INDEX AND DICTIONARY (continued 15)

Waterways. B Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. See also Canals; Rivers.

Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart. (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, and at various times connected with the London and North-Western Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway. Index: C President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, 125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Watson, Samuel James (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. Bib.: Works: The Constitutional History of Canada; The Powers of Canadian Parliaments; The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine; The Legend of Roses; Ravlan: a Drama.

Watters, Charles. T Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11; becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.

Waverley Abbey. Sy In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.

Wayne, Anthony (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain. In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief, 1792. Index: Dr Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands evacuation of British fort on the Miami, 286. S Army under, threatens Detroit, 133; defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; demands evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid anything that might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia College, Wolfville. Edited the Acadian Recorder. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice, 1905-1907; knighted, 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Webb, Samuel Blatchley (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775. Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777 took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards brigadier-general. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort Edward, 45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Webb's Regiment. WM Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Wedderburn, Lord. See Rosslyn.

Weir, Lieutenant George. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was killed by his rebel guards. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Weldon, John Wesley (1804-1885). For many years a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and held the position until his death, 1885. Index: W Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in Doak and Hill case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. T Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 94. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Welland Canal. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last, through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841 work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in 1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in 1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. Index: Mc Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director of, 265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; report of committee, 268. BL Bought by government from private company, 1841, 98; completion of improvements, 337. See also Canals. Bib.: Kingsford, Early Canals; Merritt, Biography of W. H. Merritt; Matheson, Welland Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. Trans., vol. 2).

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852). Entered the army in 1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge. Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and 1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph. On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The following year, with the co-operation of Blücher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in Peel's ministry, 1834. Index: Bk His successes in the Peninsula, 119; retreats into Portugal, 123. Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne, summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. B Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. Mc His connection with Catholic Emancipation Bill, 16-17. Bib.: Despatches, 1799-1832; Speeches. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wentworth, Sir John (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America. While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775 to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

West. W Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1818, 87.

West India Company. Established by royal edict in 1664, under the usual conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter was granted to a new West India Company. Index: F Creation of, 49; failure of, 149. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France.

Western Forts. S Held by Great Britain pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. Bk Transfer of, to United States, 53. Hd Necessity for strengthening, 137; Haldimand declines to surrender till instructed by his government, 260; surrender of, 262. Dr Retained by Great Britain as security for concessions to Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. See also Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.

Westminster Conference, 1866. To settle finally the plan on which the Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867, with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and passed by the Imperial Parliament. Index: Mc Conference meets in London, 125-127. Bib.: See also British North America Act; Confederation.

Wetherall, Sir George Augustus (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In 1803 joined the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, General Sir Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Canada in command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. Charles and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to 1850 deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854; lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Index: C At St. Charles, 7. P Attacks rebels at St. Charles, 129. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wetmore, A. B. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New Brunswick, 84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; elected as Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.

Wheat. B Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to Canadian wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; Globe on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. MS Red River settlers raise first crop of, 1813, 160, See also Agriculture.

Whelan, Edward (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the Nova Scotian, under Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. Index: T Delegate to Quebec Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

White, John. S First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his duel with John Small, clerk of council, 181.

White, Philip. Dr Loyalist, murder of, 198.

White, Thomas (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high school there. Joined the editorial staff of the Quebec Gazette; and in 1853 founded the Peterborough Review, which he edited for seven years. In 1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother founded the Hamilton Spectator. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A. Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out the political organization of the North-West Territories. Index: E On the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald ministry, 1885-1888, 139. Md Takes part in political picnic campaign, 220. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Whitney, Sir James Pliny (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario. Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876 called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal government. Knighted, 1908. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Wilcox, Absalom. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.

Wilcox, Allan. Mc Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.

Wilkins, Lewis Morris (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry, 1854-1856. Index: H Delegate to England to represent views of Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56; supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Wilkinson. B Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson with bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, 249; sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt of court, 252.

Wilkinson. Dr Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's rapid retreat, 147.

William III (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. Index: Hd Forms regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

William IV (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded George IV. Index: Sy Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45; death of, 48. Dr Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238, 240; his popularity, 240. W Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22; dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

William Henry. Dr Name of Sorel changed to, 240.

Williams, Sir William Fenwick (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, 1825; and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his return to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and granted a pension of £1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed constable of the Tower. Index: Md Co-operates with Tupper in Confederation movement, 122. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Willis, John Walpole (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone, in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment, 1743. Index: Mc Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, 131; his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in favour of, refused, 133. BL Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken up by Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Willis, Michael (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at the University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years, and professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. B President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox College, 112.

Willison, John Stephen (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began his journalistic career with the London Advertiser, 1882; joined the staff of the Toronto Globe, 1883. Represented the Globe in Ottawa for some years; editor-in-chief of the Globe, 1890; subsequently editor of the Toronto News. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 14. Md Quoted on Parti Rouge, 45. Bib.: Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Williston, Edward. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105.

Williston, John T. T Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18; elected for Northumberland, 107.

Willson, John. Representative for Wentworth. Index: R Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65.

Wilmot, Benjamin (1589-1669). W Born in England, one of early settlers of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, Ezekiel. W Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, Lemuel. W A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain in Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3.

Wilmot, Lemuel Allan (1809-1878). W His work for responsible government, 2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his ancestry, 3; attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10; education, 10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success as a lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31; re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35; and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, re Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to Metcalfe, 74; attacked by Loyalist, 75; resigns over Reade appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive, 91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117; speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation, 127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173; Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133; a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20, 1878, 137. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Bourinot, Canada during Victorian Era (R. S. C., 1897); Roberts, History of Canada.

Wilmot, Montagu. Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Wilmot, Robert Duncan (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick. Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880 a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. Index: T Elected for St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with Conservatives, 13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for St. John, 24, 30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns, 42-43; re-elected for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86; enters Smith government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with government, 94; resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell, 105; elected for St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Parliamentary Companion, 1885.

Wilmot, Thomas. W Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, William, W Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton, 10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. T In partnership with William Peters, 4.

Wilson, Sir Adam (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that city. In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan, and in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863 solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888. Index: B Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson, 249-250; had been supported by Globe in election contests, 250; solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by Globe, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court, 252, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Wilson, Sir Daniel (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. Bib.: Works: Prehistoric Man; The Missing Link; Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland; Chatterton: A Biographical Study; The Lost Atlantis, and other Ethnographic Studies. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Kingsford, Sir Daniel Wilson (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Wilson, John. T Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and defeated, 131.

Wilson, John (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London. Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854; elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1863. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Wiman, Erastus (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the Toronto Globe, 1856; edited Montreal Trade Renew, 1864-1865; entered the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States, 1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. Index: Md Favours commercial union, 293. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Windmill Point. Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene of an engagement between filibusters from the United States under Colonel Von Schoultz (q.v.), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838, when the former were defeated. Index: Mc Engagement of, 441-444. Md Americans under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8; party finally overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9.

Winnipeg. Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's land reserve" (Hargrave's Red River). Incorporated in 1873. Its early growth was very slow and the city suffered for years from the effects of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century, however, brought rapid and substantial growth, Index: D Becomes centre of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. Bib.: Hargrave, Red River; Bryce, Manitoba; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.

Winnipeg, Lake. Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to the English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually discovered by La Vérendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree word Wi-nipi, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the name given in Coats's Hudson Bay, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe.

Winslow, John (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered the army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine is named after him. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Winter, P. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187.

Winthrop, Fitz-John (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army there and in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to London. In 1663 returned to New England and employed in both military and civil capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London, 1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. Index: F Commands expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. L Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and scattered, 231. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain. Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. Index: B His pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wolfe, James (1727-1759). WM Intrusted by William Pitt with command of expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth and personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70, 72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign, 72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73; bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers, 74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78; proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101; advances to Pointe Lévis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110; seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127; attempts passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St. Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156; letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159; gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S. Sutherland, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's Elegy, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle, 182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on Royal William, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster Abbey, 239. Dr His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his appointment to Quebec expedition, 31. P Causes of his victory at Quebec, 143. BL Sydenham ranked with, 112. Hd Besieges Quebec, 25; preparations made in event of his failure, 28; his success and death, 34; compared with Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories won by, on Plains of Abraham, 121. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Fight for Canada; Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Salmon, Life of Wolfe; Bradley, Life of Wolfe and The Fight with France.

Wolford Lodge. S In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222.

Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge House, Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign; served in the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and in India, 1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the Trent incident; in 1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in 1869-1870 commanded the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion; commanded the British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and in Egypt, 1882, and 1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and commander-in-chief of the army, 1895-1900. Index: C His expedition to North-West, 69-70; his article in Blackwood's Magazine, 70-71; his quarrel with Cartier, 130. Md Leads expedition against Riel, 161; gains a bloodless victory, 162. Bib.: Story of a Soldier's Life. For biog., see Who's Who.

Wood, Edmund Burke (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba, 1874. Died in Winnipeg. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Wood, Enoch. W Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his influence over L. A. Wilmot, 133.

Wood Creek. F Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280.

Wool, Captain. Bk Succeeds in landing United States troops above Queenston, 303.

Wooster, David (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated at Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745; in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in Canada. Index: Dr Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116; on death of Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army reinforced, 134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Work, or Wark, John (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822, when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849; appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria. Index: D Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper Missouri in 1834, 132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his death, 265. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Workman, T. Md Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876, 224.

Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von (1796-1870). Born in Pleskau, Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg. Entered the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific expedition to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an expedition to explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72° 2' north latitude. In 1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska), and during his administration made surveys of the country, opened roads, built bridges, and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In 1834 recalled to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral. Strongly opposed to the cession of Alaska to the United States. Index: D Succeeds Baranoff in Russian America, 45.

Wright, Justice. S Barrack-master, 47.

Wright, Philemon (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800 emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and, introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an important and thriving township.

Wyoming District. Hd Laid waste, 151.

X Y Company. Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson & Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804, the two companies were united as the North West Company. Index: MS Organized by malcontents from North West Company, 6, 92; builds rival post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed by North-West Company, 1804, 99. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Yale, James Murray. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after him. Index: D At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823, 105. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Yamaska River. Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety miles falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. Index: Ch Named by Champlain, De Gênes, 52.

Yellowhead Pass. Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet above sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight line from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the summit, discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass.

Yonge Street, Toronto. Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George Yonge, then secretary for war. Index: BL Named in honour of the then secretary for war, 8. Bib.: Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto.

York. S Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York previously in use, 203. Bk Fortifications begun at, 182. BL Becomes seat of government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of Spadina Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33; municipal government in, 298. See also Toronto.

York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763-1827). Second son of George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795. Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. Index: Bk Takes command of expedition to Holland, 15, 21. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

York Factory. One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River. Index: MS Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. See also Port Nelson. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Yorke, Charles (1722-1770). Dr Attorney-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62.

Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in 1781 joined the Duke and later the Formidable, both under Sir Charles Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot on the Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the Adamant under Sir Richard Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in 1793 captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811 with reinforcements, the arrival of which compelled the French under Massena to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and admiral, 1830. Index: Hd Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for command in America, 9-10; Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand visits, 337. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Young, George Paxton (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864. Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic, metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up to the time of his death. Index: R Appointed inspector of grammar schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. Bib.: Duncan, George Paxton Young in Univ. of Tor. Monthly; Dent, Can. Por.

Young, George Renny (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir William Young (q.v.). Founded the Nova Scotian newspaper in 1824, and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. Index: H Son of John Young, author of Letters of Agricola, 8; Speaker of Nova Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns from government, 132. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Young, James. B On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at Quebec, 65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73.

Young, John (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a series of letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the Halifax Recorder. These letters drew attention to the backward state of agriculture in Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, of which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters were published in book form with the title Letters of Agricola on the Principles of Vegetation and Tillage. From 1825 to 1837 represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation of agricultural societies. Index: H Author of Letters of Agricola, 6; member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Young, John (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826. In 1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion. In 1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal; connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland, Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. Index: E Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and replaced by J. Chabot, 126. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Young, Sir John. See Lisgar.

Young, Sir William (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839 took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857; and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. Index: H Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of representative government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker, 1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Young, Sir William A. G. (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864; administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed governor of the Gold Coast.

Yukon River. Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843, Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In 1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company, built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in 1840-1850. Index: MS Mackenzie establishes existence and course of, 50; makes inquiries concerning, 55. D Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. Bib.: Dall, Alaska; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Campbell, Discovery of the Youcon; Whymper, Travel and Adventure in Alaska; Murray, Journal of the Yukon (Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, Report on the Yukon (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).

Yverdun. Hd Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by Haldimand, 113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its institutions remembered in his will, 342.

Zollverein. Md Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as a method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. See also Commercial Union. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.