INDEX AND DICTIONARY (continued 13)

Schenderatchta. Hd Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.

Schenectady. The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in 1798. Index: L Attack on, 229. F Massacre of, 245-248. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Schultz, Sir John Christian (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario. Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in the fur trade. Owner and editor of the Nor'Wester, the pioneer newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Begg, History of the North-West. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Schurz, Carl (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. Bib.: Works: Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Major John. L Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. F His raid on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.

Schuyler, Peter (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720. Index: F Commands expedition from Albany, 311. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the Senate. Index: Hd Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; François Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96. Bib.: Lossing, Life and Times of Philip Schuyler; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott. Hd Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical functions, 256.

Scott, Sir Richard William (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott Act, which constitutes his principal title to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. Index: R His Separate School Bills, 235-238. B Introduces separate school legislation, 144. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Scott, Thomas (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, 1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the trial of cases of treason during the war. Bib.: Dent, Lives of the Judges.

Scott, Thomas. Md Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194, 242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Scott, Winfield (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the United States army. Index: Bk At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. W Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott, Walter (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in 1895, became proprietor and editor of the Leader, Regina. Sat in the House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Scott Act. The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by (Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the close of the then current license year. Index: B A measure for introducing prohibition by local option, 249. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Scovil, W. H. T Confederation candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 85.

Scrope, A. Poulett. BL Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. Bib.: Memoir of Life of Sydenham.

Scurvy. Ch Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain mal de terre, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, 209.

Sea-otter. D Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.

Seat of Government. Sy Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of Kingston, 281. Md Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. See also Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; Montreal.

Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron (1778-1863). Served in Holland, Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo. Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to field-marshal, 1860. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 157; Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, 248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive Council, 279. P Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old Firebrand," 140-141. Sy A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, 38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, 46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. E Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. B Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. Md Creates and endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Secret Societies Bill. BL Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. R Reservation of, brings on a crisis in Upper Canada, 126-127.

Sedgewick, Major Robert. F Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.

Seely, Alexander McLaughlan (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held his seat until his death.

Seignelay, Marquis de. F Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. L Minister of marine and colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to Canada, 211.

Seigniorial Tenure. The history of this feudal system of land tenure, transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of seigniorial grants were made—no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854. Index: F In New France, 56. L Beginning of, 119. Dr Described, 11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. E Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102; measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement, 140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; terms of settlement, 187-188. S Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1, 6. BL Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over by La Fontaine, 358. C John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. Md A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. Bib.: Munro, Seigniorial System in Canada and Documents Relating to Seigniorial Tenure; Munro, Droit de Banalité; Pièces et Documents Relatifs à la Tenure Seigneuriale; Lower Canada Reports; Seigniorial Questions; Dent, Last Forty Years. On the history of individual seigniories, see Lalande, Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville; Mingan Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council; Roy, Seigneurie de Lauzon; Sellar, History of Huntingdon; Jodoin et Vincent, Histoire de Longueuil.

Seigniors, Canadian. Bk Remained faithful to British rule, 47. Dr Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, 48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new régime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their loss of influence, 255. WM Their relation to the censitaires, 23. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Select Committee on Grievances. Mc Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, 270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects dealt with, 281-286. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. See also William Lyon Mackenzie.

Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of (1771-1820). MS Influenced by Mackenzie's Voyages, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, 118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, 119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal Society, 122; his Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806, 122; earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; his pamphlet on Parliamentary Reform, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, 140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, 146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in Gentleman's Magazine, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, 209. See also Red River Colony. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806; Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary; Parliamentary Reform; Civilization of the Indian in North America; On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence; Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba, Hudson's Bay Company, and Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See also Red River Colony; Baldoon.

Selkirk Settlement. See Red River Colony.

Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in 1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1869-1895. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Seminarists. L Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.

Semple, Robert (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. Index: MS Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba. See also Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.

Senate. B Elective versus nominative system discussed at Quebec Conference—latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.

Seneca Indians. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand River Reservation, Ontario. Index: F Show quarrelsome temper, 143; attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. Ch One of the five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations, 164. See also Iroquois. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Senezergues, De. WM Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre Regiment, 12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; carried on board British vessel, 222.

Separate Schools, Manitoba. C The question used as a test of provincial power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, 71; overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts reversed by Supreme Court, 72. Bib.: Ewart, Manitoba School Question; Wade, Manitoba School Question; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. For further references, see Lit. Am. Hist., pp. 438-439.

Separate Schools, New Brunswick. C Public opinion aroused in Quebec, 73; Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76; opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. Md Bill passed in 1871, 194; takes away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman Catholics petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, 194-195.

Separate Schools, North-West Territories. B Provision for, opposed by George Brown—he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them on the West forever, 249.

Separate Schools, Nova Scotia. Md Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.

Separate Schools, Upper Canada. B Opposed by George Brown, 121; a compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144; Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law, 144-145; attacked by Globe, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145. Md Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy, 82. Bib.: Hodgins, History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada.

Servants. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.

Seven Nations. Hd Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.

Seven Oaks. MS Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North West Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; Alexander Ross on, 184; Joseph Tassé on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; printed evidence, 199. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel (1627-1696). F Her son-in-law a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised on peasants in revolt in France, 150.

Seward, William Henry (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; appointed secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. Index: N Suggests Canadian agent at Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells Galt that treaty could not be renewed, 193. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sewell, Jonathan (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795. In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838; also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario, was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced, in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. Index: P Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. B Chief-justice, his part in movement for Confederation, 129. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Seymour, Frederick. Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill, and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, death of, 149. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.

Shaw, Major-General Æneas. Bk Stationed on frontier between Kingston and Cornwall, 195. S Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.

Shaw, Helen. Md Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.

Shea, Sir Ambrose (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Entered Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of government, 1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. Index: T Represents Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada, 1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. Index: Bk Present at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; profits by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, 223; commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, 309-312; his conduct at taking of York, 312. S Sent to protest against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Shelburne. A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted to other parts of the province. Index: Hd Town of, founded by Loyalists, 263. Bib.: Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia; Sabine, American Loyalists; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Sheppard, George. B Editorial writer on Colonist, joins staff of Globe, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's reply, 137.

Sherbrooke. A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. Francis River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David Moe and other pioneers, about the year 1800.

Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire, England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam, 1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada, 1816-1818. Index: B Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Sherwood, Henry (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general, 1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. Index: BL Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's acceptance of office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; elected in 1844, 252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 276; elected in 1848, 279. E Becomes head of ministry under Elgin, 43; defeat of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 68; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. Md Succeeds Draper in leadership of party, 28. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sherwood, Captain Justus. Hd Commissioner for exchange of prisoners with Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in Eastern Townships, 267.

Sherwood, Levins Peters (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada. Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court of King's Bench, 1825. Index: Sy Retires with pension, 252. Mc Quarrels with Judge Willis, 131-133. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Shirley, William (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession. Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750. Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759; afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts, 1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Shore. W Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.

Short, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Short Administration. Md Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less than forty-eight hours, 85.

Short Hills Affair. Mc Mackenzie's connection with, 440.

Shortt, Adam (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service commissioner the same year. Index: BL On Baldwin's Municipal Corporation Act, 1849, 296. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sicotte, Louis Victor (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville, Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838. Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858; attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the Superior Court, retiring 1887. Index: E Declines seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 126-127; elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. C A follower of Cartier, 24; forms Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. Md Leader of moderate Reformers, forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sifton, Arthur L. (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories; chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Sifton, Clifford (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education, 1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sillery. Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles above Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in 1637 as a settlement for Christian Indians. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders fifty men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Simcoe. A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615, and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. Index: S Formerly Lac aux Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.

Simcoe, Frank. S Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of Badajoz, 179, 222.

Simcoe, John (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743; served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M. S. Pembroke at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. Index: S Father of John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; his death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada, 17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Simcoe, John Graves (1752-1806). S Speaks in House of Commons on Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16; educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18; ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22; proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20; promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action, 22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his Military Journal, 23; improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27; goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40; his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43; elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44; appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in Triton, 47; brings out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79; arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82; his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98; goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104; endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States, 117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130, 131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153; believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education, 166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180; entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners to the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195; appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour, 202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204; brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester, 206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene, 207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara, 214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health, 216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York, July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227; founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. Dr Raises and leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada, 258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. B Favours close relations of church and state, 52. E On the system of colonial government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. R His educational policy, 35; favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. Bk Entertains distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. BL On the new constitution, 7; his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher education, 105-106, 191. Mc Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his views on the Constitutional Act, 54. Bib.: Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Life of Simcoe.

Simcoe, Mrs. Wife of preceding. Index: S Centre of society at Niagara, 179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Quebec, 213.

Simonds, Charles. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. T Elected for St. John County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Simpson, Sir George (1792-1860). MS His influence, 8; sent to Athabaska, 1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his account of the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; an autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at Norway House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by way of Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser River, 238; reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters at Lachine, 241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for his services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River, 245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy, 247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253; visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256; crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269; method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's affairs, 280, D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. Bib.: Narrative of a Journey Round the World. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; McLeod, Peace River.

Simpson, John (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant auditor-general, 1864-1878. Index: B Retires from ministry with Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Simpson, Miss Mary. Hd Nelson's admiration for, 244.

Simpson, Thomas (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, 1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Index: MS His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. Bib.: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829. For biog., see Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson.

Simultaneous Polling. E Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years previously in Nova Scotia, 133.

Sinclair, Colonel. Hd Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161, 163.

Sioux Indians. A western tribe, occupying the country between the west end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about 1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the Jesuit Relations of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. Index: Hd Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, Travels through the Interior Part of North America; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Catlin, North American Indians; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Sitka. Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. Bib.: McCormick, Geographic Dictionary of Alaska.

Six Friends. F Flagship of Phipps, 281.

Six Nations. Dr Their grievances, 5. S Lands allotted to, on Grand River, 74. Hd Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Skelton, Rev. Thomas. Dr Step-father of Carleton, 29.

Skinner, Charles N. T Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85, 109.

Slafter, E. F. Ch His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. Bib.: Memoir on Champlain in Voyages of Champlain (Prince Society). Edited Voyages of Northmen to America (Prince Society); Sir William Alexander and American Colonization (Prince Society).

Slavery. Hd Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised in Quebec, 246. B George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. S Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. See also Negroes. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Withrow, The Underground Railway (R. S. C., 1902); Jack, Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1898); Smith, Slavery in Canada (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); L'Esclavage en Canada (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, History of Canada.

Small, James E. Mc Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.

Small, John E. S Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John White, attorney-general, 181. BL Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; elected in 1844, 253. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smallpox. Dr Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. Hd Discussion on, in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See also Vaccination.

Smith, Colonel. S Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.

Smith, Adam (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published his great work, The Wealth of Nations. Index: Sy His economic views receive attention, 11. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, Sir Albert James (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick. Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856. Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866. Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878. Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., 1878. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, 1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. H Leader of Anti-Confederate government in New Brunswick, 179. B His ministry resigns, owing to action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation question, 188. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the Council of Public Instruction. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. B His connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of National Club, 237; attacked by the Globe, 237-238; his reply, 238-239. Md Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, 240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. Bib.: Works: Three English Statesmen; Lectures on the Study of History; Canada and the Canadian Question; Cowper; Essays on Questions of the Day; A Trip to England; Life of Jane Austen; The Moral Crusader; Oxford and Her Colleges; Shakespeare the Man; Guesses at the Riddle of Existence; Irish History and the Irish Question; The United Kingdom; The United States; Labour and Capital. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity; and his Reminiscences, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.

Smith, Sir Henry (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, 1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada. Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smith, H. W. Index: H Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,—goes to England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Smith, James (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. Index: BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Smith, Sydney (1771-1845). Sy On Conservative reaction in England, 11; on Lord John Russell, 55. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, William (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, 1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, 1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office until his death. Index: Hd His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his ultra-English sentiments, 315. Dr Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council, 269. S His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America, 5. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Smith, William O. T Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.

Smuggling. S Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New York, 106, 107. Bk Promoted between United States and Canada by United States Embargo Act, 109. Dr From New England into Canada, 57.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. S Assists the church of England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.

Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de (1565-1612). At the urgent solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. Index: Ch Assumes direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Soleil d'Afrique. L French vessel, 219. F French frigate, brings supplies, 319

Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of (1804-1885). Sat in House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. Index: B On committee on Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Somerville, Alexander (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time editor of the Canadian Illustrated News. Present as a volunteer at the battle of Ridgeway. Bib.: Works: Diligent Life; Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada. For biog., see Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Sorel. A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, in view of another possible American invasion. Index: WM Two French frigates load stores at, 243. Dr Name of, changed to William Henry, 240. L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Souart, De. F Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.

Souel, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.

Sovereign Council. F Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, 105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. L Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, 78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165; question as to title of president, 166. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Spain. Dr Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. Hd Her rule in Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. D Lacked genius for colonization, 4.

Special Council of Lower Canada. Sy Summoned to consider question of union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276; passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works, with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Speedy. Bk Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.

Spence, R. E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.

Spencer, John Charles, third Earl (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. Index: Sy Chancellor of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines governorship of Canada, 58. W His death, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Spragge, John Godfrey (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England. Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, 1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Can. Por.

Springer, Judge. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Stadaconé. An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. Charles River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a tribe of the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, when Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. Charles.

Stairs, W. J. H President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia, 192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.

Stamford, Katherine. S Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.

Stamp Act. Dr Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.

Stanley, Lord. See Derby.

Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron (1829- ). Md Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation, but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. B Son of Earl of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude on instructions from colonial office, 187-188. W Organizes first military camp in New Brunswick, 136. T Hostile to Confederation, 97; son of Lord Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under pressure from England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. Smith, 103-104. Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.

Star. Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. Index: B Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.

Star. Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. Index: Mc Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer, 522.

State Church. Sy Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. See also Clergy Reserves.

Steadman, James. T Postmaster-general, 51.

Steamship Service. The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the Accommodation, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec in 1809. She was followed by the Swift Sure in 1811. The General Smyth made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the Frontenac was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the Royal William, built at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The Unicorn, built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The Britannia followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in 1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in 1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. Index: H Ocean service advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234. See also Allan; Cunard; Molson; Accommodation; Royal William. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Steeves, William Henry (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New Brunswick. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member of Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855; commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate, 1867. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate to England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Steinhauer, Henry Bird (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. Born in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in early life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he was educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James Evans. Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for fifteen years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic characters. Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the greater part of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to Whitefish Lake and established the Methodist mission there.

Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von (1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at Yorktown. Index: S Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, 34. Hd Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Stevens. WM Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.

Stevenson, Captain. S Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.

Stewart, Alexander (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged in West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the Legislative Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 appointed Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. Index: H His independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; standing in public life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; delegate of Legislative Council to England to oppose representative government, 52, 56. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Stewart, Sir William (1774-1827). British general. Index: Bk In command of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle Brigade, 25. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Stikine River. Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word sta-hane, meaning "the river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799. The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Index: D Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay Company fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians hand over their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121. Bib.: Blake, Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen River; Dawson, Report on Yukon District (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).

Stills. S Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.

Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of (1567?-1640). King James gave him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. To further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists were landed at Port Royal. Index: Ch Equips vessel to operate against French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., 223. See Baronets of Nova Scotia. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Rogers, The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia; Alexander, An Encouragement to Colonies in Laing, Royal Letters Relating to Colonization of New Scotland; Patterson, Sir William Alexander (R.S.C., 1892); Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Stisted, Sir Henry William. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny. Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted, 1871. Died in England, 1875. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Stobo, Robert. WM Former hostage with French, acts as guide to Carleton above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, 168.

Stoney Creek, Battle of. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a turning-point in the Niagara campaign. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Richardson, War of 1812; Brymner, Battle of Stoney Creek. See also War of 1812.

Stopford, Major. Dr Commands force at Chambly, 93.

Strachan, John (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the Legislative Council until 1841. Index: R Comes to Canada, 1799, to inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York, 1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826, 50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education, 58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72; secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73; his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75; evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for denominational schools, 243. S His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes bishop, 171. Sy Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy Reserves Bill, 247. B Denounces bill for secularization of King's College, 8; his environment, 260. BL Head of Home District Grammar School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195, 196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296. E Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95; establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156; dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. Mc Proposes provincial university, 95. Md First bishop of Toronto, opposes secularization of King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 59. W His charter for King's College, Upper Canada, 51. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron (1820- ). Born in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various trading-posts on the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming chief factor, 1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief commissioner. Appointed by the Dominion government, in 1869, special commissioner to investigate the Riel Rebellion. Member of first Executive Council of the North-West Territories, 1870; represented Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, 1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1878; and represented West Montreal, 1887-1896. Appointed high commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 raised to the peerage. Index: D Dugald McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, 1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, 326. MS Serves under Sir George Simpson in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; chief factor (1861), 228; serves in Labrador, 228. Md Takes part in debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels that the future of the West depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; public spirit shown by, in building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. Bib.: Willson, Lord Strathcona; Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Street, George F. W Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.

Street, John Ambrose. W Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46. T Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway resolutions, 26, 53. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Strickland, Samuel (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother of Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826. Bib.: Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Strong, Sir Samuel Henry (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. Came to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Stuart, Andrew. Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. P Declares the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of Papineau's followers, 197.

Stuart, Archdeacon. Sy Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.

Stuart, George Okill (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson of the Rev. John Stuart, q.v. Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850; elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.

Stuart, James. Ch Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200.

Stuart, Sir James (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801. Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer, and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. Index: Sy Praised by Colonial Gazette, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191; accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. E Chief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine, 105. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Stuart, John. MS Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia, 221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his intellectual tastes and correspondence, 222. D Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 98; still in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; goes to Mackenzie River, 1824, 99. Bib.: Fraser, Journal in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Stuart, Rev. John. S First Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui (Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. Hd School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston), 236; supervises education of Indians, 265.

Sturgeon Lake. On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of the Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about 1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill River. Index: MS Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its strategic importance, 4.

Subercase, Lieutenant. F In command at Lachine, on occasion of massacre, 225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. L Anxious to attack Indians at Lachine, 226. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Suete. WM A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.

Sullivan, John (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during Revolutionary War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. Index: Hd Lays waste Iroquois settlements, 151. Dr In command of American army at Sorel, 145. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sullivan, Robert Baldwin (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada; continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the Examiner, under the nom de plume of "Legion." Again took office as provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1850. Index: BL Enters into law partnership with Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. B Writes series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government, 211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible government, 261. Sy Introduces union resolutions in Legislative Council, 209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and salary, 334. R His connection with university scheme, 153. E Provincial secretary in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Sullivan, William Wilfrid (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College, Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1889. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor of Henry IV of France. Index: Ch False report of his death, 64. Bib.: Memoires, 1634-1662.

Sulpicians. A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, as part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named after Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had laid the foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, and became proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in their possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in 1666, when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at Lachine to La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early days were the Abbé Fénelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the historian of the order. Index: F Religious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigniors of the island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168. L Four priests of the order come to Canada, 25; peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, 85; build new chapter house, 90; acquire island of Montreal and seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large contributions of, to work of evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal attached to, 175; send petition to the king, 183; union with Foreign Missions of Paris, 221. Sy Incorporation of Seminary of, 255. C Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget, 80. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal; Faillon, Colonie Française en Canada; Parkman, La Salle.

Sulte, Benjamin (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer in the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia and Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904. Index: Hd On Haldimand, 291-292. Bib.: Works: Les Laurentiennes; Chants Nouveaux; Melanges d'Histoire; Histoire des Canadiens-Français; Pages d'Histoire du Canada; Histoire de la Milice Canadienne; Bataille de Châteauguay. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sumner, Charles (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on foreign affairs, 1861. Index: B Very favourable to Reciprocity Treaty, 226. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sunday. S Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of public business was concerned, 198.

Superior, Lake. Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brulé, in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Ménard attempted a mission on the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in 1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. Bib.: Kohl, Wanderings round Lake Superior; Agassiz, Lake Superior; Butterfield, History of Brulé's Discoveries.

Supreme Court of Canada. Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. Consists of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also constituted the Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was separated. The first chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, 1875-1879; succeeded by Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir Samuel Henry Strong, 1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; and Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, since 1906. Index: Md Bill for establishment of, shaped, 1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.

Surprise. Dr British frigate, arrival of, 137.

Sutherland. WM British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up the river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of, 175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.

Sutherland, Thomas J. Mc Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his lack of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427; meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists, 431; found guilty, but released, 431. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Sutton, H. T. Manners. See Canterbury.

Suze, Treaty of. Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was declared between France and England; the former French possessions in America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until three years later. Index: Ch Signed by England and France, April 24, 1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by, 213. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Sweatman, Arthur (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London, Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876; archdeacon of Brant, 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and primate of all Canada. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Swiss. Hd Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9; scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.

Switzerland. Hd Dangerous situation of, 4.

Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron (1799-1841). Sy Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester in House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern, and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals, 8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation, 10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18; supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31; elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom, 33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking, 38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43, 44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129; appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in Colonial Gazette on his mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate Pique from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature, 203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233; carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly, 245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253; describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia, 257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada, visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284; changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union, 288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin, 294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315, 320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336; serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell, 343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson, 346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. B French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. E His character, 2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and establish responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, 30; his canal policy, 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy Reserves, 156-157. C Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's recommendations, 12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; secures approval of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to modify conditions of union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97; asked to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. R Comes to Canada, supported by Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws up resolutions on responsible government, 123-126; his influence on political life, 131; interview with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. H Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses political situation with Joseph Howe and other leaders, 68. P His views as to political situation in Nova Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to enter Draper ministry, 72; referred to by Papineau, 171; his aim in bringing about union of the Canadas to crush the French-Canadians, according to La Fontaine, 174-175. BL In period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; his previous career, 59; becomes Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes over government, and lays his plans before the Special Council, 59-60; his special project the union of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his attitude towards responsible government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; describes a journey in Canada in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, 75; appoints Legislative and Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence with Baldwin as to personnel of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying on the government, 85; on the luxurious surroundings of colonial legislators, 86; absent from meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from the throne, 89; his public policy, 90; his views as to his constitutional position, 97-98, 137; legislation as to municipal government, 100-105; the resolutions on constitutional government, 109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; Turcotte and McMullen on, 111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to in La Fontaine's speech, 128; changes boundaries of constituencies of Montreal and Quebec for political purposes, 146; this and other legislation of his repealed in 1842, 146-147; on responsible government, 161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction with his selection of Kingston as capital, 180; his instructions, 230; and Ryerson, 241; his application of the constitutional system, 274; municipal legislation under, 299. Mc On state of province, 406; would not have fought against rebels, 407; praises Reformers, 407; opposition from Family Compact, 407; gives responsible government, 409; surprised people had not rebelled sooner, 477. Md Advocate of responsible government, 17; his death, 17; secures passage, by Assembly, of Act secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on being sent to England, it is disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. W His despatch to Lord John Russell on the Executive Council, 113. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scrope, Memoir of Life of Sydenham.

Sydney. An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of the colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia. Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904. Bib.: Nelson's Ency.

Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount (1733-1800). Entered Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the colonies. Index: Dr Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton future of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded in colonial office by Grenville, 248. Hd Du Calvet's petition to, 284-288; Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech to, 327. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Syndics. F Local representatives without votes, provided for in first council, 37.

Taché, Alexandre Antoninus (1823-1894). Born in Rivière du Loup, Quebec, and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a missionary to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year ordained to the priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, and convents in the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, and in 1871 made archbishop. Index: C His missions, 69; warns government of trouble with half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; recalled to placate half-breeds, 70. Md Warns Sir Georges Cartier of trouble in North-West, 157-158; on causes of rebellion, 240. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the North-West of America; Vingt Années de Missions dans la Nord-Ouest. For biog., see David, Vie de Taché; Benoit, Vie de Mgr. Taché, Archevêque de St. Boniface; Dent, Can. Por.

Taché, Sir Étienne Pascal (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec. Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until 1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856. Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker; shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864 became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the government retired from public life. Index: C Replaces Morin in Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49; intrusted by Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99. BL Chief commissioner of public works, in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years (1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in Legislative Council, 284-285. E Chief commissioner of public works in La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109; receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. B Challenges Brown to publish Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the Globe, 44; said to have advised Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. R Introduces Separate School Bill, 230. Md Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74; forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91; chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death, 122. T His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.

Tadoussac. A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the confluence of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 by Chauvin, and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of the early French colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur trade. Index: Ch Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation of name, 10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; seat of the fur trade, 119; Récollet mission at, 167.

Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec. Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863; practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q. C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887 appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Talbot, Thomas (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships had been settled as the result of his efforts. Index: S Aide-de-camp to Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a settlement in western Ontario, 178. Bib.: Six Years in the Canadas. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am. See also Coyne, The Talbot Papers (R. S. C., 1907).

Talbot Settlement. See Talbot, Thomas.

Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de (1754-1838). French statesman. Index: Bk Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. Bib.: For biog., see works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.

Tallon, Major. Bk In command of 3d Brigade, 247.

Talon, Jean-Baptiste (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of Hainant from 1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his administration in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; opened up trade between Canada and the West Indies; established the first brewery in North America; and developed cod fisheries along the St. Lawrence. In 1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, and resumed the intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several years held high positions in the king's household. Index: F Intendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for Récollets to return to Canada, 72. L Appointed intendant, 51; arrival of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the country, 79, 80; his high character, 81; takes steps to develop St. Maurice mines, 82; sends Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, 82; promotes explorations of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de Queylus to Colbert, 107, 135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, brings out Récollet Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of liquor to the Indians, 113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his exertions for the good of the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; his reports prejudice mind of Colbert against clergy, 170. E His seigniory of Des Islets made a barony in 1671, 181. WM Montcalm marries his grand-niece, 5. Bib.: Mémoire sur l'État Présent du Canada, attributé à M. Talon (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc., Hist. Doc., 1st ser., 1840); Parkman, Frontenac; Garneau, Histoire du Canada; Faillon, Histoire de la Colonie Française; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Française; Ferland, Cours d'Histoire du Canada; Miles, Canada under French Régime; Kingsford, History of Canada; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C., 1903); Chapais, Jean Talon.

Tanguay, Cyprien (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture. In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the historical archives. Subsequently created a Prélat Romain by the pope. Bib.: Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Tanswell, J. Hd Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234.

Tarieu de Lanaudière, Charles. Member of an old French family, originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for Canada. Index: Dr In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his seigniory with freeholders, 255. WM Canadian officer, sent to prevent landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.

Tariff. BL Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.

Tarleton, Sir Bonastre (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or "Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817 made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. Index: Dr Commands British Legion, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.