INDEX AND DICTIONARY (continued 9)

MacDonnell, Alan. B Addresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance of acquiring North-West Territories, 216.

Macdougall, William (1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at Victoria College, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as barrister, 1862. Engaged in journalism; founded the Canada Farmer in 1848, and the North American in 1850. A member of the Assembly from 1858 to 1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867; commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories, 1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the Ontario Boundary Commission. Index: BL One of the leaders of the new Radicalism,—editor of the North American, 341. E A leader of the Clear Grits, 110. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer and journalist, 40; edits the North American, 40; denounces George Brown, 40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint authority for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters coalition ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in North Lanark, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with Macdonald, 202-203; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; his work on the Globe, 245. H Accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on his way to Fort Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for fomenting trouble, 227. C On mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as lieutenant-governor, 69. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144. Md Minister of public works, 134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 144; quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of resolutions on acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to London to negotiate annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the territory, 159. T Enters coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76; enters first Dominion government, 128, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men.

Macé, Sister de. L Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.

McEvoy, J. M. S His pamphlet on The Ontario Township quoted, 89.

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy (1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United States, 1842, and became editor of the Boston Pilot; returned to Ireland and edited The Nation, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited the New Era in Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces. Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868, Index: B On Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation—names founders of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Taché's government, 1864, 149. Md Takes part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118. T His work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Works: Canadian Ballads; Popular History of Ireland; Notes on Federal Governments; Speeches and Addresses Chiefly on Subject of British American Union; Poems, with biog. sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor publications in Canada, and works published before coming to Canada, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For biog., see Taylor, Brit. Am. and Thomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his Life and Death; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

McGill, James (1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune. Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812 brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that bears his name. Index: Bk Founder of McGill University, 100. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can. See also McGill University.

McGill, John (1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in 1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers. In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada. Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts. Index: S Accompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but later confirmed in appointment, 213.

McGill, Peter (1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council; Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general hospital. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. E President of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration, 45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45. BL Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

McGill University. Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of Burnside and £10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852. The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855, when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord Strathcona. Bib.: Dawson, Historical Sketch of McGill University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.

McGillivray, Simon. One of the leading partners of the North West Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies were amalgamated. Index: MS His declaration that "Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his success would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

MacGillivray, William. Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered the service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the North West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage, and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie were ever after firm friends. The former became a partner of the North West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the most influential of the bourgeois. Fort William was named after him in 1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812. Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there about 1825. Index: MS Friendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of the X Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort William named after, 100. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest.

M'Govoch. Dr Discharged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, 35; tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38.

Machray, Robert (1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen and Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected dean of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop of Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in Canada, became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. Professor of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's College, Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

McIntosh, John. Mc Mackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked by mob, 482.

MacIntyre, Duncan. Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236.

Mack, Karl Freiherr von (1752-1822). Bk Austrian general, surrender of, 72.

Mackay, Alexander. Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Île à la Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchère that year. Murdered on the Tonquin, near Nootka, in 1811. Index: MS With Mackenzie on expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on the Tonquin, 67. D Engaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on the Tonquin, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds Douglas in command of northern posts, 187. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company. See also Douglas; Mackenzie; Tonquin.

McKay, James. Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council. Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879.

McKay, Joseph William (1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service, 1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

McKee, Colonel. S Indian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210. Bk His influence over the Indians, 280.

Mackellar. WM Chief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 93.

Mackenzie, Alexander (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the Lambton Shield, a reform newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. Index: Mc His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. Md Leader of opposition in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208; called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward Blake, 235, 261. E Premier of Liberal government under which simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. B Signs requisition to George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his speeches, 259. D His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway negotiations, 321. T His Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his ministry resigns, 136. Bib.: Works: Speeches in Scotland and Canada; Life and Speeches of George Brown. For biog., see Buckingham and Ross, Life of Alexander Mackenzie; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Leggo, History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada; Stewart, Canada under the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin.

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1755-1820). S Visits Simcoe, 188; recommends establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. MS Joins North West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10; parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring, 11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12; becomes a bourgeois, 12; assigned to English River department, 14; friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22; his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23; hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey, 32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians, 36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28; their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28, 47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39; lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61; the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with "English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his treatment of natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character, 51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54; his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River, passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond, 66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77; retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85; reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88; reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89; increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has his Voyages translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent, 98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100; opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. D His expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, 55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; results of his journey, 56. Bib.: Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into French, Paris, 1802. See also his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's Reminiscences (Masson, Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest). For biog., see Willson, The Great Company; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Mackenzie, Donald (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in 1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. Index: MS Chief factor, and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.

Mackenzie, Geddes. MS Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her parentage, 101.

Mackenzie, George. Md Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of, 9.

Mackenzie, Hope. B Moves approval of George Brown's course in Confederation negotiations, 156-157.

Mackenzie, Isabel. Mc Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.

McKenzie, Roderick. Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In 1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, 1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are included in Masson's Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Settled at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative Council of the province. Index: MS Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River department, 15; at Île à la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska department, 23; their friendship, 23; his Reminiscences, 24; builds Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, 27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great Slave Lake, 54. Bib.: Reminiscences in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Mackenzie, William Lyon (1795-1861). Mc His personality, Goldwin Smith on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6; his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12; parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44; moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act, 72; starts Colonial Advocate, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820, 85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97; attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95; reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob destroys Colonial Advocate, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115; personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates, 124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets £625 damages, 129; refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130; prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures Randal's mission to England, 139; advocates responsible government, 146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152; chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154; introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New York, 157; letter in National Gazette, 158; supports Robert Baldwin, 159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162, 163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168; re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, 181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, 205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219; Colonial Advocate office again attacked, 221; his mission to England, 221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, 232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes Sketches of Canada and the United States, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, 239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, 251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, 292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, 309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, 320; begins the Constitution, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his escape, 381 et seq.; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, 415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New York and Philadelphia, 433; begins Mackenzie's Gazette, 433; no connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes Caroline Almanac, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; publishes Volunteer, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes Lives of one Thousand Remarkable Irishmen, 469; publishes the Examiner, 470; appointed to New York customs house, 470; publishes Lives of Butler and Hoyt, in 1845, 471; and Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 1846, 472; goes on Tribune, 472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, 486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, 504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes Mackenzie's Message, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, 1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. Md Leads Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. R Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances," 112; opposes separate schools, 224. B His return to Canada, 36; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47. BL His parentage, 12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish Court of Chancery, 352. Sy Reform party falsely identified with his proceedings, 85, 138. E And the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. P His correspondence with Papineau, 189. H Effect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular party, in Nova Scotia, 49. Bib.: Works: Life and Times of Martin Van Buren; Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler; Sketches of Canada and the United States. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lindsey, Life and Times of W. L. McKenzie; Dent, Can. Por., Upper Canadian Rebellion, and Last Forty Years; King, Other Side of the Story; Read, Rebellion of 1837. See also Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)

Mackenzie River. Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length from Thutage Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63°; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave River, to the Arctic Ocean. Index: MS Alexander Mackenzie discovers and explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River Disappointment," 55. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Franklin, Narrative of Second Expedition; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Cameron, The New North.

Mackenzie's Message. Published at Toronto. Index: Mc Newspaper, published 1853, 505.

McKim, R. P. T Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.

McLachlan, Alexander (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, 1862. Collected edition of his Poems published, 1900. Bib.: MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

McLane, David. Dr Hanged for treason, 301.

McLaren, Dr. Murray. T Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.

MacLean, Judge. B Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society banquet, 27.

MacLean, Colonel Allan (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland, 1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in 1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. Index: Hd Raises regiment of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171; his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294; his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans, 307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310; visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

McLean, Archibald (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. Index: Mc Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

McLean, John (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.

McLeod, Alexander. Mc Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and acquittal, 424.

McLeod, Alexander Norman. Of the North West Company. Index: MS Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.

McLeod, Archibald Norman. Entered the service of the North West Company some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River, 1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.

McLeod, Donald (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, 1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication of the Grenville Gazette. Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he died. Index: Mc Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. Bib.: History of the Canadian Insurrection. For biog., see Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

McLeod, John (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's Hudson's Bay Company. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of his days on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: MS Leads the Selkirk colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, 175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. D Ascends upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

McLoughlin, John (1784-1857). Born at Rivière du Loup. Studied medicine in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest of his life in Oregon City. Index: MS Edward Ellice on, 220; impresses Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. D First great Hudson's Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas, 94; born, 1784, at Rivière du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94; his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95; returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon, 128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death, 187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353. Bib.: Holman, Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

McLoughlin, John. D Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, 122-123.

McMaster University. Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.

McMillan, John (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, 1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of Confederation. Index: T Elected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general in Mitchell ministry, 105.

MacNab, Sir Allan Napier (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and resigned, 1856. Index: H Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. BL Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie, 44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in 1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82; proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question, 178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown, 224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker, Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead, 283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. E His part in suppressing Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice, 137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin, 140; his last resting-place, 224. B And the old Tory party, 69; his farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89. C His alliance with Quebec Liberals, 33. Mc Committed to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy Island, 417; orders cutting out of Caroline, 420; knighted, 423; goes to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich, 427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. Md Called upon to form an administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns and he forms a new administration with Colonel Taché, 74; his ideal of government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

MacNab, James. H Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes receiver-general, 112. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

McPhelim, Francis. T Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.

McPherson, Charles. T Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.

Macpherson, Sir David Lewis (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and associated with the construction of other lines; formed the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, 1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, 1883-1885; knighted, 1884. Index: Md Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company which received charter from government, 200. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

McTavish, Dugald. D Member of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.

McTavish, Simon (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of "enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. Index: MS A leader in the fur trade, 10; known as le Marquis and le Premier, 23, 91; his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, 1804, 99. Bk And McGillivray of North West Company, send news of declaration of war, 203. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

McTavish, William. MS Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.

Madison, James (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States. Index: Dr His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. Bk Maintains non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, 192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Madocawando. F Abenaquis chief, 329.

Madras Schools. W Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described, 86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. T At Gagetown, 5; system popular, 5.

Magdalen Islands. In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles Ramées, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his Voyages. It was afterwards applied to the whole group. Bib.: Ganong, Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence (R. S. C., 1889).

Magistrates. Dr Poor character and scandalous methods of many of them, 52; some of them most worthy men, 55.

Magnan, Pierre. Ch Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.

Maguaga. Bk Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.

Mahicanaticouche. Ch Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been guilty of murder, 165.

Mail. Newspaper published at Niagara. Index: B Ridicules Globe's proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.

Maillard, Antoine Simon. Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years. Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Mair, Charles (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge district, Southern Alberta. Index: Md Comes to Ottawa from Prince Albert to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. Bib.: Works: Dreamland and other Poems; Tecumseh: a Drama. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de. In this "devout and valiant gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from Rochelle, in 1641, with a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. Index: F Conducts mission colony to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. L Governor of Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. Ch Comes out in 1613 with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in his ship, 79. Bk Founder of Montreal, 99. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America and Old Régime; Faillon, La Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal.

Maitland, Sir Peregrine (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812; promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852. Index: E Grants charter to King's College, 93. BL Dismisses Willis from office, 28. R Favours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada, 87-88. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Maizerets, Louis Ange de. L Comes to Canada, 41; director of the Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.

Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de (1730-1800). Born in France. In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the War of Independence. Index: WM Anxious as to line of defence above the city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's conversation with, 269. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Malaspina. Dr In search for Strait of Anian, 26.

Malot, Louis. Ch Jesuit, drowned, 200.

Mance, Jeanne (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At Rochelle met Dauversière and others interested in the project of a missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance was put in charge, and devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as well as white. Index: F Establishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death of, 78. L Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board the St. André, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Faillon, Vie de Mlle. Mance.

Manchester. In England. Index: Sy Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; his free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.

Manet, Jean. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Manitoba. Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word Manitowaban. La Vérendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in 1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. See also Red River Colony; Winnipeg. Index: C Bill creating province introduced by Cartier, 71; meaning of name, The God That Speaks, 71. Md Bill passed for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256; its connection with commercial union, 298. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba; Gunn and Tuttle, History of Manitoba; Begg, History of the North-West; Bryce, Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River Settlement.

Manson, Donald. Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. Index: D At Fort McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118.

Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. Anne, Hudson Bay. Index: F One of the leaders of war party against Schenectady, 235. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Maquinna. D His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps armourer and sailmaker of the Boston in slavery four years, 37.

Marcel, Captain. WM Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, 219; informs Lévis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.

Marcet, Mrs. Hd Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343.

Marchand, Étienne (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. Index: D Explores North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. Bib.: Voyage autour du Monde, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Marchand, Félix Gabriel (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands, 1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For many years proprietor and editor of Le Franco-Canadien. Bib.: Works: Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat; Fatenville; Erreur n'est pas Compte; Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre; Les Faus Brillants. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Marché, Charles de. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

Marcy, William Learned (1786-1857). Mc Governor of New York, declines to surrender Mackenzie, 414. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Mariana. Ch Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.

Marie. WM A storeship launched at Montreal, 244.

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793). Queen of France. Index: S Public mourning in Upper Canada for death of, 193.

Marie de l'Incarnation (Marie Martin, née Guyart) (1599-1672). Born at Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec. Her Lettres Historiques, written for the edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and Algonquian. Index: F Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on Jesuit Relations, 30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian population, 168. L On the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45; mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety, 92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbé Ferland's account of, 93; on the zeal of Fénelon and Trouvé, 109; on the sale of brandy to the Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155. Ch Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. Bib.: Lettres de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Martin, La Vie de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Charlevoix, Vie de Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Casgrain, Vie; Life, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.

Marion, Nicholas. Ch Captain of the Levrier, one of the two vessels of Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.

Maritime Provinces. B Movement for union of, 161, 186; Taché argues advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, 174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. Md Their determined opposition to Confederation, 116-118. T History of union movement in, 69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. See also New Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. Bib.: See under foregoing titles.

Markland, George H. R Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and of Board of Education, 58.

Marquette, Jacques (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette remained at the mission of De Père until 1675, when he established a mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried there. Index: F Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. L One of the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his death, 146. WM Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. Bib.: Shea, Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin, Discovery of the Mississippi; Parkman, La Salle; Breese, Early History of Illinois; Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 10.

Marriages. W Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question settled in 1834, 16. F Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. S Question of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.

Marriott, Sir James (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and 1796-1802. Index: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Marshall, John George (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. Bib.: Brief History of Events in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century.

Marsolet, Nicolas (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. Index: Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Marteilhe. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Martial Law. Bk Question respecting, 226. Hd Canada under, for four years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.

Martin, Abraham (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from Adrien Duchesne. Index: WM First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186. Ch Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Fight for Canada.

Martin, Anne. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

Martin, Charles Amador. Ch Priest, 146.

Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, 1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, 1629-1630. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Martin, Joseph (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882, and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg, 1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, 1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Ewart, The Manitoba School Question.

Martin, Marguerite. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

Martinez, Estévan José. Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the Princessa. Seized the Iphigenia at Nootka, but afterwards released it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to Mexico. Index: D Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at Nootka, 28; seizes Iphigenia and North-West America, and claims Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28; Iphigenia released, but North-West America retained, 29; seizes Princess Royal and Argonaut, 29. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Marylanders. Dr Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.

Mascarene, Paul (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in Boston until his death. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia. See also Acadians, Expulsion of the.

Mascouten Indians. An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie people." They were known to the French as Nation du feu. First mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in 1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Masères, Francis (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In 1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until 1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, 1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, London. Index: Dr Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts prosecution in Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. Hd Supports Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of Mabane, 315. Bib.: Works: Account of the Proceedings of the British and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to Obtain an House of Assembly; Additional Papers Concerning the Province of Quebec; Canadian Freeholder; Collection of Commissions, etc., Relating to the Province of Quebec; Occasional Essays. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Massachusetts. F Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in expedition against Quebec, 277. Bk War of 1812 unpopular in, 208.

Massé, Enemond (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall (q.v.), attacked the fort, and Massé and most of the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in 1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but afterwards released. Index: Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La Flèche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Old Régime; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Masson, Louis François Rodrigue (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, 1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, 1890. Bib.: Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Mather, Cotton (1663-1728). F On failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Matheron. L Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137.

Mathews, Peter. Mc Executed, 435; monument to, 436.

Mathews, Robert. Hd English secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand, 309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.

Maubec, Abbey of. L Revenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, 131, 132, 136, 137.

Maupassant. F Récollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165.

Maurelle, Francisco Antonio. Sailed to the North-West Coast with Quadra in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the explorations in several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which were published in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 expedition published in Barrington's Miscellany, 1781. Commanded the Princessa, 1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias. Index: D On North-West Coast, 15. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Maxwell, Colonel. W Sent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135.

May, Sir Humphrey (1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In 1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy councillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in North American affairs between England and France. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

May, Sir Thomas Erskine. See Farnborough.

Meade, George Gordon (1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick. Index: T Sent to check Fenians, 107. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Meares, John (1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service, 1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the north-west coast of America, 1789. Index: D Winters 1786-1787 in Prince William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of 1788, and his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; expedition to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from Maquinna for fur-trading post, 27; builds North-West America, at Nootka,—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; explores coast southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de Fuca, and takes possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Medley, John (1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at Oxford, 1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; of St. Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. Elected first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan of Canada, 1879. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Dent, Can. Por.

Meech, Lieutenant. WM Makes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92.

Meilleur, Jean Baptiste (1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near Montreal. Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, and, later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption. Index: BL Appointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, 115. Bib.: Bibaud, Dict. Hist. and Pan. Can.

Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount (1779-1848). Born in London, England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament, 1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828; and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834, prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen Victoria. Index: Sy Becomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the king, 45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his estimate of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; Cabinet reorganized, 57. W Negotiations re New Brunswick crown lands, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Letters of Queen Victoria.

Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount (1742-1811). Sat for Midlothian, 1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, 1791-1794; secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, 1804-1805. Index: S Secretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational schemes premature, 169. Dr Colonial secretary, disapproves of Dorchester's speech to Miami Indians, 283. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount (1801-1876). Served through Rebellion of 1837. General, 1868. Index: Mc Defends Windmill Point, 443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Membertou, Henry (1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably. Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church. Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death. Index: Ch Aged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Membré, Zenobius (1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the Récollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack. Index: L Récollet missionary, 149, 150. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

Menneval, Robineau de. Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters at Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to England. Index: F Governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274; carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Mercier, Honoré (1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and in 1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 appointed solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in 1883 elected member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. In 1887 premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the ministry was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. Introduced the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30; eulogizes the clergy, 30. Md Heads an agitation in favour of Riel, 243; incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces and passes the Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287. Bib.: Legendre, Honoré Mercier in Men of the Day; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Mercury. Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805. Index: BL Voices sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20. P Antagonistic attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's followers, 122-123. Bk Editor of, forced to apologize to Legislative Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116.

Meredith, Sir William Collis (1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844 appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866 chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Meredith, Sir William Ralph (1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex, Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in the Ontario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894. Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of Toronto. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Merritt, William Hamilton (1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of 1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In 1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration; in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the Legislative Council. Index: Bk Commands troop of cavalry at Queenston Heights, 310. E Elected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to his enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97. Mc President of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Merritt, Hon. W. H. Merritt.

Mesnard, Father. L Death of, 11.

Mesnu, Peuvret de. L Clerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167.

Mesplet, Fleury. Hd Publisher of first books printed in Canada, 276; founder of Montreal Gazette, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in French, and is arrested, 277. S Prints Simcoe's first proclamation, 80, 173.

Metaberoutin. See St. Maurice River.

Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron (1785-1846). Born in Calcutta, India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827 resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827. Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843 appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845. Index: Sy Did not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313. C On the union of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, 18; constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97. R Ryerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163; opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163. B Reasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19; rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink his health, 27-28. H His narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays full development of responsible government, 55. BL The great political controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government, 138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth, 158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215; forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220; agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by the Globe, 224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236; defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage, 256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death, 265; succeeded by Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his farewell speech, 356. E Succeeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36; raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38; succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels allowed to return from exile, 91. Md Succeeds Sir Charles Bagot as governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19; difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20; carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25. W New Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York, 74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Kaye, Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Methodist Church in Canada. Can be traced back to 1772, when a party of Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807 the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville). In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of the Methodist Church in Canada. Index: R History of church in Canada, 38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church established, 81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, 89; Canadian bodies united, 287-288. S Bishop Mountain's low opinion of Methodist preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, 162-164. Bib.: Sanderson, The First Century of Methodism in Canada; Ryerson, Canadian Methodism; Carman, Historical Sketch of Canadian Methodism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Methye Portage. Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye or loche (Lota maculosa), which has always been abundant in neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater, and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Métiomègne. L Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.

Métis. Md Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation of territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands, 240; their sympathy with Riel, 243.

Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de. Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The son of François Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans, before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Bégon, intendant of Rochefort, and father of Michel Bégon, afterwards intendant of New France. Index: F Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia, and makes census, 271. L Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; incapable and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Frontenac.

Mexico. Ch Visited and described by Champlain, 4.

Mézy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de. Governor of New France from 1663 until his death in 1665. Index: F Appointed governor on Laval's recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. L Governor, sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41; supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of, 51. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Miami Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against the Americans. Index: Dr Dorchester's speech to, 282. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Miami River. Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west of Cincinnati. Index: S General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139.

Michel, Jacques. Ch Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father Jean de Brébeuf, 201; his fate, 202.

Michigan Territory. Bk Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255, 260.

Michilimackinac. A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original form meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, described by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his Conspiracy of Pontiac. Index: Bk Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by Captain Roberts, 211. S Handed over to United States, 142. MS Migration of French to, from Detroit, 12. Hd Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. Bib.: Kelton, Annals of Fort Mackinac; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Micmac Indians. An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois. Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000. Index: WM Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; H Howe interests himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. Bib.: Biard, Relation, 1616; Rand, Micmac Dictionary; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland. Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, 1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. See Riel Rebellion, 1885. Index: Md Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion, 242. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Denison, Soldiering in Canada.

Milan Decree. Bk Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of, 110-111; 171, 172. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.

Milbank Sound. West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain Charles Duncan, of the Princess Royal, after Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke. Index: D Natives of, attack the Atahualpa, 1805, and kill the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Militia and Defence. WM Militia in Canada raised by conscription and receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, 119. Dr French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by habitants, 186. Bk Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada, 190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. S Passage of Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. C Militia reorganized after Trent affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88, 110. E Under French régime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence, 209-210. B Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms, 142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence, 184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First Association, 236. Md Bill defeated for better organization of, 88; militia organized, 151.

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873). English philosopher. Index: Sy Sydenham's acquaintance with, 13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Miller, James Andrew (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of Manitoba, 1885.

Miller, William. H Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.

Millet, Pierre (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, 1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. Index: F Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. L On the Christian character of Garakontié, 73. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Mills, David (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until 1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, 1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. Index: Md On national policy, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Milnes, Sir Robert Shore (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the army. In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen. Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. Index: P His governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in Lower Canada, 27. Bk Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; distrusted French-Canadians, 47. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Minchin, George. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.

Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl (1847- ). Educated at Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. Military secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada, 1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904; viceroy of India, 1905-1910. Index: Md On Louis Riel, 240. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Miristou. Ch Montagnais chief, 159.

Miscou. An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap d'Espérance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. Index: Ch French habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. Bib.: Ganong, Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1896); Denys, Acadia, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, St. Lawrence Basin.

Mississagua Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on Galinée's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste. Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in Ontario. Index: Hd Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from, 265. Bib.: Chamberlain, Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the Mississaguas; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.

Mississagua Point. Bk At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, dockyard, and a fort at, 58.

Mississippi River. Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. Index: WM Exploration of, 19. L Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken possession of, in name of king of France, 151. Hd Proposed canal route to, 77. Bib.: Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World; Parkman, La Salle; Chambers, The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley.

Mitchell, Peter (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. Engaged in the lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the Assembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of the Montreal Herald. Index: B Forms government in New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. H Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. Md Minister of marine and fisheries in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. T Delegate to Quebec in Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England re Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. Bib.: Works: Notes of a Holiday Trip; Review of President Grant's Message Relative to Canadian Fisheries. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Moberley, Walter. D Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.

Moffatt, George (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of provinces in Upper Canada, 112. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Mohawk Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. See also Iroquois. Index: L Tracy marches against, 53. Ch (Agniers), Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. Dr Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. Hd Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. F Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Diefendorf, The Historic Mohawk.

Mohier, Gervais. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 208.

Molson, John (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount (1819-1894). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In 1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in 1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Index: B Attempts to secure a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. C Enlists Taché in task of forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. Md Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. T Renders valuable assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Monckton, Robert (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St. Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Campbell, History of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.