Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. (continued 5)

8. R. rùbrum, L., var. subglandulòsum, Maxim. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3–5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping, calyx flat (green or purplish); fruit globose, smooth, red.—Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn.

§ 3. SIPHÓCALYX. Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous.

9. R. aúreum, Pursh. (Missouri or Buffalo Currant.) Shrub 5–12° high; leaves 3–5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6´´ long or less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black.—Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common in cultivation.

Order 36. CRASSULÀCEÆ. (Orpine Family.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3–20), and the stamens the same or double their number,—technically different from Saxifrageæ only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded.—Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.

[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

2. Tillæa. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.

3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8–10. Seeds many.

1. PÉNTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded.—Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from πέντε, five, and ὅρος, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoìdes, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.—Open wet places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLÆ̀A, Mich.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2–many-seeded.—Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. símplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1–2´ high); leaves linear-oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-white) petals and the narrow 8–10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each.—Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July–Sept.

3. SÉDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each.—Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

[*] Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.

[+] Flowers white or purple.

1. S. pulchéllum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4–12´ high); leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple.—Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated in gardens. July.

2. S. Névii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3–5´ high); leaves all alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems linear-spatulate and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered; petals white, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and blossoms smaller.—Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.

3. S. ternàtum, Michx. Stems spreading (3–6´ high); leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy; petals white.—Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.

[+][+] Flowers yellow.

S. àcre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick; petals yellow.—Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. S. Torrèyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base (2–4´ high); leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 2–3´´ long; petals rather longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent.—Mo. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.

[+] Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.

5. S. telephioìdes, Michx. Stems ascending (6–12´ high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; follicles tapering into a slender style.—Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to western N. Y. and S. Ind. June.

S. Teléphium, L. (Garden Orpine or Live-for-ever.) Stems erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate; follicles abruptly pointed with a short style.—Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. refléxum, L. Glabrous, erect, 1° high; leaves crowded, cylindric, subulate-tipped, spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow, pedicelled.—Coast of Mass.; western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers diœcious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.

6. S. Rhodìola, DC. (Roseroot.) Stems erect (5–10´ high); leaves oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish.—Throughout Arctic America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River; also in the western mountains. May, June. (Eu.)

Order 37. DROSERÀCEÆ. (Sundew Family.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentæ.—Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen.—Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants.

1. DRÓSERA, L. Sundew.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-) valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole length.—Low perennials or biennials; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from δροσερός, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifòlia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Leaves orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes.—Peat-bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. intermèdia, Hayne, var. Americàna, DC. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, Gray, Manual.)—Bogs, with the same range but less common. June–Aug.—Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. lineàris, Goldie. (Slender Sundew.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2–3´ long, scarcely 2´´ wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.—Shore of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.

4. D. filifórmis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (½´ broad).—Wet sand, near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

Dionæ̀a muscípula, Ellis, the Venus's Fly-trap,—so noted for the extraordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch,—is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. It differs in several respects from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

Order 38. HAMAMELÍDEÆ. (Witch-Hazel Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monœcious; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening.—Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and flat.

[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.

3. Liquidambar. Monœcious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMÈLIS, L. Witch-Hazel.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.—Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From ἅμα, at the same time with, and μηλίς, an apple-tree; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. Virginiàna, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.—Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to E. Minn. and La.

2. FOTHERGÍLLA, L.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5–7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.—A low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

1. F. Gardèni, L. (F. alnifolia, L. f.)—Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May.

3. LIQUIDÁMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum Tree.

Flowers usually monœcious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-coat.—Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L. Styracíflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5–7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.—Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. April.—A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

Order 39. HALORÀGEÆ. (Water-Milfoil Family.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the inconspicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), which consists of 2–4 more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1–8. Fruit indehiscent, 1–4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monœcious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected.

3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls.

4. Callitriche. Flowers monœcious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite.

1. MYRIOPHÝLLUM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil.

Flowers monœcious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4–8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.—Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from μυρίος, a thousand, and φύλλον, a leaf, i.e., Milfoil.)

[*] Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours.

1. M. spicàtum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike.—Deep water, Newf. to N. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

2. M. verticillàtum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pectinate-pinnatifid; otherwise nearly as n. 1.—Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)

[*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1–2-ridged and roughened on the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophýllum, Michx. Stem stout; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; fruit obscurely roughened.—Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

4. M. scabràtum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back.—Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambíguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) smooth.—Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.—Var. capillàceum, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. limòsum, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.

6. M. tenéllum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like (3–10´ high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts small, entire; flowers alternate, monœcious; fruit smooth.—Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.

2. PROSERPINÀCA, L. Mermaid-weed.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.—Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3–4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning pertaining to Proserpine.)

1. P. palústris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate when under water; fruit sharply angled.—Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

2. P. pectinàcea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled.—Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla. and La.

3. HIPPÙRIS, L. Mare's Tail.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from ἵππος a horse, and οὐρά, a tail.)

1. H. vulgàris, L. Stems simple (1–2° high); leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1´´ long.—Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

4. CALLÍTRICHE, L. Water-Starwort.

Flowers monœcious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen.—Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from καλός, beautiful, and θρίξ, hair, from the often almost capillary stems.)

[*] Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none.

1. C. defléxa, Braun. var. Austìni, Hegelm. Stems ½–1´ high; fruit small ({1/3}´´ broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1–2´´ long. (C. Austini, Engelm)—On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)

[*][*] Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts.

2. C. vérna, L. Fruit (½´´ long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole.—Common in stagnant waters, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

3. C. heterophýlla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole.—Stagnant water, N. Y. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves; flowers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4 C. autumnàlis, L. Stems 3–6´ high; fruit large (1´´ wide or more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2–6´´ long).—W. Mass., Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)

Order 40. MELASTOMÀCEÆ. (Melastoma Family.)

Plants with opposite 3–7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the Onagraceæ.—All tropical, except the genus

1. RHÉXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma 1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentæ projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen.—Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3–5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from ῥῆξις, a crevice, from the place of growth.)

[*] Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virgínica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, acute; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petals bright purple.—Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristòsa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous, bright purple.—Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. E. Peters); also Sumter Co., S. C. (J. D. Smith).

3. R. Mariàna, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.—Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*] Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, sessile.

4. R. ciliòsa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.—Md. to Fla. and La.

Order 41. LYTHRÀCEÆ. (Loosestrife Family.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing but free from the 1–4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4–7 deciduous petals and 4–14 stamens on its throat; the latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed.—Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentæ in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.—Branches usually 4-sided.

[*] Flowers regular or nearly so.

[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.

1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule indehiscent. Small aquatic.

2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septicidal, with 3–4 valves.

3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule bursting irregularly.

[+][+] Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).

4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers cymose-spicate in one species.

5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8–10. Capsule 3–4-valved, loculicidal.

[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

1. DIDÍPLIS, Raf. Water Purslane.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled.—Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. ("Didiplis means two doubling;" from δíς, twice, and διπλóος, double.)

1. D. lineàris, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Ammannia Nuttallii, Gray.)—From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.

2. ROTÀLA, L.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) transversely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.)

1. R. ramòsior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Ammannia humilis, Michx.)—Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex.—With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.

3. AMMÁNNIA, Houston.

Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4–8. Capsule globular, 2–4-celled, bursting irregularly.—Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linnæus.)

1. A. coccínea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2–3´ long), with a broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, Gray, Manual, not L.)—N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. latifolium, L., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.

4. LÝTHRUM, L. Loosestrife.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5–7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5–7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.—Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from λύθρον, blood; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)

[*] Stamens and petals 5–7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes; plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifòlia, L. Low annual (6–10´ high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; stamens usually 4–6, included.—Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)

2. L. lineàre, L. Stem slender and tall (3–4° high), bushy at top, with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite; petals whitish; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short; ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring.—Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alàtum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches with margined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or rounded base, the upper mostly alternate; calyx 2–4´´ long; petals rather large, deep-purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent.—Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.

[*][*] Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.

L. Salicària, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) More or less downy and tall; leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; flowers purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style.—Wet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. DÉCODON, Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5–7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petal 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3–5-celled, loculicidal.—Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from δέκα, ten, and ὀδούς, tooth.)

1. D. verticillàtus, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2–8° long), 4–6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, rose-purple (½´ long); stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesæa verticillata, HBK.)—Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ont., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

6. CÙPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1–2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side.—Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from κυφός, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.)

1. C. viscosíssima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very viscid-hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the ruptured capsule.—Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La.

Order 42. ONAGRÀCEÆ. (Evening-Primrose Family.)

Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2–3- or 5–6-merous) perfect and symmetrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2–4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender; stigma 2–4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.—Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular.

[*] Parts of the flower in fours or more.

[+] Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.

[++] Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent.

1. Jussiæa. Petals 4–6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated.

2. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.

[++][++] Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and deciduous from it. Flowers 4-merous.

3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite.

4. Œnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.

[+][+] Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1–4-seeded. Leaves alternate.

5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.

6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged.

[*][*] Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite.

7. Circæa. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1–2-seeded, bristly.

1. JUSSIÆ̀A, L.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4–6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4–9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule 4–6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.—Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)

1. J. decúrrens, DC. Stem erect (1–2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals; capsule oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled; seeds in several rows in each cell.—Wet places, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La.

2. J. rèpens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled; calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.—In water, Ill. and Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

2. LUDWÍGIA, L. False Loosestrife.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4, usually persistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.—Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnæus.)

[*] Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.

[+] Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4–8´´ long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifòlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.—Swamps, E. Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., E. Kan., and La.

2. L. hirtélla, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (1–2° high); leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

[+][+] Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (1–3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.)

3. L. sphærocárpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate; bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2´´ long).—Water or wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycárpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; bractlets linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped capsule, which is longer than the calyx-lobes.—Wet places, E. Mass. and Conn. to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky.

5. L. lineàris, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; bractlets minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 3´´ long and much longer than the calyx-lobes.—Bogs, pine barrens of N. J., and southward.

6. L. cylíndrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 3´´ long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes.—Swamps, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating.

7. L. palústris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2´´ long).—Ditches, common. (Eu.)

8. L. arcuàta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (3´´ long); capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved ({1/3}´ long).—Swamps, Va. to Fla.

3. EPILÒBIUM, L. Willow-herb.

Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.—Mostly perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. A large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provisional arrangement has been made by Prof. W. Trelease, mainly in accordance with Haussknecht's revision of the genus. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and λόβιον, a little pod.)

§ 1. Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted; petals entire; stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes.

1. E. angustifòlium, L. (Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.) Stem simple, tall (4–7°); leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire.—Low grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled; calyx-limb 5-cleft; petals mostly deeply notched; stamens and style erect.

[*] Stigma 4-parted; stem terete.

E. hirsùrum, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3–5° high); leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme; petals 6´´ long, rose-purple.—Waste grounds, Mass. to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Stigma clavate; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2); leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins.

2. E. lineàre, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary-pubescent, 1–2° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Gray, mainly.)—Bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and northward.

3. E. stríctum, Muhl. Erect, 1–2½° high, densely beset with soft spreading somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse and with evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile; pubescence of the capsule soft and spreading. (E. molle, Torr.)—Bogs, Mass. to Minn., south to Va. and Ill.

[*][*][*] Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2–4 ridges or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves.

[+] Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose.

4. E. coloràtum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, narrowed to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding; peduncles shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma cinnamon-color.—Wet places, common.

5. E. adenocaùlon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a merely dingy coma.—Wet places through the Northern States.

6. E. glandulòsum, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.—Canada to the mountains of N. C. (fide Haussknecht). (Asia.)

[+][+] Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10); leaves chiefly opposite, less toothed; flowers few, nodding; seeds appendaged at the apex.

[++] Seeds areolate but not papillose; leaves not revolute.

7. E. anagallidifòlium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles; flowers purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the leaves.—White Mts. and Adirondacks (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

8. E. lactiflòrum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6–12´ high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles; flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds more prominently appendaged.—White Mts., and northward (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

[++][++] Seeds papillose-roughened.

9. E. Hornemánni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8–18´ high; leaves mostly horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only slightly roughened, short and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, Man.)—White Mts., dells of the Wisconsin River (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.)

10. E. palústre, L. Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the internodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slender peduncles; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man., in part.)—Penn. to Minn. and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.)

4. ŒNOTHÈRA, L. Evening Primrose.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.)

§ 1. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat; anthers linear.

[*] Caulescent annuals or biennials; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous; seeds in two rows in each cell.

[+] Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above.

1. Œ. biénnis, L. (Common Evening Primrose.) Rather stout, erect (1–5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2–6´ long), acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1–2½´ long, the tips of the sepals contiguous; petals ½–¾´ long; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute.—Throughout the U. S.—Var. cruciàta, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (?) sport. E. Mass.

Var. grandiflòra, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1–2½´ long).—Same range as the type, but not so common east.

2. Œ. Oakesiàna, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the puberulence mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; otherwise nearly as in the typical form of the last. (Œ. biennis, var. Oakesiana, Gray.)—Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn.

[+][+] Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary; capsules linear.

3. Œ. rhombipétala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx silky-canescent (tube 1½´ long); petals rhombic-ovate (6–10´ long).—Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

4. Œ. humifùsa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (½–2° long); hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate (¼–1´ long), sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule ½–1´ long, silky, curved; seeds smooth.—On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.

5. Œ. sinuàta, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched (1° high or more), more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1–2´ long), sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral similar; capsule 1–1½´ long; seeds strongly pitted.—N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. and Tex. Very variable.

[*][*] Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning rose-color; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single row.

6. Œ. albicaùlis, Nutt. Stems erect (½–4° high), simple or branched, white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate (1–3´ long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods ½–2´ long, often curved or twisted; seeds lance-linear, smooth.—W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward.

[*][*][*] Caulescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11); capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7).

7. Œ. linifòlia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or diffuse (6–15´ high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; radical leaves oblanceolate, cauline linear-filiform ½–1´ long; spikes loosely flowered; corolla 2–3´´ long; stigmas short; capsules obovate to oblong-clavate, 2–3´´ long, not winged, nearly sessile.—Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex.

8. Œ. pùmila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1–2° high; leaves mostly glabrous, entire, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate; flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4–12´´ long; capsule glabrous, oblong-clavate, 3–6´´ long, sessile or on a short pedicel, slightly winged. (Incl. Œ. chrysantha, Michx.)—Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June.

9. Œ. fruticòsa, L. (Sundrops.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often tall and stout (1–3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate; raceme corymbed or loose; petals 9–12´´ long; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself, prominently ribbed and strongly winged.—Common and very variable.

Var. lineàris, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; capsule usually shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part. Œ. riparia, Nutt.)—Conn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

Var. humifùsa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part.)—Suffolk Co., L. Island.

10. Œ. glaùca, Michx. Perennial, erect (2–3° high), glabrous and glaucous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (2–4´ long), repand-denticulate; flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 9–15´´ long; capsule glabrous, ovoid-oblong, very broadly winged, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter than itself.—Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan.

11. Œ. speciòsa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; flowers large, white or rose; capsule clavate-obovate, strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled.—Mo. to Kan. and Tex.

[*][*][*][*] Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile.

[+] Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color.

12. Œ. tríloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves 2–10´ long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate and only sinuate-toothed; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2–4´ long); petals 6–12´´ long; capsule ovate, ½–1´ long, strongly winged, net-veined.—Ky. to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific.

Var. (?) parviflòra, Watson. Flowers very small (1–2´ long), fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2´ in diameter and often 2–3´ high.—Plains of Kan. and Neb.

[+][+] Low caulescent perennials; flowers axillary, yellow.

13. Œ. Missouriénsis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting; leaves thick, oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2–5´ long), acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate; calyx-tube 2–5´ long; petals broad, 1–2½´ long; capsules orbicular, very broadly winged (1–3´ long).—Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

14. Œ. Fremóntii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence; leaves linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1–2´ long; petals ½–1´ long; capsule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9´´ long.—Central Kan.

§ 2. Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong-linear; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric; perennial, somewhat woody, with axillary yellow flowers.

15. Œ. Hartwègi, Benth., var. lavandulæfòlia, Watson. Stems numerous from a woody base, 3–6´ high; leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent, mostly linear, ¼–1´ long; calyx-tube 1–2´ long; capsule 8–10´´ long.—Central Kan. to Col. and N. Mex.

16. Œ. serrulàta, Nutt. Slender (3–15´ high), simple or branched, canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1–3´ long), irregularly and sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform (2–4´ long), strongly nerved; petals broadly obovate (3–4´´ long), crenulate; capsule 9–15´´ long.—Wisc. and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex.

5. GAÙRA, L.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3–4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1–4-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name, from γαῦρος, superb, does not seem appropriate).

[*] Fruit sessile or nearly so.

1. G. biénnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3–8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes wand-like; fruit oval or oblong, acute at both ends; 2–3´´ long, ribbed, downy.—Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. G. parviflòra, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2–5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent; spikes dense; fruit oblong-clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, 3–4´´ long.—Mo. to La. and westward.

3. G. coccínea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate (6–12´ high), very leafy; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet; fruit terete below, 4-sided and broader above, 2–3´´ long.—Minn. to Kan., and westward.

[*][*] Fruit slender-pedicelled.

4. G. fílipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very slender, naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit.—Open places, Va. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan., and Ark.

6. STENÓSIPHON, Spach.

Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it also resembles in habit. (From στενός, narrow, and σίφων, a tube.)

1. S. virgàtus, Spach. Slender, 2–4° high, glabrous, leafy, leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, ½´ long; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate, 8-ribbed, small.—E. Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. CIRCÆ̀A, Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1–2-celled; cells 1-seeded.—Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.)

1. C. Lutetiàna, L. Taller (1–2° high); leaves ovate, slightly toothed; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly.—Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpìna, L. Low (3–8´ high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled fruit soft and slender.—Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.)

Order 43. LOASÀCEÆ. (Loasa Family.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ;—represented here only by the genus

1. MENTZÈLIA, Plumier.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few–many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen.—Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

[*] Seeds few, oblong, not winged; petals 5, not large; filaments all filiform.

1. M. oligospérma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1–3° high), much branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled; flowers yellow (7–10´´ broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9-seeded.—Prairies and plains, Ill. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex.

[*][*] Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined; petals 10, large and showy; outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong; leaves sessile.

2. M. ornàta, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1–2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube leafy-bracteate; petals 2–3´ long, yellowish-white; filaments all filiform or the outer dilated below; capsule 1{½}–2´ long; seeds narrowly margined.—On the plains, W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

3. M. nùda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1–5° high; leaves somewhat lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate; flowers half as large as in the last; calyx not bracteate; outer filaments narrowly dilated, sterile; capsule about 1´ long; seeds plainly winged.—Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

Order 44. PASSIFLORÀCEÆ. (Passion-Flower Family.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placentæ, and as many club-shaped styles.

1. PASSIFLÒRA, L. Passion-Flower.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5; filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved.—Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of flos passionis, a translation of fior della passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. lùtea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1´ broad); fruit ½´ in diameter.—Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and La.

2. P. incarnàta, L. Pubescent; leaves 3–5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2´ broad), nearly white, with a triple purple and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved; fruit as large as a hen's egg.—Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called maypops.

Order 45. CUCURBITÀCEÆ. (Gourd Family.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diœcious or monœcious (often gamopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1–3-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2½ stamens (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous.—Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.—Mostly a tropical or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the Gourd (Lagenària vulgàris), Pumpkin and Squash (species of Cucurbita), Muskmelon (Cùcumis Mèlo), Cucumber (C. satìvus), and Watermelon (Citrúllus vulgàris).

[*] Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual.

[+] Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.

1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.

[+][+] Ovary 2–3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending.

2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous.

[*][*] Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3–5 parietal placentæ. Perennial.

4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.

5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large.

1. SÍCYOS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.—Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulàtus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy.—River-banks, and a weed in damp yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Sept.

2. ECHINOCÝSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat.—Tall climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and κύστις, a bladder, from the prickly fruit.)

1. E. lobàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit oval (2´ long); seeds dark-colored.—Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July–Oct.

3. CYCLANTHÈRA, Schrad.

Flowers monœcious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1–3-) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened.—Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from κύκλος, a circle, and ἀνθήρα, anther.)

1. C. dissécta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3–7-foliolate, the oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed; tendrils simple or bifid; fruit 1´ long, on a short peduncle.—Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

4. MELÒTHRIA, L.

Flowers polygamous or monœcious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campanulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many flat and horizontal seeds.—Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from μήλωθρον, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. péndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval, green, 4–6´´ long.—Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La.

5. CUCÚRBITA, L.

Flowers monœcious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3–5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3–5 parietal placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent.—Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.)

1. C. fœtidíssima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, triangular-cordate; flowers 3–4´ long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2–3´ in diameter. (C. perennis, Gray.)—Central Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Order 46. CACTÀCEÆ. (Cactus Family.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary.—Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentæ.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked; berry succulent.

2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants; the joints flattened or cylindrical.

1. MAMILLÀRIA. Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous.—Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.)

1. M. vivípara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1–5´ high, the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5–8 reddish-brown spines (10´´ long or less), surrounded by 15–20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid; flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval, green; seeds pitted, light brown.—Plains of Dak. to Kan., and westward.

2. M. Missouriénsis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10–20) weaker ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1–2´ broad; berry subglobose, scarlet; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Engelm.)—S. Dak. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

2. OPÚNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination.—Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)

[*] Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.

1. O. vulgàris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly obovate (2–4´ long); leaves minute (2–2½´´ long), ovate-subulate, generally appressed, bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines; flowers pale yellow (about 2´ broad), with about 8 petals; fruit 1´ long.—Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac.

2. O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Prostrate, deep green; joints broadly obovate or orbicular (3–5´ long); leaves (3–4´´ long), spreading; bristles bright red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9–12´´ long) or none; flowers yellow (2½–3½´ broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals 10–12; fruit 1½´ long, with an attenuated base.—Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark.

[*][*] Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly.

3. O. Missouriénsis, DC. Prostrate, joints light green, broadly obovate, flat and tuberculate (2–6´ long), leaves small (1½–2´´ long); their axils armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5–10 slender radiating spines (1–2´ long); flowers light yellow (2–3´ broad), fruit with spines of variable length.—Wisc. to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable.

4. O. frágilis, Haw. Subdecumbent; joints small (1–2´ long or less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly 1´´ long, red; bristles few, larger spines 1–4, cruciate, with 4–6 smaller white radiating ones below; flowers yellow.—Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward.

Order 47. FICOÍDEÆ.

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllaceæ and Portulacaceæ by having the ovary and capsule 2–several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceæ (but the latter wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary.

1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5–60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.

2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.

1. SESÙVIUM, L. Sea Purslane.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5–60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3–5, separate. Pod 3–5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid.—Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)

1. S. pentándrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile, stamens 5. (S. Portulacastrum, Gray, Manual, not L.)—Sea coast, N. J. to Fla.

2. MOLLÙGO, L. Indian-Chickweed.

Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.—Low homely annuals, much branched, the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

M. verticillàta, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming patches; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel, stamens usually 3.—Sandy river-banks, and cultivated grounds. June–Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

Order 48. UMBELLÍFERÆ. (Parsley Family.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (carpophore); each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the interstices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittæ), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen.—Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base, rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones are termed umbellets; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general umbel is the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels. The base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called the stylopodium. In many the flowers are dichogamous, i.e. the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop,—an arrangement for cross-fertilization.—A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is consequently difficult for the young student.

I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.

1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.

2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.

II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel).

[*] Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.

[+] Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.

[++] Lateral wings distinct; oil-tubes usually more than one in the intervals.

3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves.

4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound.

[++][++] Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium thick-conical.

5. Tiedemannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles.

6. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.

[+][+] Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers.

7. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.

8. Polytænia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes.

[+][+][+] Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopodium.

9. Peucedanum. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry ground, with thick roots and finely dissected leaves.

[*][*] Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.

[+] Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting.

10. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with pinnately compound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Western.

11. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flowers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary.

[+][+] Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white.

12. Ligusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes numerous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves.

13. Æthusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes solitary. Introduced annual.

14. Cœlopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, adherent to the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial.

[+][+][+] Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary.

15. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.

[*][*][*] Fruit flattened laterally.

[+] Carpels depressed dorsally; fruit short.

[++] Seed-face flat; flowers mostly yellow.

16. Fœniculum. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform-dissected leaves.

17. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with compound leaves.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; flowers white (yellow in n. 20); ribs filiform or obsolete.

18. Eulophus. Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves.

19. Anthriscus. Fruit linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound.

20. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium. Leaves simple, perfoliate.

[+][+] Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally; flowers white (except n. 24).

[++] Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short.

[=] Leaves 3-foliolate; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary.

21. Cryptotænia. Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong.

[=][=] Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials.

22. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.

23. Berula. Fruit nearly globose; ribs inconspicuous; pericarp thick and corky.

[=][=][=] Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). Perennials.

24. Zizia. Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow.

25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments filiform. Roots tuberous.

26. Cicuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaflets, the veins often running to the notches.

27. Ægopodium. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes none; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate.

[=][=][=][=] Leaves finely dissected; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender annuals.

28. Leptocaulis. Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent equal ribs.

29. Discopleura. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no oil-tubes.

30. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound leaves.

[++][++][++] Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.

31. Chærophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes.

32. Osmorrhiza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete.

[+][+][+] Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.

[++] Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face; umbels compound, leafy-bracted.

33. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.

[++][++] Seed straight, not sulcate; umbels simple.

34. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials, in or near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.

[*][*][*][*] Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.

35. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly rigid and more or less spinose.

36. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves palmate.

1. DAÙCUS, Tourn. Carrot.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium depressed; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the commissural side; seed-face somewhat concave or almost flat.—Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in compound umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.)

D. Caròta, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate and cuspidate; rays numerous.—Naturalized everywhere, from Eu.

2. CAUCÀLIS, L.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; stylopodium conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply sulcate. Otherwise as Daucus.—Our species annual. (The ancient Greek name.)

C. nodòsa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1–2° long, retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays.—Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Anthríscus, Hudson, has 1–2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and more regularly compounded umbels.—Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANGÉLICA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; primary ribs very prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or indefinite, 2 to 10 on the commissure.—Stout perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.)

[*] Seed adherent to the pericarp; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals; uppermost leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.

1. A. Curtísii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate (1–3´ broad), sharply and irregularly toothed; fruit glabrous, 1½–3´´ broad; oil-tubes mostly one in the intervals (sometimes 2 or 3).—Along the Alleghanies from Penn. to N. C. Aug.

2. A. hirsùta, Muhl. Pubescent above; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to oblong (5–10´´ broad), serrate; fruit pubescent, 2´´ broad; oil-tubes 3–6 in the intervals. (Archangelica hirsuta, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry ground, Conn. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.

[*][*] Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25–30); upper petioles not so prominent.

3. A. atropurpùrea, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark purple stem; leaves 2–3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5–7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets (1–1½´ broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffm.)—River-banks, Lab. to Del., Ill. and Minn. June.

4. CONIOSELÌNUM, Fisch. Hemlock-Parsley.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended into broad wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 4–8 on the commissure; seed slightly concave on the inner face.—Tall slender glabrous perennial, with finely 2–3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, involucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compounded of Conium and Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.)

1. C. Canadénse, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2–3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4.—Swamps and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher mountains), Ind., Ill., and Mo. Aug.–Oct.

5. TIEDEMÁNNIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure; stylopodium short, thick-conical.—Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifòlia, DC. Stem hollow, 2–6° high; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed nodose petioles; oil-tubes filling the intervals.—Ponds and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept.

2. T. rígida, Coult. & Rose. (Cowbane.) Stem 2–5° high; leaves simply pinnate, with 3–9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, DC.)—Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous.

6. HERACLÈUM, L. Cow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle.—Tall stout perennial, with large ternately compound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanàtum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4–8° high; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed.—Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and southward to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June.

7. PASTINÀCA, L. Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2–4 on the commissure; stylopodium depressed.—Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

P. satìva, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed.—Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. POLYTÆ̀NIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes 12–18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp.—A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from πολύς, many, and ταινία, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttàllii, DC. Plant 2–3° high; pedicels and involucels pubescent.—Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

9. PEUCÉDANUM, L.

Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure.—Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. P. nudicaùle, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3–8´ high; leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of scarious-margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white or pinkish; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, with wings hardly as broad as the body, and indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.—Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.

2. P. fœniculàceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8–12´ long; leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels gamophyllous, 5–7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals.—Minn. to Tex. March–April.

3. P. villòsum, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3–8´ high; leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; involucels of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals.—Minn. to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.

10. CYMÓPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2–8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.—Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root, more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From κῦμα, a wave, and πτερόν, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings.)

1. C. glomeràtus, Raf. Low (3–8´), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5–7-parted bractlet; fruit globose (3–4´´ in diam.); wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals.—Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.

2. C. montànus, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1–6´ high), glaucous and mostly glabrous; rays 3–9´´ long, pedicels very short; involucre and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3–6´´ long); wings thin; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals.—Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.

11. THÁSPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long.—Perennials (2–5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. aùreum, Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate; flowers deep yellow; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2´´ long, all the ribs equally winged.—Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being

Var. trifoliàtum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately toothed. (T. trifoliatum, Gray, Man., in part.)—Ohio to Ill., westward to Oregon. The common western form.

Var. atropurpùreum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, var. atropurpureum, Gray, Man.)—Same range as the species.

2. T. barbinòde, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels; leaves 1–3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, about 3´´ long and 2´´ broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings.—Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May–June.—Var. angustifòlium, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent.—Penn. to Ill.

3. T. pinnatífidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but puberulent on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets 1–2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 1½–2½´´ long and 1–1½´´ broad, all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, Shuttlew. in herb.)—Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

12. LIGÚSTICUM, L. Lovage.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes 2–6 in the intervals, 6–10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical.—Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. actæifòlium, Michx. (Nondo. Angelico.) Stem stout, branched above (2–6° high); leaves very large, 3–4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong (2–5´ long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2–3´´ long); seed with angled back.—Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.

2. L. Scóticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Stem simple (1–2° high); leaves biternate; leaflets ovate (1–2´ long), coarsely toothed; fruit narrowly oblong (4–5´´ long); seed with round back.—Salt marshes, along the coast from Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ÆTHÙSA, L. Fool's Parsley.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Poisonous annuals, with 2–3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels, and white flowers. (Name from αἴθω, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

Æ. Cynàpium, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June–Aug.

14. CŒLOPLEÙRUM, Ledeb.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp.—Stout glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2–3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From κοῖλος, hollow, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

1. C. Gmélini, Ledeb. Stem 1–3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate (2–2½´ long); fruit 2–3½´´ long. (Archangelica Gmelini, DC.)—Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland.

15. CRÁNTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. lineàta, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1–3´ long, 1–2´´ broad; fruit 1´´ long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.—In brackish marshes along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.

16. FŒNÍCULUM, Adans. Fennel.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tubes.—Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from fœnum, hay.)

F. officinàle, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.

17. PIMPINÉLLA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium.—Glabrous perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed from bipinnula, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)

1. P. integérrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1–3° high, slender, branching; leaves 2–3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2´´ long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, DC.)—Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May.

P. Saxífraga, L., var. màjor, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1´´ long; stylopodium cushion-like.—Rocky shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. EÙLOPHUS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs; oil-tubes 1–5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.—Glabrous perennials (3–5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from εὖ, well, and λόφος, a crest,—not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. E. Americànus, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, 1–2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; fruit 2–3´´ long.—Ohio to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July.

19. ANTHRÍSCUS, Hoffm. Chervil.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, glabrous, without ribs (but beak ribbed); oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical, seed-face sulcate.—Resembling Chærophyllum in vegetative characters. (The ancient Roman name.)

A. Cerefòlium, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chærophyllum sativum, L.)—Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.)

20. BUPLEÙRUM, L. Thorough-wax.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes, depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave.—Smooth annual, with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from βοῦς, an ox, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

B. rotundifòlium, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground, N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. CRYPTOTÆ̀NIA, DC. Honewort.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane.—A glabrous perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from κρυπτός, hidden, and ταινία, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Canadénsis, DC. Plant 1–3° high; leaflets large, ovate (2–4´ long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and unequally few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2–3´´ long, often becoming curved.—N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June–Sept.

22. SÌUM, Tourn. Water Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with prominent corky nearly equal ribs; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals; stylopodium depressed; seed-face plane.—Smooth perennials, growing in water or wet places, with pinnate leaves and serrate or pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of numerous narrow bracts, and white flowers. (From σίον, the Greek name of some marsh plant.)

1. S. cicutæfòlium, Gmelin. Stout, 2–6° high; leaflets 3–8 pairs, linear to lanceolate, sharply serrate and mostly acuminate, 2–5´ long (lower leaves sometimes submersed and finely dissected, as in the next); fruit 1½´´ long, with prominent ribs. (S. lineare, Michx.)—Throughout N. America.

2. S. Carsònii, Durand. Weak, 1–2° high; leaflets 1–3 pairs, linear, sharply serrate, 1–2´ long; when submersed or floating, very thin, ovate to oblong, usually laciniately toothed or dissected, the leaf sometimes reduced to the terminal leaflet; fruit about 1´´ long.—Mass., R. I., Conn., and Penn.

23. BÉRULA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit nearly round, emarginate at base, glabrous; carpels nearly globose, with very slender inconspicuous ribs and thick corky pericarp; oil-tubes numerous and contiguous about the seed-cavity; seed terete.—Smooth aquatic perennial, with simply pinnate leaves and variously cut leaflets, usually conspicuous involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (The Latin name of the Water-cress, of Celtic origin.)

1. B. angustifòlia, Koch. Erect, ½–3° high, leaflets 5–9 pairs, linear to oblong or ovate, serrate to cut-toothed, often laciniately lobed, sometimes crenate (½–3´ long); fruit scarcely 1´´ long. (Sium angustifolium, L.)—Throughout the U. S. July, Aug.

24. ZÍZIA, Koch.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate to oblong, glabrous, with filiform ribs; oil-tubes large and solitary in the broad intervals, and a small one in each rib; stylopodium wanting; seed terete.—Smooth perennials (1–3° high), with mostly Thaspium-like leaves, no involucre, involucels of small bractlets, yellow flowers, and the central fruit of each umbellet sessile. Flowering in early spring in open prairies and upland meadows. (Named for I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)

1. Z. aùrea, Koch. Leaves (except the uppermost) 2–3-ternate the radical very long-petioled; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, sharply serrate; rays 15–25, stout (1–2´ long); fruit oblong, about 2´´ long. (Thaspium aureum, var. apterum, Gray, Manual.)—Atlantic States, west to Minn. and Tex.

Var. Bébbii, Coult. & Rose. A more slender mountain form, with leaflets more coarsely serrate, the radical leaves smaller and more simple; rays 2–8, slender (2–3´ long); fruit oval, 1–1½´´ long.—W. Va. and Va. to Ga.

2. Z. cordàta, DC. Radical leaves mostly long-petioled, cordate or even rounder, crenately toothed, very rarely lobed or divided; stem-leaves simply ternate or quinate, with the ovate or lanceolate leaflets serrate, incised, or sometimes parted; fruit ovate, 1½´´ long. (Thaspium trifoliatum, var. apterum, Gray, Manual.)—Same range as the preceding, but extending farther westward.

25. CÀRUM, L. Caraway.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with filiform or inconspicuous ribs; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or nearly so.—Smooth erect slender herbs, with fusiform or tuberous roots, pinnate leaves, involucre and involucels of few to many bracts, and white (or yellowish) flowers. (Name perhaps from the country, Caria.)

C. Cárui, L. (Caraway.) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform divisions.—Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Petroselìnum, Benth., the common Parsley, from Europe, with 3-pinnate leaves, ovate 3-cleft leaflets, and greenish yellow flowers, is occasionally found as an escape from cultivation. (Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm.)

26. CICÙTA, L. Water-Hemlock.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit oblong to nearly orbicular, glabrous, with strong flattish corky ribs (the lateral largest); oil-tubes conspicuous, solitary; stylopodium depressed; seed nearly terete.—Smooth marsh perennials, very poisonous, with pinnately compound leaves and serrate leaflets, involucre usually none, involucels of several slender bractlets, and white flowers. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. maculàta, L. (Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver-Poison.) Stem stout, 2–6° high, streaked with purple; leaves 2–3-pinnate, the lower on long petioles; leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1–5´ long), acuminate, coarsely serrate, the veins passing to the notches; pedicels in the umbellets numerous, very unequal; fruit broadly ovate to oval, 1–1½´´ long.—Throughout the U. S. Aug.

2. C. bulbífera, L. Rather slender, 1–3° high; leaves 2–3-pinnate (sometimes appearing ternate); leaflets linear, sparsely toothed (1–2´ long); upper axils bearing clustered bulblets; fruit (rare) scarcely 1´´ long.—Common in swamps, N. Scotia to Del., west to Minn. and Iowa.

27. ÆGOPÒDIUM, L. Goutweed.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs, and no oil-tubes; stylopodium conical and prominent; seed nearly terete.—A coarse glabrous perennial, with creeping rootstock, biternate leaves, sharply toothed ovate leaflets, and rather large naked umbels of white flowers. (Name from αἴξ, goat, and πόδιον, a little foot, probably from the shape of the leaflets.)

Æ. Podagrària, L., a common and troublesome weed in Europe, is reported from R. I. to Del. and E. Penn.

28. LEPTOCAÙLIS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit very small, ovate, usually bristly or tuberculate, with somewhat prominent ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals; stylopodium conical; seed-face plane or somewhat concave.—Very slender smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves (segments filiform or linear), and small white flowers in very unequally few-rayed pedunculate umbels. (Name from λεπτός, slender, and καυλός, a stem.)

1. L. divaricàtus, DC. Plant 1–2° high, with branches and umbels diffusely spreading, the very slender rays ½–1´ long and the longer pedicels often 3–6´´ long; fruit tuberculate, ½´´ long. (Apium divaricatum, Benth. & Hook.)—N. C. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.; reported from Kan. April.

2. L. pàtens, Nutt. Of similar habit, but the umbels shorter and more strict, the rays 3–6´´ long or less and the pedicels short; fruit densely sharp-tuberculate or nearly smooth. (Apiastrum patens, Coult. & Rose.)—Central Neb. to Tex. and N. Mex.

29. DISCOPLEÙRA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed.

Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate, glabrous; carpel with dorsal ribs filiform to broad and obtuse, the lateral very thick and corky, those of the two carpels closely contiguous and forming a dilated obtuse or acute corky band; oil-tubes solitary, stylopodium conical; seed nearly terete.—Smooth branching annuals, with finely dissected leaves, involucre of foliaceous bracts, involucels of prominent or minute bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from δίσκος, a disk, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

1. D. capillàcea, DC. Plant 1–2° high (or even 5–6°); leaves dissected into filiform divisions; umbel 5–20-rayed, involucre of filiform bracts usually cleft or parted, and involucels more or less prominent, fruit 1–1½´´ long, ovate, acute.—Wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and Tex. June–Oct.

2. D. Nuttàllii, DC. Similar in habit; involucral bracts short and entire; fruit very small (½´´ long), as broad as high, blunt.—Ill. (?) to Ark., La., and Tex.

30. CONÌUM, L. Poison Hemlock.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, somewhat flattened at the sides, glabrous, with prominent wavy ribs; oil-tubes none, but a layer of secreting cells next the seed, whose face is deeply and narrowly concave.—Poisonous biennial, with spotted stems, large decompound leaves with lanceolate pinnatifid leaflets, involucre and involucels of narrow bracts, and white flowers. (Κώνειον, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.)

C. maculàtum, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places, N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn.

31. CHÆROPHÝLLUM, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit narrowly oblong to linear, notched at base, with short beak or none, and equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, seed-face more or less deeply grooved.—Moist ground annuals, with ternately decompound leaves, pinnatifid leaflets with oblong obtuse lobes, mostly no involucre, involucels of many bractlets, and white flowers. (Name from χαίρω, to gladden, and φύλλον, a leaf, alluding to the agreeable odor of the foliage.)

1. C. procúmbens, Crantz. More or less hairy; stems slender, spreading (6–18´ high); umbels few-rayed; fruit narrowly oblong (2½–3½´´ long), glabrous, contracted but not tapering at the summit, the intervals broader than the ribs.—N. Y. to N. C., west to Mich., Iowa, Ark., and Miss.

Var. Shórtii, Torr. & Gray, has more broadly oblong to ovate (often somewhat pubescent) fruit, not at all contracted at the summit.—Ky. to Ark. and La.

32. OSMORRHÌZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear to linear-oblong, with prominent caudate attenuation at base, very bristly, with equal ribs; oil-tubes obsolete; seed-face concave.—Glabrous to hirsute perennials (1–3° high) from thick aromatic roots, with ternately compound leaves, ovate variously toothed leaflets, few-leaved involucres and involucels, and white flowers in few-rayed and few-fruited umbels. (Name from ὀσμή, a scent, and ῥίζα, a root.)

1. O. brevístylis, DC. Rather stout, villous-pubescent; leaves 2–3-ternate; leaflets 2–3´ long, acuminate; fruit (not including the caudate attenuation) 6´´ long; stylopodium and style ½´´ long.—From N. Scotia westward through the Northern States, and in the mountains to N. C. May, June.

2. O. longístylis, DC. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; like the last, but with the style 1´´ long or more, and the seed-face more deeply and broadly concave.—N. Scotia to Va., and west to Tenn., E. Kan., and Dak.

33. ERIGÈNIA, Nutt. Harbinger-of-Spring.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit didymous, nearly orbicular and laterally flattened, the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender ribs, and several (1–3) small oil-tubes in the intervals; inner face of the seed hollowed into a broad deep cavity.—A small glabrous vernal plant, producing from a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2–3-ternately divided leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and leafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers few, white. (Name from ἠριγένεια, born in the spring.)

1. E. bulbòsa, Nutt. Stem 3–9´ high; leaf-segments linear-oblong; fruit 1´´ long, 1½´´ broad.—W. New York to Md. and Tenn., and west to Wisc., S. E. Minn., and Kan.

34. HYDROCÓTYLE, Tourn. Water Pennywort.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened laterally, orbicular or shield-shaped; the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened margin; oil-tubes none, but usually a conspicuous oil-bearing layer beneath the epidermis.—Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials, with slender creeping stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves, with scale-like stipules. Flowers small, white, in simple umbels or clusters, which are either single or proliferous (one above another), appearing all summer. (Name from ὕδωρ, water, and κοτύλη, a flat cup, the peltate leaves of several species being somewhat cup-shaped.)

[*] Pericarp thin except at the broad corky dorsal and lateral ribs; leaves round-peltate, crenate; peduncles as long as the petioles, from creeping rootstocks.

[+] Fruit notched at base and apex; intermediate ribs corky.

1. H. umbellàta, L. Umbels many-flowered, simple (sometimes proliferous); pedicels 2–6´´ long; fruit about 1½´´ broad, strongly notched, the dorsal ribs prominent but obtuse.—Mass. to Minn., south to the Gulf.

2. H. Cánbyi, Coult. & Rose. Umbels 3–9-flowered, generally proliferous; pedicels very short, but distinct; fruit about 2 lines broad; carpels broader and more flattened than in the preceding, sharper margined, the dorsal and lateral ribs much more prominent; seed-section much narrower. (H. umbellata, var.? ambigua, Gray, Manual).—N. J. to Md.

[+][+] Fruit not notched; intermediate ribs not corky.

3. H. verticillàta, Thunb. Umbels few-flowered, proliferous, forming an interrupted spike; pedicels very short or none; fruit 1½–2´´ broad; dorsal and lateral ribs very prominent. (H. interrupta, Muhl.)—Mass. to Fla.

[*][*] Pericarp uniformly corky-thickened and ribs all filiform; leaves not peltate; peduncles much shorter than the petioles.

[+] Fruit small, without secondary ribs or reticulations; involucre small or none.

4. H. Americàna, L. Stems filiform, branching and creeping; leaves thin, round-reniform, crenate-lobed and the lobes crenate, shining; few-flowered umbels axillary and almost sessile; fruit less than 1´´ broad; intermediate ribs prominent; no oil-bearing layer; seed-section broadly oval.—Common. (Addendum) Propagating by filiform tuberiferous stolons.

5. H. ranunculoìdes, L. f. Usually floating; leaves thicker, round-reniform, 3–7-cleft, the lobes crenate; peduncles 1–3´ long, reflexed in fruit; capitate umbel 5–10-flowered; fruit 1–1½´´ broad; ribs rather obscure; seed-section oblong.—E. Penn. to Fla., thence westward.

[+][+] Fruit larger (2–2½´´ broad), with prominent secondary ribs and reticulations; the 2–4-flowered umbel subtended by two conspicuous bracts.