A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 43)

Tartessus, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. Some suppose that it was afterwards called Carteia, and it was better known by the name of Gades, when Hercules had set up his columns on the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is also a town called Tartessus, in a small island formed by the river of the same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as also the place where the poets imagined the sun unharnessed his tired horses. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, lis. 399 & 411; bk. 10, li. 538.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 416.—Strabo, bk. 3.

Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen in Artois.

Lucius Taruntius Spurina, a mathematician who flourished 61 years B.C. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po.

Tarusates, a people of Gaul, now Turcan. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 23 & 27.

Taruscum, a town of Gaul.

Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Treviso, in the Venetian states.

Tasgretius Cornūtus, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of Cæsar. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 25.

Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A.D. 172. The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 8vo, Oxford, 1700.

Tatienses, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, in honour of Tatius king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who were partly the ancient subjects of the king of the Sabines, lived on mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis.

Tātius Titus, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. After he had for six years shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order of his royal colleague, according to some authors. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 10, &c.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Cicero, For Cornelius Balbus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 804.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Tatta, a large lake of Phrygia, on the confines of Pisidia.

Tavola, a river of Corsica.

Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt.

Taulantii, a people of Illyricum on the Adriatic. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.—Lucan, bk. 6, li. 16.

Taunus, a mountain in Germany, now Heyrich or Hoche, opposite Mentz. Tacitus, bk. 1, Annals, ch. 56.

Taurania, a town of Italy in the country of the Brutii.

Taurantes, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigranocerta. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 24.

Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Strabo, bk. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 99, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 80.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 260.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 116.

Taurĭca Chersonēsus, a large peninsula of Europe at the south-west of the Palus Mæotis, now called the Crimea. It is joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea, and the Palus Mœotis. The inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. Strabo, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12. See: Tauri.

Taurĭca, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus.

Taurīni, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in Piedmont. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 646.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.

Taurisci, a people of Mysia. Strabo, bk. 7.――Of Noricum, among the Alps. Strabo, bk. 4.

Tauriscus, a sculptor. See: Apollonius.

Taurium, a town of the Peloponnesus. Polybius.

Taurominium, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. There is a small river near it called Taurominius. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as far as the most eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches in several parts, and runs far into the north. Mount Taurus was known by several names, particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was known by the names of Amanus, from the bay of Issus as far as the Euphrates; of Antitaurus from the western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia; of Montes Matieni in the country of the Leucosyrians; of Mons Moschicus at the south of the river Phasis; of Amaranta at the north of the Phasis; of Caucasus between the Hyrcanian and Euxine seas; of Hyrcanii Montes, near Hyrcania; of Imaus in the more eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more properly confined to the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. The several passes which were opened in the mountains were called Pylæ, and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian Pylæ, Cilician Pylæ, &c. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――A mountain in Germany. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 41.――Of Sicily.――Titus Statilius, a consul distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his imperial friend.――A proconsul of Africa, accused by Agripina, who wished him to be condemned, that she might become mistress of his gardens. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 59.――An officer of Minos king of Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of the Minotaur, from the son, who was born some time after. See: Minotaurus. Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in the games which Minos exhibited in Crete. Plutarch, Theseus.

Taxĭla (plural), a large country in India, between the Indus and the Hydaspes. Strabo, bk. 15.

Taxĭlus, or Taxiles, a king of Taxila in the age of Alexander, called also Omphis. He submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him with great liberality. Diodorus, bk. 17.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 5, ch. 6.—Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 14.――A general of Mithridates, who assisted Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards conquered by Muræna the lieutenant of Sylla.

Taximaquilus, a king in the southern parts of Britain when Cæsar invaded it. Cæsar, bk. 5, Gallic War, ch. 22.

Taygēte, or Taygēta, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedæmon by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades after death. Hyginus, fables 155 & 192.—Pausanias, in Laconia, chs. 1 & 18.

Taygētus, or Taygēta (orum), a mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus, at the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Lacedæmon, and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the Lacedæmonian women celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 52.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 488.

Teānum, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the Liris, called Sidicinum, to be distinguished from another town of the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the coast of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenship were extended to it under Augustus. Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius, chs. 9 & 69. Philostratus, bk. 12, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 27.

Tearus, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a column there when he marched against the Scythians, as if to denote the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. Herodotus, bks. 4, 5, 90, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Teātea, Teate, or Tegeate, a town of Latium. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 522; bk. 17, li. 457.

Teches, a mountain of Pontus, from which the 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4.

Techmessa, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras, and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed in war by Ajax son of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror, and by him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his tragedies, represents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab himself. Horace, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 6.—Dictys Cretensis.—Sophocles, Ajax.

Tecmon, a town of Epirus. Livy, bk. 45, ch. 26.

Tecnatis, a king of Egypt.

Tectămus, a son of Dorus, grandson of Hellen the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with the Ætolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. He had a son called Asterius by the daughter of Cretheus.

Tectosăges, or Tectosăgæ, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was the modern Toulouse. They received the name of Tectosagæ quod sagis tegerentur. Some of them passed into Germany, where they settled near the Hercynian forest, and another colony passed into Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The Tectosagæ were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, and who attempted some time after to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At their return home from Greece they were visited by a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to throw into the river all the riches and plunder which they had obtained in their distant excursions. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 16.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Justin, bk. 32.

Tecum, a river of Gaul falling from the Pyrenees into the Mediterranean.

Tedanius, a river of Liburnia. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Tĕgēa, or Tegæa, now Moklai, a town of Arcadia in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were found buried there and removed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped there, and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus had each a temple. The inhabitants were called Tegeates; and the epithet Tegæa is given to Atalanta, as a native of the place. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, fable 7; Fasti, bk. 6, li. 531.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 293.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45, &c.

Tegula Publius Licinius, a comic poet who flourished B.C. 198.

Tegyra, a town of Bœotia where Apollo Tegyrœus was worshipped. There was a battle fought there between the Thebans and the Peloponnesians.

Teios. See: Teos.

Teium, a town of Paphlagonia on the Euxine sea.

Tela, a town of Spain.

Tĕlămon, a king of the island of Salamis, son of Æacus and Endeis. He was brother to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, who on that account is often called Telamonius heros. He fled from Megara, his native country, after he had accidentally murdered his brother Phocus in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis, where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus the king of the place. At the death of his father-in-law, who had no male issue, Telamon became king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when that hero took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded by Hercules for his services with the hand of Hesione, whom the conqueror had obtained among the spoils of Troy, and with her he returned to Greece. He also married Peribœa, whom some call Eribœa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 151.—Sophocles, Ajax.—Pindar, Isthmean, ch. 6.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6.—Apollodorus, bks. 1, 2, &c.—Pausanias, Corinthia.—Hyginus, fable 97, &c.――A seaport town of Etruria. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Telamoniădes, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon.

Telchīnes, a people of Rhodes, said to have been originally from Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They were the first who raised statues to the gods. They had the power of changing themselves into whatever shape they pleased, and, according to Ovid, they could poison and fascinate all objects with their eyes, and cause rain and hail to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, for which the goddess inspired them with a sudden fury, so that they committed the grossest crimes, and offered violence even to their own mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all by a deluge. Diodorus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 365, &c.

Telchīnia, a surname of Minerva at Teumessa in Bœotia, where she had a temple. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 19.――Also a surname of Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus raised by the Telchinians, who settled there.――Also an ancient name of Crete, as the place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were descended. Statius, bk. 6, Sylvæ, poem 6, li. 47.

Telchīnius, a surname of Apollo among the Rhodians. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Telchis, a son of Europs the son of Ægialeus. He was one of the first kings of the Peloponnesus.

Telea, a surname of Juno in Bœotia.

Teleboæ, or Teleboes, a people of Ætolia, called also Taphians; some of whom left their native country, and settled in the island of Capreæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 715. See: Taphiæ.

Teleboas, a son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11.――A son of Lycaon. Apollodorus.

Teleboides, islands opposite Leucadia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Telĕcles, or Telĕclus, a Lacedæmonian king of the family of the Agidæ, who reigned 40 years, B.C. 813. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 205.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――A philosopher, disciple of Lacidas, B.C. 214.――A Milesian.

Teleclīdes, an Athenian comic poet in the age of Pericles, one of whose plays, called the Amphictyon, is mentioned by ancient authors. Plutarch, Nicias.—Athenæus.

Tēlĕgŏnus, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in the island of Ææa, where he was educated. When arrived to the years of manhood, he went to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, but he was shipwrecked on the coast, and, being destitute of provisions, he plundered some of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to defend the property of their subjects against this unknown invader; a quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father without knowing who he was. He afterwards returned to his native country, and, according to Hyginus, he carried thither his father’s body, where it was buried. Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in his return, and soon after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by order of Minerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tibur or Præneste, in Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter called Mamilia, from whom the patrician family of the Mamilii at Rome were descended. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.—Ovid, Fasti, bks. 3 & 4. Tristia, bk. 1, poem 1.—Plutarch, Parallela minora.—Hyginus, fable 12.—Diodorus, bk. 7.――A son of Proteus, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus.――A king of Egypt, who married Io after she had been restored to her original form by Jupiter. Apollodorus.

Tēlĕmăchus, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still in the cradle when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war. At the end of this celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to see his father, went to seek him, and as the place of his residence, and the cause of his long absence, were then unknown, he visited the court of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to murder him; but he avoided their snares, and by means of Minerva, he discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before him, and was then in the house of Eumæus. With this faithful servant and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with success. After the death of his father, Telemachus went to the island of Ææa, where he married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone the daughter of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus. He some time after had the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy, where he founded Clusium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit to Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the form of Mentor. It is said that, when a child, Telemachus fell into the sea, and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had remained some time under water. From this circumstance Ulysses had the figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on his ring. Hyginus, fables 95 & 125.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 1, li. 98.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 41.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 2, &c.—Lycophron, Alexandra.

Telĕmus, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all the evils which he some time after suffered from Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 771.

Telephassa, the mother of Cadmus, Phœnix, and Cilix by Agenor. She died in Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away. Apollodorus, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 4.

Tĕlĕphus, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and Auge the daughter of Aleus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, but his life was preserved by a goat, and by some shepherds. According to Apollodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves with his mother, by the cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the mouth of the Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras the king of the country, who married, or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid the anger of her father, on account of her amour with Hercules. Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nauplius to be ♦severely punished for her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure her, sent her to Teuthras king of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted. Telephus, according to the more received opinions, was ignorant of his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to know his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he came to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his crown, and his adopted daughter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver his country from the hostilities of Idas the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied, and at the head of the Mysians, he soon routed the enemy, and received the promised reward. As he was going to unite himself to Auge, the sudden appearance of an enormous serpent separated the two lovers; Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and was soon informed by the god that Telephus was her own son. When this was known, the nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some time after married one of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the sons of the Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks, and with heroic valour he attacked them when they had landed on his coast. The carnage was great, and Telephus was victorious, had not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the earth, which entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him flat on the ground. Achilles immediately rushed upon him, and wounded him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound was mortal, but Telephus was informed by the oracle, that he alone who had inflicted it could totally cure it. Upon this, applications were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero observed that he was no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken without the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, and who wished to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey the directions of the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the weapon which had given the wound could alone cure it, the hero scraped the rust from the point of his spear, and, by applying it to the sore, gave it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus showed himself so grateful to the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Trojan war, and fought with them against his father-in-law. Hyginus, fable 101.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, poem 1, &c.—Philostratus, Heroicus.—Pliny.――A friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty and the elegance of his person. He was the favourite of Lydia the mistress of Horace, &c. Horace, bk. 1, ode 12; bk. 4, ode 11, li. 21.――A slave who conspired against Augustus. Suetonius, Augustus.――Lucius Verus, wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost.

Telesia, a town of Campania, taken by Annibal. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 13; bk. 24, ch. 20.

Telesĭcles, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus by a slave called Enippo. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 13.

Telesilla, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country against the Lacedæmonians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A statue was raised to her honour in the temple of Venus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Telesinicus, a Corinthian auxiliary at Syracuse, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Telesīnus, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain, after he had given repeated proofs of valour and courage. Plutarch, Sulla, &c.――A poet of considerable merit in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 25.

Telesippus, a poor man of Pheræ, father to the tyrant Dinias. Polyænus, bk. 2.

Telestagŏras, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by some of the nobles of the island, in consequence of which they were expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. Athenæus, bk. 8.

Telestas, a son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――An athlete of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 14.――A king of Corinth, who died 779 B.C.

Telestes, a dithyrambic poet, who flourished B.C. 402.

Telesto, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony.

Telethes, a mountain in Eubœa.

Telethūsa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, a native of Crete. She became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into a boy. See: Iphis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 681.

Teleurias, a prince of Macedonia, &c. Xenophon.

Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus, who was killed by the Olynthians, &c.

Teleute, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.

Tellenæ, a town of Latium, now destroyed. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Telles, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Tellias, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He was greatly honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabitants raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas.

Tellus, a divinity, the same as the earth, the most ancient of all the gods after Chaos. She was mother by Cœlus of Oceanus, Hyperion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, Phœbe, Tethys, &c. Tellus is the same as the divinity who is honoured under the several names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She was generally represented in the character of Tellus, as a woman with many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecundity of the earth. She also appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in one hand and a key in the other; while at her feet was lying a tame lion without chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 130.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 137.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――A poor man, whom Solon called happier than Crœsus the rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of his country. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 30.――An Italian who is said to have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called Hippone, who became the goddess of horses.

Telmessus, or Telmissus, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augury and the interpretation of dreams. Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 16.――Another in Lycia.――A third in Pisidia.

Telo Martius, a town at the south of Gaul, now Toulon.

Telon, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed during the siege of that city by Cæsar. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 592.――A king of the Teleboæ, who married Sebethis, by whom he had Œbalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 734.

Telos, a small island near Rhodes.

Telphūsa, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the Ladon who gave her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Lycophron, li. 1040.

Telxiŏpe, one of the muses according to Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Telys, a tyrant of Sybaris.

Temathea, a mountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 34.

Temēnium, a place in Messene, where Temenus was buried.

Temĕnītes, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. Cicero, Against Verres.

Temĕnos, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, called Temenites, had a statue. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53.—Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 74.

Temĕnus, the son of Aristomachus, was the first of the Heraclidæ, who returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, and in the reign of Tisamenes king of Argos. Temenus made himself master of the throne of Argos, from which he expelled the reigning sovereign. After death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was in preference to his own son. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 19.――A son of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno’s infancy. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 22.

Temerinda, the name of the Paulus Mæotis among the natives.

Temĕsa, a town of Cyprus.――Another in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of copper, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5, ch. 15.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 35.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 184.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 441; Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 207.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Temnes, a king of Sidon.

Temnos, a town of Æolia, at the mouth of the Hermus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 49.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 18.

Tempe (plural), a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the north and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows into the Ægean. The poets have described it as the most delightful spot on the earth, with continually cool shades and verdant walks, which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and which the gods often honoured with their presence. Tempe extended about five miles in length, but varied in the dimensions of its breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide. All valleys that are pleasant, either for their situation or the mildness of their climate, are called Tempe by the poets. Strabo, bk. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 219.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Plutarch, de Musica.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 469.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 569.

Tenchtheri, a nation of Germany, who frequently changed the place of their habitation. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 56; Histories, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Tendera, a town of Caria. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 18.

Tenea, a part of Corinth. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Tenĕdia securis. See: Tenes.

Tĕnĕdos, a small and fertile island of the Ægean sea, opposite Troy, at the distance of about 12 miles from Sigæum, and 56 miles north from Lesbos. It was anciently called Leucophrys, till Tenes the son of Cycnus settled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos, from which the whole island received its name. It became famous during the Trojan war, as it was there that the Greeks concealed themselves, the more effectually to make the Trojans believe that they were returned home without finishing the siege. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 3, li. 59.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 21.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 109.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Tenĕrus, son of Apollo and Melia, received from his father the knowledge of futurity. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 10.

Tenes, a son of ♦Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea, on the coast of Troas, by his father, who credulously believed his wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her passion. Tenes arrived in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he became the sovereign. Some time after ♦Cycnus discovered the guilt of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But when he had tied his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and suffered his father’s ship to be tossed about in the sea. From this circumstance the hatchet of Tenes is become proverbial to intimate a resentment that cannot be pacified. Some, however, suppose that the proverb arose from the severity of a law made by a king of Tenedos against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death by a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and afterwards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes, as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he defended his country against the Greeks, and he received divine honours after death. His statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. Strabo, bk. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 14.――A general of 4000 mercenary Greeks sent by the Egyptians to assist the Phœnicians. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Tĕnĕsis, a part of Æthiopia. Strabo.

Tennes, a king of Sidon, who, when his country was besieged by the Persians, burnt himself and the city together, B.C. 351.

Tennum, a town of Æolia.

Tenos, a small island in the Ægean, near Andros, called Ophiussa, and also Hydrussa, from the number of its fountains. It was very mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was also called Tenos.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 469.

Tenty̆ra (plural) and Tentyris, a small town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made war against those who paid them adoration. Seneca, Quæstiones Naturales, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Juvenal, satire 15.—Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 8.

Tenty̆ra (melius Tempyra), a place of Thrace, opposite Samothrace. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 21.

Teos, or Teios, now Sigagik, a maritime town on the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecatæus, who is by some deemed a native of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos was an island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is often called the founder of it on ancient medals. Strabo, bk. 14.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 8, ch. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 18.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Terēdon, a town on the Arabian gulf. Dionysius Periegeta, li. 982.

Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She became mother of Marcus Cicero, and of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her because she had been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia married Sallust, Cicero’s enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus. She lived to her 103rd, or, according to Pliny, to her 117th year. Plutarch, Cicero.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 11, ltr. 16, &c.――The wife of Scipio Africanus.――The wife of Mecænas, with whom it was said that Augustus carried on an intrigue.

Terentia lex, called also Cassia, frumentaria, by Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus and Caius Cassius, A.U.C. 680. It ordered that the same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the exactions of the questors.――Another, by Terentius the tribune, A.U.C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the consuls, lest they should abuse the public confidence, by violence or rapine.

Terentiānus, a Roman to whom Longinus dedicated his treatise on the sublime.――Maurus, a writer who flourished A.D. 240. The last edition of his treatise de literis, syllabis, et metris Horatii, is by Mycillus, Frankfurt, 8vo, 1584. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 70.

Terentius Publius, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus, a Roman senator, who educated him with great care, and manumitted him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master and benefactor, and was called Terentius. He applied himself to the study of Greek comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited the friendship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio the elder Africanus, and his friend Lælius, have been suspected, on account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition of his comedies; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem, perhaps, to favour the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year of his age when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his compositions were received with great applause, but when the words

Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto,

were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though composed of foreigners, conquered nations, allies, and citizens of Rome, were unanimous in applauding the poet, who spoke with such elegance and simplicity the language of nature, and supported the native independence of man. The talents of Terence were employed rather in translation than in the effusions of originality. It is said that he translated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menander, six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of his language, and the artless elegance and simplicity of his diction, and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprise in the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature and manners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters. Quintilian, who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the manner of his death are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year of his age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose that he was drowned in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. The best editions of Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1726; of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1758; of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey’s, 12mo, Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 59.――Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a pileus on his head. He was some time after appointed judge between his deliverer and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 45.――A tribune who wished the number of the citizens of Rome to be increased.――Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed, murdered Galba. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 41.――Lentinus, a Roman knight condemned for perjury.――Varro, a writer. See: Varro.――A consul with Æmilius Paulus at the battle of Cannæ. He was the son of a butcher, and had followed for some time the profession of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hannibal, by making an improper disposition of his army. After he had been defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, with the remains of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the Roman senate of his defeat. He received the thanks of this venerable body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the dictatorship, which he declined. Plutarch.—Livy, bk. 22, &c.――An ambassador sent to Philip king of Macedonia.――Massaliora, an edile of the people, &c.――Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused before the senate for his intimacy with that discarded favourite. He made a noble defence, and was acquitted. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6.

Terentus, a place in the Campus Martius near the capitol, where the infernal deities had an altar. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 504.

Tēreus, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and Bistonis. He married Progne the daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war against Megara. He offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela, whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. See: Philomela and Progne.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.

Tergeste and Tergestum, now Trieste, a town of Italy on the Adriatic sea, made a Roman colony. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3, &c.—Dionysius Periegetes, li. 380.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 110.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Terias, a river of Sicily near Catana.

Teribazus, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Evagoras king of Cyprus. He was accused of treason, and removed from office, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Teridae, a concubine of Menelaus.

Teridates, a favourite eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes. At his death the monarch was in tears for three days, and was consoled at last only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, one of his favourites. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 1.

Terigum, a town of Macedonia.

Terina, a town of the Brutii.

Terioli, now Tirol, a fortified town at the north of Italy, in the country of the Grisons.

Termentia, or Termes, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.

Termera, a town of Caria.

Termĕrus, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing their head against his own. He was slain by Hercules in the same manner. Plutarch, Theseus.

Termesus, a river of Arcadia.

Termilæ, a name given to the Lycians.

Terminalia, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honour of the god Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields, ♦and after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 641.—Cicero, Philippics, bk. 12, ch. 10.

Terminālis, a surname of Jupiter, because he presided over the boundaries and lands of individuals, before the worship of the god Terminus was introduced. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.

Termĭnus, a divinity at Rome who was supposed to preside over bounds and limits, and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his subjects that the limits of their lands and estates were under the immediate inspection of heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock, and he was represented with a human head without feet or arms, to intimate that he never moved, wherever he was placed. The people of the country assembled once a year with their families, and crowned with garlands and flowers the stones which ♦separated their different possessions, and offered victims to the god who presided over their boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to give way, though the other gods resigned their seats with cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said,

Restitit, et mango cum Jove templa tenet.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 641.—Plutarch, Numa.—Livy, bk. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9.

Termissus, or Termessus, a town of Pisidia.

Terpander, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said that he appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness of his notes. He added three strings to the lyre, which before his time had only four. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.—Plutarch, de Musica.

Terpsĭchŏre, one of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over dancing, of which she was reckoned the inventress, as her name intimates, and with which she delighted her sisters. She is represented like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding in her hand a musical instrument. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 35.—Apollodorus, bk. 1.—Eustathius, ad Iliadem, bk. 10.

Terpsicrăte, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Terra, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phœbe, ♦Tethys, and Mnemosyne. By the Air she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is the same as Tellus. See: Tellus.

Terracīna. See: Tarricina.

Terrasidius, a Roman knight in Cæsar’s army in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.

Terror, an emotion of the mind which the ancients have made a deity, and one of the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona.

Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c.――A daughter of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 46.――A daughter of Isidorus. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 34.――A sister of Brutus, who married Cassius. She was also called Tertulla and Junia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 76.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 50.—Cicero, Letters to Brutus, ltrs. 5 & 6; Letters to Atticus, bk. 15, ltr. 11; bk. 16, ltr. 20.

Tertius Julianus, a lieutenant in Cæsar’s legions.

Tertulliānus Quintus Septimius Florens, a celebrated christian writer of Carthage, who flourished A.D. 196. He was originally a pagan, but afterwards embraced christianity, of which he became an able advocate by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively imagination, impetuous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of reasoning. The most famous and esteemed of his numerous works, are his Apology for the Christians, and his Prescriptions. The best edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols., 8vo, Halle, 1770; and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, Leiden, 1718.

Tethys, the greatest of the sea deities, was wife of Oceanus, and daughter of Uranus and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the Mæander, Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c., and about 3000 daughters called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by some mythologists with her granddaughter Thetis the wife of Peleus, and the mother of Achilles. The word Tethys is poetically used to express the sea. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 31.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 509; bk. 9, li. 498; Fasti, bk. 2, li. 191.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 336.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 14, li. 302.

Tetis, a river of Gaul flowing from the Pyrenees. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Tetrapŏlis, a name given to the city of Antioch the capital of Syria, because it was divided into four separate districts, each of which resembled a city. Some apply the word to Seleucis, which contained the four large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apamea, and Seleucia in Pieria.――The name of four towns at the north of Attica. Strabo, bk. 8.

Tĕtrĭca, a mountain of the Sabines near the river Fabaris. It was very rugged and difficult of access, whence the epithet Tetricus was applied to persons of a morose and melancholy disposition. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 713.

Tetrĭcus, a Roman senator, saluted emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was led in triumph by his successful adversary, who afterwards heaped the most unbounded honours upon him and his son of the same name.

Teucer, a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Ida. According to some authors he was the first who introduced among his subjects the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country where he reigned was from him called Teucria, and his subjects Teucri. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince, who succeeded him in the government of Teucria. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 108.――A son of Telamon king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of Helen’s suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis, and retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus king of Sidon, he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country. He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis after his father’s death. He built a temple to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was annually sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but that, according to a less received opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new Carthage was afterwards built, and thence into Galatia. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 281.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 623.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 29.—Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――One of the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum.

Teucri, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer their king. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 42 & 239.

Teucria, a name given to Troy, from Teucer one of its kings. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 26.

Teucteri, a people of Germany, at the east of the Rhine. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 22.

Teumessus, a mountain of Bœotia with a village of the same name, where Hercules, when young, killed an enormous lion. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 331.

Teuta, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman ambassadors to be put to death. This unprecedented murder was the cause of a war, which ended in her disgrace. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 6.

Teutamias, or Teutamis, a king of Larissa. He instituted games in honour of his father, where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius with a quoit.

Teutamus, a king of Assyria, the same as Tithonus the father of Memnon. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Teutas, or Teutates, a name of Mercury among the Gauls. The people offered human victims to this deity. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 445.—Cæsar, Gallic War.

Teuthrania, a part of Mysia where the Caycus rises.

Teuthras, a king of Mysia on the borders of the Caycus. He adopted as his daughter, or, according to others, married, Auge the daughter of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from her father, who wished to punish her for her amours with Hercules. Some time after his kingdom was invaded by Idas the son of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he promised Auge and his crown to any one who could restore tranquillity to his subjects. This was executed by Telephus, who afterwards proved to be the son of Auge, who was promised in marriage to him by right of his successful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teuthras, who became mothers by Hercules, are called Teuthrantia turba. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 19; Heroides, poem 9, li. 51.—Hyginus, fable 100.――A river’s name.――One of the companions of Æneas in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 402.

Teutoburgiensis saltus, a forest of Germany, between the Ems and Lippa, where Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 60.

Teutomatus, a prince of Gaul, among the allies of Rome.

Teutŏni and Teutŏnes, a people of Germany, who with the Cimbri made incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They were at last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made prisoners. See: Cimbri. Cicero, On Pompey’s Command.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.—Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 26.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

Thabenna, an inland town of Africa, African War, ch. 77.

Thabusium, a fortified place of Phrygia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 14.

Thais, a famous courtesan of Athens, who accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendancy over him, that she made him burn the royal palace of Persepolis. After Alexander’s death, she married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated her charms both mental and personal, which were of a superior nature, and on this account she is called Menandrea by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 6.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 604; Remedia Amoris, li. 384.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Juvenal, satire 3, li. 93.—Athenæus, bk. 13, ch. 13.

Thala, a town of Africa. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Thalăme, a town of Messenia, famous for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plutarch, Agis.

Thalassius, a beautiful young Roman in the reign of Romulus. At the rape of the Sabines, one of these virgins appeared remarkable for beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid of many competitors, exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. The name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than all were eager to preserve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use of the word Thalassius at nuptials, and to wish those that were married the felicity of Thalassius. He is supposed by some to be the same as Hymen, as he was made a deity. Plutarch, Romulus.—Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 92.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Thales, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was descended from Cadmus: his father’s name was Examius, and his mother’s Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in Crete, Phœnicia, and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geometry, astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to measure with exactness the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. His discoveries in astronomy were great and ingenious; and he was the first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discovered the solstices and equinoxes, he divided the heavens into five zones, and recommended the division of the year into 365 days, which was universally adopted by the Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer, he looked upon water as the principle of everything. He was the founder of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for its deep and abstruse speculations under the successors and pupils of the Milesian philosopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the master of Socrates. Thales was never married; and when his mother pressed him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. The same exhortations were afterwards repeated, but the philosopher eluded them by observing that he was then too old to enter the matrimonial state. He died in the 96th year of his age, about 548 years before the christian era. His compositions on philosophical subjects are lost. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Plato.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 1.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, &c.――A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies the minds of the Spartans to receive the rigorous institutions of his friend, and inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society.

Thalestria, or Thalestris, a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 300 women, came 35 days’ journey to meet Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, to raise children by a man whose fame was so great, and courage so uncommon. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Thaletes, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C.

Thălīa, one of the Muses, who presided over festivals, and over pastoral and comic poetry. She is represented leaning on a column, holding a mask in her right hand, by which she is distinguished from her sisters, as also by a shepherd’s crook. Her dress appears shorter, and not so ornamented as that of the other Muses. Horace, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 25.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 75.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, &c.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 2.――One of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 826.――An island in the Tyrrhene sea.

Thallo, one of the Horæ or Seasons, who presided over the spring. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Thalpius, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Thalyssia, Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country in honour of Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly offered. Scholia on Theocritus, poem 3.

Thamĭras, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus, where it was religiously preserved in his family for many years. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Thamuda, a part of Arabia Felix.

Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His father’s name was Philammon, and his mother’s Argiope. He became enamoured of the Muses, and challenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed that the conqueror should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eyesight and his melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are lost. Some accused him of having first introduced into the world the unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 594; bk. 5, li. 599.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 62; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 399.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Thamyris, one of the petty princes of the Dacæ, in the age of Darius, &c.――A queen of the Massagetæ. See: Thomyris.――A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 341.

Thapsăcus, a city on the Euphrates.

Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were defeated by Cæsar. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 261.—Livy, bk. 29, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 48.――A town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily.

Thargelia, festivals in Greece, in honour of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. Athenæus, bk. 12.

Thariădes, one of the generals of Antiochus, &c.

Tharops, the father of Œager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Thasius, or Thrasius, a famous soothsayer of Cyprus, who told Busiris king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was not a native of Egypt. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 549.――A surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at Thasos.

Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in the Ægean, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the name of Æria, Odonis, Æthria, Acte, Ogygia, Chryse, and Ceresis. It received that of Thasos from Thasus the son of Agenor, who settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well as its mines of gold and silver. The capital of the island was also called Thasos. Livy, bk. 33, chs. 30 & 55.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 44.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 25.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, &c.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 91.—Cornelius Nepos, Cimon, ch. 2.

Thasus, a son of Neptune, who went with Cadmus to seek Europa. He built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of Cadmus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Thaumaci, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 4.

Thaumantias and Thaumantis, a name given to Iris the messenger of Juno, because she was the daughter of Thaumas the son of Oceanus and Terra by one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 479; bk. 14, li. 845.

Thaumas, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the ♦Harpies, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Thaumasius, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some accounts, Jupiter was born.

Thea, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also called Thia, Titæa, Rhea, Tethys, &c.――One of the Sporades.

Theagĕnes, a man who made himself master of Megara, &c.――An athlete of Thaos, famous for his strength. His father’s name was Timosthenes, a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above 1000 times at the public games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. Pausanias, bk. 6, chs. 6 & 11.—Plutarch.――A Theban officer, who distinguished himself at the battle of Cheronæa. Plutarch.――A writer who published commentaries on Homer’s works.

Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. Plato.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, &c.

Theangela, a town of Caria.

Theāno, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins to her husband, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness. The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time afterwards Theano herself became the mother of twins. When they were grown up she encouraged them to murder the supposititious children, who were to succeed to their father’s throne in preference to them. They were both killed in the attempt, and the father, displeased with the conduct of Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of the children whom he had long considered as his own. Hyginus, fable 186.――A daughter of Cisseus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the Greeks, as she was priestess of Minerva. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 298.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 5, ch. 8.――One of the Danaides. Her husband’s name was Phantes. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras, daughter of Pythanax of Crete, or, according to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 8, ch. 42.――The daughter of Pythagoras.――A poetess of Locris.――A priestess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having mutilated all the statues of Mercury. Plutarch.――The mother of Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva’s temple, to shut up her son when she heard of his crimes and perfidy to his country. Polyænus, bk. 8.――A daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Lacedæmonians offered violence at Leuctra.――A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 703.

Theānum, a town of Italy. See: Teanum.

Thearidas, a brother of Dionysius the elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Thearius, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 51.

Theatetes, a Greek epigrammatist.

Theba, or Thebe, a town of Cilicia. See: Thebæ.

Thebæ (arum), a celebrated city, the capital of Bœotia, situate on the banks of the river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation is not precisely known. Cadmus is supposed to have first begun to found it by building the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by Amphion and Zethus; but, according to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges. The government of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the sovereigns are celebrated for their misfortunes, such as Laius, Œdipus, Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which Thebes supported against the Argives, is famous as well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans were looked upon as an indolent and sluggish nation, and the words of Theban pig, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for stupidity and inattention. This, however, was not literally true; under Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before dependent, became masters of Greece, and everything was done according to their will and pleasure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he ordered Thebes to be totally demolished, because it had revolted against him, except the house where the poet Pindar had been born and educated. In this dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold for slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by Cassander the son of Antipater, but it never rose to its original consequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The monarchical government was abolished there at the death of Xanthus, about 1190 years before Christ, and Thebes became a republic. It received its name from Thebe the daughter of Asopus, to whom the founder Amphion was nearly related. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Plutarch, Pelopidas, Pelopidas, & Alexander.—Cornelius Nepos, Pelopidas, Epaminondas, &c.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 394.—Ovid, Metamorphoses.――A town at the south of Troas, built by Hercules, and also called Placia and Hypoplacia. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians, who occupied it during the Trojan war. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 19.—Strabo, bk. 11.――An ancient celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, called also Hecatompylos, on account of its 100 gates, and Diospolis, as being sacred to Jupiter. In the time of its splendour, it extended above 23 miles, and upon any emergency could send into the field, by each of its 100 gates, 20,000 fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king of Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9.—Juvenal, satire bk. 15, li. 16.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2.—Herodotus, bks. 2 & 3.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 381.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A town of Africa, built by Bacchus.――Another in Thessaly. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.――Another in Phthiotis.

Thebais, a country in the southern parts of Egypt, of which Thebes was the capital.――There have been some poems which have borne the name of Thebais, but of these the only one extant is the Thebais of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the Thebans against the Argives, in consequence of the dissension of Eteocles with his brother Polynices. The poet was 12 years in composing it.――A river of Lydia.――A name given to a native of Thebes.

Thebe, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――The wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband.

Theia, a goddess. See: Thea.

Theias, a son of Belus, who had an incestuous intercourse with his daughter Smyrna.

Thelephassa, the second wife of Agenor, called also Telaphassa.

Thelpūsa, a nymph of Arcadia. See: ♦Telphusa.

Thelxion, a son of Apis, who conspired against his father, who was king of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Thelxiope, one of the Muses, according to some writers. Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum.

Themeneus, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus.

Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Themillas, a Trojan, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 376.

Themis, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, who married Jupiter against her own inclination. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the Parcæ and Horæ; and was the first to whom the inhabitants of the earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed how to repair the loss of mankind. She was generally attended by the seasons. Among the moderns she is represented as holding a sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 321.――A daughter of Ilus, who married Capys, and became mother of Anchises. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Themiscy̆ra, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name.

Themĭson, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a sect called Methodists, because he wished to introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of physic. He flourished in the Augustan age. Pliny, bk. 29, ch. 1.—Juvenal, satire 10.――One of the generals and ministers of Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 41.

Themista, or Themistis, a goddess, the same as Themis.

Themistĭus, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called Euphrades, the fine speaker, from his eloquent and commanding delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distinguished for his ♦liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented. He wrote, when young, some commentaries on Aristotle, fragments of which are still extant, and 33 of his orations. He professed himself to be an enemy to flattery, and though he often deviates from this general rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of Themistius is that of Harduin, folio, Paris, 1684.

Themisto, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king of Thebes, by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, Schœneus, and Erythroes. She endeavoured to kill the children of Ino, her husband’s second wife, but she killed her own, by means of Ino, who lived in her house in the disguise of a servant-maid, and to whom she entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 23.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A woman mentioned by Polyænus.――The mother of the poet Homer, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Themistŏcles, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father’s name was Neocles, and his mother’s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnaia. The beginning of his youth was marked by vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorrigible, that his father disinherited him. This, which might have disheartened others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection which he was denied at home, he sought in courting the favours of the populace, and in sharing the ♦administration of public affairs. When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian republic, and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care. When the Lacedæmonians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at Thermopylæ, the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined fleet of the Peloponnesians, were directed to destroy the armament of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the generals to command the Grecian fleet might have proved fatal to the interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely relinquished his pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his country demanded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks; but a decisive battle had never been fought if Themistocles had not used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid, and the favourable answers of the oracle, to second his measures. The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering their cities and destroying all by fire and sword; but before they were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with his fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to fight for their safety, as well as for the honour of their country. This battle, which was fought near the island of Salamis, B.C. 480, was decisive; the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honour of having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch that the Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built across the Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met with equal success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, and while he believed the words of Themistocles, that his return would be disputed, he left his forces without a general, and his fleets an easy conquest to the victorious Greeks. These signal services to his country endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and he was universally called the most warlike and most courageous of all the Greeks who fought against the Persians. He was received with the most distinguished honours, and by his prudent administration, Athens was soon fortified with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were filled with a numerous and powerful navy, which rendered her the mistress of Greece. Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror of Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his countrymen, which had proved so fatal to many of his illustrious predecessors. He was banished from the city, and after he had sought in vain a safe retreat among the republics of Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had defeated, and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes, received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; and though he had formerly set a price upon his head, yet he made him one of his greatest favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon him, to provide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such kindness from a monarch, from whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, did not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. He still remembered that Athens gave him birth, and according to some writers, the wish of not injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy himself by drinking bull’s blood. The manner of his death, however, is uncertain, and while some affirm that he poisoned himself, others declare that he fell a prey to a violent distemper in the city of Magnesia, where he had fixed his residence, while in the dominions of the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed to Attica and honoured with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to repent too late of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. Themistocles died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years before the christian era. He has been admired as a man naturally courageous, of a disposition fond of activity, ambitious of glory and enterprise. Blessed with a provident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of adversity, possessed of resources which could enable him to regain his splendour, and even to command fortune. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 52.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 18; bk. 13, ch. 40.――A writer, some of whose letters are extant.

Themistogĕnes, an historian of Syracuse, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably treated afterwards by Xenophon.

Theŏcles, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his riches among the poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with himself, followed the example. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 24.――A Greek statuary. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Theŏclus, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, who died B.C. 671. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 15, &c.

Theoclymĕnus, a soothsayer of Argolis, descended from Melampus. His father’s name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of Ulysses to Penelope and Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 225, &c.—Hyginus, fable 128.

Theŏcrĭtus, a Greek poet who flourished at Syracuse, in Sicily, 282 B.C. His father’s name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his mother’s Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose praises he sung, and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished himself by his poetical compositions, of which 30 idyllia and some epigrams are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and admired for their beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has imitated and often copied him. Theocritus has been blamed for the many indelicate and obscene expressions which he uses; and while he introduces shepherds and peasants with all the rusticity and ignorance of nature, he often disguises their character by making them speak on high and exalted subjects. It is said he wrote some invectives against Hiero king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be strangled. He also wrote a ludicrous poem called Syrinx, and placed his verses in such order that they represented the pipe of the god Pan. The best editions of Theocritus, are Warton’s, 2 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo, Oxford, 1699; that of Valkenaer, 8vo, Leiden, 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1790. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 5.――A Greek historian of Chios, who wrote an account of Libya. Plutarch.

♦Theodămas, or Thiodamas, a king of Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was killed by Hercules, because he refused to treat him and his son with hospitality. Ovid, Ibis, li. 438.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Hyginus, fable 271.

Theodectes, a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides other works now lost. He had such a happy memory that he could repeat with ease whatever verses were spoken in his presence. When Alexander passed through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands the statue which had been erected to the memory of the deceased poet. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 24; Orator, ch. 51, &c.—Plutarch.—Quintilian.

Theodonis, a town of Germany, now Thionville, on the Moselle.

Theodōra, a daughter-in-law of the emperor Maximian, who married Constantius.――A daughter of Constantine.――A woman who, from being a prostitute, became empress to Justinian, and distinguished herself by her intrigues and enterprises.――The name of Theodora is common to the empresses of the east in a later period.

Theodoretus, one of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 425, whose works have been edited, 5 vols., folio, Paris, 1642, and 5 vols., Halæ, 1769 to 1774.

Theodoritus, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works have been best edited by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

Theodōrus, a Syracusan of great authority among his countrymen, who severely inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius.――A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last condemned to death for his impiety, and that he drank poison.――A preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus.――A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises him with great liberality.――A secretary of Valens. He conspired against the emperor and was beheaded.――A man who compiled a history of Rome. Of this, nothing but his history of the reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant.――A comic actor.――A player on the flute in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who contemptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the mistress of the monarch.――A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost.――A sophist of Byzantium, called Logodaidalos by Plato.――A Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of metamorphoses, which Ovid imitated, as some suppose.――An artist of Samos about 700 years B.C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron, with which he made statues.――A priest, father of Isocrates.――A Greek writer, called also Prodromus. The time in which he lived is unknown. There is a romance of his composition extant, called the amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1625.

Theodosia, now Caffa, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Theodosiopŏlis, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c.

Theodosius Flavius, a Roman emperor surnamed Magnus, from the greatness of his exploits. He was invested with the imperial purple by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and the eastern provinces, which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of his reign were marked by different conquests over the barbarians. The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the victory. This glorious campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with distant nations, who wished to gain the favours and the friendship of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Theodosius totally disregarded them; and while he punished his competitors for the imperial purple, he thought himself sufficiently secure in the love and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of a conqueror; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A.D. 395. His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Roman empire. He left three children, Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended by ancient writers, as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious propensity. Though master of the world, he was a stranger to that pride and arrogance which too often disgrace the monarch; he was affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was his wish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private man and a ♦dependent. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust and honour, and the emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of christianity has been applauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and it was the wish of Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example, meekness, and christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one instance, was too openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000 persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from the bosom of the church, and the communion of the faithful. In his private character Theodosius was an example of soberness and temperance; his palace displayed becoming grandeur, but still with moderation. He never indulged in luxury, or countenanced superfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, and never gave himself up to pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws and regulations which he introduced in the Roman empire, were of the most salutary nature. Socrates of Constantinople, bk. 5, &c.—Zosimus, bk. 4, &c.—Ambrose.—Augustine.—Claudian, &c.

Theodosius II., succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age. He was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his ministers and eunuchs, in whose hands was the disposal of the offices of state, and all places of trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the daughter of a philosopher called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her virtues and piety. The territories of Theodosius were invaded by the Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous force, and the two hostile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The consternation was universal on both sides; without even a battle, the Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were lost in the waters of the Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his operations failed of success, and he averted the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of July, in the 49th year of his age, A.D. 450, leaving only one daughter, Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the emperor Valentinian III. The carelessness and inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are well known. He signed all the papers that were brought to him without even opening them or reading them, till his sister apprised him of his negligence, and rendered him more careful and diligent, by making him sign a paper, in which he delivered into her hand, Eudoxia his wife as a slave and menial servant. The laws and regulations which were promulgated under him, and selected from the most useful and salutary institutions of his imperial predecessors, have been called the Theodosian code. Theodosius was a warm advocate for the christian religion, but he has been blamed for his partial attachment to those who opposed the orthodox faith. Sozomen.—Socrates, &c.

Theodosius, a lover of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.――A mathematician of Tripoli, who flourished 75 B.C. His treatise, called Sphærica, is best edited by Hunt, 8vo, Oxford, 1707.――A Roman general, father of Theodosius the Great; he died A.D. 376.

Theodŏta, a beautiful courtesan of Elis, whose company was frequented by Socrates. Xenophon, on Socrates.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 13, ch. 32.――A Roman empress, &c.

Theodotian, an interpreter, in the reign of Commodus.

Theodŏtus, an admiral of the Rhodians, sent by his countrymen to make a treaty with the Romans.――A native of Chios, who, as preceptor and counsellor of Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to murder Pompey. He carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to Cæsar, but the resentment of the conqueror was such that the mean assassin fled, and after a wandering and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he was at last put to death by Brutus. Plutarch, Brutus & Pompey.――A Syracusan, accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of Syracuse.――A governor of Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who revolted and made himself king, B.C. 250.――A friend of the emperor Julian.――A Phœnician historian.――One of the generals of Alexander.

Theognētes, a Greek tragic poet. Athenæus.

Theognis, a Greek poet of Megara, who flourished about 549 years before Christ. He wrote several poems, of which only few sentences are now extant, quoted by Plato and other Greek historians and philosophers, and intended as precepts for the conduct of human life. The morals of the poet have been censured as neither decorous nor chaste. The best edition of Theognis is that of Blackwall, 12mo, London, 1706.――There was also a tragic poet of the same name, whose compositions were so lifeless and inanimated, that they procured him the name of Chion, or snow.

Theomnestus, a rival of Nicias in the administration of public affairs at Athens. Strabo, bk. 14.――A statuary of Sardinia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 15.――An Athenian philosopher, among the followers of Plato’s doctrines. He had Brutus, Cæsar’s murderer, among his pupils.――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35.

Theon, a philosopher, who used frequently to walk in his sleep. Diogenes Laërtius.――An astronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian.――A painter of Samos. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 44.――Another philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――An infamous reviler. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19.

Theonoe, a daughter of Thestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus king of Caria, &c. Hyginus, fable 190.――A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid, who became enamoured of Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c.

Theope, one of the daughters of Leos.

Theophăne, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom Neptune changed into a sheep, to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the island Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and under this transformation he had by the nymph a ram with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus to Colchis. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 177.—Hyginus, fable 188.

Theophănes, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. Cicero, For Archias, &c.—Paterculus.—Plutarch, Cicero & Pompey.――His son Marcus Pompeius Theophanes was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed the intimacy of Tiberius.――The only edition of Theophanes the Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, folio, 1649.

Theophania, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honour of Apollo.

Theophĭlus, a comic poet of Athens.――A governor of Syria in the age of Julian.――A friend of Piso.――A physician, whose treatise de Urinis is best edited by Guidotius, Leiden, 1728, and another by Morell, 8vo, Paris, 1556.――One of the Greek fathers, whose work ad Autolycum is best edited in 12mo, by Wolf, Hamburg, 1724.――The name of Theophilus is common among the primitive christians.

Theophrastus, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original name was Tyrtamus, but this the philosopher made him exchange for that of Euphrastus, to intimate his excellence in speaking, and afterwards for that of Theophrastus, which he deemed still more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher’s friends from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship: and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality. Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise, which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288, lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle, which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, ch. 28; Brutus, ch. 31; Orator, ch. 19, &c.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Diogenes Laërtius, Lives.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Adversus Colotem.――An officer entrusted with the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. Polyænus.

Theopolĕmus, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo’s temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 5.

Theopŏlis, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first received their name there.

Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidæ, who succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died, after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne, the Spartans made war against Messenia. Plutarch, Lycurgus.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.――A famous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections. He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour of Mausolus. His father’s name was Damasistratus. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Plutarch, Lysis.—Cornelius Nepos, bk. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 18.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of Demetrius. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A comic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 24 plays, all lost.――A son of Demaratus, who obtained several crowns at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius Cæsar. Strabo, bk. 14.――A Spartan general, killed at the battle of Tegyra.――A philosopher of Cheronæa, in the reign of the emperor Philip.

Theophylactus Simocatta, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited folio, Paris, 1647.――One of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763.

Theorius, a surname of Apollo at Trœzene, where he had a very ancient temple. It signifies clear-sighted.

Theotīmus, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.――A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.

Theoxĕna, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea, when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued her. Livy, bk. 40, ch. 4.

Theoxenia, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed, and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments.

Theoxenius, a surname of Apollo.

Thera, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. Hyginus, fable 69.――One of the Sporades in the Ægean sea, anciently called Callista, now Santorin. It was first inhabited by the Phœnicians, who were left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who settled there with a colony from Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 4.—Strabo, bk. 8.――A town of Caria.

Therambus, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Theramĕnes, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of Alcibiades. His father’s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground, with the sarcastical exclamation of, “This is to the health of Critias.” This happened about 404 years before the christian era. Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been called Cothurnus, a part of the dress used both by men and women. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Plutarch, Alcibiades, &c.—Cornelius Nepos.

Therapne, or Terapne, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas, where Apollo had a temple called Phœbeum. It was but a very short distance from Lacedæmon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne, a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that account they were sometimes called Therapnæi fratres. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 223.—Silius Italicus, bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 49.—Statius, bk. 7, Thebaid, li. 793.

Theras, a son of Autesion of Lacedæmon, who conducted a colony to Callista, to which he gave the name of Thera. He received divine honours after death. Pausanias, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.

Therimăchus, a son of Hercules by Megara. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.

Therippidas, a Lacedæmonian, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Theritas, a surname of Mars in Laconia.

Therma, a town of Africa. Strabo.――A town of Macedonia, afterwards called Thessalonica, in honour of the wife of Cassander, and now Salonichi. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called Thermæus, or Thermaicus sinus, and advances far into the country, so much, that Pliny has named it Macedonicus sinus, by way of eminence, to intimate its extent. Strabo.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Herodotus.

Thermæ (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus, now Sciacca.――Another, near Panormus, now Thermini. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 23.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Thermōdon, now Termeh, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra. There was also a small river of the same name in Bœotia, near Tanagra, which was afterwards called Hæmon. Strabo, bk. 11.—Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 27.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 19.—Plutarch, Demosthenes.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 659.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 249, &c.

Thermopy̆læ, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its name from the hot baths which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to 5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Livy, bk. 36, ch. 15.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Plutarch, Marcus Cato, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 15.