Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (continued 5)

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentæ, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentæ often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.

1. HYDROPHÝLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentæ expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1–4 seeds, spherical.—Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of ὕδωρ, water, and φύλλον, leaf; of no obvious application.)

[*] Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophýllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid; the divisions 9–13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; root-leaves 1° long; peduncle shorter than the petiole; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6´´ long) crowded in a globular cluster; anthers short-oblong.—Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. July.

2. H. Virgínicum, L. Smoothish (1–2° high); leaves pinnately divided; the divisions 5–7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3´´ long; anthers oblong-linear.—Rich woods. June–Aug.

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3–5´ broad) palmately 5–7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2–3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses.—Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June–Aug.—Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

[*][*] Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted.

4. H. appendiculàtum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.—Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMÓPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentæ (bearing each 2–12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.—Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of νέμος, a grove, and φιλέω, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. micròcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2–8´ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3–5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentæ each 2-ovuled; capsule 1–2-seeded.—Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April–June.

3. ELLÍSIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentæ (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.—Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnæus.)

1. E. Nyctèlea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6–12´ high); leaves pinnately parted into 7–13 lanceolate or linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly ½´ long), capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, Nutt.; merely a slender form.)—Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May–July.

4. PHACÈLIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentæ adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4–many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2–30 on each placenta.)—Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from φάκελος, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA proper. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatífida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1–2° high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3–5-divided, the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.—Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.—Corolla bright blue, 6´´ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

§ 2. COSMÁNTHUS. Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Púrshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8–12´ high); lobes of the stem-leaves 5–9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ½´ in diameter).—Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April–June.

3. P. fimbriàta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5–8´ long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3–5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5–7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3–10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (3–4´´ broad).—Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

§ 3. COSMANTHOÌDES. Ovules and seeds 2–8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

4. P. parviflòra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3–8´ high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3–5 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5–15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4–6´´ broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6–12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.—Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April–June.

Var. hirsùta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5–7´´ in diameter; seeds 4–8.—Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covíllei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2–5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3´´ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.—Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (F. V. Coville.)

§ 4. EÙTOCA. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellæ within.

6. P. Franklínii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6–15´ high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.—Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDRÒLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentæ, thin-walled, 2–4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.—Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from ὕδωρ, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affìnis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.—Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

Order 72. BORRAGINÀCEÆ. (Borage Family.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiatæ), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets.—Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEÆ. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2–4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1–2-celled.

Tribe II. BORRAGINEÆ. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

Asperùgo procúmbens, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTRÒPIUM, Tourn. Tournsole, Heliotrope.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2–4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.—Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from ἥλιος, the sun, and τροπή, a turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short.

[*] Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

H. Europæ̀um, L. Erect annual (6–18´ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.—Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassávicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.—Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered.

2. H. tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.—Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

§ 2. EÙPLOCA. Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large.

3. H. convolvulàceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6´´ broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.—Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

§ 3. TIARÍDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.

H. Índicum, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, DC.)—Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)

2. CYNOGLÓSSUM, Tourn. Hound's-Tongue.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.—Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from κύων, a dog, and γλῶσσα, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

C. officinàle, L. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Biennial; clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined.—Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. Virgínicum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial; roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2–3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex.—Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.

3. ECHINOSPÉRMUM, Lehm. Stickseed.

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1–3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked.—Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and σπέρμα, seed.)

[*] Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; biennial, not hispid.

1. E. Virgínicum, Lehm. (Beggar's Lice.) Stem 2–4° high; radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3–8´ long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate racemes divaricate; pedicel and flower each a line long; nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.)—Borders of woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La.

2. E. defléxum, Lehm., var. Americànum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate.—Iowa, Minn., and northward.

3. E. floribúndum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2–3´´ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles.—Minn. and Sask., and westward.

[*][*] Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx becoming foliaceous; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; hispid annuals.

E. Láppula, Lehm. Erect, 1–2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back.—Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Redówskii, Lehm., var. occidentàle, Watson. Erect, 1–2° high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

4. KRYNÍTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the base upward.—Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.)

1. K. crassisépala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; lobes of the persistent calyx closed over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle.—Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.

5. MERTÉNSIA, Roth. Lungwort.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small.—Smooth or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat; filaments slender, exserted; hypogynous disk 2-lobed.

1. M. Virgínica, DC. (Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1–2° high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4–6´ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1´ long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish.—Alluvial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.

[*][*] Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.

[+] Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2. M. paniculàta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1–2° high), loosely branched, leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6´´ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3–4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, filaments broader and shorter than the anthers.—Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug.

3. M. lanceolàta, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, simple or branched, leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1–2´ long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments generally longer than the anthers.—Dak. to N. Mex. and westward.

[+][+] Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, utricular.

4. M. marítima, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper surface becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3´´ long), twice the length of the calyx.—Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June–Aug.

6. MYOSÒTIS, Dill. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute.—Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of μύς, mouse, and οὖς, ὠτός, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is Mouse-ear.)

[*] Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.

M. palústris, Withering. (True Forget-me-not.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9–20´ high), loosely branched, smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx-lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye.—In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. M. láxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or 3´´ broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, Gray.)—In water and wet ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.)

[*][*] Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; annual or biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending (6–15´ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.—Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4–12´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx.—Dry ground, rather common. May–July.

M. versícolor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes loose, mostly naked at base; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yellow changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft.—Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. LITHOSPÉRMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat.—Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of λίθος, stone, and σπέρμα, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

L. arvénse, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or biennial; stems erect (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.—Sandy banks and roadsides. May–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial.

L. officinàle, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, erect (1–2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. L. latifòlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2–3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2–4´ long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx.—Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.

§ 3. BÁTSCHIA. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.)

[*] Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting.

2. L. hírtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1–2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8–12´´ broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy; fruiting calyx (½´ long) 3–4 times longer than the nutlets.—Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. April–June.

3. L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6–15´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx (3´´ long) barely twice the length of the nutlets.—Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.

[*][*] Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2–4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching; later flowers small, cleistogenous.

4. L. angustifòlium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6–18´ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube 8–18´´ long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-flowered form.)—Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward.

8. ONOSMÒDIUM, Michx. False Gromwell.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out.—Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer.—Our species belong to true Onosmodium, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginiànum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1–2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1–2½´ long), the lower narrowed at base; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles.—Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.

2. O. Caroliniànum, DC. Shaggy all over with long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside.—Alluvial grounds, W. New York to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

Var. mólle, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed, 1–2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2´ long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.)—Ill. to Minn., Tex., and westward.

9. SÝMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin.—Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from συμφεῖν, to grow together, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)

S. officinàle, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish.—Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. LYCÓPSIS, L. Bugloss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out base.—Annuals. (Name from λύκος, a wolf, and ὄψις, face.)

L. arvénsis, L. (Small Bugloss.) Very rough-bristly (1° high); leaves lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla.—Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. ÉCHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from ἔχις, a viper.)

E. vulgàre, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale).—Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 73. CONVOLVULÀCEÆ. (Convolvulus Family.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming 4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen.—Fruit a globular 2–6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots, those of several species are cathartic; e.g. Jalap.)

Tribe I. DICHONDREÆ. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 basilar. Creeping herbs.

1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe II. CONVOLVULEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.

2. Ipomœa. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2–3-globose.

3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate.

4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.

5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICHÓNDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1–2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.—Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name from δίς, double, and χόνδρος, a grain, from the fruit.)

1. D. rèpens, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1–1½´´ long).—Wet ground, Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. IPOMŒ̀A, L. Morning Glory.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2–3-globose stigma. Capsule globular, 4–6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2–4-valved. (Name, according to Linnæus, from ἴψ, a Bindweed, and ὅμοιος, like; but ἴψ is a worm.)

§ 1 QUÁMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but narrow tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners.

I. Quámoclit, L. (Cypress-Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy.)—Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)

I. coccínea, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1´ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench.)—River banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.)

§ 2. IPOMŒ̀A proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted.

[*] (Morning Glory.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, and white.

I. hederàcea, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1–3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1–1½´ long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth.)—Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)

I. purpùrea, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Annual, stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbellately 3–5-flowered; calyx bristly hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2´ long), purple, varying to white.—Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals broader, imbricated.

[+] Leaves cordate, acuminate.

1 I. panduràta, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1–5-flowered; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3´ long), white with purple in the tube.—Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10–20 pounds.

2 I. lacunòsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; peduncles short, 1–3-flowered; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, ½–{1/3}´ long) corolla.—River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves linear; not twining.

3 I. leptophýlla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2–4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10–100 pounds); leaves 2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide, short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1–2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3´ long.—Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVÓLVULUS, Tourn. Bindweed.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2–4-valved.—Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

§ 1 CALYSTÈGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy brats.

1 C. spithamæ̀us, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6–12´ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base; corolla white (2´ long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamæa, Pursh.)—Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sèpium, L. (Hedge Bindweed.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1½–2´ long). (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.)—Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. Americànus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)—Common, across the continent.

Var. rèpens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray.)—Common.

§ 2. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.

C. arvénsis, L. (Bindweed.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9´´ long) white or tinged with reddish.—Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)

4. BREWÈRIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.—Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistràta, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1–7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquática, Gray. Minutely soft downy and somewhat hoary; peduncles 1–3-flowered; sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; styles almost distinct; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.)—Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeríngii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile; peduncles 1–3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.

5. EVÓLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded.—Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ½´ long; flowers almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3´´ broad.—Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CÚSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in the soil.—Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)

§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.

C. Epílinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.—Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

C. Epíthymum, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.—Occasionally found in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.

[*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

[+] Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. chlorocárpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white (1–1¼´ long); lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer than the tube; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.—Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low; flowers smaller (hardly 1´´ long); calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad; those of the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, scales large, deeply fringed.—Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.

[+][+] Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

3. C. tenuiflòra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1´´ long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.—On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

[*][*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

[+] Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

4. C. decòra, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C. indecora, Choisy.)—Var. pulchérrima, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicuous flowers 1½–2½´´ long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.—Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosæ and Compositæ), from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.

5. C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only 1´´ long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth.—Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

[+][+] Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

6. C. Gronòvii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; capsule globose, umbonate.—Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters.—Var. latiflòra, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostràta, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger (2–3´´ long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed.—Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.

[*][*][*] Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

8. C. cuspidàta, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1½–2¼´´ long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.—Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosæ, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compácta, Juss. Stems coarse; flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters; bracts (3–5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.—Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.

10. C. glomeràta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the ovary.—Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositæ. The rope-like twists (½–¾´ thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance.

Order 74. SOLANÀCEÆ. (Nightshade Family.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3–5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.—Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentæ in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)—A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceæ, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.

1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.

[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

2. Chamæsaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.

[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.

4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3–5-celled.

[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.

6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLÀNUM, Tourn. Nightshade.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4–10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.—Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary.—A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuberòsum) and the Egg-plant (S. Melongèna); while the Tomato (Lycopérsicum esculéntum) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)

[*] Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.

[+] Perennial, climbing or twining.

S. Dulcamàra, L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red.—Moist banks and around dwellings. June–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Simple-leaved annuals.

1. S. triflòrum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7–9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1–3-flowered; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry.—Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

2. S. nìgrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black.—Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July–Sept.

Var. villòsum, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow.—Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. grácile, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2–3° high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire; corolla white or bluish; calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry.—Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)

[*][*] More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.

[+] Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.

3. S. Carolinénse, L. (Horse-Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4–8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty); leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berries about 6´´ broad.—Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.

4. S. elæagnifòlium, Cav. Silvery-canescent with dense scurf-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry seldom 6´´ in diameter.—Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward.

5. S. Torrèyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of about equally 9–12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting; leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5–7-lobed (4–6´ long); calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate; berry 1´ in diameter.—Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, corolla yellow.

6. S. rostràtum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1–2° high); leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.—Plains of Neb. to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.

2. CHAMÆSÁRACHA, Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.—Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix χαμαί, on the ground.)

1. C. sórdida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young villous-viscid; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6´´ broad); berry as large as a pea.—Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona.

3. PHÝSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5–10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise.—Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name φυσαλίς, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

[*] Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire border; pubescence simple.

1. P. grandiflòra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1–2´ wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry.—S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Champlain (Perkins).

[*][*] Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3–10´´ broad.

[+] Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7–10´´ broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.—In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.

3. P. angulàta, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed; peduncles filiform; corolla unspotted, very small (3–6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.—Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[+][+] Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.

4. P. pubéscens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5–6´´ broad when expanded, obscurely 5–10-toothed; anthers violet.—Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.—A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.

5. P. Virginiàna, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9–12´´ broad, 5-angled or 5–10-toothed; anthers yellow. (P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.)—Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.—Var. ambígua, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.

[+][+][+] Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow.

6. P. viscòsa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2–3-forked pubescence; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange.—In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

7. P. lanceolàta, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1–1½´ long); berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)—Dry open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.

Var. lævigàta, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very short hairs on young parts.—Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Var. hírta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hirsute-pubescence of the leaves 2–3-forked, as also are some of the abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem.—Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan.

4. NICÁNDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3–5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.—An annual smooth herb (2–3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

N. physaloìdes, Gaertn.—Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens. (Adv. from Peru.)

5. LÝCIUM, L. Matrimony-Vine.

Calyx 3–5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.)

L. vulgàre, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.—About dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. HYOSCỲAMUS, Tourn. Henbane.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid.—Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of ὕς, ὑός, a hog, and κύαμος, a bean; said to be poisonous to swine.)

H. nìger, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. DATÙRA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5–10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentæ; projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentæ as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.—Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.)

D. Stramònium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla white (3´ long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.—Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)

D. Tátula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.—Waste grounds, in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

8. NICOTIÀNA, Tourn. Tobacco.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2–4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.—Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced Tobacco (N. Tabácum, L.) into Europe.)

N. rústica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded.—Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

Order 75. SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ. (Figwort Family.)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentæ; in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen.—Style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.—A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

I. ANTIRRHINIDEÆ. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal.

Tribe I. VERBASCEÆ. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.

1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.

Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEÆ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.

2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat.

Tribe III. CHELONEÆ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2–4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.

Tribe IV. GRATIOLEÆ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.

[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.

9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.

[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short or none.

13. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded.

14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

II. RHINANTHIDEÆ. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITALEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.

15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2–4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica. Calyx 4-(rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. GERARDIEÆ. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.

[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike.

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEÆ. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.

21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.

[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many–several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.

[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1–4-seeded.

27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1. VERBÁSCUM, L. Mullein.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.—Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

V. Thápsus, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless.—Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Blattària, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoothish, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool.—Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Lychnìtis, L. (White M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with whitish wool.—Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LINÀRIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.—Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

[*] Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme.

1. L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6–30´ high); leaves flat (1–2´´ wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla.—Sandy soil, common.

[*][*] Perennial, erect (1–3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.

L. vulgàris, Mill. (Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1´ long or more, including the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.—Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. genistifòlia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless.—Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

L. Elatìne, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3–4´´ long, including the subulate spur.—Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. spùria, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.—Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHÌNUM, Tourn. Snapdragon.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.—Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from ἀντί, like, and ῥίν, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. Oróntium, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.—About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. màjus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1½–2´ long, purple or white.—Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULÀRIA, Tourn. Figwort.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodòsa, L., var. Marilándica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3–5° high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.—Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLÍNSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4–many-seeded.—Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6–20´ high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx.—Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflòra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2–6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELÒNE, Tourn. Turtle-head. Snake-head.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.—Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from χελώνη, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glàbra, L. A foot or two (or even 6–7°) high; leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate (4–5´ long, 4–12´´ wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.—Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. oblìqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1–2° high; leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2–5´ long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color.—S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTÈMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.—Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from πέντε, five, and στήμων, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate.

[+] Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9–12´´ long, the lower lip usually bearded within.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem 1–2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least the inflorescence); leaves oblong to lanceolate (2–4´ long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded.—Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. lævigàtus, Solander. Stem 2–4° high, mostly glabrous except the inflorescence; leaves firmer, somewhat glossy, the cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2–5´ long); thyrse broader; corolla white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above.—Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitàlis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.)—Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. grácilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.—Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.

4. P. Cobæ̀a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed; thyrse short; corolla 2´ long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish.—Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflòrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2–3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; corolla 9´´ long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish.—Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. álbidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6–10´ high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparsely toothed; clusters of the strict thryse few-flowered, approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9´´ long, with shorter tube and more dilated throat.—Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like.

7. P. grandiflòrus, Nutt. Stem 2–4° high; leaves thickish, the upper and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate; pedicels short; corolla 2´ long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.—Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glàber, Pursh. Stems 1–2° high, leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla 1–1½´ long, bright blue to violet-purple, dilated above; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.—Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminàtus, Dougl. Stems 6–20´ high, stout; leaves thick, the lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; corolla 9´´ long, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.—Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MÍMULUS, L. Monkey-flower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.—Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple.

1. M. ríngens, L. Stem square (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.—Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July–Sept.—Flower 1–1½´ long, rarely white.

2. M. alàtus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.—Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.

3. M. Jamèsii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.—In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. lùteus, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.—Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONÒBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.—Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multífida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.—Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July–Sept.

10. HERPÈSTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.—Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from ἑρπηστής, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

[*] Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved.

1. H. nigréscens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1–2´ long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.—Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

2. H. rotundifòlia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-obovate, half-clasping (½–1´ long), entire, basally nerved; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.—Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

3. H. amplexicaùlis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; leaves ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.—Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.—Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal.

4. H. Monnièra, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.—River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

11. LIMOSÉLLA, L. Mudwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.—Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from limus, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquática, L., var. tenuifòlia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.—Brackish river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATÌOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4–6´´ long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.

[*] Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virginiàna, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4–6´ high); leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, peduncles almost equalling the leaves (½–1´ long); pod ovoid (2´´ long).—Very common.

2. G. sphærocárpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5–10´ high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1–2´ long), toothed; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3´´) globular pod.—N. J. and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (½–1' long).

3. G. viscòsa, Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla whitish, yellow within.—Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. aùrea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (½´ long).—Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems.

5. G. pilòsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (½´ long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3–4´´ long, scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

13. ILYSÁNTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.—Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from ἰλύς, mud, or mire, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. I. ripària, Raf. (False Pimpernel.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4–8´ high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3´´ long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.)—Wet places; common.

14. MICRÁNTHEMUM, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several–many-seeded.—Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of μικρός, small, and ἄνθεμον, flower.)

1. M. Nuttàllii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1–2´ high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate.—Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.–Oct.

15. SÝNTHYRIS, Benth.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2–4-lobed or cleft. Stamens 2, inserted just below the upper sinuses, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted; anther-cells not confluent. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule flattened, rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-celled (rarely 3-lobed and 3-celled), many-seeded, loculicidal; the valves cohering below with the axis.—Perennial herbs, with the simple stems beset with partly clasping bract-like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and petioled, crenate. Flowers in a raceme or spike, bracteate. (Name from σύν, together, and θυρίς, a little door; in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniàna, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped; spike dense (5–12´ long); corolla (greenish-white or yellowish) not longer than the calyx, usually 2–3-parted.—Oak-barrens and prairies, Mich. to Minn., south to Ind., Ill., and Iowa.

16. VERÓNICA, L. Speedwell.

Calyx 4- (rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, the border 4-parted (rarely 5-parted); the lateral lobes or the lower one commonly narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted; anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire; stigma single. Capsule flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few–many-seeded.—Chiefly herbs; leaves mostly opposite or whorled; flowers blue, flesh-color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower of St. Veronica.)

§ 1. LEPTÁNDRA. Tall perennials, with mostly whorled leaves; racemes terminal, dense, spiked; bracts very small; tube of the corolla longer than its limb and much longer than the calyx; both sometimes 5-cleft.

1. V. Virgínica, L. (Culver's-root. Culver's Physic.) Smooth or rather downy; stem simple, straight (2–6° high); leaves whorled in fours to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate; spikes panicled; corolla small, nearly white; stamens much exserted; capsule oblong-ovate, not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.—Rich woods, Vt. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla wheel-shaped; capsule more or less notched, strongly flattened except in n. 2 and 3; low herbs.

[*] Perennials, stoloniferous or rooting at base, with opposite usually serrate leaves; racemes axillary, mostly opposite; corolla pale blue.

[+] Capsule turgid, orbicular, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagállis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and rooting at base, then erect; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire (2–3´ long); pedicels spreading; corolla pale blue with purple stripes; capsule slightly notched.—Brooks and ditches, N. Eng. to N. J., west to the Rocky Mts. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

3. V. Americàna, Schweinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth, decumbent at base, then erect (8–15´ high); leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at base; the slender pedicels spreading.—Brooks and ditches, common. June–Aug.

[+][+] Capsule strongly flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. scutellàta, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) Smooth, slender and weak (6–12´ high); leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very slender and zigzag; flowers few and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed pedicels; capsule very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didymous.—Bogs, common. June–Aug. (Eu., Asia.)

5. V. officinàlis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem prostrate, rooting at base; leaves short-petioled, obovate-elliptical or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the calyx; capsule obovate-triangular, broadly notched.—Dry hills and open woods, N. Eng. to Mich., and southward. July. (Eu., Asia.)

V. Chamæ̀drys, L. Stem pubescent, at least in two lines, ascending from a creeping base; leaves subsessile, ovate or cordate, incisely crenate; racemes loosely-flowered; pedicels little longer than calyx; capsule triangular-obcordate.—Sparingly introduced into Canada, N. Y., and Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves opposite; flowers in a terminal raceme; the lower bracts leaf-like; capsules flat, several-seeded. Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alpìna, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2–12´ high); leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed, nearly sessile; raceme hairy, few-flowered, crowded; capsule obovate, notched.—Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu., Asia.)

7. V. serpyllifòlia, L. (Thyme-leaved Speedwell.) Much branched at the creeping base, nearly smooth; branches ascending and simple (2–4´ high); leaves ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper passing into lanceolate bracts; raceme loose; corolla whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes; capsule rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched.—Roadsides and fields, common; introduced and indigenous. May–July (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Annuals; floral leaves like those of the stem (or somewhat reduced), the flowers appearing to be axillary and solitary, mostly alternate; corolla shorter than the calyx.

[+] Flowers short-pedicelled; floral leaves reduced; corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrìna, L. (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.) Glandular-puberulent or nearly smooth, erect (4–9´ high), branched; lowest leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toothed, thickish, the others sessile, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; capsule orbicular, slightly notched, many-seeded.—Waste and cultivated grounds, in damp soil; throughout U. S., and almost cosmopolite. April–June.

V. arvénsis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched (3–8´ high), hairy; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire; capsule inversely heart-shaped, the lobes rounded.—Cultivated grounds, Atlantic States to Tex., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers long-pedicelled in axils of ordinary leaves; seeds cup-shaped.

V. agréstis, L. (Field Speedwell.) Leaves round or ovate, crenate-toothed, the floral somewhat similar; calyx-lobes oblong; flower small; ovary many-ovuled, but the nearly orbicular and sharply notched capsule 1–2 seeded.—Sandy fields, N. Brunswick to La., near the coast. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. Buxbaùmii, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crenately cut-toothed ({2/3}–1´ long); flower large (nearly ½´ wide, blue); calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit; capsule obcordate-triangular, broadly notched, 16–24-seeded.—Waste grounds, rare in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

V. hederæfòlia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded or heart-shaped, 3–7-toothed or lobed; calyx-lobes somewhat heart-shaped; flowers small; capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 2–4-seeded.—Shaded places, N. J., Penn., etc. April–June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BÚCHNERA, L. Blue-Hearts.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved tube and an almost equally 5-cleft limb, the lobes oblong or wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, approximate in pairs; anthers one-celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitic), turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the uppermost alternate; the flowers opposite in a terminal spike, bracted and with 2 bractlets. (Named in honor of I. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.)

1. B. Americàna, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (1–2° high); lower leaves obovate-oblong, the others ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny; spike interrupted; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purple corolla (1´ long).—Moist sandy ground, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June–Aug.

18. SEYMÈRIA, Pursh.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a short and broad tube, not longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. Stamens 4, somewhat equal; anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-celled; the cells equal and pointless. Capsule many-seeded.—Erect branching herbs, with the general aspect and character of Gerardia, leaves mostly opposite and dissected or pinnatifid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interruptedly racemed or spiked. (Named for Henry Seymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macrophýlla, Nutt. (Mullein-foxglove.) Rather pubescent (4–5° high); leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lanceolate divisions pinnatifid and incised, the upper lanceolate; tube of the corolla incurved, very woolly inside, as are the filaments except at the apex; style short, dilated and notched at the point; capsule ovate, pointed.—Shady river-banks, Ohio to Iowa, south to Tex. July.

19. GERÁRDIA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, or somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes, the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, included, hairy; anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled, the cells parallel, often pointed at base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Capsule globular or ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Erect branching herbs (more or less root-parasitic); stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alternate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 flowered peduncles, which often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow; in late summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated herbalist, John Gerarde.)

§ 1. DASÝSTOMA. Corolla yellow, the tube woolly inside, as well as the anthers and filaments; anthers alike, awn-pointed at base; leaves rather large, more or less incised or pinnatifid.

[*] Pubescence partly glandular and viscid; corolla pubescent outside.

1. G. pediculària, L. Annual or biennial, smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and the lobes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lobes.—Dry copses; N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.

[*][*] No glandular pubescence; corolla glabrous outside; perennial.

2. G. grandiflòra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (2–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid; pedicels rather shorter than the calyx; corolla (2´ long) 4 times the length of the broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes.—Oak openings, Wisc. and Minn. to Tenn. and Tex.

3. G. flàva, L. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent with a fine close down; stem (3–4° high) mostly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; pedicels very short; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube, corolla 1½´ long.—Open woods, N. Eng. to Wisc. and Iowa, south to Ga. and Ark.

4. G. quercifòlia, Pursh. (Smooth False Foxglove.) Smooth and glaucous (3–6° high), usually branching; lower leaves commonly twice-pinnatifid; the upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedicels nearly as long as the calyx; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube; corolla 2´ long.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ill.

5. G. lævigàta, Raf. Smooth, not glaucous; stem (1–2° high) mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; pedicels shorter than the calyx-tube; corolla 1´ long. (G. integrifolia, Gray.)—Oak-barrens, etc., Penn. to Mich, and Ill., south in the mountains to Ga.

§ 2. OTOPHÝLLA. Corolla purple (rarely white), naked within, as well as the very unequal filaments; anthers dissimilar, pointless, glabrous or sparingly hairy.

6. G. auriculàta, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9–20´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the others with an oblong-lanceolate lobe on each side at the base; flowers nearly sessile in the axils (1´ long).—Low grounds and prairies, W. Penn. to Minn., south to N. C. and Mo.

7. G. densiflòra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy; leaves rigid, pinnately parted into 3–7 narrowly linear acute divisions, those subtending the densely spicate flowers similar and crowded; corolla over 1´ long.—Prairies, E. Kan. to Tex.

§ 3. GERARDIA proper. Corolla purple or rose-color (rarely white); calyx-teeth short; anthers alike, nearly pointless, pubescent; cauline leaves linear or narrower, entire.

[*] Perennnial; leaves erect, very narrow; pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves.

8. G. linifòlia, Nutt. Glabrous, 2–3° high, sparingly or paniculately branched; leaves flat, thickish, 1´´ wide; calyx-teeth minute; corolla 1´ long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate; anthers and filaments very villous.—Low pine barrens, Del. to Fla.

[*][*] Annuals; herbage blackish in drying (except n. 13).

[+] Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule.

9. G. áspera, Dougl. Sparingly branched (1–2° high); leaves long and linear, rough; pedicels (most of them alternate) equalling or moderately exceeding the calyx, which has triangular-lanceolate acute lobes about half as long as the tube; corolla over 1´ long.—Plains and prairies, Mich, and W. Ind. to Dak. and W. Ark.

10. G. purpùrea, L. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (1–2° high) with long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rough-margined; flowers large (1´ long), bright purple, often downy; pedicels shorter than the calyx, mainly opposite; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed, from very short to about half as long as the tube.—Low grounds, mainly near the coast and in the region of the Great Lakes. Very variable.—Var. paupércula, Gray. Smoother, more simple; corolla usually only ½´ long, lighter rose-purple.—N. Eng. to Penn., N. Ill., Minn., and northward.

11. G. marítima, Raf. (Sea-side G.) Low (4–12´ high), with shorter branches; leaves and short broad calyx-teeth rather fleshy and obtuse; pedicels about as long as the calyx; corolla ½´ long.—Salt marshes along the coast.

[+][+] Pedicels usually exceeding the corolla; woolly anthers cuspidate at base.

12. G. tenuifòlia, Vahl. (Slender G.) Leaves narrowly linear, acute, the floral ones mostly like the others; calyx-teeth very short, acute; capsule globular, not exceeding the calyx; corolla about ½´ long.—Low or dry ground, common.—Var. macrophýlla, Benth. Stouter; larger leaves 1½–2´ long and almost 2´´ wide, scabrous; pedicels ascending; calyx-teeth larger; corolla little over ½´ long. W. Iowa to W. La. and Col.—Var. aspérula, Gray. Leaves all nearly filiform and upper face hispidulous scabrous; inflorescence more paniculate; corolla small, the expanded limb only 6´´ in diameter. Dry bare hills, Mich, and N. Ind. to Minn. and Mo.

13. G. Skinneriàna, Wood. Leaves bristle-shaped, as are the branchlets, or the lower linear; capsule ovate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has short setaceous teeth; corolla 4–6´´ long. (G. setacea, Gray, Man., not of Walt.)—Sandy low ground, Mass. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

20. CASTILLÈIA, Mutis. Painted-Cup.

Calyx tubular, flattened, cleft at the summit on the anterior, and usually on the posterior side also; the divisions entire or 2-lobed. Tube of the corolla included in the calyx; its upper lip (galea) long and narrow, arched and keeled, flattened laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens; lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther cells oblong-linear, unequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous. Capsule many-seeded.—Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves; the floral ones usually dilated, colored, and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers. (Dedicated to Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. coccínea, Spreng. (Scarlet Painted-Cup.) Hairy biennial or annual; stem simple; root-leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong; those of the stem incised; the floral 3–5-cleft, bright scarlet toward the summit (rarely yellow); calyx about the length of the pale yellow corolla, equally cleft both sides, the lobes quadrate-oblong, entire or retuse.—Low sandy ground, Maine to Minn., south to N. J., Tenn., and Tex.

2. C. pállida, Kunth, var. septentrionàlis, Gray. Perennial, smooth or sparingly hairy, at the summit woolly; leaves mainly entire, the lower linear, upper broader; the floral oblong or obovate, greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red; calyx equally cleft, the lobes oblong or lanceolate, 2-cleft; corolla ½–1´ long, the galea decidedly shorter than the tube, not over 2 or 3 times as long as the lip.—Alpine summits of N. Eng., N. shore of L. Superior, west and northward.

3. C. sessiliflòra, Pursh. Perennial, 6–8´ high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent; leaves mostly 3–5-cleft, with narrow diverging sometimes cleft lobes; the floral similar or broader, not at all colored; calyx deeper cleft in front, the narrow lobes deeply 2-cleft; corolla 2´ long, the short galea but twice as long as the slender-lobed lip.—Prairies, Wisc. and Ill. to Dak. and Tex.

21. ORTHOCÁRPUS, Nutt.

Corolla with the upper lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1–3-saccate lower one. Otherwise nearly as Castilleia. (Name from ὀρθός, upright, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. O. lùteus, Nutt. Annual, pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid, erect, 1° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft; spike dense; bracts broader, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers, not colored; corolla golden-yellow, not 6´´ long, 2–3 times as long as the calyx.—Plains, N. Minn. to Col., and westward.

22. SCHWÁLBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10–12-ribbed, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth much the smaller, the 2 anterior united higher than the others. Upper lip of the corolla arched, oblong, entire; the lower little shorter, erect, 2-plaited, with 3 very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the upper lip; anther-cells equal and parallel. Capsule ovate, many-seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chaff-like coat.—A perennial minutely pubescent upright herb (1–2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers; leaves alternate, sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced to narrow bracts; pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americàna, L.—Wet sandy soil, Mass. to La., near the coast. May–July.

23. EUPHRÀSIA, Tourn. Eyebright.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely arched, 2-lobed, and the sides folded back; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the lobes obtuse or notched. Stamens 4, under the upper lip; anther-cells equal, pointed at the base. Capsule oblong, flattened. Seeds numerous.—Herbs, with branching stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers, small, spiked. (Name εὐθρασία, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinàlis, L. Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest crenate, the floral bristly-toothed; lobes of the lower lip of the (whitish, yellowish, or bluish) corolla notched.—Coast of Maine and Lower Canada; perhaps introduced from Eu.—Var. Tatárica, Benth., a low form with small flowers (2–3´´ long), and mostly rounded leaves.—Alpine region of N. H., shore of L. Superior, and far northward.

24. BÁRTSIA, L.

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded back. Otherwise much as Euphrasia.—Herbs, with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.