Division II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. (continued 3)

1. B. uniflòra, Nutt.—Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHÁLLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.—Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustum Americanum, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifòlia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile.—Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. cæspitòsa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.—Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSÒGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4–5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting).—Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

G. parviflòra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8–16.—Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPÁPPUS, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6–12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15–20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from ὑμήν, membrane, and πάππος, pappus.)—Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

[*] Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.

1. H. scabiosæ̀us, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1–3° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.—Sandy barrens, Ill. and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbòsus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener.

3. H. tenuifòlius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1–2° high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

62. ACTINÉLLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.—Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, from ἀκτίς, ray.)

[*] Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire.

1. A. linearifòlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.—S. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acaùlis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.—Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. glàbra, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, Man.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. scapòsa, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

[*][*] Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted.

3. A. odoràta, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1–3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELÈNIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3–5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of 5–8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.—Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflòrum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1–3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. & Gray.)—Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June–Aug.

2. H. autumnàle, L. Nearly smooth, 1–6° high; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6´´ broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow.—Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south and westward. Sept.

64. GAILLÁRDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2–3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5–10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.—Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gaillard de Merentonneau.)

1. G. símplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.—S. Kan. to Tex.

2. G. lanceolàta, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1–2° high, finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.—S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristàta, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.—Dak., west and southward.

65. DYSÒDIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.—Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagètes, the French Marigold of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name δυσωδία, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoìdes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6–18´ high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.—Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.

66. ÁNTHEMIS, L. Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.—Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. (Ἀνθεμίς, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)

A. Cótula, DC. (May-weed.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, DC.)—Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. arvénsis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1–2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.—Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. nóbilis, L. (Garden Chamomile.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.—Established near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLÈA, L. Yarrow.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.—Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)

1. A. Millefòlium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems simple; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the divisions linear, 3–5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4–5, short, white (sometimes rose-color).—Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. Ptármica, L. (Sneezewort.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8–12, much longer than the broader campanulate involucre; flowers white.—Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICÀRIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3–5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none.—Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. inodòra, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.—(Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. discoídea, DC. Low (6–9´ high); leaves 2–3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus obsolete.—Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July–Sept.

69. CHRYSÁNTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy.

Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus.—Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, χρυσάνθεμον, i.e. golden flower.)

C. Leucánthemum, L. (Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-weed.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.)—Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Parthènium, Pers. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron.)—Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

70. TANACÈTUM, L. Tansy.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3–5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown.—Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1–3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

T. vulgàre, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2–4° high) smooth; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.—Var. críspum has the leaves more cut and crisped.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. T. Huronénse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1–3° high); lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (½–{2/3}´ wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3–5-cleft; pappus toothed.—St. John's River, Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

71. ARTEMÍSIA, L. Wormwood.

Heads discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.—Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1.

[*] Leaves dissected.

1. A. caudàta, Michx. Smooth (2–5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2–3-pinnately divided; the divisions thread-form, diverging; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle; root biennial.—Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.

2. A. Canadénsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1–2° high); lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3–7-divided, the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled racemes.—Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves entire or some 3-cleft.

3. A. dracunculoìdes, Pursh. Tall (2–5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.—Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward.

4. A. glaùca, Pall. Strict, 1–2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads as in the last.—Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)

5. A. filifòlia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1–3° high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.—Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. Abrótinum, L. (the Southernwood), of strict habit, with leaves 1–2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. pròcera, L., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.

[*] Tall (1–5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles.

6. A. serràta, Nutt. Very leafy, 6–9° high; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish, oblong, 2´´ long or less.—Ill. to Dak.

7. A. longifòlia, Nutt. Stem 2–5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2–3´´ long—Minn. to Neb., and westward.

8. A. Ludoviciàna, Nutt. (Western Mugwort.) Whitened woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.—Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very variable.

A. vulgàris, L. (Common Mugwort.) Leaves mostly glabrous and green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open panicles.—Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate.

9. A. Stelleriàna, Bess. Stout, 1–2° high, from a creeping base; leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.—Sandy sea-beaches, E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?

[*][*][*] Less branched (1–3°), biennial or annual, glabrous.

10. A. biénnis, Willd. Strict, 1–3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.—Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc.

A. ánnua, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.—Ind. to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)

§ 3. Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

A. Absínthium, L. (Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2–3° high), silky-hoary; leaves 2–3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, panicled.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. A. frígida, Willd. Low (6–20´ high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3–5-cleft, the divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.—Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward.

72. TUSSILÀGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot.

Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary.—A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

T. Fárfara, L.—Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. PETASÌTES, Tourn. Sweet Coltsfoot.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat diœcious; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.—Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from πέτασος, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)

[*] Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish.

1. P. palmàta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5–7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, Hook.)—Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May.—Full-grown leaves 6–10´ broad.

2. P. sagittàta, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate.—N. Minn. and westward.

[*][*] Ligules none; flowers purplish.

P. vulgàris, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate.—About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)

74. ÁRNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.—Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.)

1. A. Chamissònis, Less. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (1–2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.)—N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.

2. A. nudicaùlis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1–3° high); leaves thickish, 3–5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the cauline small and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy.—Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

75. SENÈCIO, Tourn. Groundsel.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles.—Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

[*] Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so.

[+] Rays none or minute.

S. vulgàris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales blackish; rays none.—Waste grounds. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. viscòsus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.—Waste grounds, coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Heads conspicuously radiate.

1. S. lobàtus, Pers. (Butter-weed.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads small in a naked corymb; rays 6–12, conspicuous.—Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April–July.

2. S. palústris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; stem stout, 6´–2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very long.—Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

[*][*] Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

3. S. aùreus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.) Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young (1–3° high); leaves thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; lower stem-leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8–12.—Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly.

Var. obovàtus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray.)—Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.

Var. Balsámitæ, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.—Common.

4. S. tomentòsus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary wool (1–2° high); root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12–15.—Del. and mountains of Penn. (Pursh.), to Fla. and Ark. May.

5. S. cànus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.—N. Minn., Dak., and westward.

6. S. integérrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6´´ high), with green-tipped scales.—Sask. to Minn., and westward.

7. S. lùgens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.—Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa.

[*][*][*] Root perennial; heads large and often solitary.

8. S. Pseùdo-Árnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous; stem stout, 6–12´ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1–4, over an inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.—Grand Manan Island, off Maine (Prof. Verrill), to Lab., and northward.

76. CACÀLIA, L. Indian Plantain.

Heads 5–many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.—Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

[*] Involucre 25–30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.

1. C. suavèolens, L. Stem grooved (3–5° high); leaves triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.—Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.

[*][*] Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. renifórmis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Not glaucous; stem (4–9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (1–2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.—Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifòlia, L. (Pale Indian P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3–6° high); leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed, the lower triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.—Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., and southward. Aug.

4. C. tuberòsa, Nutt. (Tuberous Indian P.) Stem angled and grooved (2–6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5–7-nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex.—Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.

77. ERECHTÌTES, Raf. Fireweed.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pistillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.—Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

1. E. hieracifòlia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1–6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at base.—Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. July–Sept.

78. ÁRCTIUM, L. Burdock.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate and deciduous.—Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from ἄρκτος, a bear, from the rough involucre.)

A. Láppa, L. Stout, 1–3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose-tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, All.)—The several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. mìnus, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8´´ broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. By roadsides; very common.—Var. màjus, with broader (1´) green and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.—Var. tomentòsum, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.—July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

79. CNÌCUS, Tourn. Common or Plumed Thistle.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imperfectly diœcious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous.—Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek κνῆκος.)

[*] Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

C. lanceolàtus, Hoffm. (Common Thistle.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)—Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also n. 8); proper scales not prickly.

1. C. horrídulus, Pursh. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (1–3° high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heads (1–1½´ broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale yellow or purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.

[*][*][*] Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly.

[+] Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pítcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem very leafy; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cirsium, Torr. & Gray.)—Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. undulàtus, Gray. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size.

4. C. altíssimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3–10° high), leafy quite to the heads; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads 1½–2´ high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn., and southward.

Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2–6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, Spreng.)—Common; N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

5. C. Virginiànus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (1–3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward.

[+][+] Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath; heads large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed.

6. C. mùticus, Pursh. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3–8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing single or few rather large heads; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous (sometimes glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Swamps and low woods; common.

7. C. pùmilus, Torr. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout (1–2° high), hairy, bearing 1–3 very large heads (1½´ broad), which are often leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales prickly-pointed, the inner very slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2´ long). (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast.

[*][*][*][*] Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed; heads imperfectly diœcious, small and numerous.

C. arvénsis, Hoffm. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, slender, 1–2° high, the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)—Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

80. CÁRDUUS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)

C. nùtans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.—Fields near Harrisburg, Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

81. ONOPÓRDON, Vaill. Cotton or Scotch Thistle.

Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise as Cnicus.—Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.)

O. Acánthium, L. Stem (2–4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales linear-awl-shaped.—Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States; rather rare. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

82. CENTAURÈA, L. Star-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy or none.—Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)

[*] Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones.

C. benedícta, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus benedictus, L.)—Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none.

C. Cỳanus, L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined; false rays large; pappus very short; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base; root annual.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July.—Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. nìgra, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short; leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial.—Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.—Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. Calcítrapa, L. (Star-Thistle.) Stem diffusely much branched; leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual.—Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. Jácea, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.—Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

83. LÁMPSANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort.

Heads 8–12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.—Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; flowers yellow. (The λαμψάνη of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

L. commùnis, L. Nearly smooth, 1–2° high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

84. KRÍGIA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion.

Heads several–many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles.—Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanical collector in this country.)

§ 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5–7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual.

1. K. Virgínica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1–10´ high), becoming branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid.—New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April–Aug.

§ 2. CÝNTHIA. Achenes more slender; pappus of 10–15 small oblong chaff and 15–20 bristles. Perennial.

2. K. Dandélion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; scapes leafless, 6–18´ high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.)—Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March–July.

3. K. amplexicáulis, Nutt. Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1–3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2–5. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.)—Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward. June.—Stem 1–2° high.

85. CICHÒRIUM, Tourn. Succory or Chicory.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8–10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.—Branching perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

C. Íntybus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute.—Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

86. TRAGOPÒGON, L. Goat's-beard.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5–10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.—Stout glabrous biennials or perennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from τράγος, goat, and πώγων, beard.)

T. porrifòlius, L. (Salsify. Oyster-plant.) Stem 2–3° high; peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and pappus 3´ long.—Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

T. praténsis, L. (Goat's-beard.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.—Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. LEÓNTODON, L., Juss. Hawkbit.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.—Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from λέων, a lion, and ὀδούς, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.)—The following belongs to the subgenus Oporínia, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L. autumnàlis, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5–15´ high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.—Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June–Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PÍCRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5–10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.—Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from πικρός, bitter.)

P. hieracioìdes, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.—Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERÀCIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed.

Heads 12–many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.—Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from ἱέραξ, a hawk.)

§ 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious.

H. aurantìacum, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.—Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. præáltum, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.—N. New York (Ward). (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal.

H. muròrum, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.—Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1–3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

§ 3. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

[*] Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate.

2. H. paniculàtum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy only below (1–3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverging pedicels, 12–20-flowered; achenes short.—Open woods; rather common.

3. H. venòsum, L. (Rattlesnake-weed.) Stem or scape (1–2° high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12–35-flowered; achenes linear.—Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa.

4. H. Mariànum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2–3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny; heads 20–40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid.—Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.—Var. spathulàtum, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scàbrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1–3° high), leafy, rough-hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40–50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.—Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] Achenes tapering upward; heads 15–30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle.

6. H. Gronòvii, L. (Hairy H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1–3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenes with a very taper summit.—Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.

7. H. longípilum, Torr. (Long-bearded H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2–3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1´ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; achenes narrowed at the apex.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CRÈPIS, L.

Involucre few–many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from κρηπίς, a sandal.)

C. biénnis, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.—Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. tectòrum, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.—In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

91. PRENÁNTHES, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root.

Heads 5–30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with purple; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the subgenus Nábalus. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name from πρηνής, drooping, and ἄνθη, blossom.)

[*] Heads rather broad, 25–35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. crepidínea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5–9° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6–12´ long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.)—Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.—Flowers cream-color.

[*][*] Heads narrow, 8–15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.

[+] Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12–15-flowered.

2. P. racemòsa, Michx. Stem 2–5° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.)—Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.—Var. pinnatífida, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.

3. P. áspera, Michx. Stem 2–4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.

[+][+] Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8–12-flowered; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgàta, Michx. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Slightly glaucous; stem 2–4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (1{½}–2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.)—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

5. P. Mainénsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persistently drooping on slender pedicels.—St. John's River, N. Maine (Pringle). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.

[*][*][*] Heads 5–18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.

[+] Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.

[++] Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish.

6. P. álba, L. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth and glaucous (2–4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3–5-cleft, the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.

[++][++] Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable.

7. P. serpentària, Pursh. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3–7-lobed, on margined petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (greenish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.)—Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward.

Var. nàna, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6–16´ high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.)—Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward.

8. P. altíssima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3–7° high); the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3–5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5–6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.

[+][+] Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2–3, linear, loose.

9. P. Boòttii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5–6´ high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10–18-flowered, the proper scales 10–15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color.—Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York.

92. LYGODÉSMIA, Don.

Heads and flowers (5–10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; pappus whitish.—Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of λύγος, a pliant twig, and δέσμη, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. júncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves lance-linear, 1–2´ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered.—St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.

93. TRÓXIMON, Nutt.

Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles.—Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from τρώγω, to chew, of no obvious application.)

1. T. cuspidàtum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless.—Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.

2. T. glaùcum, Nutt. Scape 1–2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene long-beaked.—Minn. to Neb. and southwestward.

94. TARÁXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.

Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4–5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus.—Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from ταράσσω, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

T. officinàle, Weber. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.)—Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. April–Sept.—After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

95. PYRRHOPÁPPUS, DC. False Dandelion.

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.—Mostly annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of πυῤῥός, flame-colored, and παππός, pappus.)

1. P. Caroliniànus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping.—Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April–July.

2. P. scapòsus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves all radical, pinnatifid.—Prairies; Kan. to Tex.

96. CHONDRÍLLA, Tourn.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.—Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.)

C. júncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1–3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6–8´´ long.—Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

97. LACTÙCA, Tourn. Lettuce.

Heads several–many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcompressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pappus, its bristles falling separately.—Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)

§ 1. SCARÌOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.

L. Scarìola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6–12-flowered; achenes striate.—Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Mostly tall (4–9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6–12´ long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3–6´´ long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather longer than the beak.—Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets; common.

2. L. integrifòlia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3–4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.)—N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

3. L. hirsùta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2–3° high, commonly hirsute at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray.)—E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Ludoviciàna, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2–5° high; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.—Minn., Iowa, and southwestward.

§ 2. LACTUCÁSTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak; perennial; flowers blue.

5. L. pulchélla, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1–2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.)—Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains westward.

§ 3. MULGÈDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue.

6. L. acuminàta, Gray. Tall biennial (3–7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.)—Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla.

7. L. Floridàna, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as n. 7.—Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

8. L. leucophæ̀a, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3–12° high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping; heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to cream-color; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, DC.)—Low grounds; rather common.—Var. integrifòlia, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Ill.

98. SÓNCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.—Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)

[*] Annual (1–5° high); flowers pale yellow.

S. oleràceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.—Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ásper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Stem leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.—With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

S. arvénsis, L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.—Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 56. LOBELIÀCEÆ. (Lobelia Family.)

Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers.—Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.—Nearly passing into the following order.

1. LOBÈLIA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to Matthias De l'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

[*] Flowers deep red, large; stem simple.

1. L. cardinàlis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (2–4° high), smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.—Low grounds, common.—Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, varying rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also occur.

[*][*] Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

[+] Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5–6´´ long), spicate-racemose; stems leafy, 1–3° high; perennial.

[++] Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. syphilítica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2–6´ long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1´ long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispherical.—Low grounds, common.—Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (1–2´ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts ovate; sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped.—Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.—Corolla bright blue, ½´ long.

4. L. amœ̀na, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous.—S. Atlantic States, in swamps.—Var. glandulífera, Gray; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.

[++][++] Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulòsa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.—Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla.

[+][+] Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2–3´´ long).

[++] Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.

6. L. leptóstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.—Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga.

7. L. spicàta, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1–4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged.—Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer.—Var. parviflòra, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3´´ long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June.—Var. hirtélla, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.

[++][++] Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose; sinuses of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial.

[=] Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated.

8. L. Cánbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1–2° high), minutely angled; pedicels shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5´´ long), more or less bearded in the throat.—Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kálmii, L. Stem mostly low (4–18´ high), minutely angled; pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla light blue, 4–5´´ long.—Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.

10. L. Nuttàllii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1–2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3´´ long.—Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

[=][=] Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L. inflàta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1–2° high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.—Dry open fields.—Corolla only 1½–2´´ long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.

[++][++][++] Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. paludòsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1–4° high); leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.—In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmánna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5–12´ high), few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.—Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

Order 57. CAMPANULÀCEÆ. (Campanula Family.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct.—Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2–several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy.

1. SPECULÀRIA, Heister. Venus's Looking-glass.

Calyx 5- (or 3–4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.—Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common European species.)

1. S. perfoliàta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3–20´ high); leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2–3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below the middle; seeds lenticular.—Sterile open ground; common. May–Aug.

2. S. leptocárpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; capsule nearly cylindrical (6–9´´ long, 1´´ thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong.—W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6–9´´ wide.

2. CAMPÁNULA, Tourn. Bellflower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes.—Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

[*] Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle.

[+] Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; perennial.

C. rapunculoìdes, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1´ long.—Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.

C. glomeràta, L. (Clustered B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1´ long.—Roadsides, E. Mass.

[+][+] Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.

1. C. rotundifòlia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching (5–12´ high), 1–10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6–9´´ long); capsule nodding.—Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains.—A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. árctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla {2/3}–1´ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.)—Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. velutìna, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent.—Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (E. J. Hill).

2. C. aparinoìdes, Pursh. (Marsh Bellflower.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8–20´ high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect.—Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricàta, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1–3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3´´ long); style exserted.—Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate.

4. C. Americàna, L. (Tall Bellflower.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3–6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2½–6´ long); spike 1–2° long; corolla light blue, 1´ broad.—Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

Order 58. ERICÀCEÆ. (Heath Family.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4–5-lobed or 4–5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3); style 1; ovary 3–10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.—A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:—

Suborder I. Vaccinieæ. (Whortleberry Family.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.—Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4–5-celled (or imperfectly 8–10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

Suborder II. Ericineæ. (Heath Family proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.—Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEÆ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5–10-seeded.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDEÆ. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

5. Epigæa. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.

[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.

8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree.

9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4–5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEÆ. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREÆ. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5–10. Leaves evergreen.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

Suborder III. Pyroleæ. (Pyrola Family.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREÆ. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.

20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEÆ. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.

21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

Suborder IV. Monotropeæ. (Indian-pipe Family.) Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.

24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.

[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSÁCIA, HBK. Huckleberry.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.—Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)

[*] Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachýcera, Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (1° high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.—Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May.—Leaves resembling those of the Box.

[*][*] Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dumòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1–5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).—Var. hirtélla has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.—Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Blue Tangle. Dangleberry.) Smooth (3–6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).—Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.

4. G. resinòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1–3° high), leaves oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous, corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white).—Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.—The common Huckleberry of the markets.

2. VACCÍNIUM, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4–5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4–5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8–10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.—Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODÉNDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled.

1. V. arbòreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (6–25° high), smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; corolla white; anthers included; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.—Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C.

2. V. stamíneum, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Diffusely branched (2–3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded.—Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

§ 2. CYANOCÓCCUS. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, 5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves.

[*] Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

3. V. virgàtum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.—In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.—Va. to Ark., and southward.

[*][*] Corolla shorter and broader. (Blueberries or Blue Huckleberries.)

4. V. Pennsylvánicum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf (6–15´ high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous.—Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.—Var. angustifòlium, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves.—White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadénse, Kalm. Low (1–2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.—Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

6. V. vacíllans, Solander. (Low Blueberry.) Low (1–2½° high), glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.—Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo.—Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.

7. V. corymbòsum, L. (Common or Swamp-Blueberry.) Tall (5–10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3–4´´ long.—Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. glàbrum, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:—

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.—Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pállidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.—Common in the Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrocóccum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom.—New Eng. to Penn.

§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (Bilberries.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4–5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry 4–5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.

[*] Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

8. V. uliginòsum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4´–2° high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2–3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.—Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

9. V. cæspitòsum, Michx. Dwarf (3–6´ high), tufted, leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.—Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.—Var. cuneifòlium, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.—Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloìdes, Hook. More erect, 1–5° high; branchlets somewhat angled; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; corolla depressed-globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.—Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.—Pedicels 3–6´´ long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

11. V. ovalifòlium, Smith. Straggling, 2–12° high; leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; corolla ovoid; berries blue.—Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.

§ 4. VÌTIS-IDÆ̀A. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy; anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3–6´´ long.

12. V. Vìtis-Idæ̀a, L. (Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry. Foxberry.) Low (6–10´ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

§ 5. OXYCÓCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

[*] Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.

13. V. erythrocárpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1–4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.—Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

[*][*] Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid.—Cranberries.

14. V. Oxycóccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4–9´ long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2–3´´ long); pedicels 1–4, terminal; filaments fully ½ as long as the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.—Berry 3–4´´ broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocárpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems elongated (1–4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4–6´´ long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. June.—Berry ½–1´ long.

3. CHIÓGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.—A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from χιών, snow, and γένος, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. serpyllifòlia, Salisb. Leaves 3–4´´ long; berries 3´´ broad, bright white. (C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray.)—Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C. May.—Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.

4. ARCTOSTÁPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5–10 seed-like nutlets.—Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ἄρκτος, a bear, and σταφυλή, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Ùva-úrsi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red.—Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpìna, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate; fruit black.—Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.)

5. EPIGÆ̀A, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.—A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and γῆ, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. rèpens, L.—Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.—Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdiœcious. In New England called Mayflower.

6. GAULTHÈRIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry!—Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec.)

1. G. procúmbens, L. (Creeping Wintergreen.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches ascending, leafy at the summit (3–5´ high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding.—Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; also far northward. July.—The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tea-berry. Eastward it is often called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry.

7. ANDRÓMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.—Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnæus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

[*] Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.

1. A. polifòlia, L. Glabrous, 6–18´ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn.—Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribúnda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2–6° high; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath (2´ long); racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back.—Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

[*][*] Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous.

3. A. Mariàna, L. (Stagger-bush.) Mostly glabrous, 2–4° high; leaves oblong or oval (1–3´ long); fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex.—Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrìna, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3–10° high; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular.—Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.—Var. pubéscens, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.—Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDÉNDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages.—A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from ὀξύς, sour, and δένδρον, tree.)

1. O. arbòreum, DC. Tree 15–40° high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach.—Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCÓTHOË, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.—Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

[*] Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillàris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.–April.—Shrub 2–4° high.

2. L. Catesbæ̀i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3–6´ long); sepals ovate-oblong, often acute.—Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.—Shrub 2–4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

[*][*] Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx bibracteolate.

3. L. recúrva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned; pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged.—Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April.—Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racemòsa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each 2-awned; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless.—Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June.—Shrub 4–10° high. Corolla cylindrical.

10. CASSÁNDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded, the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless.—Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyculàta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.—Bogs, Newf. to Minn., and south to Ga.

11. CASSÌOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4–5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4–5-celled, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentæ many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.—Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoìdes, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1–4´ high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.—Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLÙNA, Salisb. Heather. Ling.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.—Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from καλλύνω, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgàris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, Erìca cinèrea and E. Tétralix, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYÁNTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.—Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllódoce. (Βρύον, moss, and ἄνθος flower, because growing among mosses.)

1. B. taxifòlius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.)—Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

14. KÁLMIA, L. American Laurel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.—Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnæus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.

1. K. latifòlia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-wood.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.—Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4–8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10–30° high). May, June.

2. K. angustifòlia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.) Shrub 1–3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit.—Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glaùca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers ½´ broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.—Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.—Straggling, about 1° high.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsùta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4´´ long), becoming glabrous.—Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May–Sept.—Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIÈSIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.—A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. glabélla, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so (1–2´ long); filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end.—Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.

2. M. globulàris, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2–5° high; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above; filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)—In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODÉNDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azalea, etc.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.—Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. (Ῥοδοδενδρον, rose-tree; the ancient name.)

§ 1. AZÀLEA. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined.

[*] Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3–10° high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

[+] Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arboréscens, Torr. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.)—Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscòsum, Torr. (Clammy A. White Swamp-Honeysuckle.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.)—Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.—Var. glaùcum, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.—Var. nítidum, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

[+][+] Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflòrum, Torr. (Purple A. Pinxter-flower.) Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular. (Azalea nudiflora, L.)—Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

4. R. calendulàceum, Torr. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Leaves hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea calendulacea, Michx.)—Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

[*][*] Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.

5. R. Rhodòra, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1–2° high); leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1´ long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)—Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

§ 2. RHODODÉNDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading.

6. R. máximum, L. (Great Laurel.) Leaves 4–10´ long, very thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, 1´ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.—Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.—Shrub or tree 6–35° high.

7. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3–5´ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.—High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3–6° (rarely 20°) high.

8. R. Lappónicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6´ high); leaves (½´ long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5–10.—Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

17. LÈDUM, L. Labrador Tea.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5–10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentæ borne on the summit of the columella.—Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Λῆδον, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifòlium, Ait. Erect, 1–3° high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong (1–2´ long), mostly ½´ wide, very obtuse; stamens 5–7; capsule oblong, acutish.—N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods.