Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. (continued 2)

3. N. obtùsum, Nutt. Stems much branched, diffusely spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or repand; flowers minute, short-pedicelled; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from linear-oblong to short-oval; style short.—With n. 1 and 2.

4. N. palústre, DC. (Marsh Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnately cleft or parted, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; pedicels about as long as the small flowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or ovoid pods; style short.—Wet places or in shallow water; common. June–Sept.—Flowers only 1–1½´´ long. Stems 1–3° high.—The typical form with oblong pods is rare. Short pods and hirsute stems and leaves are common. Var. híspidum is a form with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

§ 3. Petals white, much longer than the calyx; pods ovoid or globular; leaves undivided, or the lower ones pinnatifid; root perennial.

5. N. lacústre, Gray. (Lake Cress.) Aquatic; immersed leaves 1–3-pinnately dissected into numerous capillary divisions; emersed leaves oblong, entire, serrate, or pinnatifid; pedicels widely spreading; pods ovoid, 1-celled, a little longer than the style.—Lakes and rivers, N. E. New York to N. J., Minn., and southwestward. July–Aug.—Near N. amphibium.

N. Armoràcia, Fries. (Horseradish.) Root-leaves very large, oblong, crenate, rarely pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate; fruiting pedicels ascending; pods globular (seldom formed); style very short. (Cochlearia Armoracia, L.)—Roots large and long; a well-known condiment. Escaped from cultivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. BARBARÈA, R. Br. Winter Cress.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided, the valves being keeled by a mid-nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accumbent.—Mostly biennials, resembling Nasturtium; flowers yellow. (Anciently called the Herb of St. Barbara.)

1. B. vulgàris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.) Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and usually large, the lateral 1–4 pairs or rarely wanting; upper leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. stricta, appressed; in var. arcuàta, ascending on spreading pedicels.—Low grounds and roadsides; apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior northward and westward. (Eu.)

B. præ̀cox, R. Br. (Early Winter C.), with 5–8 pairs of lateral lobes to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels,—yet probably only a variety of the other,—somewhat cultivated from N. Y. southward as a winter salad, under the name of Scurvy-Grass,—is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)

13. HÉSPERIS, Tourn. Rocket.

Pod linear, nearly cylindrical; stigma lobed, erect. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent.—Biennial or perennial, with serrate sessile or petiolate leaves, and large purple flowers. (Name from ἑσπέρα, evening, from the evening fragrance of the flowers.)

H. matronàlis, L. (Dame's Violet.) Tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, mostly petiolate; pods 2–4´ long, spreading.—Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

14. ERÝSIMUM, Tourn. Treacle Mustard.

Pod linear, 4-sided, the valves keeled with a strong midrib; stigma broadly lobed. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons (often obliquely) incumbent.—Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers; the leaves not clasping. Pubescence of appressed 2–3-parted hairs. (Name from ἐρύω, to draw blisters.)

1. E. ásperum, DC. (Western Wall-flower.) Minutely roughish-hoary; stem simple, leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or somewhat toothed; pods nearly erect or widely spreading on short pedicels, elongated (3–4´ long), exactly 4-sided; stigma 2-lobed.—Ohio (on limestone cliffs) to Ill., Ark., Dak., and common westward. June, July.—Plant stout, 1–2° high; the crowded bright orange-yellow flowers as large as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular, on very slender claws.

2. E. cheiranthoìdes, L. (Worm-seed Mustard.) Minutely roughish, branching, slender; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed; flowers small; pods small and short (7–12´´ long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender divergent pedicels.—Banks of streams, Mass. to Penn., Minn., and northward. July. (Eu.)

3. E. parviflòrum, Nutt. Stem erect, often simple; leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire or the lowest coarsely toothed; flowers small (3´´ long); pods narrow, 1–2½´ long, ascending on short pedicels.—Minn. to Kan. and westward.

15. SISÝMBRIUM, Tourn. Hedge Mustard.

Pod terete, flattish or 4–6-sided, the valves 1–3-nerved; stigma small, entire. Seeds oblong, marginless, in 1 or 2 rows in each cell. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open.—Flowers small, white or yellow. Pubescence spreading. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours are mostly annuals or biennials.

1. S. hùmile, Meyer. Perennial, branching from the base, sparingly pubescent, 6´ high or less; leaves narrowly oblanceolate, mostly coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers white or rose-color; pods very narrow, subterete, 4–9´´ long, ascending on short pedicels, beaked with a short style, seeds 1-ranked. (Arabis petræa, Man., not Lam.)—Willoughby Mountain, Vt.; Canada and westward. (N. Asia.)

2. S. canéscens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.) Leaves 2-pinnatifid, often hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed; flowers yellowish, very small; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than their mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds 2-ranked in each cell.—Penn. and N. Y. to Lake Superior, thence southward and westward. June–Aug.

S. Sóphia, L. A similar hoary species, with decompound leaves; pods slender, 6–15´´ long, ascending; seeds 1-ranked.—Sparingly naturalized from Europe.

S. officinàle, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runcinate; flowers very small, pale yellow; pods awl-shaped, close pressed to the stem, scarcely stalked.—Waste places. May–Sept.—An unsightly branched weed, 2–3° high. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. Thaliàna, Gaud. (Mouse-ear Cress.) Leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed; flowers white; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than the slender spreading pedicels.—Old fields and rocks, Mass. to Kan. April, May.—A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. Alliària, Scop. Stout, erect; leaves reniform to ovate-cordate, coarsely repand-dentate; flowers white; pods tapering, 1–2´ long, ascending on very stout spreading pedicels.—Near Georgetown, D. C. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. THELYPÒDIUM, Endl.

Pod terete or teretish; valves 1-nerved; stigma mostly entire. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledons obliquely incumbent.—Stout biennials or perennials, with mostly large purplish or white flowers. Leaves or petioles often auricled at base. (Name from θῆλυς, female, and πούς, foot, the ovary in some species being stipitate.)

1. T. pinnatífidum, Watson. Glabrous (1–3° high), often branched above; root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles; stem-leaves auricled, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate (2–6´ long), sharply and often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole, rarely bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes; flowers purplish; pods 1–1½´ long, on short diverging pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Arabis hesperidoides, Gray.) Alluvial river-banks, Ohio to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. May, June.

17. BRÁSSICA (Brassica and Sinàpis), Tourn.

Pod linear or oblong, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-seeded beak or a rigid style; valves 1–5-nerved. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. Cotyledons incumbent, folded around the radicle.—Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of the Cabbage. Sinapis is the Greek σίναπι, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.)

B. Sinapístrum, Boiss. (or Sinàpis arvénsis, L., the English Charlock), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak (which is either empty or 1-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a noxious weed in grain-fields, from N. Eng. to Penn. and N. Y. westward. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. (or Sinàpis) álba. (White Mustard.) Pods bristly, ascending on spreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped 1-seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult. and adv. from Eu.)

B. (or Sinàpis) nìgra, Koch. (Black Mustard.) Pods smooth (½´ long), 4-cornered (the valves only 1-nerved), erect on appressed pedicels forming a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style; seeds dark brown, smaller and more pungent than in the last; lower leaves with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones.—Fields and waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

B. campéstris, L., in the form of the Rutabaga and the Turnip, sometimes persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

18. CAPSÉLLA, Medic. Shepherd's Purse.

Pod obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent.—Annuals; flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of capsa, a box.)

C. Bursa-pastòris, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile.—Waste places; the commonest of weeds. April–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. THLÁSPI, Tourn. Pennycress.

Pod orbicular, obovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing. Seeds 2–8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals equal.—Low plants, with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small white or purplish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from θλάω, to crush, from the flattened pod.)

T. arvénse, L. (Field P. or Mithridate Mustard.) A smooth annual, with broadly winged pod ½´ in diameter, several seeded, deeply notched at top; style minute.—Waste places; rarely naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

20. LEPÍDIUM, Tourn. Pepperwort. Peppergrass.

Pod roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the valves boat-shaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons incumbent, or in n. 1 accumbent! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Name from λεπίδιον, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.)—Ours are annuals or biennials, except the last.

[*] Leaves all with a tapering base, the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the lower and often the middle ones incised or pinnatifid; pods orbicular or oval, with a small notch at the top; the style minute or none; stamens only 2.

1. L. Virgínicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotyledons accumbent and seed minutely margined; pod marginless or obscurely margined at the top; petals present, except in some of the later flowers.—June–Sept. A common roadside weed, which has immigrated from farther south.

2. L. intermèdium, Gray. Cotyledons incumbent as in the following; pod minutely wing-margined at the top; petals usually minute or wanting; otherwise nearly as in n. 1.—Dry places, from western N. Y. and N. Ill., north and westward.

L. ruderàle, L. More diffuse, the smaller and oval pods and the seeds marginless; petals always wanting.—Roadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, etc.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.

L. campéstre, Br. Minutely soft downy; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat toothed; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch.—Old fields, Mass. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. Dràba, L. Perennial, obscurely hoary; leaves oval or oblong, the upper with broad clasping auricles; flowers corymbose; pods heart-shaped, wingless, thickish, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style.—Astoria, near New York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.)

21. SENEBIÈRA, DC. Wart-Cress. Swine-Cress.

Pod flattened contrary to the narrow partition; the two cells indehiscent and falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly wrinkled or tuberculate, 1 seeded. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded transversely. Low and diffuse or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute whitish flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Senebier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.)

S. dídyma, Pers. Leaves 1–2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the apex, rough-wrinkled.—Waste places, at ports, E. Mass. to Va., etc.; an immigrant from farther south.

S. Coronòpus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes; pods not notched at the apex, tubercled.—At ports, R. I. to Va., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

22. CAKÌLE, Tourn. Sea-Rocket.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity; each indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower sometimes seedless. Seed erect in the upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely accumbent.—Seaside fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americàna, Nutt. (American Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obovate, sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate; the upper ovate, flattish at the apex.—Coast of the Northern States and of the Great Lakes. July–Sept.—Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper one 4-angled and appearing more beaked when dry.

23. RÁPHANUS, Tourn. Radish.

Pods linear or oblong, tapering upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, continuous and spongy within between the seeds, or necklace-form by constriction between the seeds, with no proper partition. Style long. Seeds spherical and cotyledons conduplicate, as in Brassica.—Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from ῥαι, quickly, and φαίνω, to appear, alluding to the rapid germination.)

R. Raphanístrum, L. (Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.) Pods necklace-form, long-beaked; leaves lyre-shaped, rough; petals yellow, turning whitish or purplish, veiny.—A troublesome weed in fields, E. New Eng. to Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 11. CAPPARIDÀCEÆ. (Caper Family.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform flowers, but 6 or more not tetradynamous stamens, a 1-celled pod with 2 parietal placentæ, and kidney-shaped seeds.—Pod as in Cruciferæ, but with no partition; seeds similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. Leaves alternate, mostly palmately compound.—Often with the acrid or pungent qualities of Cruciferæ (as in capers, the flower-buds of Cápparis spinòsa).

1. Polanisia. Stamens 8 or more. Pod many-seeded, not or scarcely stipitate.

2. Cleome. Stamens 6. Pod linear, many-seeded, long stipitate.

3. Cleomella. Stamens 6. Pod very short, rhomboidal, few-seeded, long-stipitate.

1. POLANÍSIA, Raf.

Petals with claws, notched at the apex. Stamens 8–32, unequal. Receptacle not elongated, bearing a gland behind the base of the ovary. Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.—Fetid annuals, with glandular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy racemes. (Name from πολύς, many, and ἄνισος, unequal, points in which the genus differs in its stamens from Cleome.)

1. P. gravèolens, Raf. Leaves with 3 oblong leaflets; stamens about 11, scarcely exceeding the petals; style short; pod slightly stipitate.—Gravelly shores, from Conn. and W. Vt. to Minn. and Kan. June–Aug.—Flowers small (2–3´´ long); calyx and filaments purplish; petals yellowish-white.

2. P. trachyspérma, Torr. & Gray. Flowers larger (4–5´´ long), the stamens (12–16) long-exserted; style 2–3´´ long; pod sessile; seeds usually rough.—Iowa to Kan. and westward.

2. CLEÒME, L.

Petals entire, with claws. Stamens 6. Receptacle somewhat produced between the petals and stamens, and bearing a gland behind the stipitate ovary. Pod linear to oblong, many-seeded.—Our species a glabrous annual, with 3-foliolate leaves, leafy-bracteate racemes, and rose-colored or white flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation, early applied to some mustard-like plant.)

1. C. integrifòlia, Torr. & Gray. Calyx 4-cleft; petals with very short claws, leaflets narrowly lanceolate to oblong; bracts simple; pod oblong to linear, 1–2´ long, the stipe as long as the pedicel.—Minn. to Kan. and westward; N. Ill. Flowers showy; 2–3° high.

(Addendum) C. spinòsa, L. Viscid-pubescent, 3–4° high; a pair of short stipular spines under the petiole of each leaf; leaflets 5–7, oblong-lanceolate; flowers large, rose-purple to white; stamens 2–3´ long; stipe of the linear pod about 2´ long. (C. pungens, Willd.)—An escape from cultivation, near Mt. Carmel, Ill. (Schneck), and in waste grounds southward; also on ballast. (Int. from Trop. Amer.)

3. CLEOMÉLLA, DC.

Differing from Cleome in the clawless petals, glandless receptacle, and the short few-seeded pod with more or less distended or even conical valves. Flowers small, yellow. (Name a diminutive of Cleome.)

1. C. angustifòlia, Torr. Glabrous, 1–2° high; leaflets (3) and simple bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, acute; pod rhomboidal, the valves very bluntly conical; stipe shorter than the pedicel.—Kan. to Tex. and westward.

Order 12. RESEDÀCEÆ. (Mignonette Family.)

Herbs, with unsymmetrical 4–7-merous small flowers, a fleshy 1-sided hypogynous disk between the petals and the (3–40) stamens, bearing the latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Capsule 3–6-lobed, 3–6-horned, 1-celled with 3–6-parietal placentæ, opening at the top before the seeds (which are as in Order 11) are full grown.—Leaves alternate, with only glands for stipules. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.—A small and unimportant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette (Reseda odorata) and the Dyer's Weed.

1. RESÈDA, Tourn. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket.

Petals 4–7, cleft, unequal. Stamens 12–40, on one side of the flower. (Name from resedo, to calm, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

R. Lutèola, L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate; calyx 4-parted; petals 4, greenish-yellow; the upper one 3–5-cleft, the two lateral 3-cleft, the lower one linear and entire; capsule depressed.—Roadsides, N. Y., etc.—Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)

R. Lùtea, L. Leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipinnatifid; sepals and petals 6, stamens 15–20.—Nantucket, Mass., and ballast-grounds.

Order 13. CISTÀCEÆ. (Rock-rose Family.)

Low shrubs or herbs, with regular flowers, distinct and hypogynous mostly indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a 1-celled 3–5-valved capsule with as many parietal placentæ borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous albuminous seeds.—Sepals 5; the two external much smaller, bract-like, or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals 3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. Anthers short, innate, on slender filaments. Style single or none. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. Embryo long and slender, straightish or curved, in mealy albumen; cotyledons narrow.—Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite, and the upper alternate. Inert plants.

1. Helianthemum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (or none). Stigma nearly sessile. Stamens and ovules numerous in the petal-bearing flowers.

2. Hudsonia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9–30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2–6-seeded. Heath-like.

3. Lechea. Petals 3, persistent. Stamens 3–12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, the imperfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentæ.

1. HELIÁNTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock-rose.

Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. Styles short or none in our species; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule strictly 1-celled. Embryo curved in the form of a hook or ring.—Flowers in most N. American species of two sorts, viz., primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens and many-seeded pods; and secondary, or later ones, which are much smaller and in clusters, with small petals or none, 3–10 stamens, and much smaller 3–few-seeded pods. The yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. (Name from ἥλιος, the sun, and ἄνθεμον, flower.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. (Frost-weed.) Petal-bearing flowers solitary; the small secondary flowers clustered in the axils of the leaves, nearly sessile; calyx of the large flowers hairy-pubescent, of the small ones hoary, like the stem and lower side of the lanceolate-oblong leaves.—Sandy or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Minn. and southward. June–Aug.—Stems at first simple. Corolla of the large flowers 1´ wide, producing pods 3´´ long; pods of the smaller flowers not larger than a pin's head. A variety is more hoary, and with a stronger tendency to multiply the minute clustered flowers. Late in autumn crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root, whence the popular name.

2. H. corymbòsum, Michx. Flowers all clustered at the summit of the stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks; calyx woolly.—Pine barrens, N. J. and southward along the coast.

2. HUDSÒNIA, L.

Petals 5, fugacious (lasting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Stamens 9–30. Style long and slender; stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed in the calyx, strictly 1-celled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook.—Bushy heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot high), covered all over with the small awl-shaped or scale-like alternate persistent downy leaves, producing numerous (small but showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper part of the branches. (Named in honor of Wm. Hudson, an early English botanist.)

1. H. ericoìdes, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; ovary hairy.—Dry sandy soil near the coast, E. Maine to Va.; N. Conway, N. H. (Miss Minns.) May.

2. H. tomentòsa, Nutt. Hoary with down; leaves oval or narrowly oblong, 1´´ long, close-pressed and imbricated; flowers sessile or some short-peduncled.—Sandy shores, Maine to Md., and along the Great Lakes to Minn.; rarely on banks of streams inland. May, June.

3. LÉCHEA, Kalm. Pinweed.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud, not longer than the calyx, withering-persistent. Stamens 3–12. Style scarcely any; stigmas 3, plumose. Pod globular, partly 3-celled; the 3 broad and thin placentæ borne on imperfect partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face toward the valve; in our species the placentæ curve backward and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straightish.—Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers, in summer. (Named in honor of John Leche, a Swedish botanist.)

[*] Pubescence villous, spreading; leaves oblong; flowers very short-pedicelled in cymulose clusters.

1. L. màjor, Michx. Stem upright (1–2° high), stout, simple, very leafy, producing slender prostrate branches from the base; leaves elliptical, mucronate-pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled; flowers densely crowded; pedicels shorter than the very small depressed-globose pod; sepals narrower than its valves.—Sterile grounds; common, especially southward.

[*][*] Pubescence appressed, leaves narrower; flowers paniculate.

[+] Leaves comparatively short, broad, and thin; panicles leafy.

2. L. thymifòlia, Michx. Erect, about 2° high; stem-leaves oval or oblong (3–6´´ long), commonly somewhat hairy, some whorled or opposite, those of the rather crowded panicles more linear; pod obovate-globose, one of the narrow outer sepals often longer. (L. Novæ-Cæsareæ, Austin.)—Dry grounds near the coast, E. Mass. to Fla.

[+][+] Leaves firmer, narrow, the cauline linear to slender-subulate; panicles more naked and racemiform.

[++] Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid; pod rather large, nearly globose.

3. L. mìnor, L. Rather strict, 1° high or more, usually glabrate in age; leaves of radical shoots lanceolate, rigid, 2–3´´ long, the cauline linear, 6–9´´ long; pod about 1´´ high.—Dry and sterile ground; common.

Var. marítima, Gray in herb. Stouter and more rigid, leaves of radical shoots thicker, linear, hoary, the cauline puberulent or glabrous, calyx canescent. (L. thymifolia, Pursh.; L. maritima, Leggett.)—Sandy soil near the coast, Mass. to Ga.

4. L. tenuifòlia, Michx. Low, slender and diffuse, minutely pubescent or glabrous; leaves all small and very narrow; flowers mostly on very short pedicels, diffusely racemose-paniculate; sepals without lateral ribs; pod ovoid-globose.—Dry, sterile soil, E. Mass. to Mo., and southward.

[++][++] Smaller-flowered; fruiting calyx narrower; pod ellipsoidal.

5. L. racemulòsa, Lam. Erect, soft-pubescent when young, soon nearly glabrous; leaves of radical shoots narrowly oblong, the cauline oblong-linear, 4–6´´ long; inflorescence loose and diffuse; fruiting calyx glabrous.—Dry and rocky soil, Long Island to Ky., and southward.

Order 14. VIOLÀCEÆ. (Violet Family.)

Herbs, with a somewhat irregular 1-spurred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hypogynous stamens with adnate introrse anthers conniving over the pistil, and a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietal placentæ.—Sepals 5, persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad filaments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placentæ on their middle; after opening, each valve as it dries folds together lengthwise firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albumen; cotyledons flat.—Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.)

1. Viola. Sepals auricled. Lower petal spurred. Stamens distinct, the 2 lower spurred.

2. Solea. Sepals not auricled. Petals equal in length. Stamens united into a sheath.

3. Ionidium. Sepals not auricled. Petals very unequal. Filaments distinct, the anthers merely connivent.

1. VÌOLA, Tourn. Violet. Heart's-ease.

Sepals extended into ears at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower one spurred at the base. Stamens closely surrounding the ovary, often slightly cohering with each other; the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in spring, others are produced later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves; these never open nor develop petals, but are fertilized in the bud, and are far more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. Perennials; stipules never leaf-like, the lower more or less scarious.

[*] Stemless, the leaves and scapes directly from a rootstock or from runners.

[+] Stigma large, naked, not beaked; stolons none; rootstock short and thick.

1. V. pedàta, L. (Bird-foot V.) Nearly smooth; rootstock erect, not scaly; leaves all 3–5-divided, or the earliest only parted, the lateral divisions 2–3-parted, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2–3-toothed or cut at the apex; flower large, 1´ broad, pale or deep lilac-purple or blue.—Sandy or gravelly soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. bícolor, Pursh, a very handsome variety, with the two upper petals deep violet, and as it were velvety, occurs sparingly from Mass. to Md.; most common in N. J., on shale.

[+][+] Stigma small, naked, often beaked or pointed.

[++] Rootstock fleshy and thickened, never filiform nor producing runners; flowers violet or purple (rarely white); lateral petals bearded.

2. V. pedatífida, G. Don. Leaves all palmately or pedately 5–7-parted; divisions 2–3-cleft; lobes linear; otherwise like n. 3. (V. delphinifolia, Nutt.)—Rich prairies, or more often in dry poor land, Ill. to Kan. and Minn.

3. V. palmàta, L. (Common Blue V.) Glabrous to villous-pubescent; early leaves roundish-cordate or reniform and merely crenate, the sides rolled inward when young, the later very various, palmately or pedately or hastately lobed or parted, the segments obovate to linear. (V. cucullata, var. palmata, Gray.)—Moist or dryish, especially sterile, ground; very common.

Var. cucullàta, Gray. Later leaves merely crenate, not lobed. (V. cucullata, Ait.)—Low grounds; common everywhere. Both forms are very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and sepals, and in the size and color of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, sometimes white or variegated with white.

4. V. sagittàta, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smoothish or hairy; leaves on short and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from oblong-heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, denticulate, sometimes cut-toothed near the base, the lateral or occasionally all the (rather large purple-blue) petals bearded; spur short and thick; stigma beaked.—Dry or moist sandy places, New Eng. to Minn., and southward. Some forms pass into the last.

[++][++] Rootstocks long and filiform, extensively creeping.

[=] Flowers blue or purple.

5. V. Selkírkii, Pursh. (Great-spurred V.) Small and delicate; the filiform rootstock fibrose-rooted, no runners above ground; smooth, except the round-heart-shaped crenate leaves, which are minutely hairy on the upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus; spur very large, thickened at the end, almost as long as the beardless pale violet petals.—Damp and shady soil, N. Maine to W. Mass., central N. Y., L. Superior (Robbins), and northward; rare.—Scapes and petioles 1–2´, the leaf ½–1¼´ long, thin; the spur 3´´ long. (Eu.)

6. V. palústris, L. (Marsh V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped and kidney-form, slightly crenate; flowers (small) pale lilac with purple streaks, nearly beardless; spur very short and obtuse.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and high northward. June. (Eu.)

V. odoràta, L. (Sweet Violet), cultivated in gardens, from Europe, belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places.

[=][=] Flowers white (small, short-spurred), mostly with brown-purple veins; lateral petals bearded or beardless. Species apparently confluent.

7. V. blánda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Commonly glabrous; leaves round-heart-shaped or kidney-form; petals mostly beardless, the lower strongly veined.—Damp places, everywhere. Flowers faintly sweet-scented.

Var. palustrifórmis, Gray. The larger form; upper surface of the leaves sparsely and finely hairy; petals 5´´ long, oftener bearded, less distinctly veined.—Shaded mossy ground, N. Eng. to Del., and westward.

Var. renifòlia, Gray. Slightly or strongly pubescent with soft spreading hairs; leaves round-reniform; petals usually beardless. (V. renifolia, Gray.)—Maine to Mass., western N. Y., Lake Superior, etc.

8. V. primulæfòlia, L. (Primrose-leaved V.) Smooth or a little pubescent; leaves oblong or ovate, abrupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded.—Damp or dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., toward the coast.

9. V. lanceolàta, L. (Lance-leaved Violet.) Smooth; leaves lanceolate, erect, blunt, tapering into a long-margined petiole, almost entire; petals beardless.—Damp soil; common, especially eastward.

[=][=][=] Flowers yellow.

10. V. rotundifòlia, Michx. (Round-leaved Violet.) Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with brown lines; spur very short.—Cold woods, Maine to Minn., and south along the Alleghanies.—Smoothish; leaves 1´ broad at flowering, increasing to 3 or 4´ in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above.

[*][*] Leafy-stemmed; all perennial with short rootstocks.

[+] Low, at first nearly stemless; flowers yellow; stigma concave, bearded.

11. V. Nuttàllii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly crenate, decurrent on the petiole.—Central Kansas and westward.

[+][+] Stems erect, without root-leaves; stipules entire; spur very short; stigma beakless, pubescent.

[++] Stems naked below; flowers yellow.

12. V. pubéscens, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent (6–12´ high); leaves very broadly heart-shaped, toothed, somewhat pointed; stipules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, large; lower petals veined with purple, capsule oblong to globular, glabrous or tomentose.—Woods; common.—Var. scabriúscula, Torr. & Gray, smaller and greener, slightly pubescent (4–10´ high).—R. I. to Ky., and southwestward.

13. V. hastàta, Michx. (Halberd-leaved V.) Nearly glabrous, slender (4–10´ high); stem-leaves halberd-shaped or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly serrate, acute; stipules ovate, small.—Woods, N. Ohio (near Painesville, Miss Shattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward; rare.

[++][++] Stems more leafy and prolonged; flowers white or purplish.

14. V. Canadénsis, L. (Canada V.) Upright (1–2° high); leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; petals white or whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral bearded.—Rich woods; common northward and along the Alleghanies. May–Aug.

[+][+][+] Stems erect or spreading (at first nearly acaulescent); stipules fringe-toothed; spur oblong to cylindrical; stigma naked.

15. V. striàta, Ait. (Pale V.) Stems angular, ascending (6–10´ high); leaves heart-shaped, finely serrate, often acute; stipules oblong-lanceolate, large; spur thickish, much shorter than the cream-colored or white petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines; stigma beaked.—Low grounds, W. New Eng. to Minn. and Mo., and southward in the mountains. April–Oct.

16. V. rostràta, Pursh. (Long-spurred V.) Stems ascending (3–6´ high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; stipules lanceolate, large; spur slender (½´ long), longer than the pale violet beardless petals; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless.—Shaded hillsides, N. New Eng. to Mich., and southward in the Alleghanies; rather rare. June, July.

17. V. canìna, L., var. Muhlenbérgii, Gray. (Dog V.) Low (3–8´ high), mostly glabrous; stems ascending, mostly simple, from the base at length producing creeping branches; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form, crenate, the uppermost slightly pointed; stipules lanceolate; spur cylindrical, half the length of the light violet petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded; stigma beaked.—Damp or wet shady places; common. May–July. (Eu.)—Var. pubérula, Watson in herb. Finely puberulent; leaves mostly ovate and acutish with a cordate base, often small; flowers small and mostly cleistogamous.—Sandy or stony shores and islands of Lakes Huron and Superior. (Robbins, Engelmann, etc.)—Var. multicaùlis, Gray. Depressed and stoloniferous; flowers mostly cleistogamous; leaves small, suborbicular to reniform.—Ky. to Fla. and Tex.

§ 2. Leaf-bearing throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimes short-lived perennial root; the stipules large, leaf-like and lyrate-pinnatifid.

V. trícolor, L. (Pansy. Heart's-ease.) Stem angled and branched; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-shaped, crenate or entire; petals variable in color or variegated (yellow, whitish, violet-blue and purple);—in var. arvénsis shorter or little longer than the calyx.—Dry or sandy soil, N. Y. to Iowa, Kan., and southward; the variety sometimes seeming like a native plant. April–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SÒLEA, Spreng., in part. Green Violet.

Sepals not prolonged at the base. Petals nearly equal in length, but the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a sheath enclosing the ovary, and bearing a broad gland on the lower side. Style hooked at the summit.—A homely perennial herb, with stems leafy to the top, and 1–3 small greenish-white flowers in the axils, on short recurved pedicels. (Named in honor of W. Sole, author of an essay on the British Mints.)

1. S. cóncolor, Ging. Plant 1–2° high; leaves oblong, pointed at both ends, entire; pod 1´ long.—Woods, N. Y. to Kan., and southward. June.

3. IONÍDIUM, Vent.

Sepals not prolonged at base. Petals very unequal, the two upper shorter, the lower longest and largest, concave at base, contracted in the middle. Filaments distinct, the two lower with a scale-like gland or spur at base; anthers merely connivent.—Perennials, branching and leafy, with alternate and opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers. (Name from ἴον, violet, and εἶδος, appearance.)

1. I. polygalæfòlium, Vent. Stems low, from a woody base; leaves linear to oblanceolate, or the lower obovate, entire, the stipules leaf-like or small or none; flowers solitary, nodding, 2´´ long, white. (I. lineare, Torr.)—Kan. and southwestward.

Order 15. CARYOPHYLLÀCEÆ. (Pink Family.)

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, symmetrical 4–5-merous flowers, with or without petals, the distinct stamens no more than twice the number of the sepals, either hypogynous or perigynous, styles 2–5 (or rarely united into one); seeds several or usually many, attached to the base or to the central column of the 1-celled (rarely 3–5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curved around the outside of mealy albumen, in Dianthus nearly straight.—Bland herbs; the stems usually swollen at the joints; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigmatic along the inside. Seeds amphitropous or campylotropous.

Tribe I. SILENEÆ. Sepals united into a tube or cup. Petals (mostly convolute in the bud) and stamens (10) borne on the stipe or stalk of the ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the corresponding filaments often adhere, included in the calyx tube. Seeds numerous.—Stipules none. Flowers often large and showy.

[*] Calyx with scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached by their face; embryo nearly straight.

1. Dianthus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.

[*][*] Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kidney-shaped; embryo curved or coiled.

2. Gypsophila. Calyx top-shaped or campanulate. Pod deeply 4-valved. Styles 2.

3. Saponaria. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, obscurely nerved, terete or 5-angled. Pod shortly 4-valved. Styles 2.

4. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 3.

5. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved. Styles 5, rarely 4.

Tribe II. ALSINEÆ. Sepals distinct or nearly so, imbricated in the bud. Petals when present without claws, mostly imbricated, and with the stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk. Pod splitting into valves or teeth several–many-seeded. Stamens opposite the sepals, when not more in number.—Low herbs.

[*] Stipules none.

[+] Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.

[++] Pod short, splitting into as many valves as styles; valves often bifid or 2-parted.

6. Arenaria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Valves of the pod entire, bifid or 2-parted.

7. Stellaria. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3. Valves bifid or 2-parted.

[++][++] Pod cylindrical, dehiscent by twice as many equal teeth as styles.

8. Holosteum. Petals denticulate or notched. Styles usually 3. Seeds fixed by the face.

9. Cerastium. Petals notched or 2-cleft. Styles 5 or 4. Seeds fixed edgewise.

[+][+] Styles alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many, or twice as many.

10. Sagina. Petals 4 or 5, entire, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod short, 4–5-valved.

[*][*] Stipules present. Pod short.

11. Buda. Styles 3. Pod 3-valved. Leaves opposite.

12. Spergula. Styles 5. Valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Leaves whorled.

1. DIÁNTHUS, L. Pink. Carnation.

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more imbricated bractlets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds flattish on the back; embryo scarcely curved.—Ornamental plants, of well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Διός, of Jupiter, and ἄνθος flower, i.e., Jove's own flower.)

D. Armèria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Annual; flowers clustered; bractlets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl-form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the tube; leaves linear, hairy; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crenate.—Fields, etc., eastward. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. pròlifer, L. Annual, smooth, slender; flowers clustered; bractlets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx; leaves few, narrow, linear, erect; petals small, pink.—N. J. and E. Penn. (Adv. from Eu.)

D. deltoìdes, L. (Maiden Pink.) Perennial; leaves short, narrowly lanceolate, downy and roughish; flowers solitary; bracts ovate, half as long as the tube; petals rose-color or white, toothed.—Mich., L. H. Bailey. (Nat. from Eu.)

D. barbàtus, L. (Sweet William.) Perennial; flowers fascicled; leaves large, lanceolate; bracts filiform-attenuate, equalling the calyx.—Sparingly spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. GYPSÓPHILA, L.

Calyx narrowly top shaped or campanulate, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, naked at base. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex, sessile.—Slender glaucous annuals or perennials, with numerous small flowers. (Name from γύψος, gypsum, and φιλεῖν, to love.)

G. muràlis, L. Annual, much branched; leaves very narrowly linear; flowers on slender pedicels, solitary in the forks; calyx turbinate, the teeth short, obtuse; petals purplish, crenate or emarginate.—Sparingly naturalized. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. SAPONÀRIA, L.

Calyx narrowly ovoid or oblong, 5-toothed, obscurely nerved, naked. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1-celled, or incompletely 2–4-celled at base, 4-toothed at the apex.—Coarse annuals or perennial, with large flowers. (Name from sapo, soap, the mucilaginous juice forming a lather with water.)

S. officinàlis, L. (Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Flowers in corymbed clusters; calyx terete; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw; leaves oval-lanceolate.—Roadsides, etc. July–Sept.—A stout perennial, with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. Vaccària, L. Annual, glabrous; flowers in corymbed cymes; calyx 5-angled, enlarged and wing-angled in fruit; petals pale red, not crowned; leaves ovate-lanceolate. (Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.)—Occasionally spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SILÈNE, L. Catchfly. Campion.

Calyx 5-toothed, 10–many-nerved, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely 4. Pod 1-celled, sometimes 3-celled at least at the base, opening by 3 or 6 teeth at the apex.—Flowers solitary or in cymes. Petals mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from σίαλον, saliva, from the viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many species. The English name Catchfly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

[*] Dwarf, alpine, tufted, smooth, perennial; flowering shoots 1-flowered.

1. S. acaùlis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a moss (1–2´ high); leaves linear, crowded; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle; petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H. July. (Eu.)

[*][*] Calyx bladdery-inflated; perennial; flowers panicled, white, in summer.

2 S. Stellàta, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx bell-shaped; petals cut into a fringe, crownless.—Wooded banks, R. I. to Minn., and southward.—Stem 3° high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Corolla ¾´ broad.

3. S. nívea, Otth. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed; calyx oblong; petals wedge-form, 2-cleft, minutely crowned.—Penn. to Iowa and Minn.; rare.—Stem 1–2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few, larger than in the last.

S. Cucùbalus, Wibel. (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate; calyx globular, much inflated, elegantly veined; petals 2-cleft, nearly crownless. (S. inflata, Smith.)—Fields and roadsides, E. New Eng. to Ill.—A foot high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod; flowers cymose or clustered; perennial, pubescent with viscid hairs, especially the calyx; petals crowned, red or rose-color.

4. S. Pennsylvánica, Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (4–8´); root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles; stem-leaves (2 or 3 pairs) lanceolate; flowers clustered, short-stalked; calyx club-shaped; petals wedge-form, slightly notched and eroded, pink.—Gravelly places, E. New Eng. to N. Y., Ky., and southward. April–June.

5. S. Virgínica, L. (Fire Pink. Catchfly.) Steins slender (1–2° high); leaves thin, spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate; flowers few and loosely cymose, peduncled; calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical; petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson; the limb 1´ long.—Open woods, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. June–Aug.

6. S. règia, Sims. (Royal Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (3–4° high); leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short-stalked, in clusters, forming a strict panicle; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit; petals spatulate-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet.—Prairies, Ohio to Mo., and southward. July.

7. S. rotundifòlia, Nutt. (Round-leaved Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy; stems weak, branched, decumbent (2° long); leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed, the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked; calyx elongated; petals 2-cleft and cut-toothed, deep scarlet.—Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ky. June–Aug.—Leaves and flowers large.

[*][*][*][*] Calyx not inflated, except by the enlarging pod; annuals.

[+] Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem glutinous; flowers pink.

8. S. antirrhìna, L. (Sleepy C.) Stem slender (8–30´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear; flowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obcordate, crowned, opening transiently in sunshine.—Dry soil; common in waste places. June–Sept.

S. Armèria, L. (Sweet-William Catchfly.) Glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate; flowers in flat cymes, open in sunshine; calyx club-shaped; petals notched, crowned with awl-shaped scales.—Escaped from gardens; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[+][+] Viscid-pubescent; flowers white or nearly so, opening at night, sweet-scented.

S. noctúrna, L. (Night C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulate, the upper linear; flowers small, alternate in a 1-sided spike; petals 2-parted.—Introduced sparingly in Pa., according to Schweinitz. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. noctiflòra, L. (Night-flowering C.) Viscid-hairy, tall (1–3° high); lower leaves large and spatulate, the upper lanceolate; flowers few, peduncled; calyx-tube elongated (over 1´ long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped teeth; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned.—Cultivated grounds.

5. LÝCHNIS, Tourn. Cockle.

Styles 5, rarely 4, and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth; otherwise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from λύχνος, a light or lamp.)

L. vespertìna, Sibth. (Evening L.) Biennial, usually diœcious, viscid-pubescent, in foliage, etc., like Silene noctiflora; but 5 styles, calyx much shorter (7–9´´ long), with lance-linear teeth, and flowers white or pinkish, opening at evening.—Cult. or waste grounds; scarce. (Adv. from En.)

L. diúrna, Sibth. (Red Lychnis.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4–6´´ long), and the flowers red, opening in the morning.—Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. Githàgo, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Annual, clothed with long soft appressed hairs; flowers long-peduncled; calyx-lobes similar to the long and linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling off in fruit. (Agrostémma Githago, L.)—In wheat-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)

L. Flos-cùculi, L. (Ragged Robin.) Perennial, erect, slightly downy below, viscid above; leaves narrowly lanceolate; flowers in loose panicles; calyx short, glabrous; petals red, 4-lobed, lobes linear.—Moist or marshy places; New Eng. and N. Y. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARENÀRIA, L. Sandwort.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Stamens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few–many-seeded.—Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulate leaves and small white flowers. (Name from arena, sand, in which many of the species grow.)—The following sections are by many botanists taken for genera.

§ 1. ARENARIA proper. Pod splitting wholly or part-way down into 3 or at length into 6 valves; seeds many, naked at the hilum.

A. serpyllifòlia, L. (Thyme-leaved Sandwort.) Diffusely branched, roughish (2–6´ high); leaves ovate, acute, small; cymes leafy; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3–5-nerved, about equalling the petals and 6-toothed pod.—A low annual; sandy waste places. June–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. ALSÌNE. Pod splitting to the base into 3 entire valves; seeds many, usually rough, naked at the hilum; flowers solitary and terminal or cymose; root in our species perennial, except in n. 4.

[*] Leaves small, rigid, awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.

1. A. Caroliniàna, Walt. (Pine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a deep perpendicular root; leaves closely imbricated, but spreading, awl-shaped, short, channelled; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flowered; sepals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (A. squarrosa, Michx.)—In pure sand, S. New York, N. J., and southward along the coast. May–July.

2. A. Michaùxii, Hook. f. Erect, or usually diffusely spreading from a small root, smooth; leaves slender, between awl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered; sepals pointed, 3-ribbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (A. stricta, Michx.)—Rocks and dry wooded banks, Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Mo., and southwestward. July.

3. A. vérna, L. Dwarf, alpine, densely matted, glabrous or (var. hirta) somewhat pubescent, 1–3´ high; leaves narrowly linear or awl-shaped; flowers loosely cymose; sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, shorter than the pod. —Smuggler's Notch, Vt. (Pringle); north and westward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear; petals retuse or notched.

4. A. pátula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root; stems filiform (6–10´ long); branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3–5-nerved. (A. Pitcheri, Nutt.)—S. W. Va. to Ky., Ill., Kan., and southward.

5. A. Grœnlándica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2–4´ high), few-flowered; sepals oblong, obtuse, nerveless.—Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., of the higher mountains of New Eng., and northward; alpine or subalpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea, and near Middletown, Ct. June–Aug.—Leaves and peduncles 3–6´´ long; flowers large in proportion. (Addendum)—Arenaria Grœnlandica. Found on Mt. Desert Island, Maine (Rand).

§ 3. MŒHRÍNGIA. Parts of the flower sometimes in fours; pod as in § 1, but the young ovary 3-celled; seeds rather few, smooth, with a thickish appendage (strophiole) at the hilum; perennials, with flaccid broadish leaves.

6. A. lateriflòra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse (½–1´ long); peduncles 2- (rarely 3–4) flowered, soon becoming lateral; sepals oblong, obtuse.—Gravelly shores, etc., New Eng. to Penn., Mo., Minn., and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

§ 4. AMMADÈNIA. Styles, cells of the ovary, and valves of the fleshy pod 3, rarely 4 or 5; seeds few, smooth, short-beaked at the naked hilum; disk under the ovary more prominent than usual, glandular, 10-lobed; flowers almost sessile in the axils, sometimes diœcious or polygamous; root perennial.

7. A. peploìdes, L. Stems (simple or forking from long rootstocks, 6–10´ high) and ovate partly-clasping leaves (8–10´´ long) very fleshy. (Honkenya peploides, Ehrh.)—Sands of the sea-shore, N. J. to Maine and northward. June. (Eu.)

7. STELLÀRIA, L. Chickweed. Starwort.

Sepals 4–5. Petals 4–5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10, or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several–many-seeded. Seeds naked.—Flowers (white) solitary or cymose, terminal, or appearing lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)

[*] Stems spreading, flaccid, marked longitudinally with one or two pubescent lines; leaves ovate or oblong, ½–2½´ long.

S. mèdia, Smith. (Common Chickweed.) Annual or nearly so; lower leaves on hairy petioles, petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parted, stamens 3–10.—Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. S. pùbera, Michx. (Great Chickweed.) Root perennial; leaves all sessile; petals longer than the calyx, deeply 2-cleft; stamens 10.—Shaded rocks, Penn. to Ind., and southward. May.

[*][*] Stems erect or spreading; wholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow or small leaves; stamens usually 10, perigynous.

[+] Scaly-bracted; petals 2-parted, equalling or surpassing the calyx.

2. S. longifòlia, Muhl. (Long-leaved Stitchwort.) Stem erect, weak, often with rough angles (8–18´ high); leaves linear, acutish at both ends, spreading; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slender pedicels spreading; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.—Grassy places; common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

3. S. lóngipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked S.) Shining or somewhat glaucous, very smooth; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, broadest at the base, rather rigid; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels strictly erect; petals longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.—Maine to Minn., rare; common farther north. (Eu.)

S. gramínea, L. Resembling the last; leaves linear-lanceolate, broadest above the base; pedicels widely spreading; seeds strongly but minutely rugose.—Becoming rather frequent. (Int. from Eu.)

4. S. uliginòsa, Murr. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse, at length prolonged, leaving the naked and usually sessile cymes lateral; leaves lanceolate or oblong, veiny; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx; seeds roughened.—Swamps and rills, Md. to N. Eng., and northward; rare. (Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers terminal or in the forks of the stem or of leafy branches; bracts foliaceous; petals 2-parted, small or often none; styles 3–4; pod longer than the calyx.

5. S. crassifòlia, Ehrh. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; leaves rather fleshy, varying from linear-lanceolate to oblong; petals longer than the calyx, or wanting; seeds rugose-roughened.—Springy places, eastern Ky. (Short), Ringwood, Ill. (Vasey), and northward. April–June. (Eu.)

6. S. boreàlis, Bigel. (Northern S.) Stems erect or spreading, flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong; petals 2–5, shorter than the calyx, or oftener none; sepals acute; styles usually 4; seeds smooth.—Shaded or wet places, R. I. to Minn., and northward. June–Aug.—Var. alpéstris has the later flowers more cymose, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds obscurely reticulated or roughish.—Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins. (Eu.) (Addendum)—Stellaria borealis. In the mountains of northern N. J.

7. S. humifùsa, Rottb. Spreading or creeping; stems or branches (2´ high) 1–3-flowered; leaves fleshy, ovate or oblong (2–3´´ long); petals a little longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.—Northern border of Maine on the St. John's (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Eu.) (Addendum) S. humifusa. This species has also been found on Cranberry Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine, by J. H. Redfield.

8. HOLÓSTEUM, L. Jagged Chickweed.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens 3–5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top by 6 teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner face.—Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of ὅλος, all, and ὀστέον, bone, by antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)

H. umbellàtum, L. Leaves oblong; peduncle and upper part of the stem glandular-pubescent; pedicels reflexed after flowering.—Hills around Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter, and Morris Co., N. J., C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CERÁSTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. Petals as many, 2-lobed or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens twice as many, or fewer. Styles equal in number to the sepals and opposite them. Pod 1-celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex by twice as many teeth as there were styles, many-seeded. Seeds rough.—Flowers white, in terminal cymes. Our species have the petals 2-cleft or obcordate, the parts of the flower always in fives, and the exserted pods more or less curved. (Name from κέρας, a horn, alluding to the shape of the pod in many species.)

C. viscòsum, L. (Mouse-ear Chickweed.) Annual, hairy and rather clammy, nearly erect (4–9´ high); leaves ovate or obovate to oblong-spatulate; bracts herbaceous; flowers small in close clusters at first, pedicels even in fruit not longer than the acute sepals; petals shorter than the calyx. (C. vulgatum, L. Herb., and Man. The names of this and the next were transposed in the Linnæan herbarium, which has caused much confusion. They are here applied as originally by Linnæus, and by many recent botanists. Others substitute for this the later name, C. glomeràtum, Thuill.)—Grassy places, eastward and southward; not common. May–July.—Stamens often 5. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. vulgàtum, L. (Larger M.) Perennial; stems clammy-hairy, spreading (6–15´ long); leaves oblong; upper bracts scarious-margined; flowers larger (sepals 2–3´´ long), at first clustered, the fruiting pedicels longer, the earlier ones mostly much longer than the obtuse sepals; petals equalling the calyx. (C. viscosum, L. Herb., and Man. C. triviàle, Link.)—Fields and copses; common, perhaps indigenous. May–July. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. nùtans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (6–20´ high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate; peduncles mostly elongated; petals longer than the calyx; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upward, thrice the length of the calyx.—Moist places, Vt. to Minn., and southward. May–July.

2. C. arvénse, L. (Field Chickweed.) Perennial; stems ascending or erect, tufted, downy or nearly smooth, slender (4–8´ high), naked and few–several-flowered at the summit; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the calyx; pods scarcely longer than the calyx.—Dry or rocky places. May–July. (Eu.)

Var. oblongifòlium, Holl. & Britt. Usually taller, pubescent; leaves narrowly or broadly oblong or oblong-lanceolate; pod about twice longer than the calyx. (C. oblongifolium, Torr.)—Rocky places, N. Y. to Minn., and southward.—Var. villòsum, Holl. & Britt. Similar but densely villous-pubescent, and the leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.—E. Penn.

10. SAGÌNA, L. Pearlwort.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many as the sepals, rarely twice as many. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4–5-valved to the base; valves opposite the sepals.—Little, matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches; in summer. (Name from sagina, fattening; previously applied to the spurry.)

[*] Parts of the flower in fours, rarely with some few in fives.

1. S. procúmbens, L. Annual or perennial, depressed or spreading on the ground, glabrous; leaves linear-thread-shaped; apex of the peduncle often hooked soon after flowering; petals shorter than the broadly ovate obtuse sepals, sometimes none.—Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Penn. (Eu.)

2. S. apétala, L. Annual, erect or ascending; leaves ciliate at base or glabrous; petals none or very small; peduncles always erect.—Dry soil, Mass. to Penn.; scarce, seemingly native? (Eu.)

[*][*] Parts of the flower in fives, the stamens not rarely 10.

3. S. decúmbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, ascending; the peduncles and calyx with the margins of the upper leaves at first glandular-pubescent; leaves short, often bristly-tipped, not fascicled in the axils; peduncles slender; petals equalling or shorter than the calyx; pod oblong-ovate, nearly twice longer than the acutish sepals. (S. subulata, Man., not Wimm.)—E. Mass., to Ill., Mo., and southward.—Var. Smíthii, a slender form, apetalous, at least in the later flowers.—Near Philadelphia, in waste ground, and in sandy fields at Somers' Point, N. J., C. E. Smith. Seeds minutely roughened.

4. S. nodòsa, Fenzl. Perennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular above; stems ascending (3–5´ high); lower leaves thread-form, the upper short and awl-shaped, with minute ones fascicled in their axils so that the branchlets appear knotty, petals much longer than the calyx.—Wet sandy soil, along the coast of Maine and N. H., also Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

11. BÙDA, Adans. Sand-Spurrey.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2–10. Styles and valves of the many-seeded pod 3, very rarely 5, when the valves alternate with the sepals! Embryo not coiled into a complete ring.—Low herbs, mostly on or near the seacoast, with filiform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones often clustered in the axils; stipules scaly-membranaceous; flowering all summer. (Named probably for the city so called.)—Genus also known as Tissa, Adans., Spergularia, Presl., and Lepigonum, Wahlb. The species are very variously understood by European botanists, and are much confused, as well as the synonymy. Our forms are annual, or at the most biennial.

1. B. rùbra, Dumort. Nearly glabrous, the summit of the prostrate or ascending slender stems, peduncles, and sepals usually glandular-pubescent; leaves linear, flat, scarcely fleshy; stipules lanceolate, entire or cleft; pedicels longer than the bracts; pods and pink-red corolla small (1½´´), hardly equalling or exceeding the calyx; seeds rough with projecting points, semi-obovate or gibbous-wedge-shaped, wingless. (Spergularia rubra, Presl.)—Dry sandy soil, New Eng. to Va., along and near the coast, but rarely maritime. (Eu.)

2. B. marìna, Dumort. More decidedly fleshy than the preceding, erect or ascending, usually pubescent, with ovate stipules, terete leaves, and pedicels 2–4´´ long; sepals usually becoming 2–2½´´ long, little shorter than the pod; petals pale; seeds obovate-rounded and roughened with points, wingless or narrow-winged. (Spergularia salina, Presl. Tissa marina, Britt.)—Brackish sands, etc., coast of N. Eng. to Va., and southward. A form with smooth seeds is var. leiospérma, N. E. Brown. (S. media, Presl.) (Eu.)

Var.(?) mìnor, Watson. Small, ascending or decumbent; flowers smaller, on shorter pedicels (rarely 2´´ long), the sepals and pod 1–1½´´ long; seeds wingless, usually papillose.—Coast of N. H. and Mass.

3. B. boreàlis, Watson. Diffusely branched, glabrous; pedicels usually 2–4´´ long; petals white; pod ovate, 2´´ long, about twice longer than the sepals; seeds usually wingless, smooth or nearly so. (Tissa salina, Britt.)—On the coast, E. Maine to Labrador.

12. SPÉRGULA, L. Spurrey.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. The 5 valves of the pod opposite the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Buda. (Name from spargo, to scatter, from the seeds.)

S. arvénsis, L. (Corn Spurrey.) Annual; leaves numerous in the whorls, thread-shaped (1–2´ long); stipules minute; flowers white, in a stalked panicled cyme; seeds rough.—Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 16. PORTULACÀCEÆ. (Purslane Family.)

Herbs, with succulent leaves, and regular but unsymmetrical flowers; viz., sepals fewer than the petals; the stamens opposite the petals when of the same number, but often indefinite, otherwise nearly as Chickweeds.—Sepals 2. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly 5–20. Styles 2–8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Pod 1-celled, with few or many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks from the base. Embryo curved around mealy albumen.—Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla opening only in sunshine, mostly ephemeral, then shrivelling.

1. Portulaca. Stamens 7–20, on the partly adherent calyx. Pod opening by a lid.

2. Talinum. Stamens more numerous than the petals, hypogynous. Calyx deciduous. Pod many-seeded.

3. Claytonia. Stamens as many as the hypogynous petals, and attached to their base. Calyx persistent. Pod 3–6-seeded.

1. PORTULÀCA, Tourn. Purslane.

Calyx 2-cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals 5, rarely 6, inserted on the calyx with the 7–20 stamens, fugacious. Style mostly 3–8-parted. Pod 1-celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid.—Fleshy annuals, with mostly scattered leaves. (An old Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

P. oleràcea, L. (Common Purslane.) Prostrate, very smooth; leaves obovate or wedge-form; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny mornings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7–12; style deeply 5–6-parted; flower-bud flat and acute.—Cultivated and waste grounds; common. Seemingly indigenous west and southwestward. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. P. retùsa, Engelm. Leaves often retuse; calyx-lobes obtuse in the bud; petals small or minute; style shorter, 3–4-cleft; seeds larger, sharply tuberculate; otherwise like the last.—Ark. to Tex. and westward; reported from Kan., Iowa, and Minn.

2. P. pilòsa, L. Ascending or spreading, copiously hairy in the axils; leaves linear-subulate, nearly terete, 3–6´´ long; petals red or purple.—Kan. to Tex., etc.

2. TALÌNUM, Adans.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10–30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved, with many seeds on a globular stalked placenta. (Derivation obscure.)

1. T. teretifòlium, Pursh. Perennial; leafy stems low, tuberous at base; leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3–6´) and naked, bearing an open cyme of pink flowers ({2/3}´ broad); stamens 15–20.—Serpentine rocks, Penn., to Ind., Minn., and southward. June–Aug. (Addendum) Style equalling the stamens.

(Addendum) 2. T. calycìnum, Engelm. Leaves somewhat broader; flowers and capsules larger; stamens 30 or more; style twice longer than the stamens, declined.—Central Kan. to W. Tex.

3. CLAYTÒNIA, Gronov. Spring-Beauty.

Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens 5, adhering to the short claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3–6-seeded.—Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day! (Named in honor of Dr. John Clayton, one of our earliest botanists, who contributed to Gronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)

1. C. Virgínica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3–6´ long).—Moist open woods; common, especially westward and southward.

2. C. Caroliniàna, Michx. Flowers rather smaller and fewer; leaves spatulate-oblong or oval-lanceolate (1–2´ long).—Maine to Minn., and southward along the Alleghanies.

(Addendum) 3. C. Chamissònis, Esch. Weak, procumbent or ascending, rooting below and perennial by lateral and terminal filiform runners; leaves several pairs, oblong-spatulate, 1–2´ long; inflorescence racemosely 1–9-flowered; petals pale rose-color; capsule small, 1–3-seeded.—In a cold ravine, Winona Co., Minn.; in the mountains from Colorado north and westward.

Order 17. ELATINÀCEÆ. (Water-wort Family.)

Little marsh annuals, with membranaceous stipules between the opposite dotless leaves, minute axillary flowers like those of the Chickweeds, but the pod 2–5-celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort. The principal genus is

1. ELATÌNE, L. Water-wort.

Sepals 2–4, persistent. Petals 2–4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2–4. Pod membranaceous, globose, 2–4-celled, several–many-seeded, 2–4-valved; the partitions left attached to the axis, or evanescent. Seeds cylindrical, straightish or curved, marked by both longitudinal and transverse lines.—Dwarf glabrous plants, usually rooting at the nodes, aquatic or terrestrial. (A Greek name for some obscure herb.)

1. E. Americàna, Arn. Tufted, 1´ high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 1–3´´ long; flowers sessile, rarely opening in the aquatic form; sepals, petals, stamens, and stigmas 2, rarely 3; seeds 5 or 6 in each cell, rising from the base, marked by 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20–30 crossbars.—Margin of ponds, etc., N. H. to Ill., Va., and southwestward. Pod very thin and delicate; the seeds large in proportion, straightish.

2. E. triándra, Schkuhr. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate; petals and stamens commonly 3; seeds more slender, covering the axis.—Ponds, Ill., Neb., and westward. (Eu.)

3. E. brachyspérma, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed base; flowers mostly dimerous; seeds short-oblong, with 6 or 7 longitudinal lines and 10–12 crossbars.—Ill. and southwestward.

Order 18. HYPERICÀCEÆ. (St. John's-wort Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogynous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles. Pod 1-celled with 2–5 parietal placentæ, and as many styles, or 3–7-celled by the union of the placentæ in the centre; dehiscence mostly septicidal.—Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or 5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical.—Plants with a resinous juice, dotted with pellucid or dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or cymose.

[*] Petals oblique, convolute, yellow; hypogynous glands none.

1. Ascyrum. Sepals 4, in 2 very unequal pairs. Petals 4. Stamens many, distinct.

2. Hypericum. Sepals 5, alike. Petals 5. Stamens usually many and in 3 or 5 clusters.

[*][*] Petals equal, imbricate, purplish; glands alternating with the 3 stamen-clusters.

3. Elodes. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens usually 9. Ovary 3-celled.

1. ÁSCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort.

Sepals 4; the two outer very broad and leaf-like; the inner much smaller. Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous; the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2–4-valved.—Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some plant, from α-, without, and σκύρος, roughness.)

1. A. stáns, Michx. (St. Peter's-wort.) Stem rather simple, 2-edged, 1–2° high, stout; leaves oval or oblong, somewhat clasping, thickish; flowers showy; outer sepals round-cordate, inner lanceolate; petals obovate; styles 3 or 4.—Pine barrens, Long Island to Penn., and southward. July, Aug.

2. A. Crux-Ándreæ, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much branched and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong, contracted at the base, thin; petals linear-oblong; styles 2, very short; pod flat.—Nantucket; pine barrens of N. J. to S. Ill., Neb., and southward. July–Sept.—Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over them, in the form of a St. Andrew's cross.

2. HYPÉRICUM, Tourn. St. John's-wort.

Sepals 5, somewhat equal. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly united or clustered in 3–5 parcels; no interposed glands. Pod 1-celled or 3–5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical.—Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 5-adelphous; styles 5, united below, the stigmas capitate; pod 5-celled, the placentæ turned far back into the cells; perennial herb; flowers very large.

1. H. Áscyron, L. (Great St. John's-wort.) Stems 2–5° high; branches 2–4-angled; leaves (2–5´ long) ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals narrowly obovate (1´ long), not deciduous until after they wither; pod ¾´ long, conical. (H. pyramidatum, Ait.)—Banks of rivers, New Eng. and Penn. to Iowa and Minn. July.

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered; styles 3 (n. 2 excepted), more or less united into one, the stigmas not capitate except in n. 10; sepals mostly foliaceous.

[*] Bushy shrubs, 1–6° high, leafy to the top.

[+] Styles 5; pod completely 5-celled.

2. H. Kalmiànum, L. (Kalm's St. John's-wort.) Branches 4-angled; branchlets 2-edged; leaves crowded, glaucous, linear to oblanceolate (1–2´ long); flowers few in a cluster (1´ wide); pods ovate.—Wet rocks, Niagara Falls and northern lakes. Aug.

[+][+] Styles 3; pod completely 3-celled.

3. H. prolíficum, L. (Shrubby St. John's-wort.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves narrowly oblong (1–2´ long), mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods lanceolate to ovate, 4–6´´ long.—N. J. to Mich., Minn., and southward. July–Sept.—Varies greatly in size, etc.

4. H. densiflòrum, Pursh. Exceedingly branched above, 1–6° high, the branches slender and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (½–{2/3}´ in diameter) and more numerous, in crowded compound cymes; pod 2–3´´ long. (H. prolificum, var. densiflorum, Gray.)—Pine barrens of N. J. to glades of Ky., Ark., and southward.

[*][*] Perennial herbs or a little woody at the base.

[+] Pod incompletely 3–4-celled.

5. H. galioìdes, Lam. Slender, branching, woody below; leaves linear-oblanceolate, narrowed downward, ½–3´ long, mostly acute; flowers small in terminal and axillary cymes; sepals very narrow, 1½–3´´ long; pod as long, ovate.—Del. to Ga. and E. Tenn.

6. H. adpréssum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly woody creeping base (1–2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin; cyme terminal, leafy at the base, few-flowered; sepals linear-lanceolate, pods ovoid-oblong.—Moist places, Nantucket and R. I. to Penn., and southwestward. July–Aug.—Leaves 1½´ long. Petals bright yellow, 3–5´´ long.

[+][+] Pod 1-celled with 3 parietal placentæ.

7. H. dolabrifórme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base, woody below (6–20´ high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading, veinless; cyme leafy, few-flowered; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals (5–6´´ long); pods ovate-conical, pointed, the walls very thick and hard.—Dry hills and rocks, barrens of Ky. and Tenn. June–Aug.

8. H. cistifòlium, Lam.! Stems mostly simple, herbaceous, with a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (1–2° high); leaves narrowly oblong to nearly linear (1–3´ long), sessile with a somewhat clasping base; the cyme naked, compound, usually many-flowered; sepals ovate; pods depressed-globular or ovoid-conical; seeds large, oblong, very rough-pitted. (H. sphærocarpon, Michx.)—Rocky river-banks, S. W. Ohio, to Iowa and southward. July–Sept.—Flowers small.

9. H. ellípticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous (10–20´ high), obscurely 4-angled; leaves spreading, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, usually narrower toward the subclasping base, thin; cyme nearly naked, rather few-flowered; sepals oblong; pods ovoid, very obtuse; seeds minutely striate.—Wet places, New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. July, Aug.—Petals light yellow, 3´´ long.

10. H. virgàtum, Lam. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharply 4-angled, herbaceous (1–2° high); leaves ascending, opaque, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute (½–1´ long), closely sessile by a broad base; cyme compound, naked, the scattered flowers racemose on its ascending branches; sepals herbaceous, erect, enclosing the ovoid pod; styles 3, separate, with capitate stigmas. (H. angulosum, Michx.)—Wet pine barrens of N. J. and southward; Ky. July–Sept.—Petals copper-yellow, 4–5´´ long.

§ 3. Stamens very many, in 3 or 5 clusters; styles 3, separate and usually diverging; pod 3-celled; calyx erect; petals and anthers with black dots; perennials.

H. perforàtum, L. (Common St. John's-wort.) Stem much branched and corymbed, somewhat 2-edged (producing runners from the base); leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals; flowers numerous, in open leafy cymes.—Fields, etc. June–Sept.—Too well known as a pernicious weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. H. maculàtum, Walt. Conspicuously marked with both black and pellucid dots; stem terete, sparingly branched; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, the base either obtuse or somewhat clasping; flowers crowded (small); petals pale yellow, much longer than the oblong sepals, styles mostly not longer than the pod. (H. corymbosum, Muhl.)—Damp places; common. July–Sept.—Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than in the last; petals 2–3´´ long, marked with black lines as well as dots. The ordinary northern form differs from the typical southern one in the shorter style and the more oblong less clasping leaves.

§ 4. Stamens 5–12, distinct or in 3 clusters; pod 1-celled, with 3 strictly parietal placentæ; styles short, distinct, with capitate stigmas; petals oblong or linear; sepals narrow, erect; slender annuals, with 4-angular branches; flowering all summer.

[*] Stem simple or loosely branched; leaves linear to ovate, spreading.

12. H. mùltilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6–20´ high); leaves ovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse, partly clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy; flowers 2´´ broad; pods ovate-conical, rather longer than the calyx.—Low grounds, everywhere.

13. H. gymnánthum, Engelm. & Gray. Almost simple, with strict stem and branches (1–3° high); leaves clasping, heart-shaped, acute or obtuse; cyme naked, the floral leaves reduced to small awl-shaped bracts; in aspect approaching the next. (H. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, Gray.)—Del. and Penn. to Minn., and southward.

14. H. Canadénse, L. Stem strict (6–15´ high), with the branches erect; leaves linear, 3-nerved at the base, obtuse; cymes naked; flowers deep yellow, 2–3´´ broad when expanded; pods conical-oblong, usually much longer than the calyx.—Wet, sandy soil; common. June–Oct.—Var. màjus, Gray, is a large form, 1–2° high, with lanceolate leaves 1½´ long, 3´´ wide, the upper acute. L. Superior, Robbins; S. New York and southward.—Var. minimum, Chois., a simple few-flowered form, 1–3´ high, with oblong obtuse leaves. On wet rocks, Wisc., and northward.

[*][*] Stems fastigiately branched; leaves linear or bract-like, ascending or appressed.

15. H. Drummóndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate bushy branches rigid, erect (10–18´ high); leaves linear-subulate, nearly erect, 1-nerved (3–9´´ long); flowers scattered along the upper part of the leafy branches, short-pedicelled; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx.—W. Ill., Iowa, Kan., and southward, in dry soil.

16. H. nudicaùle, Walt. (Orange-grass. Pine-weed.) Stem and bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4–9´ high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales, appressed; flowers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the calyx. (H. Sarothra, Michx.)—Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ill., Mo., and southward; common. June–Oct.

3. ELÒDES, Adans. Marsh St. John's-wort.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong, styles distinct.—Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name ἑλώδης, growing in marshes, accidentally changed to Elodèa by Jussieu, who was followed by Pursh, etc.)

1. E. campanulàta, Pursh. Leaves closely sessile or clasping by a broad base, oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle. (E. Virginica, Nutt.)—Common in swamps; 1–2° high. July, Aug.

2. E. petiolàta, Pursh. Taller, more branching; leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong; filaments united beyond the middle.—From Va. south and westward.

Order 19. TERNSTRŒMIÀCEÆ. (Tea Or Camellia Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules, the regular flowers hypogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petals both imbricated in æstivation, the stamens more or less united at the base with each other (monadelphous or 3–5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals.—Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3–5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyledons.—A family with showy flowers, the types of which are the well-known Camellia and the more important Tea Plant,—represented in this country by the two following genera.

1. STUÁRTIA, L.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or lanceolate. Petals 5, rarely 6, obovate, crenulate. Stamens monadelphous below. Pod 5-celled. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, crustaceous, anatropous, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albumen; radicle longer than the cotyledons.—Shrubs with membranaceous deciduous oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-peduncled flowers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Marquis of Bute.)

1. S. Virgínica, Cav. Petals 5, white (1´ long); sepals ovate; style 1; stigma 5-toothed; pod globular, blunt; seeds not margined.—Woods, Va., and southward.

2. S. pentágyna, L'Her. Leaves larger, 5–6´ long; sepals acute; petals often 6; styles 5, distinct; pod angled, pointed; seeds wing-margined.—Mountains of Ky., Car., and southward.

2. GORDÒNIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5-adelphous, one cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved; the valves separating from the persistent axis; cells 2–8-seeded. Seeds pendulous. Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyledons.—Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master, Dr. James Gordon of Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. G. Lasiánthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and persistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and shining; pod pointed; seeds winged above.—Swamps near the coast, Va. and southward. May–July.—Petals 1½´ long.

Order 20. MALVÀCEÆ. (Mallow Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, the calyx valvate and the corolla convolute in the bud, numerous stamens monadelphous in a column, and united at base with the short claws of the petals, 1-celled anthers, and kidney-shaped seeds.—Sepals 5, united at base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of bractlets forming a sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along the top. Pistils several, the ovaries united in a ring or forming a several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen; embryo curved, the leafy cotyledons variously doubled up.—Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves. Flower-stalks with a joint, axillary.

Tribe I. MALVEÆ. Columns of stamens anther-bearing at the top. Ovaries and carpels 5–20 or more, closely united in a ring around a central axis, from which they separate after ripening.

[*] Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles; carpels 1-seeded, falling away separately.

1. Althæa. Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets.

2. Malva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcordate. Carpels rounded, beakless.

3. Callirrhoe. Involucel of 1–3 bractlets or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

4. Napæa. Involucel none. Flowers diœcious. Stamens few (15–20). Carpels beakless.

[*][*] Stigmas terminal, capitate; carpels 1–few-seeded, usually dehiscent.

5. Malvastrum. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seed solitary, filling the cell, ascending.

6. Sida. Involucel none. Seed solitary in the cells, pendulous.

7. Sphæralcea. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell.

8. Abutilon. Involucel none. Seeds 3–9 in each cell.

9. Modiola. Bractlets 3. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a transverse partition between them.

Tribe II. HIBISCEÆ. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of its length, naked and 5-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly 5-celled, loculicidal, leaving scarcely any axis in the centre after opening.

10. Kosteletzkya. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.

11. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

1. ALTHÆ̀A, L. Marsh-Mallow.

Calyx surrounded by a 6–9-cleft involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Old Greek and Latin name, from ἄλθω, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

A. officinàlis, L. (Marsh-Mallow.) Stem erect, 2–4° high; leaves ovate or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, velvety-downy; peduncles axillary, many-flowered; flowers pale rose-color.—Salt marshes, coast of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug., Sept.—Perennial root thick, abounding in mucilage, the bases of the Pâtes de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. MÁLVA, L. Mallow.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals obcordate. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded and indehiscent round kidney-shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward. (An old Latin name, from the Greek name, μαλάχη, having allusion to the emollient leaves.)

[*] Flowers fascicled in the axils.

M. rotundifòlia, L. (Common Mallow.) Stems procumbent from a deep biennial root; leaves round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely-lobed; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pubescent, even.—Waysides and cultivated grounds; common. (Nat. from Eu.)

M. sylvéstris, L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branched (2–3° high); leaves sharply 5–7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large, purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny.—Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. críspa, L. (Curled M.) A tall, erect annual, with round and angled toothed and crisped leaves, and small sessile flowers crowded in the axils.—Sparingly escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Flowers only in the upper axils, somewhat racemose or paniculate.

M. moschàta, L. (Musk M.) A low perennial, with the stem-leaves 5-parted, and the divisions once or twice parted or cleft into linear lobes, faintly musky-scented, the flowers rose-color or white (1½´ in diameter) on short peduncles crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy.—Escaped from gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. Álcea, L., with the stem-leaves only once 5-parted or cleft, the lobes incised, large flowers like the last, but the fruit smooth, and bractlets of the involucel ovate, has escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. CALLÍRRHOË, Nutt.

Calyx either naked or with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Petals wedge-shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, etc., as in Malva. Carpels 10–20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Radicle pointing downward. (Name drawn from Greek mythology.)

[*] Involucel 3-leaved.

1. C. triangulàta, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2° high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halberd-shaped, or the lowest rather heart-shaped, coarsely crenate; the upper incised or 3–5-cleft; flowers panicled, short-pedicelled (purple); involucel as long as the 5-cleft 5-nerved calyx; carpels not rugose.—Dry prairies, Ind. to Minn., and southward.

2. C. involucràta, Gray. Hirsute or hispid, procumbent; leaves rounded, 5–7-parted or -cleft, the segments incisely lobed; peduncles elongated, 1-flowered; calyx 5-parted, the lanceolate 3–5-nerved sepals twice as long as the involucel; petals red or purplish, carpels indehiscent, rugose-reticulated.—Minn. to Tex.

[*][*] Involucel none; calyx 5-parted; carpels strongly rugose.

3. C. alcæoìdes, Gray. Strigose-pubescent; stems slender (1° high), erect from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised, the upper 5–7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers (rose-color or white) corymbose, on slender peduncles—Barren oak-lands, S. Ky. to Kan. and Neb.

4. C. digitàta, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute or glabrous, erect; leaves few, round-cordate, 5–7-parted, the cauline commonly with linear divisions; peduncles subracemose, long, filiform; flowers red-purple to white.—Kan. to Tex.

4. NAPÆ̀A, Clayt. Glade Mallow.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers diœcious; the staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15–20 anthers; the fertile with a short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8–10, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many kidney-shaped 1-seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downward.—A tall roughish perennial herb, with very large 9–11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and toothed, and with small white flowers in panicled clustered corymbs. (Named from νάπη, a glade or dell, or, poetically, a nymph of the glades.)

1. N. diòica, L. Stems nearly simple, 5–9° high.—Penn. to Va., and west to Iowa and Minn.; rare. July.

5. MALVÁSTRUM, Gray. False Mallow.

Calyx with an involucel of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the end or entire. Styles 5 or more; stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle pointing downward, as in the former. (Name altered from Malva.)

1. M. angústum, Gray. Annual, slightly hairy, erect (6´–1° high); leaves lance-oblong or linear, with scattered fine callous teeth; flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangular sepals; bractlets and stipules setaceous; petals yellow, scarcely exceeding the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, smooth, at length 2-valved.—W. Tenn. to Iowa and Kan. Aug.

2. M. coccíneum, Gray. Perennial, low and hoary; leaves 5-parted or pedate, flowers in short spikes or racemes, the pink-red petals very much longer than the calyx; carpels 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and indehiscent.—Minn. to W. Tex., and westward.

6. SÌDA, L.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or more, tipped with capitate stigmas; the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; the radicle pointing upward. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napæ̀a, Cav. A smooth, tall (4–10° high) perennial; leaves 3–7-cleft, the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; flowers (white) umbellate-corymbed, 1´ wide; carpels 10, pointed.—Rocky river-banks, along the Alleghanies, Penn. to Va., rare. (Cultivated in old gardens.)

2. S. Ellióttii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (1–4° high); leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, short; flowers (yellow) rather large; carpels 9–10, slightly and abruptly pointed, forming a depressed fruit.—Sandy soil, S. Va. and southward. May–Aug.

S. spinòsa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10–20´ high), much branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, serrate, rather long-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole; flowers (yellow) small; carpels 5, combined into an ovate fruit, each splitting at the top into 2 beaks.—A little tubercle at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine.—Waste places, S. New York to Iowa, and common southward. (Nat. from the tropics.)

7. SPHÆRÁLCEA, St. Hil.

Ovules and seeds usually 2 or 3 in each cell. Characters otherwise as in Malvastrum. (Name from σφαῖρα, a sphere, and ἀλκέα, a mallow—from the commonly spherical fruit.)

1. S. acerifòlia, Nutt. Perennial, erect, 2–6° high, stellately pubescent or glabrate; leaves maple-shaped, 3–7-cleft; flowers clustered in the upper axils and subspicate, rose-color to white.—Kankakee Co., Ill., E. J. Hill; Dak. and westward.

8. ABÙTILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow.

Carpels 2–9-seeded, at length 2-valved. Radicle ascending or pointing inward. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

A. Avicénnæ, Gaertn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Tall annual (4° high); leaves roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety; peduncles shorter than the leaf-stalks; corolla yellow; carpels 12–15, hairy, beaked.—Waste places, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from India.)

9. MODÌOLA, Moench.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10–20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 14–20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the top; the cavity divided into two by a cross partition, with a single seed in each cell.—Humble, procumbent or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves and small purplish flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad and depressed fruit resembling in shape the Roman measure of that name.)

1. M. multífida, Moench. Hairy; leaves 3–5-cleft and incised; stamens 15–20; fruit hispid at the top.—Low grounds, Va. and southward.

10. KOSTELÉTZKYA, Presl.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus. (Named after V. F. Kosteletzky, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virgínica, Gray. Roughish-hairy perennial (2–4° high); leaves halberd-shaped and heart-shaped, the lower 3-lobed; corolla 2´ wide, rose-color; column slender.—Marshes on the coast, N. Y. and southward. Aug.

11. HIBÍSCUS, L. Rose-Mallow.

Calyx involucellate at the base by a row of numerous bractlets, 5-cleft. Column of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united, stigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many in each cell.—Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

[*] Indigenous tall perennials (4–8° high), flowering late in summer.

1. H. Moscheùtos, L. (Swamp Rose-Mallow.) Leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, all whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous or slightly downy above; the 1-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the base with the petioles; bractlets not hairy; calyx not inflated; pod and seeds smooth or nearly so.—Brackish marshes along the coast, from E. Mass. southward, and lake shores and swamps westward to Ill. and Mo., especially within the influence of salt springs.—Corolla 5–6´ in diameter, light rose-color or white, with or without a crimson eye.

2. H. lasiocárpus, Cav. Leaves soft-downy both sides, the lower broadly ovate and heart-shaped; bractlets ciliate; pod hirsute;—otherwise resembling the last. (H. grandiflorus, Michx.)—Ind. to Mo., and southward.

3. H. militàris, Cav. (Halberd-Leaved R.) Smooth throughout; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; upper leaves halberd-form, the short lateral lobes spreading at the base, the middle one prolonged and taper-pointed; peduncles slender; fruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy.—River-banks, Penn. to Minn., and southward.—Corolla 2–3´ long, flesh-color with purple base.

[*][*] Escaped from gardens or grounds.

H. Triònum, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) A low, rather hairy annual; upper leaves 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the middle one much the longest; fruiting calyx inflated, membranaceous, 5-winged; corolla sulphur-yellow with a blackish eye, ephemeral; hence the name flower-of-an-hour. (Adv. from Eu.)

H. Syrìacus, L. (Shrubby Althæa of gardeners.) Tall shrub, smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobed; corolla usually rose-color.—Escaped rarely from cultivation, Penn., etc. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 21. TILIÀCEÆ. (Linden Family.)

Trees (rarely herbs), with the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark, valvate calyx, etc., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers 2-celled. Represented in Northern regions only by the genus,

1. TÍLIA, Tourn. Linden. Basswood.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; filaments cohering in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the base of a spatulate petal-like body placed opposite each of the real petals. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous ovules in each cell, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit dry and woody, indehiscent-globular, becoming 1-celled and 1–2-seeded. Embryo in hard albumen; cotyledons broad and thin, 5-lobed, crumpled.—Fine trees, with soft and white wood, very fibrous and tough inner bark, more or less heart-shaped and serrate alternate leaves (oblique and often truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united to a ligulate membranaceous bract. Flowers cream-color, honey-bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name.)

1. T. Americàna, L. (Basswood.) Leaves large, green and glabrous or nearly so, thickish; floral bract usually tapering at base; fruit ovoid.—Rich woods. May, June.—Here rarely called Lime-tree, oftener White-wood, commonly Basswood; the latter name now obsolete in England.

2. T. pubéscens, Ait. Leaves smaller (2–3´ long), thinner, and rather pubescent beneath; floral bract usually rounded at base; fruit globose, smaller (3´´ broad). (T. Americana, var. pubescens, Man.)—N. Y. to Fla., and westward.

3. T. heterophýlla, Vent. (White Basswood.) Leaves larger, smooth and bright green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.—Mountains of Penn. to S. Ill., and southward.

T. Europæ̀a, the European Linden, several varieties of which are planted in and near our cities for shade, is at once distinguished from any native species by the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin) gave the family name to Linnæus.

Order 22. LINÀCEÆ. (Flax Family.)

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with the regular and symmetrical hypogynous flowers 4–6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals, 5 stamens monadelphous at base, and an 8–10-seeded pod, having twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus,

1. LÌNUM, Tourn. Flax.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it splits in dehiscence) and 5-celled, with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false partition projecting from the back of the carpel, the pod thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened, containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons.—Herbs, with tough fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often opposite), without stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or panicled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)

[*] Flowers rather small, yellow; glabrous, 1–2° high.

1. L. Virginiànum, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corymbose spreading or recurving branches terete and even; no stipular glands; leaves oblong or lanceolate, or the lower spatulate and often opposite; flowers scattered, small (barely 3´´ long); sepals ovate, pointed, smooth-edged or nearly so, equalling the depressed 10-celled pod; styles distinct.—Dry woods; common.—Root apparently annual; but the plant propagates by suckers from the base of the stem.

L. Floridànum, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. Ill.

2. L. striàtum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creeping or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short branches striate with about 4 sharp wing-like angles decurrent from the leaves; these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower ones opposite; flowers more crowded; sepals scarcely equalling the very small subglobose brownish pod; otherwise nearly as n. 1.—Wet or boggy grounds, E. Mass. to Lakes Ontario and Huron, Ill., and southward.

3. L. sulcàtum, Riddell. Stem strictly erect from an annual root, and with the upright or ascending branches wing-angled or grooved; leaves alternate, linear, acute, the upper subulate and glandular-serrulate; a pair of dark glands in place of stipules; sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharp-pointed, strongly 3-nerved and with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the ovoid-globose incompletely 10-celled pod; styles united almost to the middle.—Dry soils, E. Mass. to Minn., and southwestward.—Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding.

4. L. rígidum, Pursh. Glaucous, sometimes slightly puberulent, often low and cespitose, the rigid branches angled; leaves narrow, erect, usually with stipular glands; flowers large; sepals lanceolate, glandular-serrulate; styles united; capsule ovoid, 5-valved.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Flowers large, blue.

5. L. perénne, L., var. Lewísii, Eat. & Wright. Perennial, glabrous and glaucous, 1–3° high; leaves linear, acute; flowers rather few on long peduncles; sepals obtuse or acutish, not glandular-serrulate; styles distinct; pod ovate.—Minn. to Neb., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

L. usitatíssimum, L. (Common Flax.) Annual; stem corymbosely branched at top; sepals acute, ciliate.—Occasionally spontaneous in fields. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 23. GERANIÀCEÆ. (Geranium Family.)

Plants (chiefly herbs) with perfect and generally symmetrical hypogynous flowers; the stamens, counting sterile filaments, as many or commonly twice as many, and the lobes or cells (1–few-ovuled) of the ovary as many, as the sepals, the axis of the dry fruit persisting.—Seeds without albumen except in Oxalis. Flowers mostly 5-merous and the sepals usually distinct. Leaves never punctate. An order not easily defined, and including several strongly marked tribes or suborders which have been regarded by many botanists as distinct.

Tribe I. GERANIEÆ. (Geranium Family proper.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the sepals imbricate in the bud, persistent. Glands of the disk 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat united. Ovary deeply lobed; carpels 5, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded, separating elastically with their long styles, when mature, from the elongated axis. Cotyledons plicate, incumbent on the radicle.—Herbs (our species) with more or less lobed or divided leaves, stipules, and astringent roots.

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 5. The recurving bases of the styles or tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside.

2. Erodium. Stamens with anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside, often spirally twisted.

Tribe II. LIMNÁNTHEÆ. Flowers regular, 3-merous (in Flœrkea), the persistent sepals valvate. Glands alternate with the petals. Stamens distinct. Carpels nearly distinct, with a common style, 1-ovuled, 1-seeded, at length fleshy and indehiscent, not beaked, separating from the very short axis. Embryo straight, cotyledons very thick, radicle very short.—Low tender annuals, with alternate pinnate leaves and no stipules.

3. Flœrkea. Sepals, minute pistils, and lobes of the ovary 3, stamens 6.

Tribe III. OXALÍDEÆ. (Sorrel Family.) Flowers regular, 5-merous, the persistent sepals imbricate. Glands none. Stamens 10, often united at base. Stigmas capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod (in Oxalis); cells 2–several-seeded. Embryo straight, in a little fleshy albumen.—Leaves compound (3-foliolate in our species); juice sour.

4. Oxalis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong, the valves not falling away. Leaflets usually obcordate.

Tribe IV. BALSAMÍNEÆ. (Balsam Family.) Flowers irregular (5-merous as to the stamens and pistil); the petals and colored sepals fewer in number, deciduous, the larger sepal with a large sac or spur. Glands none. Stamens 5, distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5-celled pod (in Impatiens), cells several-seeded. Embryo straight.—Tender and very succulent herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules.

5. Impatiens. Lateral petals unequally 2-lobed. Pod bursting elastically into 5 valves.

1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill.

Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in n. 3), all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth inside in fruit when they separate from the axis.—Stems forking. Peduncles 1–3-flowered. (An old Greek name from γέρανος, a crane, the long fruit bearing beak thought to resemble the bill of that bird.)

[*] Rootstock perennial.

1. G. maculàtum, L. (Wild Cranesbill.) Stem erect, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end, sepals slender-pointed, petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (½´ long).—Open woods and fields. April–July.—Leaves somewhat blotched with whitish as they grow old.

[*][*] Root biennial or annual; flowers small.

[+] Leaves ternately much dissected, heavy-scented.

2. G. Robertiànum, L. (Herb Robert.) Sparsely hairy, diffuse, strong-scented, leaves 3-divided or pedately 5-divided, the divisions twice pinnatifid; sepals awned, shorter than the (red-purple) petals; carpels wrinkled; seeds smooth.—Moist woods and shaded ravines; N. Eng. to Mo., and northward. June–Oct. (Eu.)

[+][+] Leaves palmately lobed or dissected.

3. G. Caroliniànum, L. Stems at first erect, diffusely branched from the base, hairy; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft and cut into numerous oblong-linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels short; sepals awn-pointed, as long as the emarginate (pale rose-colored) petals; carpels hairy; seeds ovoid-oblong, very minutely reticulated.—Barren soil and waste places; common. May–Aug.—Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are hardly distinguishable from

G. disséctum, L. More slender and spreading, with narrower lobes to the crowded leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the end; seeds short-ovoid or globular, finely and deeply pitted.—Waste grounds, rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. rotundifòlium, L. With the habit of the next but the fruit and seed of the last; villous with long white hairs tipped with purple glands, leaves short-lobed.—Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. pusíllum, L. Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent; leaves rounded kidney-form, 5–7-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish) petals; stamens 5; fruit pubescent; seeds smooth.—Waste places, Mass. to Penn.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. mólle, L. Like the last; more pubescent; flowers dark purple; stamens 10; carpels transversely wrinkled, seed slightly striate.—Occasionally spontaneous. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. columbìnum. (Long-stalked C.) Minutely hairy, with very slender decumbent stems; leaves 5–7-parted and cut into narrow linear lobes; peduncles and pedicels filiform and elongate; sepals awned, about equalling the purple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels glabrous; seeds nearly as in G. dissectum.—Rarely introduced; Penn. and southward. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Sibíricum, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous; leaves 3-cleft with serrate divisions; flowers dull-white, mostly solitary; sepals awned; seeds minutely reticulate.—Rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. ERÒDIUM, L'Her. Storksbill.

The 5 shorter stamens sterile or wanting. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Otherwise as Geranium. (Name from ἑρωδιός, a heron.)

E. cicutàrium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, spreading; stipules acute; leaves pinnate, the leaflets sessile, 1–2-pinnatifid; peduncles several-flowered.—N. Y., Penn., etc.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. FLŒ́RKEA, Willd. False Mermaid.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the calyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, opposite the sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre; stigmas 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1–2) roughish fleshy achenes. Seed anatropous, erect, filled by the large embryo with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons.—A small and inconspicuous annual, with minute solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Named after Floerke, a German botanist.)

1. F. proserpinacoìdes, Willd. Leaflets 3–5, lanceolate, sometimes 2–3-cleft.—Marshes and river-banks, W. New Eng. to Penn., Ky., Wisc., and westward. April–June. Taste slightly pungent.

4. ÓXALIS, L. Wood-Sorrel.