A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 24)

Liodes, one of Penelope’s suitors, killed by Ulysses. Homer, Odyssey, 22, &c.

Lipăra, the largest of the Æolian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now called the Lipari. It had a city of the same name, which, according to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor Æolus, according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal powers. According to Diodorus, Æolus reigned at Lipara before Liparus. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 57.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Strabo, bk. 6.――A town of Etruria.

Lipăris, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Vitruvius, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Liphlum, a town of the Æqui, taken by the Romans.

Lipodorus, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.

Liquentia, now Livenza, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Lircæus, a fountain near Nemæa. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Liriŏpe, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 311.――A fountain of Bœotia on the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to some accounts.

Liris, now Garigliano, a river of Campania, which it separates from Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 17.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 424.――A warrior killed by Camilla, &c. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 670.

Lisinias, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14.

Lissa, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage, as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with that fatal rage which ended in his death.

Lisson, a river of Sicily.

Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 10.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 719.――A river of Thrace, falling into the Ægean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. Strabo, bk. 7.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Lista, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.

Litabrum, now Buitrago, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.

Litana, a wood in Gallia Togata. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 24.

Litavĭcus, one of the Ædui, who assisted Cæsar with 10,000 men. Cæsar, Gallic Wars, bk. 7, ch. 37.

Liternum, a town of Campania.

Lithobŏlia, a festival celebrated at Trœzene in honour of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity, λιθοβολια, lapidation.

Lithrus, a town of Armenia Minor. Strabo.

Lithubium, a town of Liguria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.

Lityersas, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 10.

Līvia Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked, when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Suetonius, Augustus and Tiberias.—Dio Cassius.――Another. See: Drusilla.――Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 25.――Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba’s stepmother, and committed adultery with him. Suetonius, Galba, ch. 3.

Līvia lex, de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed.――Another by Marcus Livius Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators.

Livineius, a friend of Pompey, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 11, &c.

Livilla, a daughter of Drusus.――A sister of Caligula, &c. See: Julia.

Līvius Andronīcus, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corpus Poetarum.――Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul, sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Livy.――Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus.――An uncle of Cato of Utica. Plutarch.――Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with the name of Patavinity, yet the expressions, or rather the orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These are the books that remain of Livy’s history, and the loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch, 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo, Edinburgh, 1751.――A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust to Annibal, &c.――A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.――A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont.

Lixus, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Antæus had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Strabo, bk. 2.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Lobon, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets. Diogenes Laërtius.

Lŏceus, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 7.

Locha, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio’s soldiers.

Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.

Locri, a town of Magna Græcia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 399—Strabo.—Pliny.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.――A town of Locris in ♦Greece.

Locris, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name of Ozolæ, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolæ, called also Epizephyrii from their westerly situation, was at the north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward. On the west it was separated from Ætolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Œta on the north. They received their name from the situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eubœa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 6, &c.—Ptolemy.—Mela.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 26; bk. 28, ch. 6.—Pausanias, Achaia & Phocis.

Locusta, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy Nero himself, for which she was executed. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 66, &c.—Suetonius, Nero, ch. 33.

Locutius. See: Aius.

Lollia Paulīna, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.

Lolliānus Spurius, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.――A consul, &c.

Marcus Lollius, a companion and tutor of Caius Cæsar the son-in-law of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3.

Londīnum, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between the age of Julius Cæsar and Nero. It has been severally called Londinium, Lundinum, &c. Ammianus calls it vetustum oppidum. It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town, in the age of Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 33.—Ammianus.

Longārēnus, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla’s daughter. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.

Longimănus, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer than the other. The Greeks called him Macrochir. Cornelius Nepos, Kings.

Longīnus Dionysius Cassius, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him. When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra, Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273. At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end. Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.――Cassius, a tribune driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius Cæsar. He was made governor of Spain by Cæsar, &c.――A governor of Judæa.――A proconsul.――A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a picture of Cassius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. Juvenal, satire 10, li. 6.

Longobardi, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Longŭla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. Livy, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.

Longuntĭca, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 20.

Longus, a Roman consul, &c.――A Greek author who wrote a novel called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.

Lordi, a people of Illyricum.

Lory̆ma, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 17.

Lotis, or Lotos, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called Lotus, consecrated to Venus and Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 348.

Lotŏphăgi, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited their country, at his return from the Trojan war. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 177.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.

Lōus, or Aous, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.

Lua, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified by lustrations, whence the name (à luendo). She is supposed to be the same as Ops or Rhea.

Luca, now Lucca, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.—Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 13.

Lucăgus, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 575.

Lūcāni, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the Brutii.

Lūcānia, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii. The country was famous for its grapes. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.

Quintus Lucanius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5.

Lūcānus Marcus Annæus, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge. The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath, and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which, in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639‒642, he had put into the mouth of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his Pharsalia remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of Cæsar and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings. The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728; of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1767. Quintilian, bk. 10.—Suetonius.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, &c.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 20.――Ocellus, or Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe, which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judæus. This work was first translated into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a fragment of which has been preserved by Stobæus, of which, however, Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononiæ, 1646, in 4to.

Lŭcăria, or Lŭcĕria, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 77.

Lucius Lucceius, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but was afterwards pardoned by Julius Cæsar. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.

Lucceius Albīnus, a governor of Mauritania after Galba’s death, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 58.

Lucentum (or ia), a town of Spain, now Alicant.

Lŭcĕres, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from Lucumo, an Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from lucus, a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with the legions. Propertius, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.

Lucĕria, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. Livy, bk. 9, chs. 2 & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 473.

Lucerius, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.

Lucetius, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 570.

Luciānus, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit, and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bœotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Grævius, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1743.

Lūcĭfer, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called Lucifer, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Jupiter and Aurora.――A christian writer, whose work was edited by the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.

Lucifĕri fanum, a town of Spain.

Caius Lūcīlius, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium, 1735. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 2.—Horace.――Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. Plutarch.――A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to the dictatorship.――A centurion, &c.――A governor of Asia under Tiberius.――A friend of Tiberius.

Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and ♦Armenians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th year of her age.

Lūcīna, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either from lucus, or from lux, as Ovid explains it:

Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hæc tibi nomina lucus;

Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes.

Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 27.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 449.—Horace, Carmen Sæculare.

Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. Josephus.――A brother of Marcus Antony. See: Lucius Antonius.――A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.――A relation of Julius Cæsar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.――A consul, &c.――A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry, &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.――A brother of Vitellius, &c.――A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus.――A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.――The word Lucius is a prænomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names.

Lūcrētia, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her, and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C. 244. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 741.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 1.—Plutarch.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 1, ch. 19.――The wife of Numa. Plutarch.

Lŭcrētĭlis, now Libretti, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of Horace were situated. Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.—Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 11.

Titius Lŭcrētius Carus, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Phædrus. The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens, were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called De rerum naturâ. In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being, but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition, which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo, Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.――Quintus, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.――Spurius Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius Pulvillus succeeded him. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 58.—Plutarch, Publicola.――An interrex at Rome.――A consul.――Osella, a Roman, put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship without his permission. Plutarch.

Lucrīnum, a town of Apulia.

Lūcrīnus, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called Julius Portus. The Lucrine lake disappeared on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet high, with a crater in the middle. Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 10.—Strabo, bks. 5 & 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 161.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 15.

Caius Luctātius Catŭlus, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. See: Cimbricum bellum. He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship, which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary talents. That history is lost. Cicero, On Oratory.—Varro, de Lingua Latina.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 2.――Caius Catulus, a Roman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. See: Catulus.

Lucullea, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Luculli horti, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 1.――Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Lucullus Lucius Licinius, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch, no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters. Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who might have disputed the empire of the world with a Cæsar or Pompey, had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from the reach of ambition. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 4; Quæstiones Academicæ, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Lives.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Strabo.—Appian, Mithridatic Wars, &c.—Orosius, bk. 6, &c.――A consul who went to Spain, &c.――A Roman put to death by Domitian.――A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.――A pretor of Macedonia.

Lŭcŭmo, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief. Plutarch, Romulus.

Lucus, a king of ancient Gaul.――A town of Gaul at the foot of the Alps.

Lugdunensis Gallia, a part of Gaul, which received its name from Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called Celtica. See: Gallia.

Lugdūnum, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was governor of the province. This town, now called Lyons, is the second city of France in point of population. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.—Strabo, bk. 4.――Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as it falls into the ocean. It is now called Leyden, and is famous for its university.――Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees, now St. Bertrand in Gascony.

Lūna (the moon), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours, and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians believed that they were older than the moon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 263, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.—Hesiod, Theogony.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 69.――A maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called also Lunensis portus. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 586.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 6.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 8.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 481.

Lupa (a she-wolf), was held in great veneration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, prostitute, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 415.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Lupercal, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.

Lupercālia, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February, in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk. After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes, as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions, was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others, and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed from the Greek name of Pan, Lycæus, from λυκος, a wolf; not only because these ceremonies were like the Lycæan festivals observed in Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the Lupercalia were called Luperci. Augustus forbade any person above the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius Cæsar, which the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 427.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.

Luperci, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into two separate colleges, called Fabiani and Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these two sacerdotal bodies Julius Cæsar added a third, called from himself the Julii, and this action contributed not a little to render his cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views. See: Lupercalia. Plutarch, Romulus.—Dio Cassius, bk. 45.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 663.

Lupercus, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to Herodian’s compositions.

Lupias, or Lupia, now Lippe, a town of Germany, with a small river of the same name falling into the Rhine. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, &c.

Lupus, a general of the emperor Severus.――A governor of Britain.――A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――A comic writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 26.――Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army. He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.

Lusitania, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers. They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27, ch. 20.

Lusius, a river of Arcadia. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22.—Pausanias, Arcadia, ch. 28.

Lusones, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.

Lustricus Brutianus, a Roman poet. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 23.

Lutātius Catŭlus, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace had been made with Carthage. See: Luctatius.

Luterius, a general of the Gauls, defeated by Cæsar, &c.

Lūtetia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from the quantity of clay, lutum, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius Cæsar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some authors call it Julii Civitas. Julian the apostate resided there some time. It is now called Paris, the capital of France. Cæsar, Gallic War, bks. 6 & 7.—Strabo, bk. 4.—Ammianus, bk. 20.

Caius Lutorius Priscus, a Roman knight, put to death by order of Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.

Lyæus, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from λυειν, solvere, because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind, and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. Horace, epode 9.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 675.

Lybas, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.

Lybya, or Lybissa, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was buried.

Lycăbas, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and who were changed into dolphins. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 624.――One of the Lapithæ who ran away from the battle which was fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 302.

Lycabētus, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. Statius.

Lycæa, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds. They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.――A festival at Argos in honour of Apollo Lycæus, who delivered the Argives from wolves, &c.

Lycæum, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica. It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking, they were called Peripatetics, ἀ περιπατεω, ambulo. The philosopher continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.

Lycæus, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called Lycæa, were celebrated there. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 16; Æneid, bk. 8, li. 343.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 698.

Ly̆cambes, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition, that they hanged themselves. Horace, epode 6, li. 13.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 52.—Aristotle, Rhetoric, bk. 3.

Ly̆cāon, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melibœa. He built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lycæus, in honour of Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto, and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era. Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Hyginus, fable 176.—Catullus, poem 76.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.――Another king of Arcadia, celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter, because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind, as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia, where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between their reigns.――A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed by Achilles in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 21, &c.――The father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.――A Gnossian artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 304.

Ly̆cāŏnia, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia, and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the capital. Strabo, bk. 10.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.――Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon, one of its kings. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.――An island in the Tiber.

Ly̆cas, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 315.――Another officer of Turnus. Æneid, bk. 10, ch. 561.

Ly̆caste, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idomeneus to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.――A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.

Lycastum, a town of Cappadocia.

Lycastus, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida the daughter of Corybas. Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Minos and Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.

Lyce, one of the Amazons, &c. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 374.

Lyces, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 33.

Lycēum. See: Lycæum.

Lychnīdus, now Achridna, a city with a lake of the same name, in Illyricum. Livy, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.

Ly̆cia, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called Milyas and Tremile, from the Milyæ or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion, who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow. They were conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Seleucidæ. The country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epithet hiberna is applied to the country, because the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 6, li. 686.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 173.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.

Lycĭdas, a centaur, killed by the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 310.――A shepherd’s name. Virgil, Eclogues.――A beautiful youth, the admiration of Rome in the age of Horace. Horace, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.

Lycimna, a town of Peloponnesus.

Lycimnia, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 446.

Lyciscus, an Athenian archon.――A Messenian of the family of the Æpytidæ. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after succeeded to the throne. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 9.――A youth of whom Horace was enamoured.

Ly̆cius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.――A son of Lycaon.――An epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of Lyciæ sortes was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 346.――A surname of Danaus.

Ly̆cŏmēdes, a king of Scyros, an island in the Ægean sea, son of Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman’s clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest, or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. Plutarch, Theseus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.――Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.――An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.――A seditious person at Tegea.――A Mantinean general, &c.――An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy’s ships at the battle of Salamis. Plutarch.

Lycon, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.――A poet.――A writer of epigrams.――A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.――A peripatetic philosopher.

Lycōne, a city of Thrace.――A mountain of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 24.

Ly̆cōphron, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra, only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented. The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron before he left that island. Herodotus, bk. 3.—Aristotle.――A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant of Pheræ. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. Plutarch.—Diodorus, bk. 16.――A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. Plutarch, Nicias.――A native of Cythera, son of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed, &c. Homer, Iliad, bk. 15, li. 450.――A famous Greek poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the poets who flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called Cassandra or Alexandra. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of Tenebrosus to its author. It is a mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter, folio, Oxford, 1702. Ovid, Ibis, li. 533.—Statius, bk. 5, Sylvæ, poem 3.

Lycopŏlis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the immense number of wolves, λυκοι, which repelled an army of Æthiopians, who had invaded Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Lycopus, an Ætolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Lycorea, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion’s deluge, directed by the howlings of wolves. Pausanias, Phocis, ch. 6.

Lycoreus, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. Hyginus, fable 161.

Ly̆cōrias, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 339.

Ly̆cōris, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called Cytheris, and Volumnia, from her master. She is celebrated for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony’s camp, and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris was originally a comedian. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 10.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 537.

Lycormas, a river of Ætolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It was afterwards called Evenus, from king Evenus, who threw himself into it. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 245.

Lycortas, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was chosen general of the Achæan league, and he revenged the death of Philopœmen, &c. Plutarch.

Lycosūra, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycæus in Arcadia.

Lyctus, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often called Lyctius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 401.

Lycurgrĭdes, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the lawgiver of Sparta.――A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 503.

Lycurgus, a king of Nemæa, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the dead by Æsculapius. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 5, li. 638.――A giant killed by Osiris in Thrace. Diodorus, bk. 1.――A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom, and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery which are produced by too free a use of wine. Hyginus, fable 132.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 130.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 14.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 19.――A son of Hercules and Praxithea daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――A son of Pheres the son of Cretheus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An orator of Athens, surnamed Ibis, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years before Christ. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Neæra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.――A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother’s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen. The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking, he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven. This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people, by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed, and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment. Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in Lacedæmon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or, according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all the citizens of Lacedæmon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death, and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest, if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years, and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room, where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much to corrupt the morals of the Lacedæmonians, as the other regulations seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established, and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution, and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The Lacedæmonians showed their respect for their great legislator, by yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgidæ or Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which corrupted the innocence of the Lacedæmonians, and rendered them the prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated by Philopœmen, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were soon after re-established by the Romans. Plutarch, Lives.—Justin, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.—Strabo, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Lycus, a king of Bœotia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.――A king of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant’s daughter, who was enamoured of him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.――A son of Neptune by Celæno, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the Argonauts. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Hyginus, fables 18, 31, 32, 137.――A son of Ægyptus,――of Mars,――of Lycaon king of Arcadia,――of Pandion king of Athens.――The father of Arcesilaus.――One of the companions of Æneas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, &c.—Hyginus, fable 97 & 159.――An officer of Alexander in the interest of Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of Andron, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――One of the Centaurs.――A son of Priam.――A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls into the Mæander. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 273.――A river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus Mæotis.――Another in Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, poem 1, li. 47.――Another in Assyria.――Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine near the Phasis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 367.――One of the friends of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 545.――A youth beloved by Alcæus. Horace, bk. 1, ode 32.――A town of Crete.

Lyde, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 5.――A woman in Domitian’s reign, who pretended that she could remove barrenness by medicines. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 141.

Lȳdia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the Ægean sea. It was anciently called Mæonia, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who, after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order: Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619; and Crœsus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Heraclidæ, and Mermnadæ. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the Heraclidæ began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclidæ; and Gyges the first, and Crœsus the last, of the Mermnadæ. The Lydians were great warriors in the reign of the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public sports, &c. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.—Strabo, bks. 2, 5, & 13.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Justin, bk. 13, ch. 4.――A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.

Lydias, a river of Macedonia.

Lȳdius, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.

Lydus, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of Mæonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the Mediterranean. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 74.――A eunuch, &c.

Lygdamis, or Lygdamus, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. Polyænus.――A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor, and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. Callimachus.――An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 99.――A servant of the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.

Lygii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 42.

Lygodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Lygus. See: Ligus.

Lymīre, a town of Lycia. Ovid Metamorphoses, bk. 12.

Lymax, a river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Lyncīdes, a man at the court of Cepheus. Ovid, Metamorphoses bk. 4, fable 12.

Lyncestæ, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal family. Justin, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.

Lyncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 7, &c.――Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. Curtius, bk. 7.

Lyncestius, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating quality. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 17, li. 329.

Lyncēus, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. Apollodorus, bks. 1 & 3.—Hyginus, fable.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 303.—Apollodorus, Argonautica, bk. 1.――A son of Ægyptus, who married Hypermnestra the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity of his wife. See: Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law, dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death, and reigned 41 years. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 14.――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 768.

Lyncus, Lyncæus, or Lynx, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 657.

Lyncus, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called Lyncestæ. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.

Lyndus, a town of Sicily.

Lyrcæ, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.

Lyrcæus, a mountain of Arcadia. See: Lycæus.――A fountain. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 711.

Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. Parthenius.

Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence Lyrnesseis. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 197.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 108; Heroides, poem 3, li. 5; Tristia, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.

Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at Ægospotamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy’s general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Piræus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedæmon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander. This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedæmonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidæ. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 13.――A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 491.――One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. Plutarch.――A grandson of the great Lysander. Pausanias.

Lysandra, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.

Lysaniax, a man made king of Ituræa by Antony, &c.

Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysiădes, an Athenian, son of Phædrus the philosopher, &c. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 5.――An Athenian archon.――A tyrant of Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. Plutarch.

Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2.――A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Ly̆sias, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor, 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783. He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators.—Cicero, Brutus; On Oratory.—Quintilian, bk. 3, &c.—Diogenes Laërtius, bk. 2.――An Athenian general, &c.――A town of Phrygia. Strabo.――Another of Syria, now Berziech, near Emesa.――A tyrant of Tarsus, B.C. 267.

Lysĭcles, an Athenian sent with Chares into Bœotia, to stop the conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Chæronæa, and sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.

Lysĭdĭce, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Lysimăche, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A daughter of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Lysimăchia, now Hexamili, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A town of Ætolia, built by Lysimachus. Strabo, bks. 7 & 10.――Another in Æolia. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Lysimăchus, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia. He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ, in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it into the lion’s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by the monarch. Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 19, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 10.――An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Phœnix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip Peleus. Plutarch, Alexander.—Justin, bk. 15, ch. 3.――An historian of Alexandria.――A son of Aristides, rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.――A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ, &c. Josephus.――A physician greatly attached to the notions of Hippocrates.――A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.

Lysimelia, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.

Lysinoe, now Aglasson, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Lysippe, a daughter of Prœtus. See: Prœtides.――A daughter of Thespius.

Lysippus, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith, and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends, and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. Plutarch, Alexander.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 164; Rhetorica ad Herennium, bk. 4, ch. 148.—Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 7.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.――A comic poet, some of whose plays are mentioned by Athenæus. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――A general of the Achæan league.

Lysis, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to Pythagoras. Cornelius Nepos, Epaminondas, ch. 2.

Lysistrătus, an Athenian parasite.――A brother of Lysippus. He was the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.

Lysithous, a son of Priam. Apollodorus.

Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. Cicero, bk. 13, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 19,

Lystra, a town of Lycaonia.

Lytæa, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians. Apollodorus.

Lyzanias, a king of Chalcis, &c.

M

Macæ, a people of Arabia Felix. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed in Africa near the larger Syrtis by Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 175.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194.

Macar, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats of the Macares, or the blessed (μακαρ, beatus). Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 24.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Măcăreus, an ancient historian.――A son of Æolus, who debauched his sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses; Heroides, poem 11; Ibis, li. 562.――One of the companions of Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where Æneas found him. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 159.――A son of Lycaon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Măcăria, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclidæ, whom the Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory. Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of Marathon was called by her name. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32.――An ancient name of Cyprus.

Macăris, an ancient name of Crete.

Macednus, a son of Lycaon. Apollodorus.

Măcēdo, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf’s skin, for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride.――A man who gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson of Deucalion by the mother’s side. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Măcēdŏnia, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods. Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace, and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus, a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a reign of 28 years, was succeeded by Cœnus, who ascended the throne 786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Argæus, 678; Philip, 640; Æropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497; Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398; Amyntas II., 397; Argæus the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390; Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366; Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Aridæus, 323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280; Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221; Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia has been severally called Æmonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, Edonia, Æmathia, &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous enemies. Livy, bk. 44.—Justin, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10, &c.—Curtius, bks. 3 & 4.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 7.

Macedonĭcum bellum, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200. The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had exercised against the Achæans, the friends and allies of Rome. The consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian fleets were also defeated; Eubœa was taken; and Philip, after continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however, did not discourage them; Paulus Æmilius was chosen consul in the 60th year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners, and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15 years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus, obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces, till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus, who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years before the christian era.