl Swallows (Podargus), ii., 138; the Giant Owl Swallow (P. humeralis), ii., 138.

" " 3.—The Frog-mouths (Batrachostomus), ii., 140; the Plumed Frog-mouth (B. cornutus or Javanicus), ii., 140.

SUB-ORDER VI.

SINGING BIRDS (OSCINES).

FAMILY I.—THE SHRIKES (LANII), ii., 141.

Sub-Family 1.—The Butcher Birds (Lanius), ii., 141; the Sentinel Butcher Bird, or Great Grey Shrike (L. excubitor), ii., 142; the Southern Shrike (L. meridionalis), ii., 143; the Black-browed Shrike (L. minor), ii., 143.[Pg 279]

" " 2.—The Butcher Birds Proper (Enneoctonus), ii., 146; the Red-backed Shrike, or True Butcher Bird (E. collurio), ii., 146; the Red-headed Shrike (E. or Phoneus rufus), ii., 146; the Masked Shrike (E. personatus), ii., 147.

" " 3.—The Thick-headed Shrikes (Falcunculus), ii., 147; the Falcon Shrike (F. frontatus), ii., 147.

FAMILY II.—THE BUSH SHRIKES (MALACONOTI), ii., 148.

Sub-Family 1.—The Flute-voiced Shrikes (Laniarius), ii., 149; the Scarlet Shrike (L. erythrogaster), ii., 149; the Flute Shrike (L. Æthiopicus), ii., 150.

" " 2.—The Hooded Shrikes (Telephonus), ii., 150; the Tschagra (T. erythropterus), ii., 150.

" " 3.—The Helmet Shrikes (Prionops), ii., 151; the Helmet Shrike (P. cristatus), ii., 151.

FAMILY III.—THE RAVEN SHRIKES (THAMNOPHILI), ii., 152.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crow Shrikes (Cracticus), ii., 151; the Magpie Shrike (C. destructor), ii., 151.

" " 2.—The True Raven Shrikes (Thamnophilus), ii., 152; Vigors' Raven Shrike (T. undulatus), ii., 153.

FAMILY IV.—THE DRONGO SHRIKES (EDOLII), ii., 154.

Sub-Family 1.—The King Crows (Dicrourus), ii., 154; the King Crow, or Finga (D. macrocercus), ii., 154.

" " 2.—The Drongos (Chaptia), ii., 154; the Singing Drongo (C. musica), ii., 154.

" " 3.—The Flag-bearing Drongos (Edolius), ii., 155; the Bee King (E. paradiseus), ii., 155.

FAMILY V.—THE SWALLOW SHRIKES (ARTAMI), ii., 156.

Sub-Family 1.—The Swallow Shrikes (Artamus), ii., 156; the Wood Swallow Shrike (A. sordidus), ii., 156.

FAMILY VI.—THE TYRANT SHRIKES (TYRANNI), ii., 158.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tyrants (Tyrannus), ii., 158; the Tyrant Shrike, or King Bird (T. intrepidus), ii., 158.

" " 2.—The Screaming Tyrants (Saurophagus), ii., 159; the Bentevi (S. sulphuratus), ii., 159.

" " 3.—The Fork-tailed Tyrants (Milvalus), ii., 161; the Scissor Bird (M. tyrannus), ii., 161.

" " 4.—The Crowned Tyrants (Megalophus), ii., 162; the Royal Tyrant (M. regius), ii., 162.

" " 5.—The Stilted Fly-catchers (Gubernates), ii., 163; the Yiperu, or Yetapa (G. Yiperu), ii., 163.

" " 6.—The Cock-tailed Fly-catchers (Alectrurus), ii., 163; the Cock-tailed Fly-catcher (A. tricolor), ii., 163.

FAMILY VII.—THE CATERPILLAR EATERS (CAMPEPHAGÆ), ii., 164.

Sub-Family 1.—The Red Bird (Pericrocotus), ii., 164; the Red Bird (P. speciosus), ii., 164.

FAMILY VIII.—THE FLY-SNAPPERS (MYIAGRÆ), ii., 164.

Sub-Family 1.—The Paradise Fly-catchers (Terpsiphone), ii., 166; the Paradise Fly-snapper (T. paradisea), ii., 166.

" " 2.—The Fantails (Rhipidura), ii., 166; the Wagtail Fantail (R. motacilloides), ii., 167.

FAMILY IX.—THE FLY-CATCHERS (MUSCICAPÆ), ii., 167.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Fly-catchers (Butalis), ii., 168; the Grey or Spotted Fly-catcher (B. grisola), ii., 168.

" " 2.—The Mourning Fly-catchers (Muscicapa), ii., 169; the Black-capped or Pied Fly-catcher (M. atricapilla), ii., 170; the Collared or White-necked Fly-catcher (M. albicollis), ii., 170.

" " 3.—The Dwarf Fly-catchers (Erythrosterna), ii., 171; the Dwarf Fly-catcher (E. parva), ii., 171.

[Pg 280]

FAMILY X.—THE SILK-TAILS (BOMBYCILLÆ), ii., 171.

Sub-Family 1.—The Silk-tails (Bombycilla), ii., 171; the Bohemian Chatterer, or Wax-Wing (B. garrula), ii., 172.

FAMILY XI.—THE MANAKINS (PIPRÆ), ii., 174.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rock Birds (Rupicola), ii., 174; the Cock of the Rock (R. crocea), ii., 174.

" " 2.—The True Manakins (Pipræ), ii., 176; the Long-tailed Manakin (P. caudata), ii., 177; the Tije (P. pareola), ii., 177; the Black-cap Manakin (P. manacus), ii., 178.

" " 3.—The Panther Birds (Pardalotus), ii., 178; the Diamond Bird (P. punctatus), ii., 178.

FAMILY XII.—THE BALD-HEADED CROWS (GYMNODERI), ii., 179.

Sub-Family 1.—The Bald Fruit Crows (Gymnocephalus), ii., 180; the Capuchin Bird (G. calvus), ii., 180.

" " 2.—The Umbrella Chatterers (Cephalopterus), ii., 181; the Umbrella Bird (C. ornatus), ii., 181.

" " 3.—The Bell Birds (Chasmarhynchus), ii., 182; the Bare-necked Bell Bird (C. nudicollis), ii., 182; the Araponga (C. variegatus), ii., 183; the True Bell Bird (C. carunculatus), ii., 183; the Three-wattled Bell Bird (C. tricarunculatus), ii., 183.

FAMILY XIII.—THE GROUND SINGERS (HUMICOLÆ), ii., 184.

Sub-Family 1.—The Nightingales (Luscinia), ii., 186; the Nightingale (L. Philomela), ii., 186.

" " 2.—The Tree Nightingales (Aëdon), ii., 187; the Tree Nightingale (A. galactodes), ii., 187.

" " 3.—The Blue-throated Warblers (Cyanecula), ii., 188; the Swedish Blue-throat (C. Suecica), ii., 189; the White-starred Blue-throat (C. leucocyana), ii., 189.

" " 4.—The Ruby Nightingales (Calliope), ii., 190; the Calliope of Kamschatka (C. Camtschatcensis), ii., 190.

" " 5.—The Redbreasts (Rubecula), ii., 191; the Robin Redbreast (R. sylvestris), ii., 191.

FAMILY XIV.—THE WARBLERS (MONTICOLÆ), ii., 193.

Sub-Family 1.—The Redstarts (Ruticilla), ii., 194; the Black-capped Redstart (R. atra, or R. titys), ii., 194; the Garden Redstart (R. phœnicura), ii., 195.

" " 2.—The Meadow Warblers (Pratincola), ii., 195; the Brown-throated Meadow Warbler (P. rubetra), ii., 195; the Black-throated Meadow Warbler (P. rubicola), ii., 196.

" " 3.—The Chats (Saxicolæ), ii., 198; the Fallow Chat, or Wheat-ear (S. œnanthe), ii., 198; the Eared Stone Chat (S. aurita), ii., 198; the Black-throated Stone Chat (S. stapazina), ii., 198.

" " 4.—The Running Warblers (Dromolæa), ii., 199; the White-tailed Wheat-ear (D. leucura), ii., 200.

" " 5.—The Stone Thrushes, or Rock Wagtails (Petrocincla), ii., 202; the Stone Thrush, or Rock Wagtail (P. or Turdus saxatilis), ii., 202; the Blue Rock Wagtail (P. cyanea), ii., 203.

" " 6.—The Bush Warblers (Thamnolæa), ii., 204; the Bush Warbler (T. albiscapulata), ii., 204.

FAMILY XV.—THE THRUSHES (TURDI), ii., 205.

Sub-Family 1.—The Wood Thrushes (Turdus), ii., 206; the Missel Thrush (T. viscivorus), ii., 206; the Song Thrush (T. musicus), ii., 207; the Fieldfare (T. pilaris), ii., 207; the Redwing (T. iliacus), ii., 210; the Ring Ouzel (T. torquatus), ii., 211; the Blackbird (T. merula), ii., 211.

FAMILY XVI.—THE MOCKING THRUSHES (MIMI), ii., 213.

Sub-Family 1.—The Mocking Thrushes (Mimi), ii., 214; the Mocking Bird (M. polyglottus), ii., 214.[Pg 281]

" " 2.—The Red Mocking Thrushes (Taxostoma), ii., 216; the Ferruginous Mocking Bird (T. rufum), ii., 216.

" " 3.—The Cat Birds (Galeoscoptes), ii., 216; the Cat Bird (G. Carolinensis), ii., 216.

FAMILY XVII.—THE BABBLERS (TIMALIÆ), ii., 218.

Sub-Family 1.—The Grey Birds (Pycnonotus), ii., 218; the Grey Bird (P. arsinoë), ii., 218; Le Vaillant's Grey Bird (P. Vaillantii), ii., 219.

" " 2.—The True Babblers (Timalia), ii., 220; the Red-headed Babbler (T. pileata), ii., 220.

" " 3.—The Hook-clawed Babblers (Crateropus), ii., 221; the White-rumped Babbler (C. leucopygius), ii., 221.

" " 4.—The Laughing Thrushes (Garrulax), ii., 222; the White-tufted Laughing Thrush (G. leucolophus), ii., 223.

FAMILY XVIII.—THE WATER OUZELS (CINCLUS), ii., 223.

Sub-Family 1.—The Water Ouzels (Cinclus), ii., 223; the Water Ouzel, or Dipper (C. aquaticus), ii., 223; the American Water Ouzel (C. Americanus), ii., 228.

FAMILY XIX.—THE PITTAS (PITTÆ), ii., 228.

Sub-Family 1.—The Pittas, or Painted Thrushes (Pitta), ii., 228; the Nurang (P. Bengalensis), ii., 228; the Pulih (P. Angolensis), ii., 229; the Noisy Pitta (P. strepitans), ii., 229.

FAMILY XX.—THE ANT THRUSHES (MYIOTHERÆ), ii., 230.

Sub-Family 1.—The Ant Birds (Pyriglena), ii., 230; the Fire Eye (P. domicella), ii., 230.

" " 2.—The Ant Kings (Grallaria), ii., 231; the Ant King (G. rex), ii., 231.

" " 3.—The Tapacolos (Pteroptochus), ii., 231; the Tapacolo, or Tualo (P. megapodius), ii., 231.

FAMILY XXI.—THE LYRE-TAILS (MENURÆ), ii., 232.

Sub-Family 1.—The Lyre-tails (Menura), ii., 232; the Lyre Bird (M. superba), ii., 232.

FAMILY XXII.—THE SONG WARBLERS (SYLVIÆ), ii., 237.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Song Warblers (Curruca), ii, 238; the Sparrow-hawk Warbler (C. nisoria), ii., 238; the Orpheus Warbler (C. Orphea), ii., 239; the Greater Pettichaps (C. or Sylvia hortensis), ii., 240; the Lesser White-throat (C. garrula), ii., 242; the Capirote, or Black-cap (C. atricapilla), ii., 243; the White-throat (C. cinerea), ii., 245; the Spectacled Warbler (C. conspiculata), ii., 246; the White-throated Warbler (C. leucopogon), ii., 247.

" " 2.—The Fire-eyed Warblers (Pyrophthalma), ii., 247; the Black-headed Fire-eyed Warbler (P. melanocephala), ii., 248; the Sardinian Fire-eyed Black-head (P. Sarda), ii., 249; the Provence or Dartford Warbler (P. Provincialis), ii., 249.

FAMILY XXIII.—THE TREE WARBLERS (PHYLLOSCOPI), ii., 252.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tree Warblers (Phyllopneuste), ii., 252; the Field Tree Warbler, or Willow Wren (P. Trochilus), ii., 252.

" " 2.—The Leaf Wrens (Reguloides), ii., 254; the Leaf Wren (R. Proregulus), ii., 254.

" " 3.—The Garden Warblers (Hypolais), ii., 254; the Melodious Willow Wren (H. hortensis, or H. salicari), ii., 254; the Chiff-Chaff (H. or Sylvia rufa), ii., 255; the Ashy Garden Warbler (H. cinerescens), ii., 256.

[Pg 282]

FAMILY XXIV.—THE MARSH WARBLERS (CALAMODYTÆ), ii., 257.

Sub-Family 1.—The Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus), ii., 258; the True Reed Warbler (A. turdoides), ii., 258.

" " 2.—The Sedge Warblers (Calamodus), ii., 259; the Sedge Warbler (C. phragmitis), ii., 259.

" " 3—The Grasshopper Warblers (Locustella), ii., 261; the Grasshopper Warbler (L. certhiola), ii., 261.

FAMILY XXV.—THE BUSH WARBLERS (DRYMOICÆ), ii., 262.

Sub-Family 1.—The Bush Warblers (Cisticola), ii., 262; the Pinc-Pinc (C. schœnicola), ii., 263.

" " 2.—The Tailor Birds (Orthotomus), ii., 264; the Tailor Bird (O. longicauda), ii., 265.

" " 3.—The Emu Wrens (Stipiturus), ii., 266; the Emu Wren (S. malachurus), ii., 266.

FAMILY XXVI.—THE WRENS (TROGLODYTÆ), ii., 269.

Sub-Family 1.—The Wrens Proper (Troglodytes), ii., 270; the Common Wren (T. parvulus), ii., 270.

" " 2.—The Marsh Wrens (Thryothorus), ii., 271; the Carolina Wren (T. Ludovicianus), ii., 272; the House Wren (T. platensis), ii., 273.

" " 3.—The Flute Players (Cyphorhinus), ii., 273; the Flute Players (C. cantans), ii., 273.

FAMILY XXVII.—THE PIPITS (ANTHI), ii., 274.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Pipits (Anthus), ii., 274; the Meadow Pipit (A. pratensis), ii., 274; the Tree Pipit (A. arboreus), ii., 275; the Rock Pipit (A. petrosus), ii., 278.

" " 2.—The Field Pipits (Agrodroma), ii., 279; the Stone or Fallow-land Pipit (A. campestris), ii., 279.

" " 3.—The Spurred Pipits (Corydalla), ii., 281; Richard's Spurred Pipit (C. Richardii), ii., 282.

FAMILY XXVIII.—THE WAGTAILS (MOTACILLÆ), ii., 282.

Sub-Family 1.—The True Wagtails (Motacilla), ii., 282; the White Wagtail (M. alba), ii., 283; the Pied Wagtail (M. Yarrellii), ii., 285; the Dhobin (M. Dukhunensis), ii., 286; the Rock Wagtail (M. Lichtensteinii), ii., 286.

" " 2.—The Mountain Wagtails (Calobates), ii., 287; the Mountain Wagtail (C. sulphurea), ii., 287.

" " 3.—The Sheep Wagtails (Budytes), ii., 288; the Cow or Meadow Wagtail (B. flavus), ii., 289; Ray's Wagtail (B. Rayii), ii., 289; the Velvet-headed or Sheep Wagtail (B. melanocephalus), ii., 290; the Yellow-headed Wagtail (B. citreolus), ii., 291.

" " 4.—The Wood Wagtails (Nemoricola), ii., 291; the Gomarita, or Garden Wagtail (N. Indica), ii., 291.

" " 5.—The Swallow Wagtails (Enicurus), ii., 192; the Meninting (E. coronatus), ii., 292.

FAMILY XXIX.—THE ACCENTORS (ACCENTORES), ii., 292.

Sub-Family 1.—The Hedge Sparrows, or Hedge Warblers (Tharraleus), ii., 294; the Hedge Warbler (T. modularis), ii., 294; the Siberian Accentor (T. montanellus), ii., 295.

" " 2.—The Lark Accentors (Accentor), ii., 295; the Alpine Accentor (A. Alpinus), ii., 295.

FAMILY XXX.—THE TITS (PARI), ii., 296.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Wrens, or Kinglets (Regulus), ii., 297; the Golden-crested Wren (R. auricapillus), ii., 298; the Dalmatian Wren (R. modestus), ii., 298; the Fire-crested Wren (R. ignicapillus), ii., 299; the Satrap Crowned Wren (R. satrapa), ii., 299; the Ruby-crowned Wren (R. calendulus), ii., 301.

" " 2.—The Penduline Titmice (Ægithalus), ii., 302; the Penduline Titmouse (Æ. pendulinus), ii., 302.[Pg 283]

" " 3.—The Reed Titmice (Panurus), ii., 303; the Bearded Titmouse (P. biarmicus), ii., 303.

" " 4.—The Long-tailed Titmice (Orites), ii., 306; the Long-tailed Titmouse (O. caudatus), ii., 306.

" " 5.—The Crested Titmice (Lophophanes), ii., 307; the Crested Tit (L. cristatus), ii., 307; the Toupet Tit (L. bicolor), ii., 309.

" " 6.—The Wood Tits (Parus), ii., 309; the Great Tit (Parus major), ii., 309; the Sombre Tit (P. lugubris), ii., 311; the Cole Tit (P. ater), ii., 311; the Blue Tit (P. cœruleus), ii., 314; the Azure Tit (P. cyaneus), ii., 316; the Siberian Tit (P. Sibericus), ii., 316; the Marsh Tit (P. palustris), ii., 317; the Carolina Titmouse (P. Carolinensis), ii., 318; the Black-capped Titmouse (P. atricapillus), ii., 318.