ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 1.)

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMÆ. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary. Cotyledons only two.

Division I. POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present; the latter of separate petals.

A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the sepals or lobes of the calyx.

1. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils.

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Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid mass on an elongated receptacle. Magnoliaceæ, 49

Pistils numerous, separate, but concealed in a hollow receptacle.

Leaves opposite, entire; no stipules. Calycanthaceæ, 167

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Rosa, in Rosaceæ, 162

Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nelumbo, in Nymphæaceæ, 55

Pistils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.

Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct. Rosaceæ, 150

Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelphous. Malvaceæ, 96

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Filaments much shorter than the anther; trees. Anonaceæ, 50

Filaments longer than the anther.

Flowers diœcious; twiners with alternate leaves. Menispermaceæ, 51

Flowers perfect; if climbers, the leaves opposite.

Leaves not peltate; petals deciduous. Ranunculaceæ, 34

Leaves peltate; petals persistent. Brasenia, in Nymphæaceæ, 55

Pistils several-lobed, the ovaries united below the middle. Resedaceæ, 75

Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvaceæ, 96

Pistils strictly one as to the ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several.

Leaves punctate under a lens with transparent dots. Hypericaceæ, 92

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

Ovary simple, 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Rosaceæ, 150

Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one parietal many-ovuled placenta.

Leaves 2–3-ternately compound or dissected. Ranunculaceæ, 34

Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in Berberidaceæ, 52

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. Portulacaceæ, 90

Ovary compound, 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentæ.

Calyx caducous; juice milky or colored. Papaveraceæ, 57

Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals. Capparidaceæ, 74

Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals. Cistaceæ, 76

Ovary compound, several-celled.

Calyx valvate in the bud, and

Persistent; stamens monadelphous; anthers 1-celled. Malvaceæ, 96

Deciduous; anthers 2-celled. Tiliaceæ, 101

Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.

Shrubs; stamens on the base of the petals. Ternstrœmiaceæ, 95

Aquatic or marsh herbs; ovaries many,

On 5 placentæ in the axis. Sarraceniaceæ, 57

On the 8–30 partitions. Nymphæaceæ, 54

2. Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the (compound) ovary.

Ovary 8–30-celled; ovules many, on the partitions; aquatic. Nymphæaceæ, 54

Ovary 10-celled; cells 1-ovuled. Amelanchier, in Rosaceæ, 166

Ovary 2–5-celled.

Leaves alternate, with stipules. Pomeæ, in Rosaceæ, 151

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Some Saxifragaceæ, 168

Leaves alternate, without stipules. Styracaceæ, 333

Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules parietal.

Fleshy plants with no true foliage; petals many. Cactaceæ, 186

Rough-leaved plants; petals 5 or 10. Loasaceæ, 193

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. Portulacaceæ, 90

B. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Pistils 3–6, separate; flowers diœcious; woody vines. Menispermaceæ, 51

Pistil only one.

Ovary one-celled; anthers opening by uplifted valves. Berberidaceæ, 52

Ovary one-celled; anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

Style and stigma one; ovules more than one. Primulaceæ, 328

Style 1; stigmas 3; sepals 2; ovules several. Portulacaceæ, 90

Style twice or thrice forked; flowers monœcious. Crotonopsis, in Euphorbiaceæ, 458

Styles 5; ovule and seed only one. Plumbaginaceæ, 327

Ovary 2–4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate. Vitaceæ, 112

Calyx 4–5-cleft, valvate in the bud; petals involute. Rhamnaceæ, 111

C. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals, when of just the number of the petals then alternate with them.

1. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. the ovary wholly superior.

[*] Ovaries 2 or more, separate.

Stamens united with each other and with a large and thick stigma common to the two ovaries. Asclepiadaceæ, 338

Stamens unconnected, on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Rutaceæ, 106

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Tree, with pinnate leaves. Ailanthus, in Simarubaceæ, 107

Low shrub, with pinnate leaves. Xanthorrhiza, in Ranunculaceæ, 48

Herbs, not fleshy. Ranunculaceæ, 34

Herbs, with thick fleshy leaves. Crassulaceæ, 176

Stamens unconnected, inserted on the calyx.

Just twice as many as the pistils (flower symmetrical). Crassulaceæ, 176

Not just the number or twice the number of the pistils.

Leaves without stipules. Saxifragaceæ, 168

Leaves with stipules. Rosaceæ, 150

[*][*] Ovaries 2–5, somewhat united at the base, separate above.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Rutaceæ, 106

Leaves not pellucid-punctate.

Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. Sapindaceæ, 115

Terrestrial herbs; the carpels fewer than the petals. Saxifragaceæ, 168

[*][*][*] Ovaries or lobes of ovary 3 to 5, with a common style. Geraniaceæ, 102

[*][*][*][*] Ovary only one, and

[+] Simple, with one parietal placenta. Leguminosæ, 122

[+][+] Compound, as shown by the number of cells, placentæ, styles, or stigmas.

Ovary one-celled.

Corolla irregular; petals 4; stamens 6. Fumariaceæ, 59

Corolla irregular; petals and stamens 5. Violaceæ, 78

Corolla regular or nearly so.

Ovule solitary; shrubs or trees; stigmas 3. Anacardiaceæ, 118

Ovules solitary or few; herbs. Some anomalous Cruciferæ, 61

Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.

Petals not inserted on the calyx. Caryophyllaceæ, 82

Petals on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx. Lythraceæ, 184

Ovules several or many, on two or more parietal placentæ.

Leaves punctate with pellucid and dark dots. Hypericaceæ, 92

Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipped bristles. Droseraceæ, 178

Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.

Sepals 5, very unequal or only 3. Cistaceæ, 76

Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. Anomalous Cruciferæ, 61

Sepals and petals 5; stamens 5 or 10.

Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. Passifloraceæ, 194

Ovary sessile. Saxifragaceæ, 168

Ovary 2–several-celled.

Flowers irregular.

Anthers opening at the top,

Six or eight and 1-celled; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Polygalaceæ, 120

Ten and 2-celled; ovary 5-celled. Rhododendron, in Ericaceæ, 286

Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubular inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in Lythraceæ, 186

Stamens 5–8 or 10, and petals hypogynous, or nearly so.

Ovary 3-celled. Sapindaceæ, 115

Ovary 5-celled. Impatiens, &c., in Geraniaceæ, 105

Flowers regular or nearly so.

Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals,

Triadelphous; petals 5. Hypericaceæ, 92

Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4); petals 4; pungent herbs. Cruciferæ, 61

Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. Oleaceæ, 335

Distinct and more numerous than the petals. Sapindaceæ, 115

Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.

Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.

Herbs; flowers monœcious or diœcious. Euphorbiaceæ, 451

Herbs; flowers perfect and symmetrical.

Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. Geraniaceæ, 102

Cells of the (divided) ovary twice as many as the styles, sepals, &c. Linaceæ, 101

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptelea, in Rutaceæ, 107

Leaves palmately veined and fruit 2-winged, or pinnate and fruit a berry. Sapindaceæ, 115

Leaves pinnately veined, simple, not punctate.

Calyx not minute; pod colored, dehiscent; seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. Celastraceæ, 109

Calyx minute; fruit a berry-like drupe. Ilicineæ, 107

Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.

Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. Elatinaceæ, 91

Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves (but they are caducous). Staphylea, in Sapindaceæ, 118

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.

Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube or cup; leaves simple, all radical. Galax, in Diapensiaceæ, 326

Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaflets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis, in Geraniaceæ, 105

Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.

Style 1, undivided. Ericaceæ, 303

Styles 2–5, separate. Caryophyllaceæ, 82

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.

Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. Saxifragaceæ, 168

Style 1; pod in the calyx, 1-celled. Lythraceæ, 184

2. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. Cucurbitaceæ, 194

Not tendril-bearing.

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.

Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled from the base. Portulacaceæ, 90

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ. Saxifragaceæ, 168

Ovary 2–several-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex; style 1. Melastomaceæ, 183

Anthers not opening by pores.

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. Celastraceæ, 109

Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Eight or four (rarely five); style 1. Onagraceæ, 186

Five or ten; styles 2–3, distinct. Saxifragaceæ, 168

Ovules and seeds only one in each cell.

Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many),— rarely in Cratægus, in Rosaceæ, 165

Stamens 2 or 8; style 1; stigma 2–4-lobed; herbs. Onagraceæ, 186

Stamens 4 or 8; aquatics; styles or sessile stigmas 4. Halorageæ, 180

Perfect stamens 4; styles 2; shrub. Hamamelideæ, 179

Stamens 4; style and stigma 1; chiefly shrubs. Cornaceæ, 213

Stamens 5; flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.

Fruit dry, splitting in two at maturity; styles 2. Umbelliferæ, 193

Fruit berry-like; styles 2–5, separate or united. Araliaceæ, 212

Division II. GAMOPETALOUS calyx and corolla both present; the latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1-celled with one parietal placenta. Leguminosæ, 122

Ovary 1-celled with two parietal placentæ. Adlumia, &c., in Fumariaceæ, 60

Ovary 1-celled with the ovules at the centre or base. Styracaceæ, 333

Ovary 2-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Polygalaceæ, 120

Ovary 3–many-celled.

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla; style single. Ericaceæ, 309

Stamens free from the corolla; styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniaceæ, 105

Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.

Filaments monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. Malvaceæ, 96

Filaments 1–5-adelphous at base; anthers 2-celled.

Calyx free from the ovary. Ternstrœmiaceæ, 96

Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. Styracaceæ, 333

Filaments wholly distinct; calyx free, persistent. Ebenaceæ, 333

Filaments in pairs at each sinus; anthers 1-celled. Caprifoliaceæ, 216

B. Stamens (fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled; corolla appendaged with scales inside. Sapotaceæ, 332

Ovary 1-celled; pod several–many-seeded; style 1. Primulaceæ, 328

Ovary 1-celled; utricle 1-seeded; styles 5. Plumbaginaceæ, 327

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.

1. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior).

Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. Cucurbitaceæ, 194

Tendrils none.

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.

Flowers in an involucrate head. Compositæ, 230

Flowers separate, not involucrate; corolla irregular. Lobeliaceæ, 305

Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes; stipules none; juice milky. Campanulaceæ, 307

Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla,

One to three, always fewer than the corolla-lobes. Valerianaceæ, 228

Four or five; leaves opposite or whorled.

Ovary 1-celled; flowers in a dense involucrate head. Dipsaceæ, 229

Ovary 2–5-celled.

Leaves whorled and without stipules. Rubiaceæ, 222

Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. Rubiaceæ, 222

Leaves opposite without stipules (petioles sometimes with stipule-like appendages). Caprifoliaceæ, 216

2. Ovary free from the calyx (superior).

[*] Corolla irregular; stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.

Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1–4) cells.

Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Labiatæ, 403

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. Verbenaceæ, 401

Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.

Ovary and pod 1-celled,

With a free central placenta; stamens 2. Lentibulaceæ, 395

With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentæ; stamens 4. Orobanchaceæ, 393

Ovary and fruit more or less 4–5-celled. Pedaliaceæ, 399

Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentæ parietal. Bignoniaceæ, 398

Ovary and pod 2-celled; placentæ in the axis.

Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. Scrophulariaceæ, 377

Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections of the placentæ; no albumen. Acanthaceæ, 399

[*][*] Corolla somewhat irregular; stamens (with anthers) 5.

Stamens free from the corolla; anthers with their cells opening by a hole or chink at the top. Rhododendron, in Ericaceæ, 320

Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. Echium, in Borraginaceæ, 367

Ovary not lobed; pod many-seeded.

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, Scrophulariaceæ, 379

Filaments not woolly. Hyoscyamus, Solanaceæ, 376

[*][*][*] Corolla regular.

[+] Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla.

Ovaries 2, separate; their

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichondra, Convolvulaceæ, 368

Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct; pollen in ordinary grains. Apocynaceæ, 337

Filaments monadelphous; pollen in masses. Asclepiadaceæ, 338

Ovary one, but deeply 4-lobed around the style (or 2-lobed in Heliotropium).

Leaves alternate. Borraginaceæ, 360

Leaves opposite. Mentha, in Labiatæ, 407

Ovary one; pod 2-lobed or 2-horned at the summit. Loganiaceæ, 345

Ovary one; not deeply lobed,

One-celled, one-ovuled, becoming an achene. Plantaginaceæ, 422

One-celled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentæ.

Leaves (or in Menyanthes three leaflets) entire. Gentianaceæ, 346

Leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnately compound. Hydrophyllaceæ, 357

Two- to ten-celled.

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuscuta, in Convolvulaceæ, 370

Leaves opposite, their bases or petioles connected by stipules or a stipular line. Loganiaceæ, 345

Leaves when opposite without stipules.

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so; style 1. Ericaceæ, 309

Stamens almost free from the corolla; style none. Ilicineæ, 107

Stamens in the sinuses of the corolla; style 1. Diapensiaceæ, 326

Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla,

Four; pod 2-celled, circumscissile. Plantaginaceæ, 422

Four; ovary 2–4-celled; ovules solitary. Verbenaceæ, 401

Five or rarely more.

Fruit of two or four seed-like nutlets. Borraginaceæ, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.

Calyx 5-cleft; style 3-lobed or -cleft. Polemoniaceæ, 354

Sepals 5; styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft; seeds large, only one or two in a cell. Convolvulaceæ, 367

Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry.

Styles 2. Hydrolea, in Hydrophyllaceæ, 360

Style single. Solanaceæ, 373

[+][+] Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-celled; the cells several-seeded. Acanthaceæ, 399

Ovary 2–4-celled; the cells 1-seeded. Verbenaceæ, 401

Stamens only 2 with anthers; ovary 4-lobed. Lycopus, in Labiatæ, 408

Stamens 2, rarely 3; ovary 2-celled.

Low herbs; corolla scarious, withering on the pod. Plantaginaceæ, 422

Herbs; corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelform, and slightly irregular. Veronica, in Scrophulariaceæ, 386

Shrubs or trees; corolla perfectly regular. Oleaceæ, 335

Division III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

A. Flowers not in catkins.

1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.

Ovary and pod inferior (i.e. calyx-tube adherent to the ovary),

Six-celled; stamens 6–12. Aristolochiaceæ, 444

Four-celled; stamens 4. Ludwigia, in Onagraceæ, 187

One-celled, with parietal placentæ. Chrysosplenium, in Saxifragaceæ, 172

Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),

Two-celled, 2-beaked; flowers capitate; tree. Hamamelideæ, 179

Two-celled, many-ribbed; aquatic herb. Podostemaceæ, 444

Ovary and pod superior, i.e. free from the calyx.

Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which fall off at maturity; stamens 10. Penthorum, in Crassulaceæ, 176

Three-celled and 3-valved, or 3–5-celled and circumscissile. Ficoideæ, 198

Two-celled or one-celled; placentæ central.

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. Lythraceæ, 184

Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,

Alternate with the 5 sepals. Glaux, in Primulaceæ, 331

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Caryophyllaceæ, 82

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. Ranunculaceæ, 34

Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. Ranunculaceæ, 34

2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, ovules.

[*] Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. Rosaceæ, 150

Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. Xanthoxylum, in Rutaceæ, 106

Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. Ranunculaceæ, 34

Calyx absent; flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. Piperaceæ, 446

[*][*] Pistil one, either simple or compound.

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half, 2-celled; styles 2; stamens many. Hamamelideæ, 179

Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).

Aquatic herbs; ovary 3–4-celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. Halorageæ, 180

Mostly woody plants; style or stigma one, entire; ovary 1-celled.

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in Cornaceæ, 215

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.

Parasitic on the branches of trees; anthers sessile. Loranthaceæ, 449

Not parasitic above ground; anthers on filaments. Santalaceæ, 450

Ovary really free from the calyx, but permanently invested by its tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.

Shrubs, with scurfy leaves; flowers mostly diœcious. Elæagnaceæ, 448

Herbs, with the calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple. Nyctaginaceæ, 425

Leaves alternate, pinnate. Poterium, in Rosaceæ, 161

Ovary plainly free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting.

Stipules (ocreæ) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Tree; calyx none; flowers monœcious, in heads. Platanaceæ, 466

Herbs; calyx present and commonly petal-like. Polygonaceæ, 436

Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.

Aquatic herbs, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled and dissected; style single. Ceratophyllaceæ, 488

Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled. Halorageæ, 180

Not aquatics, herbs.

Ovary 10-celled; berry 10-seeded. Phytolaccaceæ, 436

Ovary 3- (rarely 1–2-) celled; juice usually milky. Euphorbiaceæ, 451

Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky.

Style, if any, and stigma only one; leaves simple; no scarious bracts around the flowers. Urticaceæ, 461

Styles 3; embryo straight; flowers involucrate. Eriogonum, in Polygonaceæ, 436

Style or stigmas 2 or 3; embryo coiled or curved.

Stipules not scarious, leaves palmately cleft or palmately compound. Cannabineæ, in Urticaceæ, 461

Stipules scarious (or none); leaves opposite. Illecebraceæ, 426

Stipules none; but flowers with scarious bracts. Amarantaceæ, 427

Stipules and scarious bracts none. Chenopodiaceæ, 430

Shrubs or trees.

Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovary.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Acerineæ, in Sapindaceæ, 115

Fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded samara or a drupe. Oleaceæ, 335

Ovules single in each cell of the

Three-nine-celled ovary; leaves heath-like. Empetraceæ, 487

Three-celled ovary; leaves broad. Rhamnaceæ, 111

One–two-celled ovary; styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Urticaceæ, 461

One-celled ovary; style and stigma single and entire.

Anthers opening longitudinally. Thymelæaceæ, 448

Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Lauraceæ, 446

B. Flowers monœcious or diœcious, one or both sorts in catkins.

1. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. Urticaceæ, 461

Fertile flowers single or clustered; sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus).

Leaves pinnate; fertile flowers and fruit naked. Juglandaceæ, 467

Leaves simple; fertile flowers 1–3 in an involucre or cup. Cupuliferæ, 470

2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

Ovary and pod 2-celled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelideæ, 180

Ovary and pod 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with a downy tuft at one end. Salicaceæ, 480

Ovary 1–2-celled, only one ovule in each cell; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry. Loranthaceæ, 449

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. Urticaceæ, 461

Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.

Style and stigma one, simple; the flowers in heads. Platanaceæ, 466

Styles or long stigmas 2.

Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin. Cupuliferæ, 470

Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated or drupe like. Myricaceæ, 469

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMÆ. Pistil an open scale or altered leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surface, or in Taxus entirely wanting. Flowers monœcious or diœcious. Coniferæ, 489

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (See p. 15.)

A. Spadiceous Division. Flowers aggregated on a spadix or fleshy axis, or sometimes scattered, destitute of calyx and corolla (excepting some Araceæ and Naiadaceæ, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also without glumes (husky scales). Leaves sometimes with netted veins.

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnaceæ, 551

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. Naiadaceæ, 557

Reed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile nerved leaves; flowers in spikes or heads.

Flowers monœcious, and quite destitute of floral envelopes. Typhaceæ, 547

Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix; sepals 6. Acorus, in Araceæ, 550

Terrestrial or marsh plants; leaves mostly with a distinct netted-veined blade, petioled. Araceæ, 548

B. Petaloideous Division. Flowers not collected on a spadix, furnished with floral envelopes (perianth) answering to calyx or to both calyx and corolla, either herbaceous or colored and petal-like (wholly glumaceous in Juncaceæ).

1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.

Flowers diœcious (or rarely perfect), regular.

Aquatics; ovules and seeds several or numerous. Hydrocharidaceæ, 495

Twiners; ovules and seeds one or two in each cell. Dioscoreaceæ, 517

Flowers perfect; ovules and seeds usually numerous.

Stamens only one or two; flower irregular, gynandrous. Orchidaceæ, 497

Stamens three.

Anthers introrse, opening transversely. Burmanniaceæ, 496

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. Hæmodoraceæ, 512

Anthers extrorse, opening lengthwise. Iridaceæ, 513

Stamens 6; flowers usually on a scape from a bulb. Amaryllidaceæ, 515

2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.

Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy; leaves often equitant. Hæmodoraceæ, 512

Perianth smooth; the leaves grass-like. Stenanthium, etc., in Liliaceæ, 517

3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.

Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. Alismaceæ, 553

Pistil one, compound (cells or placentæ mostly 3).

Perianth not glumaceous or chaffy; flowers not in dense heads.

Stamens 6 (in Maianthemum 4), similar and perfect.

Scurfy-leaved epiphyte; seeds hairy-tufted. Bromeliaceæ, 511

Marsh herbs; carpels nearly distinct or separating closed from the axis; seed without albumen. Juncagineæ, in Naiadaceæ, 557

Terrestrial, not rush-like; seeds with albumen.

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. Liliaceæ, 517

Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and 3 colored withering-persistent petals. Trillium in Liliaceæ, 517

Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 ephemeral deliquescent petals. Commelinaceæ, 538

Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.

Sepals 3, herbaceous; ephemeral petals 3, unequal. Commelinaceæ, 538

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed. Pontederiaceæ, 535

Stamens 3, similar. Moss-like aquatic. Mayaceæ, 537

Perianth wholly glumaceous, of 6 similar divisions. Juncaceæ, 539

Perianth partly glumaceous or chaff-like; flowers in very dense heads. Rush-like or aquatic.

Flowers perfect; inner perianth of three yellow petals; perfect stamens and plumose sterile filaments each 3; pod 1-celled, many-seeded on 3 parietal placentæ. Xyridaceæ, 536

Flowers monœcious or diœcious, whitish-bearded; stamens 4 or 3; pod 2–3-celled, 2–3-seeded. Eriocauleæ, 566

C. Glumaceous Division. Flowers destitute of proper perianth, except sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by scale-like bracts or glumes.

Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. Cyperaceæ, 567

Glumes in pairs, of two sorts. Gramineæ, 623

Class III. CRYPTOGAMOUS ACROGENS. (See p. 17.)

Subclass I. PTERIDOPHYTES: with woody fibres and vessels.

Spores of only one kind; spore-cases

Borne beneath shield-shaped scales in a terminal spike; stems naked, sheathed at the nodes. Equisetaceæ, 675

On the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. Filices, 678

Bivalvular, in special spikes or panicles; fronds erect in vernation, from short erect rootstocks. Ophioglossaceæ, 693

Solitary in the axils of leaves, 2–3-valved; low long-stemmed moss-like evergreens; leaves small, in 4–16 ranks. Lycopodiaceæ, 695

Spores of two kinds, large and small; spore-cases

Solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves, or in the bases of linear radical leaves. Selaginellaceæ, 697

Enclosed in peduncled sporocarps; leaves 4-foliolate. Marsiliaceæ, 700

Sporocarps sessile beneath the stem; small, floating, pinnately branched, with minute imbricate leaves. Salviniaceæ, 701

Subclass II. BRYOPHYTES: with cellular tissue only. [Capsules not operculate, containing spores and usually elaters, in the following Orders.]

Capsule 4-valved, pedicellate; plants leafy-stemmed, rarely thallose. Jungermanniaceæ, 702

Capsule 2-valved or valveless; plants thallose.

Thallus without epidermis; capsule with a columella, short-pedicelled or sessile on the thallus. Anthocerotaceæ, 726

Capsules borne beneath a pedunculate receptacle. Marchantiaceæ, 727

Capsules immersed in the thallus or sessile upon it, indehiscent. Ricciaceæ, 730