INDEX AND DICTIONARY (continued 10)

Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844 circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Mondelet, Dominique. P Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower Canada Assembly, 72.

Monk, James. Dr Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among French Canadians, 278.

Monmouth. S Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.

Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM In command of Fort William Henry, 45; despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. Bib.: Bradley, The Fight with France.

Monroe, James (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. Index: Bk United States representative in England, presents claims on account of Chesapeake matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases the John Henry letters, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Monsabré, Father. L On Laval University, 99.

Monseignat. F Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.

Montagnais Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador. Index: Ch Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young girls to be educated, 165. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France and Jesuits in North America; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Comeau, Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf; Low, Report on Labrador (Geol. Survey, 1895).

Montagne, Perche, France. Ch Colonists from, 252.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762). WM On death of Wolfe, 239. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montbeillard. WM Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to Bougainville, 178.

Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712-1759). WM Seigneur de Saint Véran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his friendship with Chevalier de Lévis, 3; birth and descent of, 3; education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5; his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7; character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Lévis, 32; goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61; erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79; summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults Lévis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150; despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159; thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Lévis expressing desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out, 173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190; disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196; mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France, remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. P Causes of his defeat at Quebec, 143. Hd At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal, 123. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France; Bonnechose, Montcalm et le Canada Français; Casgrain, Montcalm et Lévis; Martin, Le Marquis de Montcalm; Guérin, Montcalm; Manuscrits de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.

Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron (1790-1866). British statesman. Index: Sy Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the peerage as Lord Monteagle, 57. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montgomery, John. W Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. T Surveyor-general, 41.

Montgomery, John (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto. Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. Index: Mc Banished, 437; escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian Refugees, 448. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Montgomery, Richard (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. Index: Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. Hd Captures Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776.

Montigny, Abbé de. L Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.

Montigny-sur-Avre. L Birthplace of Laval, 17.

Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de. Came to Canada as governor, 1636. Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died there shortly afterwards. Index: Ch Restored Fort St. Louis, and named it Château St. Louis, 158. F Second governor of Canada, 27; retirement of, 35. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Charlevoix, History of New France.

Montmorency. Seven miles below Quebec. Index: WM British establish themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss, 143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate their position, 158.

Montmorency Family. L Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. See also Laval.

Montmorency, Henri, Duc de (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624 conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour; served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured the islands of Ré and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed. Index: Ch Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration causes dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns position of viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. F Becomes lieutenant for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. L Executed, 18. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Montmorency, Mathieu. L Ancestor of Laval, 17.

Montmorency House. Below Quebec. Index: Hd Residence of Haldimand, 301; occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.

Montpensier, Mlle. de. F Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.

Montreal. Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec, Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys, joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later history has been largely one of material progress. Index: Hd Lévis at, 34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at, 91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of, 233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old burying-ground in, 345. T Transaction connected with its bonds causes defeat of Taché government, 69. L Church erected at, 84; foundation stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description of, 89. F Hôtel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, 33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of trading canoes from the lakes, 324. E Public reception to Elgin, 41; riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79; ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his farewell address, 204. B Election methods in 1844, 25. Dr British residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at, disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. BL Sir Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander, 146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital, 181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Taché on, 181; opposition in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition, 183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275; returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. Bk Description and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. Md Ceases to be seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues Annexation Manifesto in 1849, 39, 40. S The entrepôt between Britain and Upper Canada, 109. C Cartier warns people of the importance to city's welfare of means of transportation, 47; urged as terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. See also Ville Marie; Mount Royal. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672; Morin, Le vieux Montreal; McLennan, Anciens Montrealais ("Canada Français," vol. 3); Bosworth, Hochelaga Depicta; Sandham, Ville-Marie; Warburton, Hochelaga; Leblond de Brumath, Histoire Populaire de Montreal; Lighthall, Montreal after Two Hundred and Fifty Years; McLennan, Montreal, 1642-1842, and Dawson, Montreal, 1842-1892 in the Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal Board of Trade. See also under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; Marguerite Bourgeoys; Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame d'Youville; and in publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec Literary and Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. Contemporary descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and Landmann.

Montreal, Island of. Dr Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship of, abolished, 21. L Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to the Sulpicians, 108.

Montreal Company. Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the North West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander Norman McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, western fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of its success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, Roderick Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted between the two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the Athabaska department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, quarrelled with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally shot. This serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand Portage, a conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies in 1788. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company. See also North West Company; X Y Company.

Montresor. Dr His survey of route through Maine, 106.

Montreuil, Chevalier de. Served during the French campaigns in America from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in 1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy, with the rank of major-general. Index: WM Advances Guienne regiment to meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of the Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Gravé in 1603, and had conceived no very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia. In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy, and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Gravé on an expedition to the St. Lawrence. Index: F Ten years trading patent, with position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. Ch Commissioned as lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years' privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France. See also Champlain.

Moodie, Colonel. Mc Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837.

Moodie, Susanna (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In 1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie, and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839 her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous works of fiction and poetry. Bib.: Works: Roughing it in the Bush; Life in the Clearings. For full list of her writings, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For biog., see McMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Moody, Richard Clement (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies. Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster, the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works. In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. Index: D In charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; arrives, 246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as capital of British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of capital, 247; returns to England, 1863, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Moravian Indians. Hd Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of peace, 171.

Moreau, M. Ch On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. Bib.: Histoire de l'Acadie Française, 1598-1755.

Morel. Ch Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in 1617, 112.

Morel, Thomas. Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first curé of Château Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes. Index: L Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupré, 101; arrested, 163; released, 164; death of, 219.

Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de Gaure, in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a lieutenancy in the regiment of Chambellé, afterwards being promoted to the rank of captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, and was with La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for France, and returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and that of La Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; and took part in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, and again in 1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and granted a pension of six hundred francs. Index: F Post commander, ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210; reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Morgan, Daniel (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. Took the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec; captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. Index: Dr Leader of Virginia Mountaineers in attack on Quebec, 128. Bib.: Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Morgan, Maurice. Dr Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51; returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.

Morin. L Describes church at Montreal, 89.

Morin, Augustin Norbert (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada, 1859. Index: BL On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint premiership with Hincks, 359. B Brown acknowledges his services in cause of responsible government, 67. C Sides against the government, 7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99-100. E Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in 1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, 187; his services as a statesman, 236. Sy His letter to Hincks, 294. P Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; his articles in La Minerve, 101. Md Forms administration with Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.

Mornay, Louis-François Duplessis de. Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but never came to America. Index: L Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.

Morris, Colonel. Dr Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.

Morris, Alexander (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. Index: B Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, Nova Britannia, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.: Works: Nova Britannia; Canada and Her Resources; Treaties of Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morris, Charles. Born in England. Under the direction of Governor Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In command of a company during the action at Grand Pré. Assisted in laying out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Morris, James (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In 1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. Index: E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Morris, William (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. Index: Sy Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. BL Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morrison, Joseph Curran (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the same year receiver-general in the Taché-Macdonald administration. Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877, which position he filled until his death. Index: E Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. B His connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Morrison, Thomas David. Mc Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Morse, Colonel. S Recommends union of British North American provinces, 4.

Moss, Sir Charles (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; chief justice of Ontario, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Moss, Thomas (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, France. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Motin. Ch Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.

Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de (1729-1800). WM With band of Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. Bib.: Morice, Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest.

Mounier. Dr One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Mount Allison College. Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to University of Mount Allison College, 1886.

Mount Royal. L Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.

Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating $1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In 1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. Index: Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.

Mountain, George Jehoshaphat (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, 1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. Index: R Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mountain, Jacob (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. Index: Dr First bishop of Quebec, 271. S Appointed bishop of Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive councillor, 160. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mounted Police. See Royal North-West Mounted Police.

Moustier, Count. Dr French minister to United States, proposes to visit Canada, 247-248.

Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864, and in the Taché coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to 1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. Index: B Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, 141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, 158; reëlected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight for provincial rights, 207. Md Enters Macdonald's office as a student, 6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario boundary dispute, 252-258. T Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada.

Muir, Major. Bk Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and Maguaga, 237, 238-241.

Mulock, Sir William (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of Ontario. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Municipal Government. BL Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; Law Journal on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. Sy Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, 324; bill passed, 325. S Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. Bib.: Wickett, City Government in Canada and Municipal Government in North-West Territories; Shortt, Municipal Government in Ontario; Ewart, Municipal History of Manitoba; Weir, Municipal Institutions in Quebec (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).

Munro, John. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.

Murders. Ch Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.

Murdoch, Beamish. Historian. Index: H Contributes to The Club edited by Joseph Howe in the Nova Scotian, 10; his independent stand in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. Bib.: History of Nova Scotia.

Murdoch, T. W. C. Sy Appointed civil secretary, 152.

Murray. R Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education in Upper Canada, 163.

Murray. Dr One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Murray, Sir George (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, 16. Bk Disapproves employment of German troops, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Murray, Mrs. George. Bk Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray 142.

Murray, George Henry (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, 1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Murray, James (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, 1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted general. Index: WM Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet Lévis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Lévis, 256; orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with British colonies, 269. Dr Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahé to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, 57. B Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and schools, 51-52. Bk His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. P His iron rule relaxed, 8. Hd Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France and The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

Murray, Colonel John. W Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.

Musgrave, Sir Anthony (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of Queensland, 1888. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, succeeding Seymour, 149. D His work for Confederation, 312, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk In command at Fort George, 225.

Myrand, Ernest. F Author of Frontenac et Ses Amis, 229; his work, Sir William Phipps devant Québec, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, 361.

Nairne, Captain John. Hd Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.

Napagabiscou. Ch Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival, 176.

Napoleon I (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to St. Helena, where he died. Index: Bk Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

Natel, Antoine. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.

Nation. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.

National Club. Social club at Toronto. Index: B Founded during Canada First movement, 235.

National Policy. B Secret of its success in 1878, 241. Md Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its operation for three years, 273. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Conservative Party.

Navigation, Art of. Ch Highly praised by Champlain, 7.

Navigation Acts. Sy Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. E Their disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.

Navy Hall. S Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. Bk Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57.

Naxouat. F Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.

Needham, William H. T Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, 86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.

Negroes. Dr Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. See also Slavery.

Neilson, John (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and in 1797 edited the Quebec Gazette. Member of the provincial Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. Index: Sy Proprietor of Quebec Gazette, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. P Proprietor of Quebec Gazette—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, 169. BL Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Nelles, S. S. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Nelson, Horatio, Viscount (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. Index: Bk His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. Hd Captain of Albemarle, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Southey, Life of Nelson; Mahan, Life of Nelson; Dispatches and Letters, ed. by Nicolas. See also lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.

Nelson, Robert (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. Index: P Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson, Wolfred (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison Inspectors, 1859. Index: P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads Patriotes at St. Denis, 128; said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. E His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted to return from exile, 91. BL Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. C Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson River. Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, 1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (q.v.). Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West.

Neptune. WM Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.

Nesbitt, William. Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Nesle, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.

Neuchâtel, Canton of. Hd Haldimand born in, 3.

Neutral Nation. An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brébeuf and Chaumonot, in 1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Lalemant, Relations, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, Relations, 1648, 1651.

New Brunswick. The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a separate province. Index: Dr Creation of province, 224. Sy Satisfactory political condition of, 265. B Confederation an issue in, and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. Md Its attitude towards Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, 298. See also Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia and History of New Brunswick.

New Brunswick, College of. W Early history of, 10. See also New Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick, University of. W Established as provincial university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. T History of, 48-49. See also New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick Land Company. W Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, 36.

New Caledonia. D Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other products of the district, 99. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.

New Company. F Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36.

New France. Name given to the French possessions in North America, otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. Index: E Government of, 171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. Ch Population of colony in 1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. See also Canada; Acadia; Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Cartier, Voyages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Works.

Newfoundland. Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. Index: B Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. F English settlements in, attacked, 46. L French successful in, 232. Md Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Prowse, History of Newfoundland; Reeves, Governors of Newfoundland; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Hatton and Harvey, Newfoundland; Willson, The Tenth Island.

New Langley. D Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

New Ontario. Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. Bib.: North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications.

New Orleans. Hd Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

New Westminster. A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. Index: D Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History of British Columbia.

New York City. Hd Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

New York State. Hd Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. F British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

Newark. See Niagara.

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864). Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. Index: E Secretary of state for colonies, 167. Md Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. T And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

News. Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. Index: Mc Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

Newspapers. Mc Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. See also under names of individual newspapers.

Niagara (Newark). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. Index: Bk First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. S First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. L Fort built at, 216. Bib.: Kirby, Annals of Niagara; Reminiscences of Niagara (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820.

Niagara Falls. First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's Relation des Hurons, 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. Bib.: Hulbert, Niagara River; Spencer, Falls of Niagara.

Niagara, Fort. S Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. Hd Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. Bk Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

Nicholson, Sir Francis (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. Index: F Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.

Nicolet, Jean (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the Jesuit Relations. Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. Index: Ch Arrives in Canada, 144. Bib.: Butterfield, Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Ninety-Two Resolutions. P Drafted by Morin—embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. BL Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nipigon Lake. Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Vérendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Édouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

Nipisiguit. Ch Jesuit mission at, 235.

Nipissing Indians. A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the Nebecerini. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as Sorciers, from their ill repute as magicians. Index: Ch Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Nipissing Lake. Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. Discovered by the Récollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. Index: Ch Visited by Champlain, 88.

Nipissirini. See Nipissing.

Noble, Colonel Arthur. A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pré without opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers surprised the British garrison at Grand Pré, and in the fight Noble and his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest forced to capitulate. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Hannay, History of Acadia.

Nomenclature. D Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; Spanish, 36. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Non-importation Act. Bk Passed by Congress, 84.

Nootka Affair. D Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes Iphigênie and North-West America, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. Dr Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. Bib.: Bancroft, History of North-West Coast.

Nootka Sound. On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. Index: D Supposed to have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, 26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds North-West America there, 28; natives destroy American ship Boston and murder crew, 1803, 37. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of (1797-1863). Entered Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, 1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, 1854-1858. Index: Sy Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Normandy. L Many of colonists natives of, 116.

Norquay, John (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, 1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, when he resigned. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

North, Lord Frederick. See Guilford.

North American. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index.: B The organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the Globe, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. BL Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.

North American Colonial Association. Sy On appointment of Poulett Thomson (Sydenham), 132.

North American Fur Company. D Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor at head of, 134. See also Astor; Pacific Fur Company.

North-West America. D Built by Meares at Nootka—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to China, 29.

North-West Coast. D Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Pérouse explores in 1788, 25; Étienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

North West Company. Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or bourgeois, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS Early beginnings—Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, 4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, 16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, 161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the colony, 174-176. D Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. Hd Establishment of, 261-263. Bk Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. See also Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson, Journals, ed. by Coues; Harmon, Journal; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Country; Sketch of the British Fur Trade; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of the North-West; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

North-West Passage. D Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.

North-West Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion.

North-West Territories. Comprised all the western portions of Canada, except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were formed—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Index: B Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, 213; Globe article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in the Globe on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and settlement of, 216; Globe carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by Niagara Mail, 217-218; and Montreal Transcript, 218; matter taken up by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate schools opposed by George Brown, 249. Md Terms upon which Hudson's Bay Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. See also Assiniboia; Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. Bib.: Adam, Canadian North-West; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Dugas, Légendes du Nord-Ouest; Begg, History of the North-West; Hind, North-West Territory; MacBeth, Making of the Canadian West.

Northern Railway. Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. Index: E Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.

Norton, John. Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went to Georgia. Died in Scotland. Index: Bk In battle of Queenston Heights, 310. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.

Norway House. Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in McLeod's Peace River, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed in building the old fort. Index: MS Selkirk colonists at Jack River, 163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Notre Dame de la Recouvrance. First parish church of Quebec; built by Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, 1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the Basilica of Quebec. Index: Ch First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, 240; burnt, 241. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Notre Dame de Montréal. L Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, 176.

Notre Dame des Anges. Ch Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Récollet convent dedicated to, 148.

Notre Dame des Victoires. Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in 1817. Index: L Church of, 185. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Noüe, Anne de (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. Index: Ch Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. L Death of, 5. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Nouveau Monde. C Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, 81-82.

Nova Scotia. Acadia of the French régime. The present name dates from 1621, when Sir William Alexander (q.v.) obtained from King James I a grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. Index: Ch Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. Dr Carleton arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and Quebec, 236. B Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. Md Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives "better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. See also Acadia; New Brunswick; Halifax. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Moorson, Letters from Nova Scotia; Cozzens, Acadia.

Nova Scotian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.

Noyrot, Father. Ch Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.

Oblate Fathers. A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and in the North-West. Index: L Their labours in Canada, 1.

O'Brien, William Edward (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. Index: Md His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat, 289. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Observer. Mc Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.

O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the Vindicator, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed in editing the records of the state at Albany. Index: P Edits the Vindicator, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec Mercury, 122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, 145-149. BL Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847). Irish statesman. Index: Mc Befriends Mackenzie, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

O'Connor, John (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, 1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1884. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Ochateguin. Ch Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; wounded in battle, 103.

Ochterlony, Captain. WM Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.

Odell. W Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.

Odell, William Franklin. W Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.

Odell, William Hunter (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, 1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. Index: T Son of W. F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

O'Donoghue, William B. A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.

Ogden. S Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen of the United States, 190.

Ogden, Charles Richard (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, 1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as well as district registrar at Liverpool. Index: Sy Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 283. BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Ogden, Isaac. Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.

Ogden, Peter Skene (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (q.v.). Entered the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. Index: D Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Ogdensburg. See Oswegatchie.

O'Grady, Doctor. Mc Publishes Correspondent and Advocate, 259; visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Ohio River. One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. Index: WM First named La Belle Rivière, 19. S Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, 120, 122. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

Ohio Valley. WM French retreat from, 62.

Olbeau, Jean d'. Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in 1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou until 1643. Index: Ch Récollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone of Récollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Old Company. F Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. See also Company of New France.

Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the future city. Index: L His designs for establishing a religious centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. F Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Oneidas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara peninsula. Index: F Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. Ch Iroquois tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. Hd Their wavering fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onneyouts. See Oneidas.

Onondaga. S Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks on, at Kingston, 183.

Onondagas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. Index: F Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. Ch Indian tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. See also Iroquois. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onontagues. See Onondagas.

Onontio (Big Mountain). F Name applied by Indians to French governors, 35.

Ontario. Hd Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.

Ontario. Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, Étienne Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. Index: W Abolishes second chamber, 71. See also Upper Canada; New Ontario. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Smith, Geographical View of Upper Canada; Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Haight, Country Life in Canada; Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper Canada; Moodie, Roughing it in the Bush; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada; Strickland, Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada; Conant, Upper Canada Sketches.

Ontario Boundary Dispute. Md Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of, 257-258. Bib.: Mills, Report on Boundaries of Ontario; Lindsey, Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario; Documents relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878; Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882; Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889; Biggar, Life of Sir Oliver Mowat.

Ontario, Lake. The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brûlé in 1615.

Orders-in-Council. Bk British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.

Ordre du Bon Temps. Ch Social club established at Port Royal, 36.

Oregon. D Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of ships Convoy and Owyhee, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, 183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and the United States, 62-64. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Foster, Bibliography of Oregon in Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. xxv.

Oregon Boundary Question. D Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, 157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. BL Treaty removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. E Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. Md Settled by treaty of June 15, 1846, 178. Bib.: Lit. Amer. Hist.; Kingsford, History of Canada; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Gray, History of Oregon; Hodgins, British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; Begg, History of British Columbia; Schafer, History of the Pacific North-West; History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States has been a Party; Egerton, Canada.

Orehaoué. F Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339.

Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, 1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he printed his various works. Index: WM His statement regarding Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oriskany. Dr Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.

Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of (1608-1660). Ch Conspires against his brother Louis XIII, 215.

Orleans, Isle of. In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. L Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jésus, 138. Ch Granted to Guillaume de Caën, 140. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Ormiston, William. Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union schools, 254-255, 257.

Ormsby, Major. Bk Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.

Osgoode, William (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. Index: S Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, 178. Dr Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Osler, William (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, 1904. Bib.: Who's Who.

Oswald, Richard (1705-1784). Dr Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, 192, 213. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oswegatchie. Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. Index: Dr Captain Foster stationed at, 142. Hd Starting-point of many scouting parties, 150.

Oswego. Hd British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. WM Capture of, 34.

Otis, Charles Pomeroy. Ch Translator of Champlain's Voyages, 277.

Otoucha. Ch Huron village, 88.

Ottawa. Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. Index: E Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the Dominion, 79. B Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. See also Bytown. Bib.: Edgar, Canada and its Capital; Gourlay, History of the Ottawa Valley; Gard, The Hub and the Spokes; Scott, The Choice of the Capital. See also papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa Trans., vol. 1; B. Sulte, The Name of Ottawa in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. Soc. Trans., 1898-1899.

Ottawa Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians on French River. They were called the Cheveux Relevés, because of their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered on reservations in Ontario. Index: F Keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310. Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.: Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites. See also Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada Trans., 1903 and 1904.

Ottawa River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. Index: P Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sulte, The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650 (R. S. C., 1898-1899); Parkman, Pioneers of France; Keefer, Montreal and the Ottawa; Stewart, Georgian Bay Canal.

Ottawa, University of. Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.

Otway's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.

Ouendats. Ch General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.

Ouentaron. S Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. See also Lake Simcoe.

Ourouehate. See Big Mouth.

Overman. Ch Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.

Owen, Admiral. W Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.

Pabos. Hd Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, 73; not profitable, 111.

Pacific Coast. See North-West Coast.

Pacific Fur Company. Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. Index: D Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions sent out, 71. See also Astoria. Bib.: Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Fur Hunters of the Far West; Franchère, Voyage to North-West Coast of America; Irving, Astoria.

Pacific Scandal. D Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. C Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. Md History of, 199-211; grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the elections, 211. T Tilley not involved in, 131. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.

Pagan, William. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.

Pakington, Sir John. See Hampton.

Palliser, Hugh. Captain of the Shrewsbury in 1759. Index: WM British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.

Pallu. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

Palmer, Edward (1809-1889). T Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77.

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount (1784-1865). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, 1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, 1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque Ports, 1861. Index: E Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. Sy Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. T On Intercolonial Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue. Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in charge of Fort Halkett. Index: D At Stuart Lake, 99. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Morice, History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia.

Panama Canal. Ch Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.

Panet, Jean Antoine (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: Bk Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. Dr Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. P Establishes Le Canadien, 28; name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. Bib.: Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Panet, Jean Claude. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Pangman, Peter. Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of Mascouche in Lower Canada. Index: MS Associated with Pond and others in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Paper Currency. Bk Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. Hd Redemption of, 58, Dr French, in circulation in Canada, 23; habitants object to American, 116, 135, 150. Bib.: Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Papin. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier administration, 106-107.

Papineau, Denis B. E Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. BL Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, 246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, 259, 260. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Papineau, Joseph. P Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.

Papineau, Louis Joseph (1786-1870). P Tribune of the people, 1; a melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, 56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, 56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, 72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in Durham's Report, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, 1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, 119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, 127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, 137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, 165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, 164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, 1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, 172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, Le parti démocratique, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, 144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, 185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, 186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. 23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. BL Born in Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. E Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms Parti Rouge, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. Bk Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. C His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. Md Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of priesthood, 45. Mc Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. See also Rebellion of 1837. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.