Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (continued 4)

L. palústre, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)

18. LEIOPHÝLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 2–3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.—A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of λεῖος, smooth, and φύλλον, leaf.)

1. L. buxifòlium, Ell. Shrub 6–10´ high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3–6´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.

19. LOISELEÙRIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2–3-celled, many-seeded, 2–3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentæ borne on the middle of the columella.—A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2–5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.)

1. L. procúmbens, Desv.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)

20. CLÈTHRA, Gronov. White Alder.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.—Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (Κλήθρα, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnifòlia, L. (Sweet Pepperbush.) Shrub 3–10° high; leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, racemes upright, panicled; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth.—Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.

2. C. acuminàta, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (3–7´ long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers; filaments and pods hairy.—Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

21. CHIMÁPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly.—Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. (Name from χεῖμα, winter, and φιλέω, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., Wintergreen.)

1. C. umbellàta, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Leafy, 4–10´ high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4–7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.—Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)

2. C. maculàta, Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1–5-flowered.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Miss. June, July.—Plant 3–6´ high.

22. MONÈSES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed of μόνος, single, and ἧσις, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. grandiflòra, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6–9´´ long) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots; the 1–2-bracted scape (2–4´ high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6´´ wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.)—Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.)

23. PÝROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.)

[*] Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the openings.

1. P. mìnor, L. Scape 5–10´ high; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla; style short and included.—Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward.

2. P. secúnda, L. Subcaulescent, 3–6´ high; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; style long, exserted.—Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. pùmila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6´´ or little more in diameter, and 3–8-flowered scape.—High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug.

[*][*] Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.

[+] Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.

3. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8–12´´ long), shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7–8´ high) several-flowered; flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.—Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.

[+][+] Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.

4. P. chlorántha, Swartz. Leaves small (1´ long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5–8´ high); calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck; style little exserted.—Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.

5. P. ellíptica, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) petals; anther-cells blunt.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.

6. P. rotundifòlia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6–12´ high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly blunt.—Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var. incarnàta, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward.—Var. asarifòlia, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.—Var. uliginòsa, Gray, with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)

24. PTERÓSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.—A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1–2° high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from πτερόν, a wing, and σπορά, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedèa, Nutt.—Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare.

25. SCHWEINÍTZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.—A low and smooth brownish plant, 3–4´ high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odoràta, Ell.—Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near Baltimore) to N. C. April.

26. MONÓTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.

Calyx of 2–5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4–5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8–10-grooved, 4–5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentæ covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.—Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1–several-flowered; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of μόνος, one, and τρόπος, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2–4 irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick.

1. M. uniflòra, L. (Indian Pipe. Corpse-plant.) Smooth, waxy-white (turning blackish in drying, 3–8´ high); stigma naked.—Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June–Aug. (Asia.)

§ 2. HYPÓPITYS. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3–4-merous; bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Hypópitys, L. (Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.) Somewhat pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4–12´ high); pod globular or oval; stigma ciliate.—Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to Oregon. June–Aug. (Eu.)

Order 59. DIAPENSIÀCEÆ.

Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceæ.—Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Ericaceæ chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSIEÆ. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening transversely.

2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent.

Tribe II. GALACINEÆ. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1–several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.

3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 celled.

1. PYXIDANTHÈRA, Michx.

Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.—Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from πυξίς, a small box, and ἀνθήρα, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulàta, Michx. (Flowering Moss. Pyxie.) Leaves 3´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.

2. DIAPÉNSIA, L.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous; cells few-seeded.—Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (½´ wide). (Said to be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnæus to this plant.)

1. D. Lappónica, L. Leaves 3–5´´ long; peduncle at length 1–2´ long.—Alpine summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)

3. GÀLAX, L.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.—Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2´ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1–2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from γάλα, milk,—of no conceivable application to this plant.)

1. G. aphýlla, L.—Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

Order 60. PLUMBAGINÀCEÆ. (Leadwort Family.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell.—Only the Statíceæ or Marsh-Rosemary Tribe is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armèria vulgàris), on the coast by a single species of

1. STÁTICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2–3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen.—Sea-side perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Στατική, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limònium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1–2° high); spikelets 1–3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniàna, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.—Salt marshes along the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.

Order 61. PRIMULÀCEÆ. (Primrose Family.)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.—Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Tribe I.

Tribe I. HOTTONIEÆ. Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; immersed leaves pectinate.

1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.

Tribe II. PRIMULEÆ. Ovary wholly free.

[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.

3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire.

[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.

6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.

7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5–6-parted or 5–6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.

8. Glaux. Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.

[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

Tribe III. SAMOLEÆ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.

11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

1. HOTTÒNIA, L. Featherfoil. Water Violet.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.—Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden.)

1. H. inflàta, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger); pedicels short.—Pools and ditches, Mass. to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June–Aug.

2. DODECÀTHEON, L. American Cowslip.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone.—Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from δώδεκα, twelve, and θεοί, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)

1. D. Meàdia, L. (Shooting-Star.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.—Very handsome in cultivation.

3. PRÍMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth.—Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farinòsa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose.) Scape 3–10´ high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3–20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.—Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Mistassínica, Michx. Scape 2–6´ high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy; involucre 1–8-flowered; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.—Wet banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)

4. ANDRÓSACE, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved.—Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

1. A. occidentàlis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2–4´ high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.—Bare hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west to the mountains.

5. TRIENTÀLIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.—Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.)

1. T. Americàna, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed.—Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May.—Rootstocks often 1–2° long (Hitchings).

6. STEIRONÈMA, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers linear. Capsule 10–20-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From στεῖρος, sterile, and νῆμα, thread, referring to the staminodia.)

1. S. ciliàtum, Raf. Stem erect (2–4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2–6´ long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.)—Low grounds and thickets, common. July.

2. S. radìcans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on slender petioles; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, Hook.)—Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La.—Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last.

3. S. lanceolàtum, Gray. Stem erect (10´–2° high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt.)—Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; the extremes are var. hýbridum, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west,—and var. angustifòlium, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1–2´´ broad; mainly southward.

4. S. longifòlium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1–3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8–9´´ broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia longifolia, Pursh.)—Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa. July–Sept.

7. LYSIMÁCHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife.

Calyx 5–6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from λύσις, a release from, and μάχη, strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.

[*] Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.

L. vulgáris, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle.—Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.

[*][*] Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal.

1. L. quadrifòlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1–2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.—Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.

2. L. strícta, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5–12´), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.—Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June–Aug.

[*][*][*] Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.

L. nummulària, L. (Moneywort.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.—Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. NAUMBÚRGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6–7-) parted into linear divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.

3. L. thyrsiflòra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem simple (1–2° high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers.—Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, and northwestward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. GLAÙX, Tourn. Sea-Milkwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded.—A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from γλαυκός, sea-green.)

1. G. marítima, L.—Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)

9. ANAGÁLLIS, Tourn. Pimpernel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded.—Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from ἀνά, again, and ἀγάλλω, to delight in.)

A. arvénsis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands.—Waste sandy fields. June–Aug.—Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

10. CENTÚNCULUS, Dill. Chaffweed.

Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless.—Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. mínimus, L. Stems ascending (2–6´ long); leaves ovate, obovate or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours.—Low grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)

11. SÁMOLUS, Tourn. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded.—Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")

1. S. Valerándi, L. Stem erect (6–12´ high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)—Var. Americànus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading.—Wet places, through the U. S. June–Sept.

Order 62. SAPOTÀCEÆ. (Sapodilla Family.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4–12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large.—Albumen mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed.—A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.

1. BUMÈLIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base.—Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioìdes, Pers. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10–25° high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2–4´ long); clusters densely many-flowered, glabrous, fruit ovoid.—Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June.

2. B. lanuginòsa, Pers. Spiny (10–40° high); leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1½–3´ long); clusters 6–12-flowered, pubescent; fruit globular.—Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex. July.

Order 63. EBENÀCEÆ. (Ebony Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3–12-celled ovary; the stamens 2–4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly separate.—Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice.—A small family, chiefly tropical.

1. DIOSPỲROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon.

Calyx 4–6-lobed. Corolla 4–6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4–8-celled, 4–8-seeded.—Flowers diœciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Διός, of Jove, and πυρός, grain.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. (Common Persimmon.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6–8´´ long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled.—Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June.—Tree 20–70° high, with very hard blackish wood; plum-like fruit 1´ in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

Order 64. STYRACÀCEÆ. (Storax Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2–5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4–8 petals, commonly more or less united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1–5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded.—Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.—A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.

Tribe I. STYRACEÆ. Calyx 4–8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2–4 times as many as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.—Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2–4-celled ovary, which is 2–4-winged and 2–4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEÆ. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.

3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STỲRAX, Tourn. Storax.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4–8-parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.—Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifòlia, Ait. Shrub 4–12° high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose beneath (3–6´ long); flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla ({1/3}´ long) convolute-imbricated in bud.—Woods, S. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Shrub 1–4° high; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2´ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; flowers (½´ long) 1–3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.—Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. Americàna, Lam. Shrub 4–8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1–3´ long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3–4-flowered racemes (½´ long); corolla valvate in the bud.—Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.

2. HALÈSIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2–4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8–16; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2–4-winged, within bony and 1–4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.—Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetráptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1½´ long.—Banks of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla.

3. SÝMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-Leaf.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; filaments slender; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded.—Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name σύμπλοκος, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinctòria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3–5´ long); flowers 6–14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.—Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle.

Order 65. OLEÀCEÆ. (Olive Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell.—Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.—The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceæ, to which belongs the Lilac (Syringa), etc.; and the Jessamine (Jasminum) represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. FRAXINEÆ. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers diœcious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. OLEINEÆ. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.

2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, diœcious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2–4.

3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions.

4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1. FRÁXINUS, Tourn. Ash.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) diœcious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1–2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1–2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender.—Light timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves of 3–15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, persistent.

[+] Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. Americàna, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; fruit (about 1½´ long) marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body.—Rich or moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, May.—A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Monœcious flowers rarely occur.

[++][++] Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing.

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent; leaflets 7–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath; fruit 1½–2´ long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or spatulate wing.—Low grounds, throughout our range; rare west of Ohio.—Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

3. F. víridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides; fruit much as in n. 2.—Along streams; common.—Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. A small or middle-sized tree.

[+][+] Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

4. F. platycárpa, Michx. (Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5–7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9´´ wide), with a tapering base.—Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. Tree of middle size.

5. F. quadrangulàta, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7–9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex (1½´ long, 3–4´´ wide).—Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.—Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water.

[*][*] Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly naked.

6. F. sambucifòlia, Lam. (Black Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends.—Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Va. and Mo.—Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. FORESTIÈRA, Poir.

Flowers diœcious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2–4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1–3-flowered. (Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminàta, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5–10° high; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.—Wet river banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.

3. CHIONÁNTHUS, L. Fringe-tree.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1–3-seeded.—Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from χιών, snow, and ἄνθος, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virgínica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers on slender pedicels; petals 1´ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6–8´´ long).—River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.

4. LIGÙSTRUM, Tourn. Privet.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1–2 seeded.—Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

L. vulgàre, L. (Privet, or Prim.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.—Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe.

Order 66. APOCYNÀCEÆ. (Dogbane Family.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.—Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).—Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.

1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments. Leaves alternate.

2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSÒNIA, Walt.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked.—Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tabernæmontàna, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous.—Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

2. TRACHELOSPÉRMUM, Lemaïre.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3–5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender; anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down.—Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from τράξηλος, a neck, and σπέρμα, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was beaked.)

1. T. diffórme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. (Forsteronia difformis, A. DC.)—Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April.

3. APÓCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow shaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2–7´) and slender follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex.—Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of ἀπό, from, and κύων, a dog.)

1. A. androsæmifòlium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above; branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla (pale rose-color, 4´´ broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyx.—Borders of thickets; common. June, July.

2. A. cannábinum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Glabrous or more or less soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2–3° high), terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx.—Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug.

Order 67. ASCLEPIADÀCEÆ. (Milkweed Family.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which they differ in the commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses (pollinia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias.

Períploca Græ̀ca, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5 awned scales in the throat.

Tribe I. CYNANCHEÆ. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma; pollinia suspended.

[*] Stems erect or merely decumbent.

1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.

3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.

[*][*] Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite.

4. Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

5. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5–10-lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBEÆ. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.

6. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.

1. ASCLEPIODÒRA, Gray.

Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition.—Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. (Ἀσκληπιός and δῶρον or δωρεά, the gift of Æsculapius.)

1. A. víridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1–2´ wide; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled; flowers large (1´ in diameter), green, with a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, Decaisne.)—Prairies, Ill. to Tex. and S. Car. June.

2. ASCLÈPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil, anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen.—Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; peduncles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of Æsculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)

§ 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base; horn conspicuous.

[*] Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky.

1. A. tuberòsa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Roughish-hairy (1–2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels.—Dry fields, common, especially southward.—Var. decúmbens, Pursh. Stems reclining; leaves broader and more commonly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils.—Ohio to Ga., etc.

[*][*] Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 5); leaves opposite, mostly broad.

[+] Flowers rather large; hoods about 3´´ long and exceeding the anthers; leaves transversely veined.

2. A. paupércula, Michx. Glabrous; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear (5–10´ long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled, umbels 5–12-flowered; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn.—Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. A. rùbra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2–6´ long, ½–2½´ wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red; the horn long and slender, straightish.—Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo.

4. A. purpuráscens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1–3° high); leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, 3–4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point.—Dry ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward.—Flowers 6´´ long.

[+][+] Flowers small; hoods 1´´ long, equalling the anthers; veins ascending.

5. A. incarnàta, L. (Swamp Milkweed.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple; hoods scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn.—Swamps, common.—Var. púlchra, Pers.; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty.—With the smooth form.

[*][*][*] Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.

[+] Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3–5´ long), ovate and acuminate, erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled; umbels terminal and lateral.

6. A. speciòsa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4–5´´ long; hoods 5–6´´ long, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate appendage.—Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward.

7. A. Cornùti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed or Silkweed.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oblong (4–8´ long), pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc.; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 3–4´´ long; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn.—Rich ground, everywhere.

8. A. Sullivántii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside; flowers larger (9´´ long) and more purple than in the last; anther-wings 2-toothed at base; pod nearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak.—Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn.

[+][+] Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent.

[++] Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.

[=] Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, transversely veined, wavy; glabrous and pale or glaucous.

9. A. Obtusifòlia, Michx. Stem 2–3° high; leaves oblong with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2½–5´ long); peduncle 3–12´ long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn.—Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs.

10. A. Meádii, Torr. Stem slender (1–2° high); leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish (1½–2½´ long), peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves, pedicels rather short, corolla greenish-white; hoods rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn.—Dry ground, Ill. and Iowa. June.

[=][=] Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.

a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little if at all exceeding the anthers; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts.

11. A. Jamèsii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often emarginate, subcordate at base, nearly sessile; umbels 2–3, densely many-flowered, on short peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, greenish; hoods truncate, entire.—Plains of central Kansas and southwestward.

12. A. phytolaccoìdes, Pursh. (Poke-milkweed.) Stem 3–5° high; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5–8´ long); lateral umbels several, pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1–3´ long), equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point.—Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

13. A. variegàta, L. Stem 1–2° high; leaves (4–5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy; divisions of the corolla ovate (white); hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point.—Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July.—Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers.

b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers.

14. A. ovalifòlia, Decaisne. Low (6–18´ high), soft-downy, especially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (1½–3´ long); umbels loosely 10–18-flowered, sessile or peduncled; pedicels slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside).—Prairies and oak-openings, N. Ill. and Iowa, to Wisc. and Dak.

[++][++] Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often whorled; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.

15. A. quadrifòlia, L. Stem slender (1–2° high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2–4´ long); pedicels slender; corolla-lobes (pale pink) oblong; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick.—Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ark.

16. A. perénnis, Walt. Stems (1–2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather slender-petioled; flowers white, small; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma!—Low grounds, S. Ind. and Ill. to Tex., and eastward.

[=][=] Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; column conspicuous.

17. A. verticillàta, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit, leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2–3´ long, 1´´ wide), 3–6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns.—Dry hills, common, especially southward.—Var. pùmila, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, filiform.—Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex.

§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.

18. A. stenophýlla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender (1–2° high), leaves narrowly linear (3–7´ long, 1–2½´´ wide), the upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10–15-flowered; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave; follicles erect on ascending pedicels.—Dry prairies, Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward.

3. ACERÀTES, Ell. Green Milkweed.

Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the name, from α privative, and κέρας, a horn).—Flowers greenish, in compact many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender.

[*] Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigma, leaves mainly alternate-scattered.

1. A. longifòlia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3–7´ long); umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3´´ long when expanded.—Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July–Oct.

[*][*] Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers; leaves often opposite and broader.

2. A. viridiflòra, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems ascending (1–2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (1½–4´ long); umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) nearly ½´ long, short-pedicelled.—Dry soil, common, especially southward. July–Sept.—Runs into var. lanceolàta, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2½–4´ long;—and var. lineàris, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems; umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., Dak., and southward.

3. A. lanuginòsa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers smaller; pedicels slender.—Prairies, N. Ill. to Minn., and westward. July.

4. ENSLÉNIA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceolate, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias.—A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedicated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.)

1. E. álbida, Nutt. Climbing 8–12° high; leaves 3–5´ wide.—River-banks, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. July–Sept.

5. VINCETÓXICUM, Moench.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5–10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in Asclepias.—Herbs, often twining. (Name from vincens, binding, and toxicum, poison.)

V. nìgrum, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves.—N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. GONÓLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma.—Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of γωνία, an angle, and λοβός, a pod, from the angled follicles of some species.)

[*] Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3–5-costate or angled.

1. G. suberòsus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3–5´ long); umbels 3–9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadly conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.)—Near the coast, Va. to Fla.

2. G. læ̀vis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3–6´ long); umbels 5–10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted; lobes narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3–4 times as long as the calyx.—South of our range.—Passes into var. macrophýllus, Gray, with larger broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, Michx.)—River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex.

[*][*] Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate.

[+] Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.

3. G. oblìquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3–8´ long); umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5–6´´ long, 1´´ wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside.—River-banks, mountains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.

4. G. hirsùtus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong (3–4´´ long), barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple.—Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

[+][+] Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding.

5. G. Shórtii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6´´ long); crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted.—Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W. Ga. (Chapman).

6. G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4–5´´ long); crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus.—From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.

Order 68. LOGANIÀCEÆ. (Logania Family.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4–5-merous 4–5-androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx; a connecting group between Gentianaceæ, Apocynaceæ, Scrophulariaceæ (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceæ, from which they differ in their free ovary; our representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceæ, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4.

1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.

[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed.

2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma.

1. GELSÉMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.—Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (Gelsomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempérvirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1–1½´ long); capsule flat, pointed.—Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April.

2. POLYPRÈMUM, L.

Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.—A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from πολύπρεμνος, many-stemmed.)

1. P. procúmbens, L.—Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; also adventive in Penn. June–Oct.

3. SPIGÈLIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.—Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilándica, L. (Maryland Pink-root.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6–18´ high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 1½´ long, red outside, yellow within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted.—Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.—A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITRÈOLA, L. Mitrewort.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded.—Annual smooth herbs, 6´–2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.—Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex.

Order 69. GENTIANÀCEÆ. (Gentian Family.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentæ, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule.—Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Suborder I. Gentianeæ. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Æstivation of corolla never valvate.

[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.

[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.

1. Erythræa. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers twisting spirally.

2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5–12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or revolute.

3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.

[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.

4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4–5-cleft.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.

6. Halenia. Corolla 4–5-cleft, campanulate, and 4–5-spurred at the base.

[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.

8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

Suborder II. Menyantheæ. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. Æstivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. ERYTHRÆ̀A, Richard. Centaury.

Calyx 4–5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4–5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.—Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from ἐρυθρός, red); in summer.

E. Centaùrium, Pers. (Centaury.) Stem upright (6–12´ high), corymbosely branched above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.—Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)

E. ramosíssima, Pers. Low (2–6´ high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes.—Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. spicàta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6–10´ high); the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong.—Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SABBÀTIA, Adans.

Calyx 5–12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5–12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5–12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.—Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)

[*] Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6–7-parted.

[+] Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes.

[++] Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying.

1. S. paniculàta, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1–2° high); leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. S. lanceolàta, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple (2–3° high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1.—Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

[++][++] Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.

3. S. brachiàta, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1–2° high); leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla.—Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. S. angulàris, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched above (1–2½° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla.—Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

[+][+] Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered.

[++] Calyx-lobes foliaceous.

5. S. calycòsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}–1´ long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.—Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

[++][++] Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule).

6. S. campéstris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (½–1´ long), on the branches lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1½–2´ broad).—Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. S. stellàris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2-parted.—Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white.

8. S. grácilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle.—Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Ellióttii, Steud. Effusely much branched; leaves small, lower cauline (6´´ long or less) thickish, from obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla; style 2-parted.—Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.

[*][*] Corolla 8–12-parted, large (about 2´ broad).

10. S. chloroìdes, Pursh. Stem (1–2° high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.—Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

3. EÙSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5–6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellæ.—Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From εὖ, well, and στόμα, mouth, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russelliànum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (1½´ long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.—Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIÀNA, Tourn. Gentian.

Calyx 4–5-cleft. Corolla 4–5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentæ at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod.—Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

§ 1. GENTIANÉLLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual.

[*] (Fringed Gentians.) Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering.

1. G. crinìta, Froel. Stem 1–2° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2´ long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate.—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serràta, Gunner. Stem 3–18´ high; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate. (G. detonsa, Manual.)—Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] Flowers smaller, 4–5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem.

3. G. Amarélla, L. Stems 2–20´ high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4–5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, ½´ long or more, with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile.—Var. acùta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setæ.—Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflòra, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1–2° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3–7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6–9´´ long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest; capsule stipitate.—Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.—Var. occidentàlis, Gray. Sometimes 2–3° high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.—Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

§ 2. PNEUMONÁNTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12).

[*] Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged.

5. G. affìnis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose or few or rarely almost solitary; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1´ long or less, rather narrowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes.—Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. pubérula, Michx. Stems (mostly solitary) erect or ascending (8–16´ high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1–2´ long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages.—Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary clusters.

[+] Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined.

7. G. Saponària, L. (Soapwort G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages.—Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.—Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged.

9. G. álba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.—Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. lineàris, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1–2° high; flowers 1–5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, Gray.)—Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolàta, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.—Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.—L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless.

11. G. ochroleùca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.—Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless.

12. G. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6–15´ high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2´ long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

Pleurógyne Carinthìaca, Griseb., var. pusílla, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4–5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRÀSERA, Walt. American Columbo.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4–14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.—Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3–8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1´ broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.—Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALÈNIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian.

Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4–5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.—Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a German botanist.)

1. H. defléxa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9–18´ high), simple or branched above; leaves 3–5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.—Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTÒNIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.—Small annuals or biennials (3–10´ high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenélla, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1–3-flowered; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.—Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.—Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. vérna, Muhl. Stem 1–few-flowered; flowers 3–4´´ long, larger; lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong; ovary flat.—Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLÀRIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.—A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3–8´ high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from ὀβολός, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virgínica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4´´ long.—Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYÁNTHES, Tourn. Buckbean.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.—A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from μήν, month, and ἄνθος, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliáta, L.—Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNÁNTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heart.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few–many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.—Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of λίμνη, a marsh or pool, and ἄνθεμον, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunòsum, Grisebach. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped (1–2´ broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even.—Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspérmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2–6´ broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; seeds glandular-roughened.—Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

Order 70. POLEMONIÀCEÆ. (Polemonium Family.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few–many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column.—Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.—Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (Φλόξ, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

§ 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves.

[*] Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)

1. P. paniculàta, L. Stem stout (2–4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolla pink-purple varying to white.—Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculàta, L. (Wild Sweet-William.) Smooth, or barely roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1–2° high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla pink-purple.—Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.—Var. cándida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

[*][*] Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.

[+] Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so.

3. P. ovàta, L. Stems ascending (½–2° high), often from a prostrate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. (P. Carolina, L.)—Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3–4´ long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed.—Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.

[++] No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.

5. P. pilòsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1–1½° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (1–4´ long), which commonly taper to a sharp point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.—Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amœ̀na, Sims. Stems ascending (½–1½° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (½–1½´ long), on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, Gray; not Lehm.)—Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad.

7. P. réptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4–8´ high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (½´ long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire.—Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricàta, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9–18´ high); leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1½´ long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire, ½-{2/3}´ long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them.—Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May.—A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

[*][*][*] Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

9. P. bífida, Beck. Minutely pubescent; stems ascending, branched (5–8´ high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (½–1½´ long, 1½´´ wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4´´ long), equalling the tube, the divisions linear-oblong.—Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellària, Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1–2´ long, 1´´ wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes.—Cliffs of Ky. River (Short), S. Ill., and Tenn. (Gattinger). May.

§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.

11. P. subulàta, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3–6´´ long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.—Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GÍLIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.—Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the § Collomia, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. lineàris, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6–18´ high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla 6´´ long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.)—From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMÒNIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from πόλεμος, war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. réptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6–10´ high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets 5–15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; corolla light blue, about ½´ wide; capsules about 3-seeded.—Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.

2. P. cærùleum, L. (Jacob's Ladder.) Stem erect (1–3° high); leaflets 9–21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1´ broad; capsule several-seeded.—Rare in our range, occurring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and far northward.

Order 71. HYDROPHYLLÀCEÆ. (Waterleaf Family.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4–many-ovuled placentæ, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentæ in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4–many-seeded capsule.—Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen.—Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties; some cultivated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.

[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentæ, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.