CONTENTS.
Reading edition
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Page
Object of the journey.—Interest in prisons.—Visitation of prisons in 1874.—Distribution of religious literature in Russia.—Tour round Bothnian Gulf, 1876.—To Russo-Turkish war, 1877.—To Archangel, 1878.—Origin of Siberian journey.—Alba Hellman and her correspondence.—The way opened.—Projected efforts of usefulness.—Books to be distributed.—Final resolve 1
CHAPTER II.
ACROSS EUROPE.
Departure for Petersburg.—Official receptions.—Minister of the Interior.—Metropolitan of Moscow.—Introductions.—Books forwarded.—Departure for Moscow.—Nijni Novgorod.—Site of the fair.—Joined by interpreter.—Kasan.—Bulgarian antiquities.—Neighbouring heathen.—Idolatrous objects and practices.—Departure from Kasan.—The Volga and the Kama.—Arrival at Perm 9
CHAPTER III.
THE URALS TO TIUMEN.
A new railway.—The Ural range.—Outlook into Russia in Asia.—Nijni Tagil.—The Demidoff mines and hospital.—May weather.—Russian railways.—Arrival at Ekaterineburg.—An orphanage.—Precious stones.—Orenburg shawls.—Tarantass and luggage.—Departure for Tiumen.—The exiles.—Visits to the authorities 17
CHAPTER IV.
THE EXILES.
Reasons for and history of deportation to Siberia.—Number of exiles.—Their education.—Crimes.—Sentences.—Loss of rights.—Privileges.—Proportion of hard-labour convicts.—Where located.—Release.—Escapes.—Causes and methods of flight.—Transport.—A convoy of exiles.—Moscow charity.—Conveyance to Perm and Tiumen.—Their distribution.—Order of march.—Sea-borne exiles.—Mistakes of English newspapers.—Conveyance of political exiles 31
CHAPTER V.
FROM TIUMEN TO TOBOLSK.
General remarks on Siberia.—Limits.—Area.—Temperature.—Divisions.—Roads.—Ethnography.—Language.—Posting to Tobolsk.—Floods.—Spring roads.—Villages of Tatars.—Their history.—Characteristics.—Costume.—Occupation.—Worship.—Language 49
CHAPTER VI.
SIBERIAN PRISONS.
Old Finnish prisons.—Model Petersburg prison.—Officers.—Contraband importations.—Russian prisons of six kinds.—Siberian prisons of three kinds: their number, location, structure, furniture.—Prisoners: their classification.—Kansk statistics.—Method of trial.—Remands.—Exchanging names and punishments 63
CHAPTER VII.
SIBERIAN PRISONS (continued).
Charitable committees.—Prison food.—Clothing.—Work.—Hard labour.—Exercise.—Amusements.—Privileges.—Intercourse with friends.—Punishments.—Capital punishment.—Corporal punishment.—Irons.—Prison discipline.—Flogging.—Exceptional severities 77
CHAPTER VIII.
THE OBI.
Dimensions of river.—Its tributaries.—Province of Tobolsk.—Geographical features.—Population.—Voguls.—Samoyedes.—Intemperance.—Commercial prospects of Obi.—Siberian produce.—Corn land.—Timber.—Cost of provisions.—Carriage.—Discoveries of Wiggins.—Followed by Nordenskiöld.—Ship-building at Tiumen.—Navigation of Kara Sea.—Books on basin of Obi 96
CHAPTER IX.
TOBOLSK.
Early history of Siberia.—Yermak.—Conquest of the Tatars.—Tobolsk the first capital.—The exiled bell.—Our visit to the Governor.—Hard-labour prisons.—Interior arrangements.—“Travaux forcés.”—Testimony of prisoners.—Books presented 109
CHAPTER X.
FROM TOBOLSK TO TOMSK.
The steamer Beljetchenko.—Fellow-passengers.—Card-playing.—Cost of provisions.—Inspection of convicts’ barge.—An exile fellow-passenger.—Obi navigation.—The Ostjaks.—Their fisheries.—Feats of archery.—Marriage customs 117
CHAPTER XI.
TOMSK.
The province of Tomsk.—The city of Tomsk.—Visit to the Governor.—The prison.—Institution for prisoners’ children.—A Lutheran minister.—Finnish colonies in Siberia.—Their pastoral care.—Dissuaded from visiting Minusinsk.—Distribution of Finnish books.—Détour to Barnaul 127
CHAPTER XII.
SIBERIAN POSTING.
Travelling by post-horses.—The courier, crown, and ordinary podorojna.—The tarantass.—Packing.—Harness.—Horses.—Roads.—Pains and penalties.—Crossing rivers.—Cost.—Speed.—Post-houses.—Meat and drink 134
CHAPTER XIII.
FROM TOMSK SOUTHWARDS.
Application for horses.—Effect of Petersburg letter.—A false start.—A horse killed.—Attempted cooking.—Siberian weather.—Meteorology.—Scenery.—Trees, plants, and flowers.—An elementary school.—Education in Western Siberia 143
CHAPTER XIV.
BARNAUL.
Situation of town.—Cemetery.—Burial of the dead.—The Emperor’s usine.—Visit to Mr. Clark.—Visits to hospital and prison.—A recently-enacted tragedy.—Crime of the district.—Smelting of silver and gold.—Price of land and provisions.—Return to Tomsk 152
CHAPTER XV.
THE SIBERIAN CHURCH.
The Russian Church.—Geographical area.—History, doctrines, schisms.—Ecclesiastical divisions of Siberia.—Church committees.—Russian Church services.—Picture worship.—Vestments.—Liturgy.—Ordination.—Baptism.—Marriage.—Minor services 161
CHAPTER XVI.
THE SIBERIAN CHURCH (continued).
Parochial clergy.—Their emoluments.—Duties.—Official registers.—Discipline.—Morality.—Status.—Our clerical visits.—Monastic clergy.—The Metropolitan Macarius.—Fasting.—General view of Russian Church.—Compared with Roman.—Teaching respecting Holy Scripture and salvation by faith.—Needs of Russian Church 171
CHAPTER XVII.
FROM TOMSK TO KRASNOIARSK.
Book-distribution in Western Siberia.—Departure from Tomsk.—Postbells.—How to sit in posting.—Sleeping.—Boundary of Western Siberia.—Wild and domesticated animals.—Birds.—Scenery.—Roadside villages.—Peasants’ houses.—Hammering up “the Prodigal Son.”—Siberian towns.—Houses of upper classes.—Misadventures.—A hospitable merchant.—Frontier of Eastern Siberia 183
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE YENESEI.
Sources of the river.—Discoveries of Wiggins and Nordenskiöld.—The Yenesei at Krasnoiarsk.—Current, width, depth.—Breaking up of ice.—The Yeneseisk province.—Geography.—Meteorology.—Forests.—Timber.—Fish of Yenesei.—Birds.—Russian population.—Navigation.—Corn and cattle.—Towns.—A Scoptsi village.—Salubrity of climate.—The aborigines.—Ethnology.—Tunguses.—Fur-bearing animals.—Methods of hunting.—Minerals 196
CHAPTER XIX.
A VISIT TO A GOLD-MINE.
Gold in Siberia.—Where found.—Gold-hunting.—A prospecting party.—Thawing the ground.—Subterranean passages.—Hardships.—Mining calculations.—Building of barracks.—Preparations for our visit.—Costumes.—Road through “the forest primeval.”—Luxuriant vegetation.—Crossing mountains.—Arrival at mine.—Labour of miners.—Gold-washing machine.—Government inspection.—Wages.—Hours of labour.—Miners’ food.—Pay-day.—Drink and its follies.—Miners’ fortunes.—Mines of Eastern Siberia.—Return to Krasnoiarsk 211
CHAPTER XX.
FROM KRASNOIARSK TO ALEXANDREFFSKY.
Situation of Krasnoiarsk.—Our hotel.—Dr. Peacock.—Visit to prison, hospital, and madhouse.—Cathedral.—Drive in “Rotten Row.”—Shoeing horses.—Bible affairs at Krasnoiarsk.—Consignment to Governor for provinces of Yeneseisk and Yakutsk.—Departure from Krasnoiarsk.—Change of scenery.—Kansk Okrug.—Our arrival anticipated.—Visit to Ispravnik.—Statistics of crime.—The Protopope of Kansk.—Parochial information.—Demand for Scriptures.—A travelling companion.—Further posting help.—Butterflies and mosquitoes.—Nijni Udinsk.—Telma factory.—A détour.—Alexandreffsky 227
CHAPTER XXI.
THE ALEXANDREFFSKY CENTRAL PRISON.
Prison wards.—Punishment cells.—Communication with friends.—Nationalities of prisoners.—Their work.—Food.—Distribution of books.—Our reception.—Lunch.—Departure.—Runaway horses.—An accident.—Left alone.—Return to post-house 245
CHAPTER XXII.
A CITY ON FIRE.
Approach to Irkutsk.—The city entered.—Remains of a fire.—A second fire.—Our flight.—Crossing of the Angara.—A refuge.—Inhabitants fleeing.—Salvage.—Firemen’s efforts.—Spread of the catastrophe.—Return to lodging.—A chapel saved.—Spectacle of fire at night.—Reflections 253
CHAPTER XXIII.
IRKUTSK.
Province of Irkutsk.—The capital.—Its markets.—Telegraph officers.—Visit to the Governor.—Ruins of the city.—Attempt to establish a Bible depôt.—Supposed incendiarism.—Benevolent arrangements of authorities.—Wife-beating.—Servility of Russian peasants.—Visit to a rich merchant.—Ecclesiastical affairs.—Visit to the acting Governor-General.—The prisons.—A prisoner’s view of them.—Prison committee.—Distribution of books.—Visit to inspector of schools.—Change of route 264
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE LENA.
History of Russian invasion.—Former travellers to Okhotsk.—Cochrane, Erman, and Hill.—Down the Lena to Yakutsk.—Prevalence of goitre.—The Upper Lena and its tributaries.—The Lower Lena.—Discoveries of mammoths.—New Siberian islands.—Nordenskiöld’s passage 281
CHAPTER XXV.
YAKUTSK.
The province of Yakutsk.—Rivers.—Minerals.—The town of Yakutsk.—Its temperature.—Inhabitants.—The Yukaghirs.—The Yakutes.—Their dwellings.—Food.—Dress.—Products.—Occupations.—Industries.—Language.—Religion.—Route from Yakutsk to Okhotsk.—Reindeer riding.—Summer journey.—Treatment of horses 294
CHAPTER XXVI.
ACROSS LAKE BAIKAL TO TROITZKOSAVSK.
Leaving Irkutsk.—The Angara.—Approach to the Baikal: its shores and fish.—Steaming across.—Seizing post-horses.—Arrival at Verchne Udinsk.—Smuggling at the prison.—Arrival at Selenginsk.—English mission to Buriats.—English graves.—Old scholars.—Story of the mission.—Journey to Troitzkosavsk 309
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE SIBERIAN FRONTIER AT KIAKHTA.
Hospitable reception.—History of Kiakhta.—Treaties between Russians and Chinese.—Early trading.—Decline of commerce.—The tea trade.—Troitzkosavsk church.—Miraculous ikons.—Kiakhta church.—Russian churches in general.—Bells.—Valuable ikons.—Climate of Kiakhta.—Drive to Ust-Keran 322
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE MONGOLIAN FRONTIER AT MAIMATCHIN.
Outlook into Mongolia.—Town of Maimatchin: without women.—Visit to a Chinese merchant.—Refreshments.—Attendants.—Purchases.—Tea bricks for coin.—The town.—Buddhist temple.—Chinese malefactors.—Their punishments.—Chinese dinner.-Food.—Intoxicating drinks.—Route to Peking.—Travellers.-Modes of conveyance.—Manners of the desert.—Postal service 337
CHAPTER XXIX.
FROM KIAKHTA TO CHITA.
Farewell ceremonies.—Writing home of changed plans.—Caravans.—An iron foundry.—Buriat yemstchiks.—Methods of driving.—Salutations.—Insignificant post-stations.—Visit to a missionary to the Buriats.—Russian missions in Japan.—A remarkable meeting.—The Yablonoi mountains.—Chita.—Visit to the Governor and prison 353
CHAPTER XXX.
THE BURIATS.
Country of the Buriats.—Their physiognomy and costume.—Habitations.—Mongol yourts.—Hospitality.—Fuel.—Possessions in cattle.—Character of Buriats.—Their religions.—Buddhist Buriats.—The soul of Buddha.—The lamas.—Their celibacy, classification, employments, disabilities.—Buddhist doctrines.—A prayer cylinder.—Christian Buriats.—English missions.—Reports of English travellers.—Results of Russian missions.—Distribution of Buriat Scriptures 364
CHAPTER XXXI.
SIBERIAN POLITICAL PRISONERS.
The Za-Baikal, a natural prison.—“Decembrists” of 1825.—Misapprehensions respecting political prisoners.—The “Story of Elizabeth.”—Vindictive foreign writers.—Palpable misstatements.—Misleading information.—Dostoyeffsky’s “Buried Alive.”—Rosen’s “Russian Conspirators.”—Present condition of political prisoners.—Testimony of Poles.—Treatment of an attempted regicide.—The number of “politicals” exaggerated.—Calculations concerning them.—Their mode of transport.—Paucity of statistics accounted for 377
CHAPTER XXXII.
FROM CHITA TO NERTCHINSK.
The Trans-Baikal province.—Books deposited with the Governor—Specimen letter of consignment.—Prisons and hospitals.—Governor’s distribution of books.—Satisfactory results.—Journey from Chita.—Buriat Obos.—Russian emigrants.—Salutations.—Approach to Nertchinsk.—Its mineral treasures 400
CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE SILVER AND (SO-CALLED) QUICKSILVER MINES OF NERTCHINSK.
The supposed quicksilver-mines.—Inadequate evidence of their existence.—Unsupported statements of writers.—Not known to Anglo-Siberians.—Silver-mines, perhaps, intended.—Deleterious fumes a myth.—Questionable allegations regarding silver-mines.—Sensational writers.—Misstatements exposed.—Testimony of Collins and other eye-witnesses.—Accounts of ex-prisoners and Lutheran pastor.—Nertchinsk Zavod and work in the mines.—Condition of affairs in 1866.—Present state of things.—The Nemesis of exaggeration 408
CHAPTER XXXIV.
FROM NERTCHINSK TO STRETINSK.
Nertchinsk.—Its climate and history.—Scene of a Russo-Chinese treaty.—Appearance of the town.—Visit to the authorities.—Dinner with a rich merchant.—Siberian table customs.—Poverty of travelling fare.—Fine arts in Siberia.—Painting and photography.—Journey from Nertchinsk 425
CHAPTER XXXV.
FROM STRETINSK TO UST-KARA.
Arrival at Stretinsk.—Recorded distances from Petersburg.—Taking in a passenger.—Travelling allowance to officers.—Parting with interpreter.—Farewell to tarantass.—Starting to Kara.—The world before me.—Previous writers on the Amur.—Gliding down the Shilka.—Talking by dumb signs.—My Cossack attendant.—Taking an oar.—How Russians sleep.—Arrival at Ust-Kara 436
CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE PENAL COLONY OF KARA.
Evil reputation of Kara.—Testimony from Siberians and exiles.—My own experience.—The Commandant.—Our evening drive.—Hospitable reception.—Statistics respecting prisoners: their crimes, sentences, and settlement as “exiles.”—The Amurski prison.—Cossack barracks.—The upper prison.—Convicts’ food.—Prisoners’ private laws.—Middle Kara prison.—Mohammedan forçats.—Sunday labour.—Convict clothing.—Guard-house.—A genuine political prisoner.—The church.—Lack of preaching.—House of the Commandant 445
CHAPTER XXXVII.
THE CONVICT MINES OF KARA.
Gold-mines not underground.—Hours of labour.—Visit to a mine.—Punishments.—Branding abolished.—Miners marching off.—Statistics respecting runaways.—Women criminals at mines.—A new building for expected politicals.—Superannuated forçats.—The hospitals.—“Birching” and its effects.—Kara in 1859.—Improvements effected by Colonel Kononovitch.—A children’s home.—Return to the gold-mine.—Comparison of Siberian and English convicts.—Distribution of books 462
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE SHILKA.
Departure from Kara.—Parting hospitality.—Ust-Kara police-master.—The head waters of the Shilka.—Collins’s descent of Ingoda.—The Onon.—Formation of Shilka.—Scenery below Stretinsk.—Shilkinsk.—Hospitality of police-master.—Non-arrival of steamer.—Efforts at conversation.—Steaming down the river.—Shilka scenery.—Tributaries from north and south.—Arrival at confluence of Shilka and Argun 480
CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE HISTORY OF THE AMUR.
Divisible into three periods.—Period of Cossack plunder.—Poyarkof.—Khabarof.—Stepanof.—Discovery and occupation of Shilka.—Chernigovsky.—Period of conflict with Chinese.—Russo-Chinese treaty of 1686.—Russian mission at Peking.—Affairs on the Amur during Russian exclusion.—Third historic period from 1847.—Preparatory operations on Lower Amur.—Muravieff’s descent of the river, 1854.—Influence of the Crimean war.—Colonization of Lower Amur.—Further colonization, 1857.—Chinese protests.—Influence of Anglo-Chinese war.—The Sea Coast erected into a Russian province.—Renewed difficulties with China.—Treaty of 1860.—Review of Russian occupation 489
CHAPTER XL.
THE UPPER AMUR.
Formation of the Amur.—Chinese boundary.—Our steamer.—Captain and passengers.—Natives of Upper Amur.—Orochons.—Manyargs.—Their hunting year.—Our journey.—Run aground.—Table provisions.—Notes on cooking.—Scenery.—Albazin.—Cliff of Tsagayan 503
CHAPTER XLI.
BLAGOVESTCHENSK.
Blagovestchensk and Russian missions.—Particulars of orthodox missionary society.—Visit to telegraph station.—Seminary for training priests.—Salaries of Russian clergy.—Blagovestchensk prison.—Leafy barracks.—View of the town.—Molokan inhabitants 518
CHAPTER XLII.
THE MIDDLE AMUR.
Departure from Blagovestchensk.—The Zeya.—Climate.—A bath under difficulties.—Occupation of time.—Russian tea-drinking.—The Bureya river and mountains.—Delightful scenery.—Ekaterino-Nicolsk.—Distribution of books and Scriptures.—Reception and recognition of passengers.—Prairie scenery.—Shooting a dog.—The Sungari.—Chinese exclusiveness.—Course of the river.—The Amur province.—An excise officer.—Remarks on alcohol.—Teetotalism in Russia 531
CHAPTER XLIII.
THE MANCHURIAN FRONTIER.
Manchuria and its aboriginal inhabitants.—Their history.—The Daurians.—The Manchu.—Visit to Sakhalin-Ula-Hotun.—Manchu dress.—Music.—Conveyances.—Articles of commerce.—Treatment of dead.—Boats.—Methods of fishing.—Archery.—Town of Aigun.—Buildings.—Temples.—Difficulties of access 547
CHAPTER XLIV.
THE PRIMORSK OR SEA-COAST PROVINCE.
Fuller treatment of this province.—Boundaries and dimensions.—Mountains, bays, and rivers.—Climate.—Fauna and flora.—Aboriginal and Russian population.—Government.—Food products.—Imports.—Taxes.—Civil government.—Health of the people 560
CHAPTER XLV.
THE LOWER AMUR.
My plans altered.—A serious alternative.—Khabarofka.—Fur trade.—Post-office and bank.—A Siberian garden.—Started for Nikolaefsk.—The Lower Amur.—Its affluents.—Fish.—A Russian advocate.—Goldi Christians.—Sophiisk.—A procureur.—Lake Kizi.—Mariinsk.—Snow mountains.—Mikhailofsky.—Hot-springs of Mukhal.—Beautiful scenery.—Tyr monuments.—The “white village.”—Mouth of the Amur 574
CHAPTER XLVI.
THE GILYAKS.
The Gilyaks perfect heathens.—Their habitat, number, and form.—Diseases, generation, and character.—Habitations.—Living on fish.—Winter and summer clothing.—Methods of fishing.—Dirty habits.—Domestic animals.—Boats.—Marriage customs.—Price of a wife.—Foreign relations.—Fair at Pul.—Manchu merchants.—Conversation with Gilyaks.—Gilyak and Goldi languages.—Education.—Superstitions.—Idols and charms.—Method of bear catching and killing.—Alleged worship of the bear.—Shaman rites.—Gilyak treatment of the dead.—Romanist mission to the Gilyaks.—Martyrdom of the missionary 593
CHAPTER XLVII.
NIKOLAEFSK.
My arrival.—Visit to prisons and hospitals.—Health statistics.—Siberian hospitals in general.—A Sunday service arranged.—Visits to inhabitants.—Russian customs, superstitions, and amusements.—Dancing.—Nikolaefsk town, arsenal, and commerce.—Mr. Emery.—Russian bribery.—Cost of provisions and labour.—Plans for return 614
CHAPTER XLVIII.
KAMCHATKA.
The Upper Primorsk.—History of north-eastern maritime discovery.—Russian navigation of Siberian ocean.—Explorations in the North Pacific.—Wiggins and Nordenskiöld.—Exploration of Siberia by land.—Travellers in Upper Primorsk.—The Sea of Okhotsk and fisheries.—Bush’s journey.—Okhotsk and its natives.—Kamchatka.—Its volcanoes, earthquakes, springs.—Garden produce and animals.—Kamchatdales.—Their number and character.—The Koriaks.—Their warlike spirit.—Houses of settled and wandering Koriaks.—Food.—Herds of deer.—Marriage customs.—Putting sick and aged to death.—The Chukchees.—Their habitat.—Diminution of fur animals.—Vegetation.—Intoxicating plants.—Kennan’s tales of the Chukchees.—Nordenskiöld stranded on Chukchee coast.—Onkelon antiquities 630
CHAPTER XLIX.
THE ISLAND OF SAKHALIN.
Geographical description.—Meteorology.—Flora and fauna.—Population.—Cultivation.—Mineral products.—Coal-mine at Dui and penal settlement.—Prison statistics.—Flogging.—Desperate criminals.—Complaints of prison food.—Prison labour.—Difficulties of escape.—Prison executive and alleged abuses.—General opinion on Siberian prisons.—Comparison of Siberian and English convicts 648
CHAPTER L.
THE USSURI AND SUNGACHA.
Ussuri little known.—From Nikolaefsk to Khabarofka.—Proposal to move the port.—Military forces in the province.—Departure for Kamen Ruiboloff.—The Ussuri.—Visit to a parish priest.—The native Goldi.—Missions of the Russian Church.—Pay of missionaries.—Head waters of Ussuri.—The Sungacha.—Cossacks.—Visit to a Cossack stanitza.—Chinese houses.—Lake Khanka.—Arrival at Kamen Ruiboloff.—Anticipated wedding 665
CHAPTER LI.
LAKE KHANKA TO THE COAST.
Difficulties in prospect.—Appearance of the country.—Vegetation.—Garden produce.—Medicinal plants.—Ginseng.—Country almost uninhabited.—A serious loss and its recovery.—Remarkable landscape.—Distribution of animals in Siberia.—Little-Russian settlers.—Peasant affairs and taxes.—Travelling by night.—Arrival at Rasdolnoi.—Clerical functions in request.—War in the post-house.—Summary of tract distribution.—Russia as a field for Christian effort.—The Suifun.—Cheap travelling.—Baptizing children.—Arrival at Vladivostock 688
CHAPTER LII.
VLADIVOSTOCK.
Situation of town.—Lodged with Captain de Vries.—Chinese labourers.—Chinese convicts.—Coreans.—Inhabitants of Vladivostock.—Presented at the Governor’s house.—Admiral Erdmann’s improvements.—Visit to barracks.—Boys’ high school.—Education in Russia, its cost and method.—Vladivostock Girls’ Institute; and Free School.—Statistics of crime.—Telegraph companies.—Sunday services.—Protestantism in Siberia.—Village of exiles.—General remarks on exiles.—Preparations for departure 711
CHAPTER LIII.
RUSSIANS AFLOAT.
Reflections on leaving Siberia.—Departure.—The Russian navy.—The Djiguitt.—Seamen’s food, clothing, work.—Relation between officers and men.—Received as captain’s guest.—Progress.—Hospital arrangements.—Arrival at Hakodate.—Divine service.—Religious professions of seamen.—Inspection of ship.—A “strong gale.”—Russian sentiments towards Englishmen.—Cause of dislike.—Misrepresentations by English press.—Russian writings.—Transhipped to American steamer.—Arrivals at San Francisco and London 732
APPENDICES.
A. The History of the Russian Church 751
B. The Doctrines of the Russian, Roman, and English Churches 754
C. The Schisms of the Russian Church 756
D. The Discoveries of Wiggins and Nordenskiöld 761
E. The Early Exploration of Siberia by sea and land 766
F. The Author’s Itinerary round the World 770
G. Bibliography of Siberia, and List of Works consulted 772
Index 779