A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC.

A

ABA and Abæ, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo, surnamed Abæus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eubœa, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed afterwards from Eubœa into Ionia. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 55.――A city of Caria.――Another of Arabia Felix.――A mountain near Smyrna. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Abacēne, a country of Sicily near Messana. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Abălus, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

Abāna, a place of Capua. Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum.

Abantes, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their name originated. They afterwards went to Eubœa. See: Abantis. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 146.

Abantias and Abantiădes, a patronymic given to the descendants of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta, &c. Ovid.

Abantĭdas, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated, B.C. 251. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abantis, or Abantias, an ancient name of the island of Eubœa, received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.――Also a country of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Abarbarea, one of the Naiades, mother of Æsepus and Pedasus by Bucolion, Laomedon’s eldest son. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 23.

Abarīmon, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no air but that of their native country. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Abăris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 86.――A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.――A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Crœsus, or the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two persons of that name. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 36.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 33.

Abārus, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. Appian, Parthia.――He is called Mezeres by Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by Plutarch, Crassus.

Abas, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.――A river of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. Plutarch, Pompey.――A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 7.――The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to Prœtus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abæ. He reigned 23 years, B.C. 1384. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.—Hyginus, fable 170, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――One of Æneas’s companions, killed in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 170.――Another lost in the storm which drove Æneas to Carthage. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 125.――A Latian chief, who assisted Æneas against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 170, &c.――A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by Æneas during the Trojan war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 286.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 150.――A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 306.――A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for his services to Lysander. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 9.――A son of Neptune. Hyginus, fable 157.――A sophist who wrote two treatises, one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived is unknown.――A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by Servius in Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9.

Abāsa, an island in the Red sea, near Æthiopia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Abasītis, a part of Mysia in Asia. Strabo.

Abassēna, or Abassinia. See: Abyssinia.

Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Abastor, one of Pluto’s horses.

Abătos, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 323.

Abdalonīmus, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 10.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Abdēra, a town of Hispania Bætica, built by the Carthaginians. Strabo, bk. 3.――A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules, in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called Abderitica mens. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and Hecatæus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 186.—Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 25.

Abdēria, a town of Spain. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Abderītes, a people of Pæonia, obliged to leave their country on account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 2.

Abdērus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city, which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Philostratus, bk. 2, ch. 25.

Abeătæ, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Abella, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani. Its nuts, called avellanæ, and also its apples, were famous. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 740.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 544.

Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans against Carthage. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 22.

Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised temples to the city of Rome. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 6.

Abia, formerly Ire, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 30.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 292.

Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 6.—According to Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.

Abĭla, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till the hero separated them, and made a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3.

Abisăres, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Abisăris, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. Arrian.

Abisontes, some inhabitants of the Alps. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Ablētes, a people near Troy. Strabo.

Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 1.

Abobrĭca, a town of Lusitania. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 20.――Another in Spain.

Abœcrĭtus, a Bœotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a battle at Chæronea, against the Ætolians. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abolāni, a people of Latium, near Alba. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Abōlus, a river of Sicily. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.

Aborāca, a town of Sarmatia.

Aborigĭnes, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They assisted Æneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.—The word signifies without origin, or whose origin is not known, and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Strabo, bk. 16.

Abradātes, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bks. 5, 6, &c.

Abrentius, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman army. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Abrocŏmas, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylæ. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 224.—Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Abrodiætus, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of the sumptuous manner of his living. See: Parrhasius.

Abron, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are preserved. Suidas.――A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome.――Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.――A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. Plutarch, Decem Oratorum.――A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.

Abronius Silo, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some fables. Seneca.

Abronycus, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 91.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 21.

Abrŏta, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of Ægeus. As a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

Abrotŏnum, the mother of Themistocles. Plutarch, Themistocles.――A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4. ――A harlot of Thrace. Plutarch, Aratus.

Abrus, a city of the Sapæi. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 10.

Abrypŏlis, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.

Abseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. Hyginus, preface to fables.

Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a mountain of the same name. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.

Absŏrus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. Strabo, bk. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.

Absyrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.

Absyrtus, a son of Æetes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and strewed his limbs in her father’s way, to stop his pursuit. Some say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 190.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Hyginus, fable 23.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Flaccus, bk. 8, li. 261.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.

Abulītes, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a province. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Abydēnus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master. He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and Assyria. Philo Judæus.—Josephus, Against Apion.

Abȳdos, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris. Plutarch, on De Iside et Osiride.――A city of Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town. It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the hands of the enemy. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 18.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 674.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Musæus, Hero & Leander.—Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 285.

Abȳla. See: Abila.

Abȳlon, a city of Egypt.

Abyssinia, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper Æthiopia, where the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian origin, and were little known to the ancients.

Acacallis, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo. These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat gave them her milk, and preserved their life. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.――A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.—Apollonius, bk. 4, li. 1493.

Acacēsium, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon. Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his foster-father, was worshipped there. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 3, 36, &c.

Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.

Acadēmia, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus, from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from ἑκας δημος, removed from the people. Here Plato opened his school of philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever since been called Academia. To exclude from it profaneness and dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called Academia vetus, to distinguish it from the second Academy, founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic philosophy, and from the third which was established by Carneades. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 35.

Acadēmus, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply rewarded him. Plutarch, Theseus.

Acalandrus, or Acalyndrus, a river falling into the bay of Tarentum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Acalle, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Acamarchis, one of the Oceanides.

Acămas, son of Theseus and Phædra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe after his own name at Athens. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.—Quintus Smyrnæus, bk. 12.—Hyginus, fable 108.――A son of Antenor in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.――A Thracian auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.

Acampsis, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Acantha, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower Acanthus.

Acanthus, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or, according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from Andros. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 84.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 28.――An island mentioned by Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.

Acăra, a town of Pannonia.――Another in Italy.

Acaria, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of Eurystheus. Strabo, bk. 8.

Acarnania, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of the Ionian sea, divided from Ætolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, so that porcus Acarnas became proverbial. Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 90.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bks. 7 & 9.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Lucian, Dialogi Meretricii.

Acarnas and Amphoterus, sons of Alcmæon and Callirhöe. Alcmæon being murdered by the brothers of Alphesibœa his former wife, Callirhöe obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to punish their father’s murderers. This was granted. See: Alcmæon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 10.

Acarnas and Acarnan, a stony mountain of Attica. Seneca, Hippolytus, li. 20.

Acasta, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.

Acastus, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, when in banishment at her husband’s court. Peleus, rejecting the addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts. Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. See: Peleus and Astydamia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 306; Heroides, poem 13, li. 25.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.――The second archon at Athens.

Acathantus, a bay in the Red sea.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Acca Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor’s flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called Lupa, prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 6, ch. 7.――The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals [See: Laurentalia] in honour of another prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance: the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her, and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, who, not displeased with Acca’s liberty, loved her, and made her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ, Romulus.――A companion of Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 820.

Accia, or Atia, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. Dio Cassius.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 4.――Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 33.

Accĭla, a town of Sicily. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 35.

Lucius Accius, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nuptiæ, Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180 years B.C. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 19.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus & Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus, bk. 3, ch. 16.――A famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero’s age.――Labeo, a foolish poet mentioned Persius, bk. 1, li. 50.――Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 37.—Plutarch, Coriolanus.

Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, chs. 4 & 44.――An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a looking-glass. Hesychius.

Accua, a town in Italy. Livy, bk. 24, ch. 20.

Ace, a town in Phœnicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. Cornelius Nepos, Datames, ch. 5.――A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had a temple there. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 34.

Acerātus, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 37.

Acerbas, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. See: Sichæus. Justin, bk. 18, ch. 4.

Acerīna, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 24.

Acerræ, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large drains dug there. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17.

Acersecŏmes, a surname of Apollo, which signifies unshorn. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 128.

Aces, a river of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 117.

Acesia, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. Philostratus.

Acesīnes, a river of Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 25.

Acesīnus, or Acesīnes, a river of Persia falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Acesius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 24.

Acesta, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also by the name of Segesta. It was built by Æneas, who left there part of his crew, as he was going to Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 746, &c.

Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly entertained Æneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, Æneas built a city there called Acesta, from Acestes. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 746.

Acestium, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 37.

Acestodōrus, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. Plutarch, Themistocles.

Acestorĭdes, an Athenian archon.――A Corinthian, governor of Syracuse. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Acetes, one of Evander’s attendants. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 30.

Achabȳtos, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.

Achæa, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other persons. Aristotle, de Mirabilibus.――Ceres was called Achæa, from her lamentations (ἀχεα) at the loss of Proserpine. Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.

Achæi, the descendants of Achæus, at first inhabited the country near Argos, but being driven by the Heraclidæ, 80 years after the Trojan war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, Ægira, Æges, Bura, Tritæa, Ægion, Rhypæ, Olenos, Helice, Patræ, Dyme, and Pharæ. The inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284 years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under the name of the Achæan league, and was most illustrious whilst supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and Philopœmen. Their arms were directed against the Ætolians for three years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by the Romans, and, after one year’s hostilities, the Achæan league was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Achæans extended the borders of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna Græcia.――The name of Achæi is generally applied to all the Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. See: Achaia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 2, li. 164.—Polybius.—Livy, bks. 27, 32, &c.—Plutarch, Philopœmen.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 605.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.――Also a people of Asia on the borders of the Euxine. Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.

Achæium, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. Strabo, bk. 8.

Achæmĕnes, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whose descendants were called Achæmenides, and formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly the Achæmenides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former power, and abolish the empire of Persia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 125; bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.――A Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.

Achæmenia, part of Persia, called after Achæmenes. Hence Achæmenius. Horace, Epodes, poem 13, li. 12.

Achæmenĭdes, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where Æneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 624.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 417.

Achæorum littus, a harbour in Cyprus. Strabo.――In Troas,――in Æolia,――in Peloponnesus,――on the Euxine. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

Achæorum statio, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.

Achæus, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion. Ovid, Ibis.――A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants were called from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned to Thessaly. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A tragic poet of Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, Œdipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.――Another of Syracuse, author of 10 tragedies.――A river which falls into the Euxine. Arrian, Periplus of the Euxine Sea.――A relation of Antiochus the Great, appointed governor of all the king’s provinces beyond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was exposed on a gibbet. Polybius, bk. 8.

Achaia, called also Hellas, a country of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was originally called Ægialus (shore) from its situation. The Ionians called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name of Achaia, from the Achæi, who dispossessed the Ionians. See: Achæi.――A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which Alos was the capital.

Achaicum bellum. See: Achæi.

Achăra, a town near Sardis. Strabo, bk. 14.

Acharenses, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3.

Acharnæ, a village of Attica. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Achātes, a friend of Æneas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that Fidus Achates became a proverb. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 316.――A river of Sicily.

Achĕlōĭdes, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 15.

Achelorium, a river of Thessaly. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Achelōus, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors of Dejanira daughter of Œneus he entered the lists against Hercules and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers, and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from Ætolia, falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down, have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 5; bk. 9, fable 1; Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.—Hyginus, preface to fables.――A river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.――Another flowing from mount Sipylus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Acherdus, a tribe of Attica; hence Acherdusius, Demosthenes.

Acherĭmi, a people of Sicily. Cicero, bk. 3, Against Verres.

Achĕron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives, say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself. Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 292; Æneid, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 16.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2.—Sylvæ, poem 6, li. 80.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 24.――A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.――Another on the Riphæan mountains. Orpheus.――Also a river in the country of the Brutii in Italy. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 2.

Acherontia, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called Nidus by Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.

Acherūsia, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus, bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion of the country.――There was a river of the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.

Acherūsias, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 6.

Achetus, a river of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14.

Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great. Plutarch, Pompey.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 538.

Achillēa, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.――An island at the mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is said that birds never flew. Pliny, bk. 10, ch. 29.――A fountain of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards sweeten in their course. Athenaeus, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Achilleienses, a people near Macedonia. Xenophon, Hellenica, bk. 3.

Achillēis, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect. The poet’s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history of the life and exploits of this famous hero. See: Statius.

Achilles, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the ♦Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phœnix, whom he ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress, and, by his familiarity with the king’s daughters, made Deidamia mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and to revenge. See: Patroclus. He slew Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to carry away Hector’s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, and divine honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain, that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce, where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium. See: Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish his fame to posterity. Xenophon, On Hunting.—Plutarch, Alexander; De facie in orbe Lunæ; De Musica; De amicorum multitudine; Quæstiones Græcæ.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 17.—Statius, Achilleid.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 37, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275; bk. 6, li. 58, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Hyginus, fables 96 & 110.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 15.—Maximus of Tyre, Oration 27.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk. 4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.—Homer, Iliad & Odyssey.—Dictys Cretensis, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.—Dares Phrygius.—Juvenal, satire 7, li. 210.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica, li. 869.――There were other persons of the same name. The most known were—a man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter’s courtship――the preceptor of Chiron the centaur――a son of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus――a man who instituted ostracism at Athens――Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.

Achillēum, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

♦Achilleus, or Aquileus, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be devoured by lions.

Achīvi, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Lacedæmon before the return of the Heraclidæ, by whom they were expelled from their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a home, they drove the Ionians from Ægialus, seized their 12 cities, and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the Athenians. The appellation of Achivi is indiscriminately applied by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c. See: Achaia.

Achladæus, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Acholōe, one of the Harpies. Hyginus, fable 14.

Acichōrius, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls undertook against Pæonia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 10.

Acidālia, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in Bœotia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 720.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 468.

Acidāsa, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Acilia, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans.――The mother of Lucan.

Acilia lex, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of five colonies in Italy. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.――Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no person convicted of ambitus, or using bribes at elections, should be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.――Another concerning such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.

Marcus Acilius Balbus, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 56.――Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a triumph, and three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false measures used by his competitor. Justin, bk. 31, ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.――The son of the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded from all aliments. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 5.――The enactor of a law against bribery.――A prætor in the time that Verres was accused by Cicero.――A man accused of extortion, and twice defended by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæsar in the civil wars. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A consul, whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts. The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger than the emperor, and therefore envied. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 94.

Acilla, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. Cæsar, African War, ch. 33.

Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Simæthis. Galatæa passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus, through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock. The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount Ætna. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 8.

Acmon, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied Æneas into Italy. His father’s name was Clytus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 128.

Acmonĭdes, one of the Cyclops. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 288.

Acœtes, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into sea monsters, but Acœtes was preserved. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 8, &c. See: Acetes.

Acontes, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Aconteus, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 201.――A person killed in the wars of Æneas and Turnus, in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 615.

Acontius, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her bosom:

Juro tibi sanctæ per mystica sacra Dianæ,

Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram.

Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had inadvertently made, married Acontius. Ovid, Heroides, poem 20.――A mountain of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Acontobūlus, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. Apollonius, Argonautica, bk. 2.

Acōris, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Acra, a town in Italy,――Eubœa,――Cyprus,――Acarnania,――Sicily,――Africa,――Sarmatia, &c.――A promontory of Calabria, now Capo di Leuca.

Acradīna, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plutarch, Marcellus.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4.

Acræ, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Acræa, a daughter of the river Asterion.――A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.――A surname of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Acræphnia, a town in Bœotia; whence Apollo is called Acraæphnius. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 135.

Acragallĭdæ, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens. Æschines, Against Ctesiphon.

Acrăgas. See: Agragas.

Acrātus, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.

Acrias, one of Hippodamia’s suitors. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――He built Acriæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Acridophăgi, an Æthiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their number, and ended in his death. Diodorus, bk. 3.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 16.

Acrīon, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. Cicero, De Finibus, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Acrisioneus, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 410.

Acrisioniădes, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 70.

Acrisius, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Prœtus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother’s womb. After many dissensions, Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lacedæmon; and being told by an oracle, that his daughter’s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however, became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. Hyginus, fable 63.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 16.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 16.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—See: Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.

Acrītas, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Acroāthon, or Acrothoos, a town on the top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Acroceraunium, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word comes from ἀκρος, high, and κεραυνος, thunder; because, on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder. Lucretius, bk. 6, li. 420.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 506.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 20.

Acrocorinthus, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Plutarch, Aratus.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.

Acron, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. Plutarch, Romulus.――A physician of Agrigentum, B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 719.

Acropātos, one of Alexander’s officers, who obtained part of Media after the king’s death. Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.

Acropŏlis, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Pausanias, Atticus.

Acrotătus, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being mistress to such a warlike lover. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Acrothoos. See: Acroathon.

Acta, or Acte, a country of Attica. This word signifies shore, and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by some writers from Actæus, a king, from whom the Athenians have been called Actæi. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 312.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 2, li. 23.

Acta, a place near mount Athos, on the Ægean sea. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 109.

Actæa, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 250.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 41.――A surname of Ceres.――A daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Actæon, a famous huntsman, son of Aristæus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence he is called Autonoeius heros. He saw Diana and her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, fable 3.――A beautiful youth, son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclidæ, endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle which in consequence of this happened between his father and ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself; and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias was expelled. Plutarch, Amatoriæ narrationes.

Actæus, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Actæus reigned before him. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.――The word is of the same signification as Atticus, an inhabitant of Attica.

Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 28.――One of the Horæ. Hyginus, fable 183.

Actia, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels were scattered all over the world. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 94.――Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Lacedæmonians had the care of them. Plutarch, Antonius.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.――A sister of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cicero.

Actis, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught astrology, and founded Heliopolis. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Actisănes, a king of Æthiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon crows. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the 2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. See: Actia. Plutarch, Antonius.—Suetonius, Augustus.――A promontory of Corcyra. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 2.

Actius, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 704.――A poet. See: Accius.――A prince of the Volsci. See: Accius.

Actius Navius, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor, before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill as an augur. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 36.――Labeo. See: Labeo.

Actor, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.――The father of Menœtius by Ægina, whence Patroclus is called Actorides. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 8.――A man called also Aruncus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 93.――One of the friends of Æneas. Æneid, bk. 9, li. 500.――A son of Neptune by Agameda. Hyginus, fable 14.――A son of Deion and Diomede. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A son of Acastus, one of the Argonauts. Hyginus, fable 14.――The father of Astyoche. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.――A king of Lemnos. Hyginus, fable 102.

Actorĭdes, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, fable 1.――Also to Erithus son of Actor. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, fable 3.――Two brothers so fond of each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins, and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. Pindar.

Actŏris, a maid of Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 23.

Marcus Actorius Naso, a Roman historian. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 9.

Caius Aculeo, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Acūphis, an ambassador from India to Alexander. Plutarch, Alexander.

Acusilāus and Damagētus, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father, and called him happy in having such worthy sons. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Acusilāus, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Suidas.――An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.

M. Acutĭcus, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bœotia, &c.

Ada, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her husband’s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alindæ, which she delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. Curtius, bk. 2, ch. 8.—Strabo, bk. 14.

Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.

Adæus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. Athenæus, bk. 13.

Adamantæa, Jupiter’s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the infant’s cries, she had drums beat and cymbals sounded around the tree. Hyginus, fable 139.

Adămas, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. Homer, Iliad, bk. 13, li. 560.――A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotys king of Thrace. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 10.

Adamastus, a native of Ithaca, father of Achæmenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 614.

Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 5.

Addephagia, a goddess of the Sicilians. Ælian, bk. 1, Varia Historia, ch. 27.

Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Adelphius, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. Strabo, bk. 11.

Adēmon, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had put to death. Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 35.

Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from α and ειδειν [non videre], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for hell itself by the ancient poets.

Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 88.

Adherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of Rome, B.C. 112. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Adherbas, the husband of Dido. See: Sichæus.

Adiante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Adiatōrix, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony’s favour, slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. Strabo, bk. 12.

Adimantus, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus, because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended to mutilate all the Spartans. Xenophon, Hellenica. Pausanias says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed him.――A brother of Plato. Laërtius, bk. 3.――A Corinthian general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.――A king struck with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, Ibis, li. 337.

Admēta, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno’s temple at Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 23.――One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 349.

Admētus, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pheræ in Thessaly, married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the Parcæ, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste’s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from hell. Seneca, Medeâ.—Hyginus, fables 50, 51, & 243.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A king of the Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, ch. 8.――An officer of Alexander, killed at the siege of Tyre. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Adōnia, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos in Phœnicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations, and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day; and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. Plutarch, Nicias.—Ammianus, bk. 22, ch. 9.

Adōnis, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [See: Myrrha], was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again. Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Propertius, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10, li. 18.—Bion, Adonis.—Hyginus, fables 58, 164, 248, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 10.—Musæus, Hero & Leander.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.――A river of Phœnicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.

Adramyttium, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strabo, bk. 13.—Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Adrāna, a river in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 56.

Adrānum, a town of Sicily, near Ætna, with a river of the same name. The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plutarch, Timoleon.

Adrasta, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. Hyginus, fable 182.

Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.――A mountain. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A country near Troy called after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had an oracle. Strabo, bk. 13.――A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice. The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon the actions of men. Strabo, bk. 13.――A daughter of Melisseus, to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as Adrasta. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Adrastii Campi, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first defeated Darius. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 6.

Adrastus, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices, being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens, and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died through grief, occasioned by the death of his son Ægialeus. A temple was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was annually celebrated. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 480.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Statius, Thebiad, bks. 4 & 5.—Hyginus, fables 68, 69, & 70.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.――A peripatetic philosopher, disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.――A Phrygian prince, who having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Crœsus, where he was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys. In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his despair, killed himself on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.――A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.――A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son of Merops. Homer, Iliad, bks. 2 & 6.—The father of Eurydice, who married Ilus the Trojan. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 12.――A king of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.――A son of Hercules. Hyginus, fable 242.

Adria, Adriānum, or Adriatĭcum mare, a sea lying between Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phocæans. Herodotus, bk. 1.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.—Catullus, poems 4, 6.

Adrianopŏlis, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.――Another in Ætolia,――in Pisidia,――and Bithynia.

Adriānus, or Hadrianus, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he called Ælia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name. He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed, and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for 16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially: and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands, but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiæ, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio Cassius.――An officer of Lucullus. Plutarch, Lucullus.――A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus, who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now lost.

Adrimētum, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the Phœnicians. Sallust, Jugurthine War.

Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.

Adŭla, a mountain among the Rhætian Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. Gothard.

Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt.

Adyrmachīdæ, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 168.

Æa, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods, to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a town called Æa, which was the capital of Colchis. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 420.――A town of Thessaly,――of Africa.――A fountain of Macedonia near Amydon.

Æacēa, games at Ægina, in honour of Æacus.

Æacĭdas, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Æacĭdes, a patronymic of the descendants of Æacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.

Æăcus, son of Jupiter by Ægina daughter of Asopus, was king of the island of Œnopia, which he called by his mother’s name. A pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in an old oak were changed into men, and called by Æacus myrmidons, from μυρμηξ, an ant. Æăcus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Horace, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2, ch. 29.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ææ, Æa, or Ææa, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. See: Æa. Apollonius, bk. 3.

Ææa, a name given to Circe, because born at Ææ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386.

Æantēum, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30. ――An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Æantĭdes, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. Thucydides, bk. 6, ch. 59.――One of the seven poets called Pleiades.

Æantis, an Athenian tribe. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, ch. 2.

Æas, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a geographical mistake of the poet. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 361.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 580.

Æātus, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother’s back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. Æatus joined her in her exclamation, and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Æchmacŏras, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon. When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a child, found and delivered them. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Æchmis, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Ædepsum, a town of Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.

Ædessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and called it from that circumstance (αἰγας, capras) Ægeas. It was the burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Ædicŭla Ridiculi, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the following circumstance: after the battle of Cannæ, Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather; which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. Plutarch, Lycurgus, Agis, & Cleomenes. Pausanias also mentions a θεος γελωτος.

Ædīles, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths, and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing might be sold without its due value. There were three different sorts: the Ædiles Plebeii, or Minores; the Majores Ædiles, and the Ædiles Cereales. The plebeian ediles were two, first created with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. Varro, De Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 14.—Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 3.

Ædipsus, a town in Eubœa, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.

Valerius Ædituus, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epigrams.

Ædon, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19, li. 518.

Ædui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their valour in the wars of Cæsar. When their country was invaded by this celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however, the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany, and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Cæsar changed the face of affairs; the Ædui were restored to the sovereignty of the country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of the conqueror. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Æēta, or Æētes, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. See: Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 2.—Flaccus & Orpheus, Argonautica.

Æetias, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of Æetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 9.

Æga, an island of the Ægean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.

Ægēas, a town whose inhabitants are called Ægeates. See: Ædessa.

Ægæ, a city of Macedonia, the same as Ædessa. Some writers make them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.――A town of Eubœa, whence Neptune is called Ægæus. Strabo, bk. 9.

Ægææ, a town and seaport of Cilicia. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 227.

Ægæon, one of Lycaon’s 50 sons. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――The son of Cœlus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. See: Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly residing at Æga, whence his name; and that the fable about his 100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his piratical excursions. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 565.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 149.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 10, li. 404.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 10.

Ægæum mare, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word Ægæum is derived by some from Ægæ, a town of Eubœa; or from the number of islands which it contains, that appear above the sea, as αἰγες, goats; or from the promontory Æga, or from Ægea, a queen of the Amazons; or from Ægeus, who is supposed to have drowned himself there. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Strabo, bk. 7.

Ægæus, a surname of Neptune, from Ægæ in Eubœa. Strabo, bk. 9.――A river of Corcyra.――A plain in Phocis.

Ægaleos, or Ægaleum, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian ships in the adjacent sea. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 90.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 19.

Ægan [Greek αἰγαν or αἰγαων], the Ægean sea. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 56.

Ægas, a place of Eubœa.――Another near Daunia in Italy. Polybius, bk. 3.

Ægātes, a promontory of Æolia.――Three islands opposite Carthage, called Aræ by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, near which the Romans under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. Livy, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22, ch. 54.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 61.

Ægēleon, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 46.

Ægēria. See: Egeria.

Ægesta, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of Ægestus, called Acestes. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 554.――An ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. Diodorus, bk. 10.

Ægeus, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped at the court of Pittheus king of Trœzene, who gave him his daughter Æthra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be known to Ægeus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown. Æthra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to Athens with his father’s sword. At the time, Ægeus lived with Medea the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing Ægeus the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up white sails as a signal of his success: and Ægeus, at the sight of black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been called the Ægean. Ægeus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a son. See: Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Hyginus, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.

Ægiăle, one of Phaeton’s sisters changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. They are called Heliades.――A daughter of Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife’s wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful propensities in Ægiale, to revenge herself on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. Ovid, Ibis, li. 350.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 412.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 48.

Ægiălea, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.――Another in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 107.――The ancient name of Peloponnesus. Strabo, bk. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægialeus, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the Epigoni, i.e. one of the sons of those generals who were killed in the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all returned home safe, except Ægialeus, who was killed. That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. Pausanias, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44; bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.――The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Ægiălus, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called Ægialea from him.――A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the christian era, and reigned 52 years.

Ægialus, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. See: Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――An inconsiderable town of Pontus.――A city of Asia Minor.――A city of Thrace near the river Strymon.――A mountain of Galatia.――Another in Æthiopia.

Ægīdes, a patronymic of Theseus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 265.

Ægĭla, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 17.

Ægilia, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.――A place in Eubœa. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 101.

Ægimius, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48.――A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conquer the Lapithæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Ægimōrus, or Ægimūrus, an island near Libya, supposed by some to be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Aræ. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Ægīna, daughter of Asopus, had Æacus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 29.――An island formerly called Œnopia, and now Engia, in a part of the Ægean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence, and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king Æacus. They were once a very powerful nation by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former power or consequence. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 10.

Æginēta Paulus, a physician born in Ægina. He flourished in the 3rd, or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be called man-midwife. He wrote De Re Medicâ, in seven books.

Ægīnētes, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 5.

Ægiŏchus, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the goat Amalthæa, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Ægĭpan, a name of Pan, because he had goat’s feet.

Ægīra, a town between Ætolia and Peloponnesus.――A town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 26.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 145.

Ægiroessa, a town of Ætolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Ægis, the shield of Jupiter, ἀπο της αἰγος, a goat’s skin. This was the goat Amalthæa, with whose skin he covered his shield. The goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa’s head, which turned into stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.

Ægisthus, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea. Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be her father’s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his mother’s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent Ægisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin’s sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to Œneus king of Ætolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his father-in-law’s place. Ægisthus had been reconciled to the sons of Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian of Agamemnon’s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. Ægisthus fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon’s return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage, strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, would have shared his father’s fate, had not his sister Electra privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades. Some time after, Orestes came to Mycenæ the residence of Ægisthus, and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant’s family. To effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her brother Orestes was dead; upon which Ægisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death. Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years. They were buried without the city walls. See: Agamemnon, Thyestes, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. Ovid, de Remedia Amoris, li. 161; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 396.—Hyginus, fables 87 & 88.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.—Sophocles, Electra.—Aeschylus & Seneca, Agamemnon.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 3 & 11.—Lactantius [Placidus] on [Statius’] Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 684.――Pompey used to call Julius Cæsar, Ægisthus, on account of his adultery with his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three children. Suetonius, Julius Cæsar, ch. 50.

Ægĭtum, a town of Æolia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea. Thucydides. Bk. 3, ch. 97.

Ægium, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to have been fed by a goat, whence the name. Strabo, bk. 8.—Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Ægle, the youngest daughter of Æsculapius and Lampetie.――A nymph, daughter of Sol and Neæra. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 20.――A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he had left Ariadne. Plutarch, Theseus.――One of the Hesperides.――One of the Graces.――A prostitute. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 95.

Ægles, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue, through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Æglētes, a surname of Apollo.

Æglŏge, a nurse of Nero. Suetonius, Nero, ch. 50.

Ægobolus, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in Bœotia.

Ægocĕros, or Capricornus, an animal into which Pan transformed himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants. Jupiter made him a constellation. Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 613.

Ægon, a shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues.—Theocritus, Idylls.――A promontory of Lemnos.――A name of the Ægean sea. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 628.――A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull by the heel from a mountain into the city. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 4.

Ægospotămos, i.e. the goat’s river, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet, consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec., B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 58.—Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.

Ægosāgæ, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont. Polybius, bk. 5.

Ægus and Roscillus, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who deserted from Cæsar to Pompey. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 59.

Ægūsa, the middle island of the Ægates, near Sicily.

Ægy, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Ægypānes, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human above the waist, and that of a goat below. Mela, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.

Ægypsus, a town of the Getæ, near the Danube. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.

Ægypta, a freedman of Cicero. Letters to Atticus, bk. 8.

Ægyptii, the inhabitants of Egypt. See: Ægyptus.

Ægyptium mare, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt.

Ægyptus, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who, by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even Ægyptus was killed by his niece Polyxena. See: Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. Ægyptus was king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has been called Ægyptus. Hyginus, fables 168, 170.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.――An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name is derived from Ægyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands, which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [See: Psammetichus], but some authors make them of Æthiopian origin. They were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and villages, as the Cyclades in the Ægean sea. The air is not wholesome, but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years, and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus. According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrtæus then became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites, 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B.C.; and after the conquest of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221: Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80: Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III. 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus.—Justin, bk. 1.—Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 24.—Macrobius, Somnium Scipionis, bk. 1, chs. 19 & 21.—Herodian, bk. 4, ch. 9.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bks. 2, 3, & 7.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 17, li. 79.—Polybius, bk. 15.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.—Marcellinus, bk. 22, ch. 40.—Justin, bk. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Pausanias, bk. 3; Iphicrates; Datames, ch. 3.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 175.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 14.—Plutarch, de Facie in Orbe Lunæ; de Iside et Osiride; Ptolemy, Alexander.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.――A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. Polyænus, bk. 6.――The ancient name of the Nile. Homer, Odyssey, ♦bk. 14, li. 258.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.

Ægys. See: Ægy.

Ægysthus. See: Ægisthus.

Ælia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla.――The name of some towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.

Ælia lex, enacted by Ælius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 53.――Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs, the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.――Another called Ælia Sexta, by Ælius Sextus, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters, or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens.

Ælia Petina, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Cæsar, by whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina. Suetonius, Claudius, ch. 26.

Æliānus Claudus, a Roman sophist of Præneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in 17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has commended his language as superior to what could be expected from a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. Ælian died in the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii, 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of the Greeks to another Ælian.

Ælius and Ælia, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia, and gave his son-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds of gold from the booty. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.

Ælius Adriānus, an African, grandfather to the emperor Adrian.――Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.――Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the plebeians at Rome. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 54.――Quintus Ælius Pætus, son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed, that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird. All the youths of his family were killed at Cannæ, and the Roman arms were soon attended with success. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock for writing verses against Tiberius.――Sejānus. See: Sejanus.――Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his consulship, the ambassadors of the Ætolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 11.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1.――Spartiānus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.――Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals, and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused before Cæsar, and ably defended by Cicero. Cicero, Letters to Brutus.――Verus Cæsar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. Ælius was father to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.――A physician mentioned by Galen.――Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the signification of all law words.――Sextus Pætus, a lawyer, consul at Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning, and called cordatus homo by Ennius for his knowledge of law. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 48; Brutus, ch. 20.――Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author of some treatises.――Lamia. Lamia.