Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A]

[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceæ, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositæ and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division; but the artificial analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.]

Order 51. CAPRIFOLIÀCEÆ. (Honeysuckle Family.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2–5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one fewer in Linnæa, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube.—Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1–several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3–5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.

[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate.

[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.

2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

Tribe II. LONICEREÆ. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate.

[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile.

5. Linnæa. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.

6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.

7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender.

1. ADÓXA, L. Moschatel.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3–5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4–6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3–5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets.—A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From ἄδοξος, obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschatéllina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1–3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.—N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBÙCUS, Tourn. Elder.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.—Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from σαμβύκη, an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody (5–10° high); leaflets 5–11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat; fruit black-purple.—Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July.—Pith white.

2. S. racemòsa, L. (Red-berried Elder.) Stems woody (2–12° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5–7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.)—Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.—Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3–5 linear-lanceolate 2–3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBÚRNUM, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1–3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.—Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked.

1. V. lantanoìdes, Michx. (Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring-tree.) Leaves (4–8´ across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.—Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

§ 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly.

2. V. Ópulus, L. (Cranberry-tree.) Nearly smooth, upright (4–10° high); leaves 3–5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.—Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.—The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names High Cranberry-bush, etc. The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder-Rose, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)

3. V. pauciflòrum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter than the corolla.—Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

§ 3. Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.

[*] Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped.

4. V. acerifòlium, L. (Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.) Shrub 3–6° high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.—Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.

[*][*] Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled.

[+] Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.

5. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (Downy A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.—Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June.

[+][+] Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled.

6. V. dentàtum, L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth, 5–15° high, with ash-colored bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined; fruit 3´´ long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.—Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June.—The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. mólle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.—Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.

[*][*][*] Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

[+] Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3´´ long, shrubs 5–12° high, in swamps.

8. V. cassinoìdes, L. (Withe-rod.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1–3´ long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire; peduncle shorter than the cyme. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray.)—Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

9. V. nùdum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; leaves more veiny, thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (2–4´ long); peduncle usually equalling the cyme.—N. J. to Fla.

[+][+] Compound cymes sessile, 3–5-rayed; drupes oval, 5–7´´ long.

10. V. Lentàgo, L. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate; petioles long and margined; cyme large; fruit oval, ½´ long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15–30° high.—Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring.

11. V. prunifòlium, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1–2´ long); fruit similar or rather smaller.—Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.—A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovàtum, Walt. Shrub 2–8° high; leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1–1½´ long), shining; cymes small; fruit 5´´ long, black.—River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.

4. TRIÓSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.—Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliàtum, L. Softly hairy (2–4° high); leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered; fruit orange-color, ½´ long.—Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called Tinker's-weed, Wild Coffee, etc.

2. T. angustifòlium, L. Smaller, bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils.—Shady grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May.

5. LINNÆ̀A, Gronov. Twin-flower.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules.—A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnæus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. boreàlis, Gronov.—Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. June. (Eu.)

6. SYMPHORICÁRPOS, Dill. Snowberry.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4–5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.—Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of συμφορέω, to bear together, and καρπός, fruit; from the clustered berries.)

[*] Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.

1. S. vulgàris, Michx. (Indian Currant. Coral-berry.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries small.—Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July.

[*][*] Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.

2. S. occidentàlis, Hook. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style protruded.—Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky Mts.—Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

3. S. racemòsus, Michx. (Snowberry.) Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside; berries large.—Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward; common in cultivation. June–Sept. Berries ripe in autumn.—Var. pauciflòrus, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about 1´ long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.—Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Dak., and westward.

7. LONÍCERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2–3-celled. Berry several-seeded.—Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of the 16th century.)

§ 1. XYLÓSTEON. Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one; calyx-teeth not persistent.

[*] Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

1. L. ciliàta, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3–5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, ¾´ long), the lobes nearly equal; berries separate (red).—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.

2. L. cærùlea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1–2° high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry; flowers yellowish.—Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.)

3. L. oblongifòlia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Shrub 2–5° high, branches upright; leaves (2–3´ long) oblong, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped (½´ long, yellowish-white); berries (purple) united or nearly distinct.—Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.

[*][*] The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

4. L. involucràta, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches 4-angular; leaves (2–5´ long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6–8´´ long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.—Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.

§ 2. CAPRIFÒLIUM. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted.

5. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honeysuckle.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2´ long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate.—Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; common in cultivation. May–Oct.—Leaves deciduous at the north.

[*][*] Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed; stamens and style conspicuously exserted.

[+] Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.

6. L. gràta, Ait. (American Woodbine.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant.—Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and southward; also cultivated. May.

[+][+] Corolla hairy within, the tube 6´´ long or less.

7. L. hirsùta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Twining and rather high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.—Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.—A coarse large-leaved species.

8. L. Sullivántii, Gray. At length much whitened with glaucous bloom, 3–6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2–4´ long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow; filaments nearly glabrous. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.)—Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.

9. L. glaùca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes puberulent, 3–5° high; leaves oblong (2–3´ long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1–4 upper pairs connate; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; tube only 3–4´´ long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. (L. parviflóra, Lam., and part of var. Douglásii, Gray.)—Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

8. DIERVÍLLA, Tourn. Bush-Honeysuckle.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.—Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3–several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trífida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.—Rocks, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. June–Aug.—Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of Weigela.

Order 52. RUBIÀCEÆ. (Madder Family.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2–4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4–5), and inserted on its tube.—Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen.—A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.

I. CINCHONEÆ. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs.

II. COFFEINEÆ. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite.

[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.

3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2–4-seeded.

[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.

4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.

[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.

6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.

III. STELLATÆ. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules.

7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.

8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate.

1. HOUSTÒNIA, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds rather few (4–20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globular-thimble-shaped, pitted.—Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style; in others the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist who collected in Central America.)

[*] Small and delicate, vernal-flowering; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla salver-form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

[+] Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems; peduncles filiform, 1–2´ long.

1. H. cærùlea, L. (Bluets. Innocence.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly branched from the base (3–5´ high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3–4´´ long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx.—Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers.

2. H. serpyllifòlia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to ovate (2–4´´ long); corolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue.—Along streamlets and on mountain-tops, Va. to Tenn. and S. C.

[+][+] Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much shorter.

3. H. pàtens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes.—Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to Tex. and Ill. (?)

4. H. mínima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous; stems at length much branched and spreading (1–4´ high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (1½´´ long).—Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March–May.

[*][*] Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6–20´ high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flowers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.

5. H. purpùrea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8–15´ high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3–5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod.—Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May–July.—Varying wonderfully, as into—

Var. ciliolàta, Gray. A span high; leaves only ½´ long, thickish; cauline oblong-spatulate; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod.—Rocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn. to Ky.; passing into

Var. longifòlia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6–20´´ long); radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate.—Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo.; also northward.

Var. tenuifòlia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6–12´ high, with loose inflorescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 1´´ wide.—S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn.

Var. calycòsa, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish; calyx-lobes elongated (2–4´´ long), much surpassing the pod.—From Ill. (Hall) to Ark. and N. Ala.

6. H. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside; pod obovoid, acute at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the partition.—Barrens, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla.

2. OLDENLÁNDIA, Plumier.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped; the limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 or none; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular.—Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.)

1. O. glomeràta, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2–12´ high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx.—Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

3. CEPHALÁNTHUS, L. Button-bush.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2–4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into 2–4 closed 1-seeded portions.—Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of κεφαλή, a head, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. C. occidentàlis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.—Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug.

4. MITCHÉLLA, L. Partridge-berry.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.—A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3–6-merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnæus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. rèpens, L.—Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferæ, throughout our range and southward. June, July.—Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

5. SPERMACÒCE, Dill. Button-weed.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face.—Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of σπέρμα, seed, and ακωκή, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glàbra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9–20´ long); leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and style hardly any.—River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

6. DIÒDIA, Gronov. Button-weed.

Calyx-teeth 2–5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1–3 in each axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from δίοδος, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1–2° long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white (½´ long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth.—Low grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.

2. D. tères, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading (3–9´ long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; corolla funnel-form (2–3´´ long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided; fruit obovate-turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth.—Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex.

7. GÀLIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.—Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from γάλα, milk, which some species are used to curdle.)

§ 1. Naturalized species; fruit dry.

G. vèrum, L. (Yellow Bedstraw.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.—Dry fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Mollùgo, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3° long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.—Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Ánglicum, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1° high, glabrous; leaves 5–7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3´´ long), their margins and the angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate.—Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (Curtiss). (Nat. from Eu.)

G. tricórne, With. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white; fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous.—Fields, eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Indigenous species; fruit dry.

[*] Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1–3-flowered, axillary; fruit bristly with hooked prickles.

1. G. Aparìne, L. (Cleavers. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1–2´ long); flowers white.—Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward.

[*][*] Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7 and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid (except in n. 6 and 7).

[+] Peduncles loosely 3–several-flowered; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white.

2. G. pilòsum, Ait. Hairy; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1´ long), the lateral nerves obscure; peduncles 2–3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled.—Dry copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.

Var. puncticulòsum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.—Va. to Tex.

3. G. Kamtscháticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1° high); leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (½–1´ long), slightly pilose; flowers slenderly pedicellate; corolla glabrous, yellowish-white, not turning dark, its lobes merely acute. (G. circæzans, var. montanum, Torr. & Gray.)—Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. (Asia.)

4. G. circæ̀zans, Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Smooth or downy (1° high); leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate (1–1½´ long); peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

5. G. lanceolàtum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Nearly glabrous; leaves (except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2´ long); corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate; otherwise like the last.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.

6. G. latifòlium, Michx. Smooth (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute (2´ long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on slender spreading pedicels; fruit smooth, rather fleshy.—Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. G. Arkansànum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to linear (1´ long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.—S. Mo. and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle.

8. G. boreàle, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Smooth (1–2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.—Rocky banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth (flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)

[+] Leaves pointless.

9. G. trífidum, L. (Small Bedstraw.) Stems weak, ascending (5–20´ high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; peduncles scattered, 1–7-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.—Sphagnous bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable.—Var. pusíllum, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4's, 3–4´´ long, narrow, in age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.—Var. latifòlium, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7´´ long, often 2´´ wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)

10. G. concínnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6–12´ high), with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles 2–3 times forked, diffusely panicled; pedicels short.—Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

11. G. aspréllum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Stem much branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3–5° high); leaves in whorls of 6, or 4–5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2–3 times forked.—Alluvial ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.

12. G. triflòrum, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Stem (1–3° long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1–2´ long); peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.—Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)

§ 3. Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved.

13. G. hispídulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly smooth, 1–2° high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate (3–6´´ long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers white; berry purple, glabrate.—Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.

8. SHERÁRDIA, Dill.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4–5-lobed. Stamens 4–5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.—A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4–6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William Sherard, patron of Dillenius.)

S. arvénsis, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.

Order 53. VALERIANÀCEÆ. (Valerian Family.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the stamens distinct, 1–3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.—Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1–3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen.—Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)

1. VALERIÀNA, Tourn. Valerian.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.—Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly diœcious or dimorphous. (A mediæval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

[*] Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6–12´ long); leaves thickish.

1. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (1–4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3–7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly diœcious; corolla whitish, obconical (2´´ long).—Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, Minn., and westward. June.

[*][*] Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1–3° high.)

2. V. sylvática, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3–11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-flowered; corolla inversely conical (3´´ long, rose-color or white).—Wet ground, Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.

3. V. pauciflòra, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3–7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (½´ long).—Woods and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANÉLLA, Tourn. Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded.—Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers.—Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

[*] Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.

V. olitòria, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.—Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.

[+] Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.

1. V. chenopodifòlia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous or pubescent, 2´´ long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray.)—Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

[+][+] Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate.

2. V. radiàta, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a broad shallow groove between them. (Fedia radiata, Michx.)—Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.

3. V. stenocárpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly glabrous; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, Engelm.)—W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

[+][+][+] Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish.

4. V. Woodsiàna, Walp. Fruit 1´´ long or more; fertile cell ovate, tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.—Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.

Var. umbilicàta, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, Sulliv.)—N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellària, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, Sulliv.)—Same range.

Order 54. DIPSÀCEÆ. (Teasel Family.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen.—Represented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea).

1. DÍPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.—Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from διψάω, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)

1. D. sylvéstris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.—Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. Fullònum, L., the Fuller's Teasel, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. Scabious.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from scabies, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. austràlis, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½–3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.—Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 55. COMPÓSITÆ. (Composite Family.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).—Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.—An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monœcious or diœcious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous; when only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked.—The largest order of Phænogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.

Series I. TUBULIFLORÆ.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3–4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONIACEÆ. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.—Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Elephantopus. Heads 3–5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

2. Vernonia. Heads several–many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.

3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.

[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.

5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems not twining.

[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.

6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.—Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.

11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5–10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2–8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.

[=] Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

[=][=] Pappus simple.

15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western.

16. Bigelovia. Heads 3–4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles.

17. Solidago. Heads few–many-flowered; rays 1–16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal capillary bristles.

18. Brachychæta. Heads 8–10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute bristles shorter than the achene.

[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.

[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.

[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.

19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equal.

20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter.

[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.

21. Chætopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating awns. Western.

22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles and usually 2–4 awns.

[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like.

23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.

[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle flat.

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12–20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.

25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.

[*] 3. Rays none. Heads diœcious (all pistillate or all staminate).

27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.

Tribe IV. INULOIDEÆ. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.

[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.

28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.

[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28.

29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.

30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.

31. Antennaria. Heads diœcious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together.

32. Anaphalis. Heads diœcious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at base.

33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat woolly.

[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.

35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.

Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.

[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.

[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.

36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.

[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).

37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales thick, in several rows.

38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5–12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.

39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2–3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.

40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8–10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.

41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.

[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1–5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none.

[+] Heads with 1–5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.

42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.

[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1–4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.

43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.

44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1–4-celled, 1–4-beaked.

[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales.—Leaves more commonly opposite.

[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.

45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus none.

[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.

46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10–12, in two rows, herbaceous.

[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.

[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.

47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent.

49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.

[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.

51. Borrichia. Achenes 3–4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.

52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.

[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.

53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.

54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.

55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns retrorsely bearded.

[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales.

[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.

58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed.

59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy.

[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.

60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4–5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEÆ. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61).

[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.

61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.

62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.

63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3–5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent.

64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western.

[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.

65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEÆ. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none.—Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate.

[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.

66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.

67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.

[*][*] Receptacle naked.

[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.

68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.

69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.

[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.

70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.

71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

[*] Heads monœcious or subdiœcious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.

72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monœcious.

73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdiœcious. Flowers white or purplish.

[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect.

[+] Leaves opposite.

74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.

[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.

75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.

76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.

77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEÆ. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly.—Leaves alternate.

[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.

[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.

78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.

[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.

79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.

[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.

82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.

Series II. LIGULIFLORÆ.

Tribe X. CICHORIACEÆ.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.—Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

[*] Pappus none.

83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8–12-flowered.

[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.

85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.

86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.

87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.

88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.

[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.

[++] Achenes not beaked.

[=] Flowers yellow or orange.

89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.

90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.

[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.

91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding.

92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads erect. Western.

[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.

93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4–5-ribbed.

95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring.

96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white.

[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads.

97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.

98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.

The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner.

Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubulifloræ.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).

[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

Pappus composed of bristles:

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2

Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster 1

Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy 78, 79, 80

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 4, 5, 7, 9, 16

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77

Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64

Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71

[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous 82

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 29, 30

Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales 26, 73, 77

Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34

Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71

[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads diœcious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 27, 31, 32, 79

Heads monœcious; the fertile 1–2-flowered and closed. Pappus none 43, 44

§ 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.

[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.

Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute 13, 14

Pappus simple.

Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate 75

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 10, 11, 15, 17, 35

[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).

Ray yellow, awns few (2–8) 12

Ray rose-color 23

[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65

[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60

Heads 8–10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64

[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

[+] Receptacle naked.

Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2–4 awns 22

Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19

Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69

Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical 20, 68

Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns 21

[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.

Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.

Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66

Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all 48, 49, 50, 52, 54

Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the scales or chaff 55, 56

Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achene much flattened laterally, 1–2-awned 53

Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67

Achene 3–4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45

Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 36–41

1. ELEPHÁNTOPUS, L. Elephant's-foot.

Heads discoid, 2–5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base.—Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of ἔλεφας, elephant, and ποῦς, foot.)

[*] Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal.

1. E. Caroliniànus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin.—Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.

2. E. tomentòsus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-scales attenuate.—Va., Ky., and southward.

3. E. nudàtus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.—Del. and southward.

2. VERNÒNIA, Schreb. Iron-weed.

Heads discoid, 15–many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

[*] Heads large, 50–70-flowered.

1. V. Arkansàna, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.—Mo., Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Heads ½´ high or less, 15–40-flowered.

[+] Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire.

2. V. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; scales obtuse or acute.—Plains of Neb. and southward.

[+][+] Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined.

3. V. fasciculàta, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene smooth.—Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altíssima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the ribs.—Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.—Heads variable, 2–4´´ high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. grandiflòra, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35–40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.—Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or acuminate.—Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwínii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.—Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.

3. SCLERÓLEPIS, Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales.—A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4–6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of σκληρός, hard, and λεπίς, a scale, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillàta, Cass.—In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.

4. MIKÀNIA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.—Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. scándens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.—Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July–Sept.

5. EUPATÒRIUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort.

Heads discoid, 3–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles.—Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

§ 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle flat.

[*] Heads cylindrical, 5–15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purpùreum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3–6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.—Varies greatly in size (2–12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc.,—including several nominal species.—Low grounds; common.

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, 3–5-flowered.—Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

[*][*] Heads 3–20-flowered; involucre 8–15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white.

[+] Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3–5-flowered.

2. E. fœniculàceum, Willd. (Dog-Fennel.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3–10° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted, filiform.—Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

[+][+] Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12–15-flowered, in compound corymbs.

3. E. serótinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3–7° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3–6´ long); involucre very pubescent.—Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

[+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered.

[=] Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips.

4. E. álbum, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high), leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny; heads clustered in the corymb; involucral scales closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers.—Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvenòsum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1–2´ long, finely toothed and less veiny.—Long Island and N. J.

5. E. leucólepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1–2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both sides; corymb hoary.—Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.

[=][=] Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.

6. E. hyssopifòlium, L. Minutely pubescent (1–2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1–3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base.—Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniàtum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate.—Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserràtum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2–3° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, Ell.)—Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.—Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altíssimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3–7° high), downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers.—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.—Leaves 3–4´ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; heads pubescent.

[=] Heads 5–8-flowered; leaves not clasping.

9. E. teucrifòlium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2–8° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers.—Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. E. rotundifòlium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1–2´ long); corymb large and dense; scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.—Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

Var. ovàtum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5–8-flowered. (E. pubescens, Muhl.)—Mass. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessilifòlium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4–6° high), smooth, branching; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3–6´ long); corymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse.—Copses and banks, Mass. to Ill., and southward along the mountains.

[=][=] Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; heads mostly 10–15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. perfoliàtum, L. (Thoroughwort. Boneset.) Stem stout (2–4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5–8´ long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.—Low grounds; common and well-known.—Varies with the heads 30–40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneàtum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.—Mo. and southward.

13. E. resinòsum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4–6´ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.—Wet pine barrens, N. J.—Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

[*][*][*] Heads 8–30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white.

14. E. ageratoìdes, L. (White Snake-root.) Smooth, branching (3° high); leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled, thin (3–5´ long); corymbs compound.—Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromáticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.—Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.—Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

§ 2. CONOCLÍNIUM. Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated.

16. E. cœlestìnum, L. (Mist-flower.) Somewhat pubescent (1–2° high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium cœlestinum, DC.)—Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept.

6. KÙHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10–25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles.—A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnæus.)

1. K. eupatorioìdes, L. Stems 2–3° high; pubescence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.—Dry soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.—Var. corymbulòsa, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather crowded.

7. BRICKÉLLIA, Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (Dr. John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.)

1. B. grandiflòra, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4´ long or less; heads about 40-flowered.—Shannon Co., Mo. (Bush), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIÀTRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star.

Head discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15–40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.—Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

[*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (2–3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3–20´ long).—Barren soil, Va. and southward.

[*][*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within.

2. L. squarròsa, Willd. (Blazing-Star, etc.) Often hairy (6´–2° high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1´ long); scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips.—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward.—Var. intermèdia, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or nearly so.—Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindràcea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6–18´ high); leaves linear; heads few (½–{2/3}´ long); scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate appressed tips.—Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Pappus very plumose; heads 4–6-flowered; scales acuminate; corolla-lobes naked.

4. L. punctàta, Hook. Stout (10–30´ high), from a branching or globose rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually many in a dense spike.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside.

5. L. scariòsa, Willd. Stem stout (2–5° high), pubescent or hoary; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25–40-flowered; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins.—Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Widely variable; heads 1´ or less in diameter.

6. L. pycnostàchya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3–5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike thick and dense (6–20´ long), heads about 5-flowered (½´ long); scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips.—Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.

7. L. spicàta, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2–5° high); leaves linear, the lower 3–5-nerved; heads 8–12-flowered ({1/3}–½´ long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish.—Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.—Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montàna, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large.—Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminifòlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1–3° high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7–12-flowered; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy.—Va. and southward.—Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dùbia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate.—Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRÍLISA, Cass.

Heads discoid, 5–10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.—Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.)

1. T. odoratíssima, Cass. (Vanilla-plant.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; heads corymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.)—Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.—Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculàta, Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris paniculata, Willd.)—Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERRÈZIA, Lag.

Heads few–several-flowered, radiate; rays 1–6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.—Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthámiæ, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1–2´ long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.—Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

11. AMPHIÁCHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5–10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.—A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From ἀμφί, around, and ἄχυρον, chaff.)

1. A. dracunculoìdes, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10–20, their pappus of 5–8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.—Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDÈLIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2–8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. Grindel, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarròsa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.—Prairies, Minn., southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.—Var. nùda, Gray. Rays wanting. About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolàta, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; awns 2.—Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHÈCA, Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles.—(From ἕτερος, different, and θήκη, case, alluding to the unlike achenes.)

1. H. Lamárckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1–3° high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.—S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSÓPSIS, Nutt. Golden Aster.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles.—Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of χρυσός, gold, and ὄψις, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)

[*] Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear.

1. C. graminifòlia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire.—Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July–Oct.

2. C. falcàta, Ell. Stems (4–10´ high) very woolly; leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.—Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.

[*][*] Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened.

3. C. gossýpina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse (1–2´ long); heads larger than in the next.—Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.–Oct.

4. C. Mariàna, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smoothish; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.—Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.–Oct.

5. C. villòsa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate toward the base.—Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July–Sept. Very variable.—Var. híspida, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.—Var. canéscens, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.—Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilòsa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous—Kan. and southward.

15. APLOPÁPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.—Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From ἁπλόος, simple, and πάππος, pappus.)

1. A. ciliàtus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2–5° high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.—Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulòsus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricàtus, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.—Southern Kan.

16. BIGELÒVIA, DC. Rayless Golden-rod.

Heads 3–4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.—Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1–3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudàta, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1–2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.—Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept.

17. SOLIDÀGO, L. Golden-rod.

Heads few–many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1–16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from solidus and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42

Heads all more or less pedicelled.

Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2

Involucral scales without green tips.

Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37–40

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves 3–7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10–12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29–32

Pubescent or scabrous 33–36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14–17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire 18–20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate 21–28

§ 1. VIRGAÙREA. Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled.

[*] Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarròsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2–5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16–24, the rays 12–16.—Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolàris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1–3° high); leaves small (½–2´ long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.—S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.—The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed.

[+] Heads small (3´´ long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.

[++] Achenes pubescent.

3. S. cæ̀sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches.—Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. S. latifòlia, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (1–3° high); leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3–6´ long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3–4.—Moist shaded banks; common northward, and south along the mountains.

5. S. Curtísii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4–7.—Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

[++][++] Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid.

6. S. bícolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; rays (5–14) small, cream-color or nearly white.—Var. cóncolor, Torr. & Gray, has the rays yellow.—Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. montícola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1–2° high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5–6.—Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward.

[+][+] Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

[++] Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western.

8. S. Bigelòvii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.—S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriàna, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.—S. Kan. and southward.

[++][++] Northern or mountain species, bright green.

10. S. macrophýlla, Pursh. Stem stout (1–4° high), wand-like, pubescent near the summit, simple; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large (lower 3–4´ long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5–6´´ long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2–18´ long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8–10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, E. Mey.)—Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.—Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgaùrea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpìna, Bigel. Dwarf (1–8´ high), with few (1–12) pretty large heads (3–4´´ long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; scales lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays about 12.—Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. S. hùmilis, Pursh. Low (6–12´ high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; scales obtuse; rays 6–8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray.)—Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.—At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1–2° high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmàni, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.—Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.

[+][+][+] Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine.

[++] Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.

[=] 1. Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated.

13. S. sempérvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1–8° high); leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.—Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.—Heads showy; the golden rays 7–10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

[=] 2. Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; leaves nearly entire.

14. S. strícta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-like (2–4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; rays 5–7. (S. virgata, Michx.)—Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. pubérula, Nutt. Stem (1–3° high, simple or branched) and panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed, heads very numerous and crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10.—Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

[=] 3. Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth.

16. S. uliginòsa, Nutt. Smooth nearly throughout; stem simple, strict (2–3° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle; scales linear-oblong; rays 5–6, small. (S. stricta, Ait.)—Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves 6–10´ long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July.

17. S. speciòsa, Nutt. Stem stout (3–6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, large.—Var. angustàta, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.—Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.—A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4–6´ long and 2–4´ wide in the larger forms.

[=] 4. Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so.

18. S. odòra, Ait. (Sweet Golden-rod.) Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem slender (2–3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shining, pellucid-dotted; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3–4, rather large.—Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.—The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. S. tortifòlia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2–3° high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very short.—Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilòsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3–7° high), clothed with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7–10, very short.—Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.

[=] 5. Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse.

21. S. pátula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (2–4° high); leaves (4–8´ long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads rather large.—Swamps; common.

22. S. rugòsa, Mill. Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem (1–6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6–9; the disk-flowers 4–7. (S. altissima, Torr. & Gray, not L.)—Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug.–Sept.

23. S. ulmifòlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.—Low copses; common.—Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Ellióttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2–3´ long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, Torr. & Gray, not Ait.)—Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.—Heads showy, 3´´ long; the rays 8–12.

25. S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2–4° high), less leafy; leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous.—Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.—Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoìdes, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4–8´ long and 4–6´´ wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, one-sided; rays 2–5. (S. linoides, Torr. & Gray.)—Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boòttii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2–5° high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1–5 or none; achenes pubescent.—Dry grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. argùta, Ait. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate (entire only on the branches), pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6–7, large; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.)—Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.—Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3´´ long.

28. S. júncea, Ait. Smooth throughout (1–3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8–12, small. (S. arguta, Torr. & Gray.)—Var. scabrélla, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).—Copses and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom over 2´´ long, the scales small and pale.

[++][++] Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.

[=] Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves.

a. Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal.

29. S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; achenes nearly glabrous.—Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and westward.—Heads 1½–2´´ long.

30. S. Shórtii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2–4° high), minutely roughish-pubescent above; leaves (the larger 2–3´ long) oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; achenes silky-pubescent.—Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.—A handsome species; heads 3´´ long, narrow.