Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (continued 6)

B. Odontìtes, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate; spikes elongated, loosely-flowered; corolla small, rose-red.—Coast of Maine and N. Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)

25. RHINÁNTHUS, L. Yellow-Rattle.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. Upper lip of corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, but with a minute tooth on each side below the apex; lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, hairy, transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule orbicular, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged.—Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the yellow flowers crowded in a one-sided leafy-bracted spike. (Name composed of ῥίν, a snout, and ἄνθος, a flower, from the beaked upper lip in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. R. Crista-gálli, L. Leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate, the floral bracts more incised with bristle-tipped teeth; corolla 6´´ long; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx, whence the popular name.)—Coast of N. Eng. and alpine region of N. H., to L. Superior, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

26. PEDICULÀRIS, Tourn. Lousewort.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, flattened, often beaked at the apex; the lower erect at base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed; lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointless. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several seeded.—Perennial herbs, with chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike. (Name from pediculus, a louse; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.)

Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5–12´ high); leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the others half-pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in front, otherwise almost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow and purplish) corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the apex; capsule flat, somewhat sword-shaped.—Copses and banks, common. May–July.

2. P. lanceolàta, Michx. Stem upright (1–3° high), nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves partly opposite, oblong-lanceolate, doubly cut-toothed; spike crowded; calyx 2-lobed, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) corolla incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex, the lower erect, so as nearly to close the throat; capsule ovate, scarcely longer than the calyx.—Swamps, Conn. to Va., Ohio, and Minn.

3. P. Furbíshiæ, Watson. Tall (2–3° high) pubescent or glabrate; leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong divisions pinnatifid-incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate; bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate; calyx-lobes 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed; upper lip of corolla straight and beakless, the truncate apex bicuspidate, the lower erect, truncately 3-lobed; capsule broadly ovate.—Banks of the St. John's, Aroostook Co., Maine (Miss Kate Furbish), and adjacent N. Brunswick.

27. MELAMPỲRUM, Tourn. Cow-Wheat.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleft; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of corolla cylindrical, enlarging above; upper lip arched, compressed, straight in front; the lower erect-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy; the equal cells minutely pointed at base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule flattened, oblique, 1–4-seeded.—Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly toothed at base. Flowers solitary in the upper axils. (Name from μέλας, black, and πυρός, wheat; from the color of the seeds of some species as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americànum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the floral ones like the lower, or truncate at base and beset with a few bristly teeth; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of the pale greenish-yellow corolla (5´´ long).—Open woods; common, from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa, especially eastward. June–Sept.

Order 76. OROBANCHÀCEÆ. (Broom-rape Family.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites), monopetalous, didynamous, the ovary one-celled with 2 or 4 parietal placentæ; pod very many-seeded; seeds minute, with albumen and a very minute embryo.—Calyx persistent, 4–5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent and withering; upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style; stigma large. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved; each valve bearing on its face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very numerous, minute.—Low, thick or fleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves, lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, scattered along slender panicled branches.

1. Epiphegus. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, with the corolla minute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect; sterns mostly simple.

2. Conopholis. Flowers, densely spicate. Calyx deeply cleft in front. Corolla 2-lipped Stamens exserted.

3. Aphyllon. Flowers pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Orobanche. Flowers sessile, spicate. Calyx cleft before and behind almost to the base. Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHÈGUS, Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches; the upper sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and style; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla which seldom opens, but is forced off from the base by the growth of the pod; stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma capitate, a little 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate placentæ on each valve.—Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched, with small scattered scales, 6–12´ high. (Name from ἐπί, upon, and φηγός, the Beech, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiàna, Bart. Corolla of the upper (sterile) flowers whitish and purple, 6–8´´ long, curved, 4-toothed.—Common under Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots; N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Ark. Aug.–Oct.

2. CONÓPHOLIS, Wallroth. Squaw-root. Cancer-root.

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irregularly 4–5-toothed calyx; its tube split down on the lower side. Corolla tubular, swollen at base, strongly 2 lipped; upper lip arched, notched at the summit, the lower shorter, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentæ, a pair on the middle of each valve.—Upper scales forming bracts to the flowers, regularly imbricate, not unlike those of a fir-cone (whence the name, from κῶνος, a cone, and φολίς, a scale).

1. C. Americàna, Wallroth.—Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves; N. Eng. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tenn. May, June.—A singular plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3–6´ high, covered with fleshy scales, which become dry and hard.

3. APHÝLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape.

Flowers perfect, pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-spicate. Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip more or less spreading and 2-lobed, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped or crateriform. Capsule with 4 placentæ, equidistant or contiguous in pairs. Plants brownish or whitish. Flowers (purplish or yellowish) and naked scapes minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from α- privative and φύλλον, foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.)

[*] Flowers solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets; corolla with a long curved tube and spreading 5-lobed limb.

1. A. uniflòrum, Gray. (One-flowered Cancer-root.) Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending up 1–3 slender one-flowered scapes (3–5´ high); divisions of the calyx lance-awl-shaped, half the length of the corolla, which is 1´ long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the throat, and obovate lobes.—Damp woodlands, Newf. to Va. and Tex., and west to the Pacific. April, May.

2. A. fasciculàtum, Gray. Scaly stem erect and rising 3–4´ out of the ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles; divisions of the calyx triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.—Sandy ground, L. Michigan to Minn., southward west of the Mississippi, and westward. On Artemisia, Eriogonum, etc. May.

[*][*] Caulescent, flowers densely spicate, with 1–2 bractlets at base of calyx; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft.

3. A. Ludoviciànum, Gray. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3–12´ high); corolla somewhat curved, twice the length of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. (Phelipæa Ludoviciana, Walp.)—Minn. to Ill. and Tex., and westward.

4. OROBÁNCHE, Tourn. Broom-rape.

Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or quite to the base, the divisions usually 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens included.—Old World parasites, on roots of various plants.

O. mìnor, L. A span to a foot high, pubescent, pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike; corolla 6´´ long.—Parasitic on clover, N. J. to Va. Sparingly and probably recently introduced.

(Addendum) O. ramòsa, L. Often branched, 6´ high or less, of a pale straw-color; flowers 3-bracteate, the lateral bracts small; calyx 4-toothed, split at the back; corolla pale blue, 6–8´´ long.—On the roots of hemp and tobacco; Ky. (Int. from Eu.)

Order 77. LENTIBULARIÀCEÆ. (Bladderwort Family.)

Small herbs (growing in water or wet places), with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens with (confluently) one-celled anthers, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing several anatropous seeds, with a thick straight embryo, and no albumen.—Corolla deeply 2-lipped, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed and with a prominent palate, spurred at the base in front; the palate usually bearded. Ovary free; style very short or none; stigma 1–2-lipped. Capsule often bursting irregularly. Scapes 1–few-flowered.—The following are the two principal genera.

1. Utricularia. Calyx-lobes mostly entire. Upper lip of corolla erect. Filaments strongly incurved. Foliage dissected; bladder-bearing.

2. Pinguicula. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft. Corolla-lobes spreading. Filaments straighter. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.

1. UTRICULÀRIA, L. Bladderwort.

Lips of the 2-parted calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, often closing the throat; upper lip erect. Anthers convergent.—Aquatic and immersed, with capillary dissected leaves bearing little bladders, which float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1–few-flowered; usually flowering all summer. Bladders furnished with a valvular lid and usually with a few bristles at the orifice. (Name from utriculus, a little bladder.)

[*] Upper leaves in a whorl on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large bladders formed of the inflated petioles; the lower leaves dissected and capillary, bearing small bladders; rootlets few or none.

1. U. inflàta, Walt. Swimming free; bladder-like petioles oblong, pointed at the ends and branched near the apex, bearing fine thread-like divisions; flowers 3–10 (large, yellow); the appressed spur half the length of the corolla; style distinct.—In still water, Maine to Tex., near the coast.

[*][*] Scapes naked (except some small scaly bracts), from immersed branching stems, which commonly swim free, bearing capillary dissected leaves with small bladders on their lobes; roots few and not affixed, or none. (Mostly perennial, propagated from year to year by tuber-like buds.)

[+] Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.

2. U. clandestìna, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed stems, several times forked, capillary; scapes slender (3–5´ high); lips of the yellow corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the approximate thick and blunt spur.—Ponds, from N. Brunswick and N. Eng. to N. J., near the coast.

[+][+] No cleistogamous flowers.

[++] Pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla yellow.

3. U. vulgàris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed stems (1–3° long) crowded with 2–3-pinnately many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many bladders; scapes 5–12-flowered (6–12´ long); corolla closed (6–9´´ broad), the sides reflexed; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt in the European and the high northern plant; in the common American plant less thick and rather acute.—Common in ponds and slow streams, Newf. to Minn., south to Va. and Tex., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

4. U. mìnor, L. (Smaller B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like immersed stems, 2–4 times forked, short; scapes weak, 2–8-flowered (3–7´ high); upper lip of the gaping corolla not longer than the depressed palate; spur very short and blunt, or almost none.—Shallow water, E. Mass, to Minn., south to N. J. and Ark., and westward. (Eu.)

[++][++] Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender; corolla yellow.

5. U. gíbba, L. Scape (1–3´ high) 1–2-flowered, at base furnished with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like leaves and scattered bladders; corolla 3–4´´ broad, the lips broad and rounded, nearly equal; the lower with the sides reflexed, exceeding and approximate to the very thick and blunt conical gibbous spur.—Shallow water, Mass. to Mich., south to Va. and Ill.; Mt. Desert (F. M. Day).

6. U. biflòra, Lam. Scape (2–5´ high) 1–3-flowered, at the base bearing somewhat elongated submersed branches with capillary root-like leaves and numerous bladders; corolla 4–6´´ broad, the spur oblong, equalling the lower lip; seeds scale-shaped.—Ponds and shallow waters, S. Ill. and Iowa to Tex.; also S. Va. (?), and Barnstable, Mass. (W. Deane).

7. U. fibròsa, Walt. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small immersed stems, several times forked, capillary; the bladders borne mainly along the stems; flowers 2–6 (6´´ broad); lips nearly equal, broad and expanded, the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striate in the middle; spur nearly linear, obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. (U. striata, LeConte.)—Shallow pools in pine barrens, L. Island and N. J. to Fla. and Ala.

8. U. intermèdia, Hayne. Leaves crowded on the immersed stems, 2-ranked, 4–5 times forked, rigid, the divisions linear-awl-shaped, minutely bristle-toothed along the margins; the bladders borne on separate leafless branches; upper lip of corolla much longer than the palate; spur conical-subulate, acute, appressed to the very broad (6–8´´) lower lip and nearly as long as it.—Shallow pools, Newf. to N. J., west to Iowa, Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

[++][++][++] Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long; corolla violet-purple.

9. U. purpùrea, Walt. Leaves whorled along the long immersed free floating stems, petioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 2–4 (6´´ wide); spur appressed to the 3-lobed 2-saccate lower lip of the corolla and about half its length.—Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Fla., mainly near the coast; also Lake Co., Ind.

[*][*][*] Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a few small scales, the base rooting in the mud or soil; leaves small, awl-shaped or grass-like, often raised out of the water, commonly few or fugacious; air-bladders few on the leaves or rootlets, or commonly none.

[+] Flower purple, solitary; leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupinàta, B. D. Greene. Scape (2–8´ high) 2-bracted above; leaves thread-like, on delicate creeping branches; corolla (4–5´´ long) deeply 2-parted; spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote from it, both ascending, the flower resting transversely on the summit of the scape.—Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to R. I., near the coast; also N. New York and Presque Isle, L. Erie.

[+][+] Flowers 2–10, (chiefly) yellow; leaves entire, rarely seen.

11. U. subulàta, L. Stem capillary (3–5´ high); pedicels capillary; lower lip of the corolla flat or with its margins recurved, equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one; spur oblong, acute, straight, appressed to the lower lip, which it nearly equals in length.—Sandy swamps, and pine-barrens, Nantucket, Mass., to N. J., Fla., and Tex., near the coast.

Var. cleistógama, Gray. Only 1–2´ high, bearing 1 or 2 evidently cleistogamous purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head; capsule becoming 1´´ long. (The unnamed Utricularia in the Man., p. 320).—With the ordinary form; Barnstable and Nantucket, Mass., pine-barrens of N. J., and southward.

12. U. cornùta, Michx. Stem strict (3´–1° high), 1–5-flowered; pedicels not longer than the calyx; corolla 1´ long, the lower lip large and helmet-shaped, its centre very convex and projecting, while the sides are strongly reflexed; upper lip obovate and much smaller; spur awl-shaped, turned downward and outward, about as long as the lower lip.—Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.; common.

2. PINGUÍCULA, Tourn. Butterwort.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy or spotted palate, the lobes spreading.—Small and stemless perennials, growing on damp rocks, with 1-flowered scapes, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root, soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1. P. Vulgàris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical; scape and calyx a little pubescent; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form; spur straightish.—Wet rocks, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to Minn., and far northward. (Eu., Asia.)

Order 78. BIGNONIÀCEÆ. (Bignonia Family.)

Woody plants, monopetalous, didynamous or diandrous, with the ovary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal placentæ or of a projection from them, many-ovuled; fruit a dry capsule, the large flat winged seeds with a flat embryo and no albumen, the broad and leaf-like cotyledons notched at both ends.—Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lipped, deciduous; the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla; the fifth or posterior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary; anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a 2-lipped stigma.—Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate. Flowers large and showy.—Chiefly a tropical family.

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened parallel with the partition. Leaves compound, tendril-bearing.

2. Tecoma. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.

3. Catalpa. Pod terete. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees; leaves simple.

1. BIGNÒNIA, Tourn.

Calyx truncate, or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-lobed and rather 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Capsule linear, 2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely winged.—Woody climbers, with chiefly compound leaves, terminating in a tendril. (Named for the Abbé Bignon.)

1. B. capreolàta, L. (Cross-vine.) Smooth; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a branched tendril, often with a pair of accessory leaves in the axil resembling stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered; corolla orange, 2´ long; pod 6´ long; seeds with the wing 1½´ long.—Rich soil, Va. to S. Ill and south to Fla. and La. April. Climbing tall trees; a transverse section of the wood showing a cross.

2. TÉCOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled, with the partition at right angles to the convex valves. Seeds transversely winged.—Woody, with compound leaves, climbing by aerial rootlets. (Abridged from the Mexican name.)

1. T. radìcans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Leaves pinnate; leaflets 9–11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbed; stamens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form orange and scarlet corolla (2½–3´ long); pod oblanceolate, 4–5´ long.—Moist soil, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex. Common in cultivation farther north.

3. CATÁLPA, Scop., Walt. Catalpa. Indian Bean.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling; the undulate 5-lobed spreading border irregular and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or sometimes 4; the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Capsule very long and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the partition at right angles to the valves. Seeds winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.—Trees, with ovate or cordate and mainly opposite leaves. (The aboriginal name.)

1. C. speciòsa, Warder. A large and tall tree, with thick bark; leaves ample, heart-shaped, long-acuminate; corolla 2´ long, nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, with obconical tube and slightly oblique limb, the lower lobe emarginate; capsule thick.—Low rich woodlands, S. Ind. to Tenn., Mo., and Ark. May.

C. bignonioìdes, Walt., of Ga., Ala. and Miss., very widely cultivated, and formerly including the above species, is a low much branched tree, with thin bark, smaller (1½´ long) thickly spotted corolla (with oblique limb and lower lobe entire), and a much thinner capsule.

Order 79. PEDALIÀCEÆ.

Herbs, with chiefly opposite simple leaves, and flowers as of the preceding Order, except in structure of ovary and fruit, the former being 1-celled, the latter fleshy-drupaceous, with wingless seeds and thick entire cotyledons.—Ovary (in ours) 1-celled, with 2 parietal intruded placentæ expanded into 2 broad lamellæ or united into a central columella.

1. MARTÝNIA, L. Unicorn-plant.

Calyx 5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed and somewhat 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, or only 2. Fruit fleshy, the flesh at length falling away in 2 valves; the inner part woody, terminated by a beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex between the horns, imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each placenta, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and cohering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick roughened coat.—Low branching annuals, clammy-pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, stems thickish; leaves simple, rounded; flowers racemed, large. (Dedicated to Prof. John Martyn, of Cambridge, England.)

1 M. proboscídea, Glox. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire or undulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yellow and purple; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked.—Banks of the Mississippi and its lower tributaries, from S. Ind., Ill., and Iowa, to northern Mexico. Also cultivated and naturalized farther north.

Order 80. ACANTHÀCEÆ. (Acanthus Family.)

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lipped corolla, the lobes of which are convolute or imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4–12-) seeded capsule; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and supported by hooked projections of the placentæ (retinacula).—Flowers commonly much bracted. Calyx 5-cleft. Style thread-form; stigma simple or 2-cleft. Pod loculicidal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition. Cotyledons broad and flat.—Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not noxious. A large family in the warmer parts of the world; represented in gardens by Thunbergia, which differs from the rest by the globular pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks.

[*] Corolla not obviously bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, spreading; stamens 4.

1. Calophanes. Calyx-lobes long-filiform. Capsule 2–4-seeded.

2. Ruellia. Calyx-lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Capsule 6–20-seeded.

[*][*] Corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect and concave, lower spreading; stamens 2.

3. Dianthera. Capsule obovate, flattened, 4-seeded.

1. CALÓPHANES, Don.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; its lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate or aristiform. Corolla funnel-form, with ample limb, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the anthers mucronate or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2–4-seeded.—Low branching perennials, pubescent or hirsute, with proportionally large axillary nearly sessile flowers (solitary or few), and blue corolla. (Name from καλός, beautiful, and φαίνω, to appear.)

1. C. oblongifòlia, Don. Stems visually erect and simple, ½–1° high; leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, sessile (1´ long or less); corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom 1´ long; calyx-lobes nearly distinct, filiform-setaceous, hirsute.—Pine-barrens, S. Va. to Fla.

2. RUÉLLIA, Plumier.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with spreading ample border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, the cells of the somewhat arrow-shaped anthers parallel and nearly equal. Capsule narrow, in our species somewhat flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8–12-seeded. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat, when wet exhibiting under the microscope innumerable tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals.—Perennials, with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary clusters, sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx often 2-bracteolate. (Named for the early herbalist, John Ruelle.)

1. R. ciliòsa, Pursh. Hirsute with soft whitish hairs (1–3° high); leaves nearly sessile, oval or ovate-oblong (1–2´ long); flowers 1–3 and almost sessile in the axils; tube of the corolla (1–1½´ long) fully twice the length of the setaceous calyx-lobes; the throat short.—Dry ground, Mich. to Minn., south to Fla. and La. June–Sept.—Var. ambígua, Gray. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate; leaves ovate-oblong, usually short-petioled, larger; tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.—Va. and Ky. to Ala. Appearing like a hybrid with the next.

2. R. strèpens, L. Glabrous or sparingly pubescent (1–4° high); leaves narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2½–5´ long); tube of the corolla (about 1´ long) little longer than the dilated portion, slightly exceeding the lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes.—Rich soil, Penn. to Wisc., south to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept.—Var. cleistántha, Gray. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong; flowers for most of the season cleistogamous.—Common with the ordinary form.

3. DIANTHÈRA, Gronov. Water-Willow.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2; anthers 2-celled, the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Capsule obovate, flattened, contracted at base into a short stalk, 4-seeded.—Perennial herbs, growing in water or wet places, with entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes or heads. (Name formed of δίς, double, and ἀνθηρά, anther; the separated cells giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americàna, L. Stem 1–3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled; corolla 4–5´´ long.—In water, N. W. Vt. to Wisc., south to S. C. and Tex. July–Sept.

Order 81. VERBENÀCEÆ. (Vervain Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corolla, and didynamous stamens, the 2–4-celled (in Phryma 1-celled) fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets; differing from the following order in the ovary not being 4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromatic or furnishing a volatile oil.—Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no albumen.—A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly represented in cool regions.

Tribe I. VERBENEÆ. Ovary 2–4-celled, with an erect anatropous ovule in each cell.

1. Verbena. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular. Fruit splitting into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippia. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx short, 2-cleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.

3. Callicarpa. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx short. Fruit berry-like, with 4 nutlets.

Tribe II. PHRYMEÆ. Ovary 1-celled; ovule erect, orthotropous.

4. Phryma. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped. Fruit an achene.

1. VERBÈNA, Tourn. Vervain.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Stamens included; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender; stigma mostly 2-lobed. Fruit splitting into 4 seed-like nutlets.—Flowers sessile, in single or often panicled spikes, bracted; produced all summer. (The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure.)—The species present numerous spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1. Anthers not appendaged; flowers small, in narrow spikes.

[*] Spikes filiform, with flowers or at least fruits scattered, naked, the inconspicuous bracts shorter than the calyx.

V. officinàlis, L. (European V.) Annual, glabrous or nearly so, loosely branched (1–3° high); leaves pinnatifid or 3-cleft, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes cut and toothed; spikes panicled; flowers purplish, very small.—Roadsides and old fields, N. J. to Minn., south to Tex., and westward. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. V. urticæfòlia, L. (White V.) Perennial, from minutely pubescent to almost glabrous, rather tall (3–5° high); leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes at length much elongated, loosely panicled; flowers very small, white.—Waste or open grounds. (Trop. Am.)

[*][*] Spikes thicker or densely flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other; bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers; perennial.

2. V. angustifòlia, Michx. Low (6–18´ high), often simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed; spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next.—Dry or sandy ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

3. V. hastàta, L. (Blue Vervain.) Tall (4–6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed and sometimes halberd-shaped at base; spikes linear, erect, corymbed or panicled; flowers blue.—Waste grounds and roadsides; common.

4. V. strícta, Vent. (Hoary V.) Downy with soft whitish hairs, erect, simple or branched (1–2° high); leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate; spikes thick, somewhat clustered, hairy; flowers rather large, purple.—Barrens and prairies, Ohio to Dak., south to Tex. and N. Mex.

[*][*][*] Spikes thick, sessile and leafy-bracted; annual.

5. V. bracteòsa, Michx. Widely spreading or procumbent, hairy; leaves wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled; spikes single, remotely flowered; bracts large, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small purple flowers.—Prairies and waste grounds, Ohio to Minn., south and westward.

§ 2. Anthers of the longer stamens glandular-tipped; flowers showy, from depressed-capitate becoming spicate.

6. V. bipinnatífida, Nutt. Hispid-hirsute, ½–1° high; leaves (1½–4´ long) bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into more or less bipinnatifid divisions, the lobes commonly linear or broader; bracts mostly surpassing the calyx; limb of bluish-purple or lilac corolla 4–5´´ broad.—Plains and prairies, Kan. to Ark. and Tex., and westward.

7. V. Aublètia, L. Slender, 1° high or less, soft-pubescent or glabrate; leaves (1–2´ long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with a wedge-shaped base, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 3-cleft; bracts shorter than or equalling the calyx; limb of reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla 6–8´´ broad.—Open woods and prairies, Ind. and Ill. to Fla., Ark., and N. Mex.

2. LÍPPIA, Houst.

Calyx short, often flattened, 2–4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched, the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)

1. L. lanceolàta, Michx. (Fog-fruit.) Creeping extensively, roughish, green; leaves oblanceolate or wedge-spatulate, serrate above; peduncles axillary, slender, exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of bluish-white flowers; bracts mucronate or pointless.—River-banks, E. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July–Sept.

2. L. cuneifòlia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a woody base, procumbent (not creeping), minutely canescent throughout; leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, incisely 2–6-toothed above the middle; peduncles axillary, mostly shorter than the leaves; bracts rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate; corolla white (?).—Plains, W. Neb. to central Kan. and Arizona.

3. CALLICÁRPA, L.

Calyx 4–5-toothed, short. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4–5-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted; anthers opening at the apex. Style slender, thickened upward. Fruit a small berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets.—Shrubs, with scurfy pubescence, and small flowers in axillary cymes. (Name formed of κάλλος, beauty, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. C. Americàna, L. (French Mulberry.) Leaves ovate-oblong with a tapering base, acuminate, toothed, whitish beneath; cymes many-flowered; calyx obscurely 4-toothed; corolla bluish; fruit violet-color.—Rich soil, Va. to Tex., thence north to Mo. May–July.

4. PHRỲMA, L. Lopseed.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; the upper lip of 3 bristle-awl-shaped teeth; the lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip notched; the lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry, in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed orthotropous. Cotyledons convolute round their axis.—A perennial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the lower long-petioled; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal spikes, strictly reflexed in fruit. Corolla purplish or rose-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

1. P. Leptostàchya, L. Plant 2–3° high; leaves 3–5´ long, thin; calyx strongly ribbed and closed in fruit, the long slender teeth hooked at the tip.—Moist and open woods, common. (E. Asia.)

Order 82. LABIÀTÆ. (Mint Family.)

Chiefly herbs, with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenes, surrounding the base of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a single erect seed.—Nutlets smooth or barely roughish and fixed by their base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Embryo straight (except in Scutellaria); radicle at the base of the fruit. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the apex. Flowers axillary, chiefly in cymose clusters, these often aggregated in terminal spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a volatile oil, upon which depends the warmth and aroma of the plants of this large and well-known family.

I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, attached obliquely or ventrally; ovary merely 4-lobed.

Tribe I. AJUGOIDEÆ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel, mostly exserted from the upper side of the corolla. Calyx 5–10-nerved.

[*] Limb of corolla merely oblique, of 5 nearly equal and similar lobes.

1. Trichostema. Corolla lobes all declined. Calyx oblique. Stamens exserted.

2. Isanthus. Calyx bell shaped. Corolla small, the lobes spreading. Stamens included.

[*][*] Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate, the upper lip being either split down or very short; stamens exserted from the cleft.

3. Teucrium. Corolla deeply cleft between the 2 small lobes of the upper lip.

4. Ajuga. Corolla with a very short and as if truncate upper lip.

II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; scar basal, small; ovary deeply 4-parted.

Tribe II. SATUREINEÆ. Upper pair of stamens shorter or wanting; anthers 2-celled. Upper lip of corolla not galeate or concave.

[*] Flowers in loose terminal panicled racemes; calyx 2-lipped, enlarged and declined in fruit.

5. Collinsonia. Lower lobe of corolla fimbriate, much the largest. Stamens 2.

6. Perilla. Corolla short, the lower lobe little larger. Stamens 4, included.

[*][*] Flowers in more or less crowded clusters or whorls, axillary or spicate.

[+] Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.

7. Mentha. Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

8. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2, and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

[+][+] Corolla more or less 2-lipped.

[++] Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.

[=] Stamens 2, with or without rudiments of the upper pair.

9. Cunila. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.

[=][=] Stamens 4, calyx 10–13-nerved, and hairy in the throat (except n. 10).

10. Hyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Stamens exserted.

11. Pycnanthemum. Calyx ovate or short-tubular, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or clusters.

12. Origanum. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Spikes with large colored bracts.

13. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, 2-lipped. Bracts minute; leaves very small.

[++][++] Stamens (often 2 only in n. 16) ascending or arcuate, often more or less converging (or ascending parallel under the erect upper lip in n. 14 and 15).

14. Satureia. Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed.

15. Calamintha. Calyx tubular, often hairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tube of corolla straight.

16. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattish on the upper side. Corolla curved upward.

17. Hedeoma. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flowers loose.

Tribe III. MONARDEÆ. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel; anthers apparently or really 1-celled. Corolla strongly 2-lipped.

18. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

19. Monarda. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothed. Anthers of 2 cells confluent into one, the connective inconspicuous.

20. Blephilia. Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped. Anthers as in the last.

Tribe IV. NEPETEÆ. Stamens 4, the upper (inner) pair longer than the lower, ascending or diverging. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip concave or arched, the lower spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.

[*] Anthers not approximate in pairs; their cells parallel or nearly so.

21. Lophanthus. Stamens divergent, exserted; upper pair declined, lower ascending.

22. Cedronella. Stamens all ascending, not exceeding the lip of the corolla.

[*][*] Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent; filaments ascending, not exserted.

23. Nepeta. Calyx more or less curved, equally 5-toothed.

24. Dracocephalum. Calyx straight, the upper tooth much the larger.

Tribe V. SCUTELLARINEÆ. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel. Calyx bilabiate, closed in fruit; the rounded lips entire. Corolla bilabiate, the upper lip arched.

25. Scutellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side.

Tribe VI. STACHYDEÆ. Stamens 4, parallel and ascending under the galeate or concave upper lip, the lower (outer) pair longer (except in n. 31, 32). Calyx 5–10-nerved, not 2-lipped (except in n. 26).

[*] Calyx reticulate-veiny, deeply bilabiate, closed in fruit.

26. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.

[*][*] Calyx thin, inflated in fruit, obscurely nerved, 3–5-lobed, open.

27. Physostegia. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed. Anther cells parallel.

28. Synandra. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed! Anther cells widely divergent.

[*][*][*] Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5–10-nerved or striate, 5–10-toothed.

[+] Stamens included in the short corolla-tube, its upper lip merely concave.

29. Marrubium. Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, and with 5 or 10 awl-shaped teeth.

[+][+] Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla.

[++] Stamens not deflexed after anthesis; naturalized from the Old World.

30. Ballota. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, expanding above into a spreading 5-toothed border. Nutlets roundish at top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

31. Phlomis. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.

32. Leonurus. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nutlets truncate and acutely 3-angled at top. Leaves cleft or incised.

33. Lamium. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-angled, truncate.

34. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped; the 5 teeth spiny-pointed. Anthers transversely 2-valved, the smaller valve ciliate.

[++][++] Stamens often deflexed or contorted after anthesis.

35. Stachys. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed or the 2 upper teeth united into one. Nutlets rounded at top.

1. TRICHOSTÈMA, L. Blue Curls.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper teeth elongated and partly united, the 2 lower very short. Corolla 5-lobed; the lobes narrowly oblong, declined, nearly equal in length; the 3 lower more or less united. Stamens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exserted much beyond the corolla, curved; anther-cells divergent and at length confluent.—Low annuals, somewhat clammy glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly solitary 1-flowered pedicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed, namely, the short teeth of the calyx upward, etc. Corolla blue, varying to pink, rarely white, small; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of θρίξ, hair and στῆμα, stamen, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dichótomum, L. (Bastard Pennyroyal.) Viscid with rather minute pubescence; leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lanceolate, rarely lance-linear, short-petioled.—Sandy fields, E. Mass. to Ky., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. T. lineàre, Nutt. Puberulent, more slender and less forked; leaves linear, nearly smooth.—Conn. to La., near the coast; in sandy ground.

2. ISÁNTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyal.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than the calyx; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal and obovate spreading lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, incurved-ascending, scarcely exceeding the corolla.—A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly entire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1–3-flowered peduncles. (Name from ἴσος, equal, and ἄνθος, flower, referring to the almost regular corolla.)

1. I. cærùleus, Michx. Corolla 2–3´´ long, little exceeding the calyx.—Dry or sterile ground, Maine to Ill., Minn., and southward. July, August.

3. TEÙCRIUM, Tourn. Germander.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, turned forward, so that there seems to be no upper lip; the lower lobe much larger. Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla; anther-cells confluent. (Named for Teucer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canadénse, L. (American Germander. Wood Sage.) Perennial, downy, erect (1–3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at base, short-petioled, hoary underneath, the floral scarcely longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx; whorls about 6-flowered, crowded in a long and simple wand-like spike; calyx canescent, the 3 upper lobes very obtuse or the middle one acutish; corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color (6´´ long).—Low grounds; not rare. July–Sept.

2. T. occidentàle, Gray. Loosely pubescent; calyx villous with viscid hairs, the upper lobes acute or middle one acuminate; corolla 4–5´´ long; other wise like the last.—A western form, from Neb. southwestward, and extending eastward (Ont., and near Philadelphia).

4. ÁJUGA, L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip; the large and spreading lower lip with the middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Stamens as in Teucrium, but anther-cells less confluent. (From α- privative, and ζυγόν (Latin jugum), yoke, from the seeming absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.)

A. réptans, L. Perennial, about 1° high, with copious creeping stolons; leaves obovate or spatulate, sometimes sinuate, the cauline sessile, the floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers.—Naturalized near Saco, Maine, Montreal, etc. (Eu., N. Asia.)

5. COLLINSÒNIA, L. Horse-Balm.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip truncate and flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, the tube with a bearded ring within; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and longer, pendent, toothed or lacerate-fringed. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the upper pair shorter), much exserted, diverging; anther-cells divergent.—Strong-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels, in loose and panicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Peter Collinson, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnæus, who introduced it into England.)

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth (1–3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3–6´ long); panicle loose; corolla 8–9´´ long, lemon-scented; stamens 2.—Rich moist woods, N. Brunswick to Wisc., south to Fla. and Mo. July–Sept.

6. PERÍLLA, L.

Calyx as in Collinsonia. Corolla-tube included, the limb 5-cleft; lower lobe a little larger. Stamens 4, included, erect, distant.—Coarse aromatic annual, with small flowers in panicled and axillary racemes. (A Greek and Latin proper name.)

P. ocymoìdes, L. Erect, branching, 2–3° high; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed; flowers white.—About dwellings and roadsides, S. Ill. (Schneck.) (Adv. from E. Asia.)

7. MÉNTHA, Tourn. Mint.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upper lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant.—Odorous perennial herbs; the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes, produced in summer, of two sorts as to the fertility of the stamens in most species. Corolla pale purple or whitish. Species mostly adventive or naturalized from Europe, with many hybrids. (Μίνθη of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by Proserpine.)

[*] Spikes narrow and leafless, densely crowded; leaves sessile or nearly so.

M. sylvéstris, L. (Horse Mint of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above; spikes rather slender, canescently pubescent.—Roadsides, etc., Penn.—Var. alopecuroìdes, Baker. Leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely serrate, more veiny, but not rugose; approaching the next.—Penn. and N. J.

M. rotundifòlia, L. Soft-hairy or downy; leaves broadly elliptical to round-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed; spikes slender, not canescent.—Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Tex.

M. víridis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate; bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous.—Wet places; in all cultivated districts.

[*][*] Flowers pedicellate, less crowded, in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the upper axils; leaves petioled.

M. piperìta, L. (Peppermint.) Glabrous (somewhat hairy in var. SUBHIRSÙTA), very pungent-tasted; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate; spikes narrow, loose.—Along brooks, escaped everywhere.

M. aquática, L. (Water Mint.) Pubescent or smoothish; leaves ovate or round-ovate; flowers in a terminal globular or interrupted and oblong head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx and usually the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hairy downward.—Wet places, N. Eng. to Del.; rare.—Var. críspa, Benth., is a glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped leaves.—Ditches, N. J., etc.

[*][*][*] Flowers in globular whorls or clusters, all in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost axils not flower-bearing; leaves more, or less petioled, toothed.

M. satìva, L. (Whorled Mint.) Stem hairy downward; leaves ovate, sharply serrate; calyx oblong-cylindrical with very slender teeth.—Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn.; not common. Passes into the next.

M. arvénsis, L. (Corn Mint.) Lower and smaller-leaved than the last; leaves obtusely serrate; calyx bell-shaped, the teeth short and broader.—Moist fields, N. Eng., etc.; rare.

1. M. Canadénsis, L. (Wild Mint.) Leaves varying from ovate-oblong to lanceolate, tapering to both ends; calyx oblong-bell-shaped, the teeth rather short; hairs on the stem not conspicuously reflexed. The commoner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal.—Wet places, through the northern U. States across the continent, and northward.

Var. glabràta, Benth. Leaves and stems almost glabrous, the former sometimes very short-petioled; scent sweeter, as of Monarda.—Similar range.

8. LÝCOPUS, Tourn. Water Horehound.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4–5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped, scarcely longer than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant; the upper pair either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins.—Perennial low herbs, glabrous or puberulent, resembling Mints, with sharply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer than the dense axillary whorls of small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of λύκος, a wolf, and ποῦς, foot, from some fancied likeness in the leaves.)

[*] Stoloniferous, the long filiform runners often tuberiferous; leaves only serrate.

[+] Calyx-teeth usually 4, barely acutish, shorter than the mature nutlets.

1. L. Virgínicus, L. (Bugle-weed.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6´–2° high); leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire toward the base, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled; calyx-teeth ovate.—Shady moist places, Lab. to Fla., Mo., and northwestward across the continent.

[+][+] Calyx-teeth usually 5, very acute, longer than the nutlets.

[++] Bracts minute; corolla twice as long as the calyx.

2. L. sessilifòlius, Gray. Stem rather acutely 4-angled; leaves closely sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), sparsely sharply serrate; calyx-teeth subulate, rigid. (L. Europæus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man.)—Pine barrens of N. J. to Cape Cod, Mass. (Deane).

3. L. rubéllus, Moench. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled; leaves petioled, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both ends (3´ long); calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. (L. Europæus, var. integrifolius, Gray.)—Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] Outer bracts conspicuous; corolla hardly exceeding the calyx.

4. L. lùcidus, Turcz., var. Americànus, Gray. Stem strict, stout, 2–3° high; leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2–4´ long), acute or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate, sessile or nearly so; calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate.—Sask. and Minn. to Kan., thence west to Calif.

[*][*] Not stoloniferous; leaves incised or pinnatifid.

5. L. sinuàtus, Ell. Stem erect, 1–3° high, acutely 4-angled; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1½–2´ long), acuminate, irregularly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate, tapering to a slender petiole; calyx-teeth short-cuspidate; sterile filaments slender, conspicuous, with globular or spatulate tips. (L. Europæus, var. sinuatus, Gray.)—Common.

9. CUNÌLA, L. Dittany.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant; sterile filaments short, minute.—Perennials, with small white or purplish flowers, in corymbed cymes or clusters. (An ancient Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariàna, L. (Common Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely much branched (1° high); leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, nearly sessile, dotted (1´ long); cymes peduncled; calyx striate.—Dry hills, southern N. Y. to S. Ind., south to Ga. and Ark.

10. HYSSÒPUS, Tourn. Hyssop.

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla short, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched, the lower 3-cleft, with the middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.—Perennial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

H. officinàlis, L.—Roadsides, etc., sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. PYCNÁNTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more or less 2-lipped; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched; the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair rather longer; anther-cells parallel.—Perennial upright herbs, with a pungent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched above, the floral leaves often whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips mostly dotted with purple. Fl. summer and early autumn.—Varies, like the Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name composed of πυκνός, dense, and ἄνθεμον, a blossom, from the dense inflorescence.)

[*] Bracts and equal calyx-teeth awn-tipped, rigid, naked, as long as the corolla; flowers in rather dense mostly terminal heads; leaves rigid, slightly petioled.

1. P. aristàtum, Michx. Minutely hoary-puberulent (1–2° high); leaves ovate-oblong and oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparingly denticulate-serrate (1–2´ long), roundish at the base.—Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La.

Var. hyssopifòlium, Gray. Leaves narrowly oblong or broadly linear, nearly entire and obtuse.—Va. to Fla.

[*][*] Bracts and equal and similar calyx-teeth not awned.

[+] Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, very numerous; capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely cymose, imbricated with many short appressed rigid bracts.

2. P. lanceolàtum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high); leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at base; heads downy; bracts ovate or lanceolate; calyx-teeth short and triangular.—Dry thickets, Mass. to Dak., south to Ga. and Ark.

3. P. linifòlium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less downy than in the last; the narrower bracts and lance-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pungently pointed.—Dry ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so, denticulate or entire; heads larger and fewer, with fewer and looser bracts.

4. P. mùticum, Pers. Minutely hoary throughout, or becoming almost smooth, corymbosely much branched (1–2½° high); leaves ovate or broadly ovate-lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, mostly sessile and minutely sharp-toothed, prominently veined, green when old; the floral ones, short bracts, and triangular or ovate calyx-teeth, hoary with a fine close down; flower-clusters very dense.—Maine to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ark.

Var. pilòsum, Gray. Hoary with loose pubescence; leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acutish at base; bracts and especially the narrower (often somewhat unequal) calyx-teeth often villous-pubescent. (P. pilosum, Nutt.)—Ohio to Iowa, Kan., and Ark.

5. P. léptodon, Gray. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched; leaves membranaceous, green (1½–2´ long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile; clusters larger and looser, canescent-hirsute; long-acuminate bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute.—S. Mo. to northwestern N. C.

[+][+][+] Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not at all hoary; flowers in mostly terminal dense capitate clusters; calyx hoary-pubescent.

6. P. Torrèyi, Benth. Puberulent; stem strict and nearly simple (2–3° high); leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly 2´ long and 2–3´´ wide), nearly entire; heads small; awl-shaped calyx-teeth and mostly appressed bracts canescent.—Dry soil, southern N. Y. to Penn. and Del.

7. P. clinopodioìdes, Gray. Pubescent; leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply denticulate (sometimes entire); heads fewer and larger; bracts loose.—Dry soil, southern N. Y. to E. Penn.

[*][*][*] Calyx bilabiate (3 upper teeth united), the teeth and the tips of the loose bracts not rigid; flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes; leaves thin, mostly serrate, petioled, the uppermost more or less canescent.

8. P. Túllia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely soft-downy, only the floral ones whitened, otherwise resembling those of the next; cymes dense; bracts much surpassing the flowers, their long awn-like points and the awn-pointed calyx-teeth bearded with long loose hairs.—S. Va. and N. C. to Tenn. and Ga.

9. P. incànum, Michx. Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed, downy above and mostly hoary with whitish wool underneath, the uppermost whitened both sides; cymes open; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the calyx-teeth, more or less awn-pointed.—N. Eng. to Ont. and Ind., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*][*] Calyx equally 5-toothed; heads few, large and globose (terminal and in the upper axils of the thin petioled leaves); bracts loose, ciliate-bearded.

10. P. montànum, Michx. Stem (1–3° high) and ovate- or oblong-lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, the outermost ovate and leaf-like, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx short and acute.—Alleghanies, from S. Va. and Tenn. to Ga. and Ala.

12. ORÍGANUM, Tourn. Wild Marjoram.

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped; the upper lip rather erect and slightly notched, the lower longer, of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, diverging.—Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts. (An ancient Greek name, composed of ὄρος, a mountain, and γάνος, delight.)

O. vulgàre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves petioled, round-ovate; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish.—Roadsides, Atlantic States. June–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

13. THỲMUS, Tourn. Thyme.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, 13-nerved, hairy in the throat; the upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; the lower 2-cleft, with the awl-shaped divisions ciliate. Corolla short, slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip straight and flattish, notched at the apex, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exserted.—Low perennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish flowers. (The ancient Greek name of the Thyme, probably from θύω, to burn perfume, because it was used for incense.)

T. Serpýllum, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, short-petioled; flowers crowded at the ends of the branches.—Old fields, E. Mass. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. SATURÈIA, Tourn. Savory.

Calyx bell shaped, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, somewhat ascending.—Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clustered, and somewhat spiked purplish flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

S. horténsis, L. (Summer Savory.) Pubescent annual; clusters few-flowered; bracts small or none.—Escaping from gardens and sparingly wild in Ohio to Ill., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. CALAMÍNTHA, Tourn. Calamint.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-cleft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight tube and an inflated throat, distinctly 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascending; the anthers usually approximate in pairs.—Perennials, with mostly purplish or whitish flowers, produced all summer; inflorescence various. (Name composed of καλός, beautiful, and μίνθα, Mint.)

§ 1. Flowers loose, without long-subulate bracts; calyx villous in the throat.

[*] Pubescent; peduncles short but mostly distinct; bracts minute.

C. Népeta, Link. (Basil-Thyme.) Soft-hairy; stem ascending (1–3° high); leaves petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate; corolla (3´´ long) twice the length of the calyx.—Dry waste grounds, Md. to Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Glabrous or nearly so; common peduncles hardly any; pedicels 1–5, slender, the conspicuous bracts subulate-acuminate; on wet limestone river-banks.

1. C. glabélla, Benth. Smooth; stems diffuse or spreading (1–2° long); leaves slightly petioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at base (8´´–2´ long), sparingly toothed or nearly entire; clusters 3–5-flowered; corolla (purplish, 5–6´´ long) fully twice the length of the calyx.—S. Ind., Ky., and Tenn.

2. C. Nuttàllii, Gray. Smaller; the flowering stems more upright (5–9´ high), with narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters, while sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2–5´´ long. (C. glabella, var. Nuttallii, Gray.)—Niagara Falls to Minn., south to Mo. and Tex.

§ 2. Flowers in sessile dense many-flowered clusters, and involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts; calyx nearly naked in the throat.

3. C. Clinopòdium, Benth. (Basil.) Hairy, erect (1–2° high); leaves ovate, petioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy bracts as long as the calyx.—Borders of thickets and fields, naturalized extensively, but indigenous from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia)

16. MELÍSSA, L. Balm.

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascending tube. Stamens 4, curved and conniving under the upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calamintha.—Clusters few-flowered, loose, one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts resembling the leaves. (Name from μέλισσα, a bee; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

M. officinàlis, L. (Common Balm.) Upright, branching, perennial, pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented; corolla nearly white.—Sparingly escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. HEDEÒMA, Pers. Mock Pennyroyal.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nerved, bearded in the throat, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the upper pair reduced to sterile filaments or wanting.—Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters of flowers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from ἡδυόσμον, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

[*] Sterile filaments manifest; leaves oblong-ovate, petioled, somewhat serrate.

1. H. pulegioìdes, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branching, hairy; whorls few-flowered; upper calyx-teeth triangular, the lower setaceous-subulate; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exserted (2–3´´ long); taste and odor nearly of the true Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulègium) of Europe.—Common from N. Eng. to Dak., and southward.

[*][*] Sterile filaments minute or obsolete; leaves narrow, entire, sessile or nearly so.

2. H. híspida, Pursh. Mostly low; leaves linear, crowded, almost glabrous, somewhat hispid-ciliate; bracts spreading or reflexed; upper flowers rather crowded; calyx-teeth all subulate, equalling the bluish corolla.—Plains, Minn. and Dak. to W. Ill. and La.

3. H. Drummóndi, Benth. Pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high; leaves oblong to linear; bracts mostly erect; calyx hirsute or hispid, its teeth at length connivent, the lower nearly twice as long as the upper.—Central Neb. and Kan. to Tex., and westward.

18. SÁLVIA, L. Sage.

Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, ringent; upper lip straight or scythe-shaped, entire or barely notched, the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated transverse connective, one end of which, ascending under the upper lip, bears a linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other, usually descending, bears an imperfect or deformed (half-) anther or none at all.—Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, racemed, or panicled whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salvo, to save, in allusion to the reputed healing qualities of Sage.)

[*] Both anther-cells polliniferous; leaves mostly lyrately lobed or pinnatifid.

1. S. lyràta, L. (Lyre-leaved Sage.) Low perennial (10–20´ high), somewhat hairy; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves lyre-shaped or sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes almost entire; those of the stem mostly a single pair, smaller and narrower; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx; whorls loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the blue-purple pubescent corolla (nearly 1´ long) short, straight, not vaulted.—Woodlands and meadows, N. J. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Lower anther-cell wanting; the sterile ends of the connectives mostly united.

[+] Calyx obscurely bilabiate; corolla 8–12´´ long, with prominently exserted tube.

2. S. azùrea, Lam., var. grandiflòra, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent, 1–5° high; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate or serrate, tapering to a short petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire; inflorescence spike-like, tomentulose-sericeous; calyx-teeth short, the broad upper lip entire; corolla deep blue (varying to white).—E. Neb. to Miss., Tex., and Col.

[+][+] Calyx deeply bilabiate; corolla 4–6´´ long, the tube hardly at all exserted.

3. S. lanceolàta, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, 5–12´ high; leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, irregularly serrate or nearly entire, tapering to a slender petiole; inflorescence virgate spiciform, interrupted; upper lip of calyx entire, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue, 4´´ long, little exserted; style glabrous or nearly so.—Plains, Iowa and Neb. to Tex. and Ariz.

4. S. urticifòlia, L. Villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate, 1–2° high; leaves coarsely serrate, ovate, with truncate or cuneate base decurrent into a winged petiole; inflorescence racemose-spicate, of numerous distant clusters; calyx-lips divergent, the upper 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft; corolla blue and white, 5–6´´ long, twice the length of the calyx; style strongly bearded.—Woodlands, Md. to Ky., south to Ga. and La.

S. Sclàrea, L. (Clary.) Villous-pubescent, viscid, stout, 2–3° high; leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; the floral forming bracts of the spike, tinged with white and rose-color; corolla white and bluish, rather large, the long upper lip falcate and compressed.—Escaped from gardens, Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. verbenàcea, L. Pubescent or villous, 1–2° high; leaves ovate or oblong, often cordate at base, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid, the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose; the few cauline mostly sessile, the floral inconspicuous; raceme interrupted; calyx reflexed after flowering; corolla bluish, small, the upper lip nearly straight.—Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. MONÁRDA, L. Horse-Mint.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, usually hairy in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly 2-lipped limb; lips linear or oblong, somewhat equal, the upper erect, entire or slightly notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, its lateral lobes ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2, elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla; anthers linear (the divaricate cells confluent at the junction).—Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Monardes, author of many tracts upon medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the latter half of the 16th century.)

[*] Stamens and style exserted beyond the linear straight acute upper lip of the corolla; heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3; leaves acutely more or less serrate; perennials.

[+] Leaves petioled; calyx-teeth scarcely longer than the width of the tube.

1. M. dídyma, L. (Oswego Tea. Bee-Balm.) Somewhat hairy (2° high), acutely 4-angled; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red; calyx smooth, incurved, nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth (2´ long), bright red, showy.—Moist woods by streams, N. Eng. to Mich., south to Ga. in the mountains. July–Aug.

2. M. clinopòdia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate; bracts whitish; calyx moderately hirsute in the throat; corolla slightly pubescent (1´ long), dull white or flesh-colored.—Shady places, ravines, etc., Ont. to Ill., and along the mountains to Ga.

3. M. fistulòsa, L. (Wild Bergamot.) Smoothish or downy, 2–5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colored (whitish or purplish); calyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat; corolla (1´ long or more) purple or purplish dotted, smooth or hairy.—Dry soil, Vt. and E. Mass, to Fla., and far westward. Very variable; the following are the more marked forms.—Var. rùbra, Gray. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red; habit of n. 1, but upper lip of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip; throat of calyx with the outer bristly hairs widely spreading. In moist ground, Alleghany Mts.—Var. mèdia, Gray. Corolla deep purple. Alleghany Mts.—Var. móllis, Benth. Corolla flesh-color to lilac, glandular, its upper lip hairy outside or more bearded at the tip; leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath; throat of calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with sometimes an outer row of bristles. Extends to Minn. and westward.

[+][+] Leaves nearly sessile; calyx-teeth elongated, lax; head solitary.

4. M. Bradburiàna, Beck. Leaves clothed with long soft hairs, especially underneath; the floral and the outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, purplish; calyx smoothish, contracted above, very hairy in the throat, with awl-shaped awned teeth; corolla smoothish, bearded at the tip of the upper lip, scarcely twice the length of the calyx, pale-purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple.—Thickets, Ind. to Tenn. and Kan.

[*][*] Stamens not exceeding the falcate upper lip of the short corolla; heads axillary or interrupted spicate; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely serrate, tapering into the petiole.

5. M. punctàta, L. (Horse-Mint.) Perennial, minutely downy (2–3° high); leaves petioled, lanceolate, narrowed at base; bracts lanceolate, blunt, obtuse at base, sessile, yellowish and purple; teeth of the downy calyx short and awnless, rigid, soon spreading; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple, notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Sandy ground, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

6. M. citriodòra, Cerv. Annual, 1–3° high; bracts narrowly oblong, their slender awned tips spreading or recurving; calyx-teeth slender, at length usually spreading; corolla white or pinkish, not spotted.—Neb. to Tex.

20. BLEPHÍLIA, Raf.

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the throat; upper lip with 3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lipped; upper lip erect, entire, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the upper pair minute or none); anthers, etc., as in Monarda.—Perennial herbs, with nearly the foliage, etc., of Monarda; the small pale bluish purple flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls; in summer. (Name from βλεφαρίς, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.)

1. B. ciliàta, Raf. Somewhat downy (1–2° high); leaves almost sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at base, whitish-downy underneath; outer bracts ovate, acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy.—Dry open places, Mass. to Minn., south to Ga. and Kan.

2. B. hirsùta, Benth. Taller, hairy throughout; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shaped at base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost and the bracts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx; corolla smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots.—Moist shady places, Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and E. Tex.

21. LOPHÁNTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed, the upper teeth rather longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed, the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted; the upper pair declined, the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that the pairs cross; anther-cells nearly parallel.—Perennial tall herbs, with petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted terminal spikes; in summer. (Name from λόφος, a crest, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. L. nepetoìdes, Benth. Stem stout, 2½–6° high, sharply 4-angled, smooth, or nearly so; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, coarsely crenate-toothed (2–4´ long); spikes 2–6´ long, crowded with the ovate pointed bracts; calyx-teeth ovate, rather obtuse, little shorter than the pale greenish-yellow corolla.—Borders of woods, Vt. to Minn., south to N. C. and Tex.

2. L. scrophulariæfòlius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-angled) and lower surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubescent; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the purplish corolla (spikes 4–15´ long); otherwise like the last.—Same range.

3. L. anisàtus, Benth. Smooth, but the ovate acute leaves glaucous-white underneath with minute down; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute.—Plains, Wisc. to Minn., Neb., and westward.—Foliage with the scent of anise.

22. CEDRONÉLLA, Moench.

Calyx rather obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair shorter; anther-cells parallel.—Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. (Name a diminutive of cedrus, the cedar-tree, from the aromatic leaves of C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C. cordàta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems; corolla hairy inside (1½´ long); stamens shorter than the upper lip.—Moist shady banks, W. Penn. to Ky., south to the mountains of N. C. and Tenn.

23. NÉPETA, L. Cat-Mint.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Corolla dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cleft; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate in pairs, the cells divergent.—Perennial herbs. (The Latin name, thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose clusters rather dense and many-flowered, forming interrupted spikes or racemes; upper floral leaves small and bract-like.

N. Catària, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish, dotted with purple.—Near dwellings; a very common weed. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHÒMA. Leaves all alike; the axillary clusters loosely few-flowered.

N. Glechòma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-Ground.) Creeping and trailing; leaves petioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides; corolla thrice the length of the calyx, light blue.—Damp or shady places, common. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. DRACOCÉPHALUM, Tourn. Dragon-Head.

Calyx tubular, 13–15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed; the upper tooth usually much the largest. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip slightly arched and notched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and 2-cleft or notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter; anthers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent.—Whorls many-flowered, mostly spiked or capitate, and with awn-toothed or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from δράκων, a dragon, and κεφαλή, head, alluding to the form of the corolla in the original species.)

1. D. parviflòrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8–20´ high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in a terminal head or spike; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling the bluish small slender corolla.—Rocky or gravelly soil, northern N. Y. to Iowa and Minn., and westward.

25. SCUTELLÀRIA, L. Skullcap.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lipped; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the upper sepal); calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually falling away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched, the lateral lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip; the lower lobe or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded, those of the lower stamens 1-celled (halved), of the upper 2-celled and heart-shaped.—Bitter perennial herbs, not aromatic, the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered, often 1-sided, axillary or spiked or racemed; in summer. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the appendage to the fruiting calyx.)

§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low gynobase.

[*] Flowers small (3´´ long), in axillary and sometimes terminal 1-sided racemes.

1. S. lateriflòra, L. (Mad-dog Skullcap.) Smooth; stem upright, much branched (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, petioled (2–3´´ long), the lower floral ones similar; flowers blue, rarely white.—Wet shaded places, common.

[*][*] Flowers larger (6–12´´ long) in terminal single or panicled racemes, the floral leaves gradually reduced to bracts.

[+] Stem-leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, slender-petioled; lateral lobes of the corolla almost equalling the short upper lip.

2. S. versícolor, Nutt. Soft hairy, the hairs of the inflorescence, etc., partly viscid-glandular; stem mostly erect (1–3° high); leaves ovate or round-ovate, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx; racemes mostly simple; corolla bright blue with lower side and lip whitish.—Banks of streams, Penn. to Wisc., Minn., and southward.—Var. mìnor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved; floral leaves small.—Mountains of Va., etc.

3. S. saxátilis, Riddell. Glabrous or slightly hairy; stem weak, ascending (6–18´ long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong (1–2´ long), thin, obtuse; upper bracts oblong or ovate, small, entire; raceme simple, loose.—Moist shaded banks, Del. to Ohio, south in the mountains to Va. and Tenn.

[+][+] Stem-leaves crenate-dentate or serrate (or nearly entire in n. 7), only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or less petioled; lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip.

4. S. serràta, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple (1–3° high), with single loosely flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at both ends, ovate or ovate-oblong; calyx, etc., somewhat hairy; corolla 1´ long, narrow, its lips equal in length.—Woods, Penn. to Ill. and N. C.

5. S. canéscens, Nutt. Stem branched above (2–4° high), with the panicled many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-ovate acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish with fine soft down, often becoming rather glabrous; bracts oblong or lanceolate; corolla 8–9´´ long.—River-banks, Ont. and Penn. to the mountains of N. C. and N. Ala., west to Kan. and Ark.

6. S. pilòsa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple (1–3° high); leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to roundish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at base and long-petioled, the upper on short margined petioles, veiny; bracts oblong-spatulate; racemes short, often branched; corolla 6´´ long, rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter.—Dry or sterile ground, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex.

Var. hirsùta, Gray, is a large form (sometimes 3° high), more hirsute, with larger very coarsely crenate leaves (2–3´ long).—Richer soil, Ky.

Var. ovalifòlia, Benth., is a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower less veiny leaves.—N. J. to Va.

7. S. integrifòlia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness; stem commonly simple (1–2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, very short-petioled; corolla 1´ long, much enlarged above, the ample lips equal in length.—Dry ground, N. Eng. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*][*] Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper mostly sessile leaves, which resemble the lower ones but are occasionally reduced.

8. S. Wrìghtii, Gray. Firm and woody at base, not stoloniferous nor tuberiferous, low, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-puberulent, very leafy; leaves ovate or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile (½´ long), the upper floral shorter than the flowers; corolla pubescent (½´ long), usually violet.—Kan. to Tex.

9. S. párvula, Michx. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons moniliform-tuberiferous; minutely downy, dwarf (3–6´ high), branched and spreading; all but the lower leaves sessile and entire, the lowest round-ovate, the others ovate or lance-ovate, slightly heart-shaped (6–8´´ long); corolla 2–4´´ long.—Sandy banks, W. New Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.—Var. móllis, Gray, is more spreading, softly pubescent throughout, with larger less firm leaves.—Sandy banks, S. Ill. to Kan.

10. S. galericulàta, L. Herbaceous; subterranean stolons not tuberiferous; smooth or a little downy, erect (1–2° high), simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at base (1–2´ long); corolla violet-blue, 8–9´´ long, with slender tube, the large lower lip nearly erect.—Wet shady places; common especially northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets conspicuously winged, each raised on a slender base.

11. S. nervòsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender, 10–20´ high; lower leaves roundish, the middle ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped (1´ long), the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire; nerve-like veins prominent beneath; corolla bluish, 4´´ long, the lower lip exceeding the concave upper one.—Moist thickets, N. Y. to Ind., south to Va. and Mo.

26. BRUNÉLLA, Tourn. Self-heal.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, somewhat 10-nerved and reticulated-veiny, flattened on the upper side, naked in the throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipped; upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla ascending, slightly contracted at the throat and dilated at the lower side just beneath it, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, arched, entire; the lower reflexed-spreading, 3-cleft, its lateral lobes oblong, the middle one rounded, concave, denticulate. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; filaments 2-toothed at the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther; anthers approximate in pairs, their cells diverging.—Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flowered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membranaceous floral leaves, imbricated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a reputed remedy.)

1. B. vulgàris, L. (Common Self-heal or Heal-all.) Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or smoothish; corolla (violet or flesh-color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx.—Woods and fields, Newf. to Fla., westward across the continent. June–Sept. (Eu.)

27. PHYSOSTÈGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-nerved, short-tubular or bell-shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflated in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, nearly entire; the lower 3-parted, spreading, small, its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded, notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate; the cells parallel.—Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and sessile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled terminal leafless spikes. (Name from φῦσα, a bladder, and στέγη, a covering.)

1. P. Virginiàna, Benth. Stem 1–4° high, terminated by a simple virgate or several panicled spikes; leaves thickish; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth half the length of the tube; corolla 1´ long.—Wet grounds, from N. Vt. west and southward. Varies greatly.—Var. denticulàta, Gray. Slender and commonly low, with crenulate-denticulate or obscurely serrate leaves, and slender or loosely-flowered spikes.—Middle Atlantic States.

2. P. intermèdia, Gray. Slender, 1–3° high, remotely leaved; leaves linear-lanceolate, repand-denticulate; spikes filiform, rather remotely flowered; calyx short and broadly campanulate, its teeth about as long as the tube; corolla 5–6´´ long, much dilated upward.—Barrens, W. Ky. and Ark. to La. and Tex.

28. SYNÁNDRA, Nutt.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally 4-toothed! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat; the upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending; filaments hairy; anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the two upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together (whence the name; from σύν, together, and ἀνήρ, for anther).

1. S. grandiflòra, Nutt. Hairy biennial, 1° high; lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin, the floral sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower; corolla 1½´ long, yellowish-white.—Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio to Ill. and Tenn. In spring.

29. MARRÙBIUM, Tourn. Horehound.

Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, nearly equally 5–10-toothed, the teeth more or less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the corolla.—Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenate or cut leaves, and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, from the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

M. vulgàre, L. (Common Horehound.) Stems ascending; leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white.—Escaped from gardens into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

30. BALLÒTA, L. Fetid Horehound.

Calyx nearly funnel-form; the 10-ribbed tube expanded above into a spreading regular border, with 5–10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of the corolla, approximate in pairs. Otherwise much as in Marrubium. (The Greek name, of uncertain origin.)

B. nìgra, L. (Black Horehound.) More or less hairy, but green, erect; the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; whorls many-flowered, dense; calyx-teeth 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla.—Waste places N. Eng., Penn., etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. PHLÒMIS, Tourn. Jerusalem Sage.

Calyx tubular, 5–10-nerved, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla arched; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approximate in pairs under the upper lip; the filaments of the upper pair longer than the others in P. tuberosa, with an awl-shaped appendage at base; anther-cells divergent and confluent.—Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flowered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly plant.)

P. tuberòsa, L. Tall perennial (3–5° high), nearly smooth; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, crenate, petioled, the floral oblong-lanceolate; bracts awl-shaped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs on the inside.—S. shore of Lake Ontario, N. Y. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

32. LEONÙRUS, L. Motherwort.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal teeth which are awl-shaped, and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the corolla oblong and entire, somewhat arched; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe larger, narrowly oblong-obovate, entire, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled.—Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves, and close whorls of flowers in their axils; in summer. (Name from λέων, a lion, and οὐρά, tail, i.e. Lion's-tail.)

L. Cardìaca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial; leaves long-petioled, the lower rounded, palmately lobed, the floral wedge-shaped at base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.—Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. Marrubiástrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches; stem-leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-teeth, the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect.—Roadsides, N. J. to Del., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. Sibíricus, L. Tall biennial; leaves 3-parted, the divisions 2–5-cleft, or deeply 3–7-cleft and incised; corolla (purplish) twice as long as the calyx, the upper lip fornicate, the lower little spreading.—Waste grounds, Penn.; also far west. (Adv. from Eu. and Asia.)

33. LÀMIUM, L. Dead-nettle.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base, the lateral ones small, at the margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate.—Decumbent herbs, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the middle heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled flower-cluster; spring to autumn. (Name from λαιμός, throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

[*] Annuals or biennials, low; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads.

L. amplexicaùle, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted; lateral lobes truncate.—Rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. purpùreum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, all petioled.—N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

(Addendum) L. intermèdium, Fries. Resembling L. purpureum, but the calyx-teeth longer than the tube, the rather narrower corolla without a hairy ring within near the base, and the nutlet longer (3 times as long as broad).—Cultivated fields near Hingham, Mass. (C. J. Sprague). (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, taller; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls.

L. álbum, L. Hairy; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled; calyx-teeth very slender, spreading; corolla white, the tube curved upward, obliquely contracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside; lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender tooth.—E. New Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. maculàtum, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique.—Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)

34. GALEÓPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 somewhat equal and spiny-tipped teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; the lower 3-cleft, spreading, the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely heart-shaped; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anther-cells transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell bristly-fringed, the outer one larger and naked.—Annuals, with spreading branches, and several–many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly like the lower ones. (Name composed of γαλέη, a weasel, and ὄψις, resemblance, from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

G. Tetràhit, L. (Common Hemp-nettle.) Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate; corolla purplish or variegated, about twice the length of the calyx; or, in var. grandiflòra, 3–4 times the length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip.—Waste places, common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Ládanum, L. (Red H.) Stem smooth or pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less downy; corolla red or rose-color (often spotted with yellow), much exceeding the calyx.—E. New Eng., rare. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

35. STÀCHYS, Tourn. Hedge-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5–10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, or the upper teeth united to form an upper lip. Corolla not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or rather spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so; the lower usually longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after flowering); anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate.—Whorls 2–many-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence the name, from στάχυς, a spike). Flowers purple or rose-red, in summer.

[*] Root annual; stems decumbent, low.

S. arvénsis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate; whorls 4–6-flowered, distant; corolla (purplish) scarcely longer than the unarmed calyx.—Waste places, E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Root perennial; stem erect.

[+] Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short-petioled.

1. S. hyssopifòlia, Michx. Smooth and glabrous, or the nodes hirsute; stems slender (1° high); leaves linear-oblong or narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed toward the apex; whorls 4–6-flowered, rather distant; corolla glabrous, twice or thrice the length of the triangular-awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth.—Wet sandy places, Mass. to Mich., south to Fla. and Mo.—Var. ambígua, Gray, is stouter (1–2° high), sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles on the angles of the stem, and with broader (3–6´´) serrulate leaves.—Ill. and Ky. to Ga.

2. S. palústris, L. Stem 4-angled (2–3° high), leafy, hirsute with spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles; leaves sessile, or the lower short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded at base, downy or hairy-pubescent, obtusish (2–4´ long), the upper floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx; whorls 6–10-flowered, the upper crowded into an interrupted spike; calyx hispid; the lance-subulate teeth somewhat spiny, half the length of the corolla, diverging in fruit; upper lip of corolla pubescent.—Wet ground, Newf. to Penn., westward across the continent.

3. S. áspera, Michx. Taller; stem more commonly smooth on the sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles; leaves hairy or smoothish, as in the last, but nearly all distinctly petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers; spike often slender and more interrupted; calyx mostly glabrous, the tube rather narrower and the teeth more awl-shaped and spiny; corolla glabrous throughout. (S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray.)—Wet ground, common.

Var. glàbra, Gray. More slender, smooth and glabrous throughout, or with few bristly hairs; leaves taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at the base, all more conspicuously petioled. (S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray.)—Western N. Y. to Ill., and southward.

[+][+] Nearly all the leaves long-petioled and cordate.

4. S. cordàta, Riddell. Rather weak, hirsute, 2–3° high; leaves all ovate- or oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2–5´ long), the floral mostly minute; spikes slender, of numerous few-flowered clusters; calyx only 2´´ long; corolla glabrous throughout (or nearly so), barely 5´´ long. (S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray.)—Thickets, S. Ohio to Iowa, south to Va., Tenn., and Mo.

Order 83. PLANTAGINÀCEÆ. (Plantain Family.)

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted on the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopetalous corolla, alternate with its lobes;—chiefly represented by the two following genera.

1. PLANTÀGO, Tourn. Plantain. Ribwort.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous margins. Corolla salver-form or rotate, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens 4, or rarely 2, in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and fugacious 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in n. 5 falsely 3–4-) celled, with 1–several ovules in each cell. Style and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Capsule 2-celled, 2–several-seeded, opening transversely, so that the top falls off like a lid and the loose partition (which bears the peltate seeds) falls away. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen.—Leaves ribbed. Flowers whitish, small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)

§ 1. Stamens 4; flowers all perfect; corolla not closed over the fruit.

[*] Flowers proterogynous, the style first projecting from the unopened corolla, the anthers long-exserted after the corolla has opened; seeds not hollowed on the face (except in P. lanceolata).

[+] Corolla glabrous; leaves strongly ribbed; perennial.

[++] Ribs of the broad leaves rising from the midrib.

1. P. cordàta, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or round-ovate (3–8´ long), long-petioled; spike at length loosely flowered; bracts round-ovate, fleshy; capsule 2–4-seeded.—Along streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.

[++][++] Ribs of the leaf free to the contracted base.

2. P. màjor, L. (Common Plantain.) Smooth or rather hairy, rarely roughish; leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike dense, obtuse; sepals round-ovate or obovate; capsule ovoid, circumscissile near the middle, 8–18-seeded; seeds angled, reticulated.—Waysides and near dwellings everywhere. Doubtless introduced from Eu., but native from L. Superior and N. Minn., northward.

3. P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves as in the last, but paler and thinner; spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex; sepals oblong, acutely carinate; capsules cylindraceous-oblong, circumscissile much below the middle, 4–9-seeded; seeds oval-oblong, not reticulated. (P. Kamtschatica, Gray, Man., not Cham.)—Vt. to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

4. P. eriòpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the base; leaves thickish, oblanceolate to obovate, with short stout petioles; spike dense or loose; sepals and bract more or less scarious but not carinate; capsule ovoid, never over 4-seeded.—Moist and saline soil; Red River valley, Minn., and westward; also on the Lower St. Lawrence.

P. lanceolàta, L. (Ribgrass. Ripplegrass. English Plantain.) Mostly hairy; scape grooved-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9´–2° high); spike dense, at first capitate, in age cylindrical; bract and sepals scarious, brownish; seeds 2, hollowed on the face.—Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Corolla-tube externally pubescent; leaves linear or filiform, fleshy, indistinctly ribbed; seeds 2–4; maritime, often woolly at base.

5. P. decípiens, Barneoud. Annual, or sometimes biennial with a stout rootstock, smooth, or the scape pubescent; leaves flat or flattish and channelled, erect, nearly as long as the scape (5–12´), acuminate; spike slender, rather loose. (P. maritima, var. juncoides, Gray, Man.)—Salt marshes, Atlantic coast, from Labrador to N. J. The characters distinguishing biennial specimens of this from the next are obscure.

6. P. marítima, L. Perennial; spikes dense.—Coast of Mass.; Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

[*][*] Flowers of 2 sorts (as respects length of anthers and filaments) on different plants, mostly cleistogamous; corolla-lobes broad, rounded, persistently spreading; seeds 2, boat-shaped; inflorescence and narrow leaves silky-pubescent or woolly; annual.

7. P. Patagónica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioìdes, Gray. White with silky wool; leaves 1–3-nerved, varying from oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (¼–4´ long), woolly; bracts not exceeding the calyx; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with a thick centre.—Prairies and dry plains, Minn. to Ind., Ky., and Tex., westward to the Pacific. Very variable.—Var. nùda, Gray; with sparse and loose pubescence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts.—Var. spinulòsa, Gray; a canescent form with aristately prolonged and rigid bracts.—Var. aristàta, Gray; loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous, with narrowly linear bracts 2–3 times the length of the flowers. (Nat. on Martha's Vineyard, and about Boston.)

§ 2. Flowers subdiœcious or polygamo-cleistogamous; the corolla in the fertile (or mainly fertile) plant closed over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted; sterile flowers with spreading corolla and long-exserted filaments; seeds mostly flat; small annuals or biennial.

[*] Leaves comparatively broad, short-petioled or subsessile; stamens 4.

8. P. Virgínica, L. Hairy or hoary-pubescent (2–9´ high); leaves oblong, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanceolate, 3–5 nerved, slightly or coarsely and sparingly toothed; spikes mostly dense (1–2´ long); seeds usually 2.—Sandy grounds, S. New Eng. to S. Ill., south to Fla. and Ariz.

[*][*] Leaves linear or filiform; flowers very small; stamens 2; spike slender.

9. P. pusílla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1–4´ high); leaves entire; capsule short-ovoid, 4-seeded, little exceeding the calyx and bract.—Sandy soil, southern N. Y. to Va., west to the Rocky Mts. Apr.–Aug.

10. P. heterophýlla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some of them below 2–4-lobed or toothed; capsule oblong-conoidal, 10–28-seeded, nearly twice the length of the calyx and bract.—Low sandy ground, Penn. to Fla. and Tex. Apr.–June.

2. LITTORÉLLA, L.

Flowers monœcious; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape; calyx 4-parted, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla; stamens exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at the base of the scape; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals; corolla urn-shaped, with a 3–4-toothed orifice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally stigmatic style, maturing as an achene. (Name from litus or littus, shore, from the place of growth.)

1. L. lacústris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless; leaves terete, linear-subulate, 1–2´ long.—In water or on gravelly shores, Nova Scotia and N. Brunswick, to L. Champlain (Pringle) and Ont.