A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 17)

Erigoneius, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 723.

Erĭgŏnus, a river of Thrace.――A painter. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Erigȳus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander’s officers. Curtius, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Erillus, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno. Diogenes Laërtius.

Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 16.

Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the fury of the mind, ἐρις νους. See: Eumenides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 337.――A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune under the form of a horse. Pausanias, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.

Eriopis, a daughter of Medea. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Eriphănis, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. Athenæus, bk. 14.

Eriphidas, a Lacedæmonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Erĭphȳle, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged his son Alcmæon to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 445.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 18.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.

Eris, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. See: Discordia.

Erisichthon, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. Ovid, Metamorphoses, fable 18.

Erithus, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

Erixo, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his son to death. Seneca, bk. 1, de Clementia, ch. 14.

Erōchus, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Erōpus or Æropes, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the Illyrians, whom he conquered. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Eros, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself. Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in his presence. Plutarch, Antonius.――A comedian. Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor, ch. 2.――A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. See: Cupido.

Erostrătus. See: Eratostratus.

Erōtia, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.

Errūca, a town of the Volsci of Italy.

Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. See: Herse.

Erxias, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.

Eryălus, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 411.

Erybium, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.

Erycīna, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 874.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.

Ery̆manthis, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus.――Arcadia is also known by that name.

Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid himself in a brazen vessel. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 802.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 6.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 499.

Ery̆mas, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 702.

Erymnæ, a town of Thessaly. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 24.――Of Magnesia.

Erymneus, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.

Ery̆mus, a huntsman of Cyzicus.

Erythea, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 16, li. 195.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 649.――A daughter of Geryon. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.

Erythīni, a town of Paphlagonia.

Erȳthræ, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.――A town of Bœotia. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 21.――One in Libya,――another in Locris.

Ery̆thræum mare, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who by the word Erythran, understood indiscriminately either the Red sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the redness (ἐρυθρος, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 9.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 23.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Ery̆thras, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus.――A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called Erythræum. Arrian, Indica, bk. 6, ch. 10.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Erythrion, a son of Athamas and Themistone. Apollodorus.

Ery̆thros, a place of Latium.

Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength, challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat, and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 402.――An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 11.――A mountain of Sicily, now Giuliano, near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of art. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 478.—Hyginus, fables 16 & 260.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 160.

Esernus, a famous gladiator. Cicero.

Esquĭliæ and Esquilīnus mons, one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called Esquilinæ alites. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Horace, epode 5, li. 100.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Essedŏnes, a people of Asia, above the Palus Mæotis, who ate the flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Essui, a people of Gaul.

Estiæotis, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.

Esŭla, a town of Italy near Tibur. Horace, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.

Estiaia, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.

Etearchus, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony to Cyrene. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 154.

Eteŏcles, a son of Œdipus and Jocasta. After his father’s death, it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He received that king’s daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenopæus, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation. Statius, Thebiad.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Euripides, Phœnician Women.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.――A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Pausanias.

Eteŏclus, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. Euripides.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Iphis.

Eteocrētæ, an ancient people of Crete.

Eteones, a town of Bœotia on the Asopus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 266.

Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus visited Sparta. He was son of Bœthus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 22.

Eteonīcus, a Lacedæmonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was conquered at Arginusæ, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Polyænus, bk. 1.

Etēsiæ, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn. Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 741.

Ethalion, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3, li. 647.

Etheleum, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. Strabo.

Ethŏda, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.

Ethēmon, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 163.

Etias, a daughter of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 22.

Etrūria. See: Hetruria.

Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions and enchantments. See: Hetruria. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 6, ltr. 6.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 34.

Etylus, the father of Theocles. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 19.

Evadne, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 447.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 12, li. 800.――A daughter of the Strymon and Neæra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Evages, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.

Evăgŏras, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy. The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons, Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 12, ch. 2.—Diodorus, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A man of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympian games. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――A Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.――A son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A son of Priam. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A king of Rhodes.――An historian of Lindos.――Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural history. Pliny, bk. 10.

Evăgŏre, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Evan, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan! Evan! by his priestesses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 15.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 517.

Evander, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave Æneas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects, who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 43.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 100, &c.――A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.

Evangĕlus, a Greek historian.――A comic poet.

Evangorĭdes, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Evanthes, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locrians.――A celebrated Greek poet.――An historian of Miletus.――A philosopher of Samos.――A writer of Cyzicus.――A son of Œnopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Evarchus, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the confines of Cappadocia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 102.

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accompanied Æneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 702.

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. Pliny, bk. 25, ch. 2.

Eubages, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls and Britons. See: Druidæ.

Eubātas, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. Pausanias, Elis, bk. 1.

Eubius, an obscene writer, &c. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 415.

Eubœa, the largest island in the Ægean sea after Crete, now called Negropont. It is separated from the continent of Bœotia by the narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the different names of Macris, Oche, Ellopia, Chalcis, Abantis, Asopis. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had been formerly joined to the continent. Eubœa was subjected to the power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some time independent. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 155.――One of the three daughters of the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.――One of Mercury’s mistresses.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A town of Sicily near Hybla.

Euboĭcus, belonging to Eubœa. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cumæ, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 257.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.

Eubote, a daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eubotes, a son of Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Eubūle, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her country, which laboured under a famine. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 18.

Eubūlĭdes, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked the doctrines of Aristotle. Diogenes Laërtius.――An historian, who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. Diogenes Laërtius.――A famous statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 14.

Eubūlus, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.――A comic poet.――An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.――A philosopher of Alexandria.

Eucērus, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 60.

Euchēnor, a son of Ægyptus and Arabia. Apollodorus.

Euchides, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire.

Euclīdes, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404. When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in women’s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Socrates.――A mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid’s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 12.—Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 3, ch. 72.

Euclus, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of the poet Homer, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 12.

Eucrăte, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eucrătes, the father of Procles the historian. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21.

Eucritus. See: Evephenus.

Euctēmon, a Greek of Cumæ, exposed to great barbarities. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 5.――An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.

Euctresii, a people of Peloponnesus.

Eudæmon, a general of Alexander.

Eudamĭdas, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded on the Spartan throne, after his brother’s death, B.C. 330. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who succeeded B.C. 268.――The commander of a garrison stationed at Trœzene by Craterus.

Eudamus, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclidæ. He succeeded his father.――A learned naturalist and philosopher.

Eudēmus, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 3.――An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Philopœmen.――An historian of Naxos.

Eudocia, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.

Eudocĭmus, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that a hostile army was in sight. Polyænus.

Eudōra, one of the Nereides.――One of the Atlantides.

Eudōrus, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16.

Eudoxi Specŭla, a place in Egypt.

Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius, &c.――A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the Vandal over into Italy.

Eudoxus, a son of Æschines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. Lucan, bk. 10, li. 187.—Diogenes Laërtius.—Petronius, ch. 88.――A native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules.――A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.――A physician. Diogenes Laërtius.

Evelthon, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.

Euemĕrĭdas, an historian of Cnidus.

Evemĕrus, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.

Evēnor, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 9.

Evēnus, an elegiac poet of Paros.――A river running through Ætolia, and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 104.—Strabo, bk. 7.――A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 467.

Evephēnus, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged to share their friendship and confidence. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Everes, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A son of Hercules and Parthenope.――The father of Tiresias. Apollodorus.

Evergĕtæ, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Evergĕtes, a surname signifying benefactor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.

Evesperĭdes, a people of Africa. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 171.

Eugănei, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 604.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Eugeon, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.

Eugenius, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of Valentinian II., A.D. 392.

Euhemerus. See: Evemerus.

Euhydrum, a town of Thessaly. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.

Euhyus and Evius, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of the giants against Jupiter. Horace, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.

Evippe, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.――Another. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 303.

Evippus, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 16, li. 417.

Eulimĕne, one of the Nereides.

Eumăchius, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.

Eumæus, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years’ absence, and assisted him in removing Penelope’s suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and services. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15, li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.

Eumēdes, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with Æneas, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 346.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēlis, a famous augur. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 8, li. 49.

Eumēlus, a son of Admetus king of Pheræ in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army. He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus. Homer. Iliad, bks. 2 & 23.――A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 390.――A man contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.――One of the followers of Æneas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 665.――One of the Bacchiadæ, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B.C. 304.

Eumĕnes, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants, to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, “Keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion.” This severe command was obeyed; but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his deceased benefactor’s children. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Diodorus, bk. 19.—Justin, bk. 13.—Curtius, bk. 10.—Arrian.――A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Philetærus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by Attalus. Strabo, bk. 15.――The second of that name succeeded his father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strabo, bk. 13.—Justin, bks. 31 & 34.—Polybius.――A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant.――An historical writer in Alexander’s army.

Eumenia, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his brother Eumenes.――A city of Thrace,――of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.――Of Hyrcania.

Eumĕnĭdes and Eumenes, a man mentioned, Ovid, bk. 3, Tristia, poem 4, li. 27.

Eumēnĭdes, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Cœlus received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable; always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also called Furiæ, Erinnyes, and Diræ, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple, which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto’s throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. Aeschylus, Eumenides.—Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.

Eumĕnĭdia, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the Athenians σεμναι θεαι, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner.

Eumēnius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 666.

Eumolpe, one of the Nereides. Apollodorus.

Eumolpĭdæ, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidæ were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in perpetual celibacy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into Æthiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave Æthiopia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years in that family. See: Eumolpidæ. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.—Hyginus, fable 73.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Eumonides, a Theban, &c. Plutarch.

Eunæus, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 7.

Eunapius, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the Cæsars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.

Eunŏmia, a daughter of Juno, one of the Horæ. Apollodorus.

Eunŏmus, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne of Sparta. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.――A famous musician of Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at Delphi. Strabo, bk. 6.――A man killed by Hercules. Apollodorus.――A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Plutarch, Demosthenes.――The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife. Plutarch, Lycurgus.

Eunus, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. Plutarch, Sertorius.

Euonymos, one of the Lipari isles.

Euoras, a grove of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eupagium, a town of Peloponnesus.

Eupalămon, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 360.

Eupalămus, the father of Dædalus and of Metiadusa. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Eupător, a son of Antiochus. The surname of Eupator was given to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupătoria, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and called afterwards Pompeiopolis by Pompey. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 2.――Another called Magnopolis in Pontus, now Tehenikeh. Strabo, bk. 12.

Eupeithes, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most importuning lovers of Penelope. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 16.

Euphaes, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. Pausanias, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.

Euphantus, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. ♦Diogenes Laërtius, Euclides.

Euphēme, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Pausanias.

Euphēmus, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts, and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his feet. Pindar, Pythian, poem 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――One of the Greek captains before Troy. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 353.

Euphorbus, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus, who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that Trojan’s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 160.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.—Homer, Iliad, bks. 16 & 17.――A physician of Juba king of Mauritania.

Euphorion, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eubœa, in the age of Antiochus the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing, and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public libraries. His father’s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th year, B.C. 220. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls him Obscurum.――The father of Æschylus bore the same name.

Euphrānor, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――This name was common to many Greeks.

Euphrātes, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Parmenio.――A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian, who destroyed himself with the emperor’s leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A.D. 118. Dio Cassius.――A large and celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia, and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. Strabo, bk. 11.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.

Euphron, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Euphrŏsy̆na, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 35.

Euplæa, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 1, li. 149.

Eupŏlis, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy which he had written against the Baptæ, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians in the Hellespont, and that on that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no poet should ever after go to war. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2, satire 10.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 6, ltr. 1.—Ælian.

Eupompus, a geometrician of Macedonia.――A painter. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.

Eurianassa, a town near Chios. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Eurĭpĭdes, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies. The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off. Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the summum bonum and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which are his Phœnissæ, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. “True,” says Euripides, “but there is this difference between your poetry and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come.” Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him μισογυνης, woman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to, Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of detached plays. Diodorus, bk. 13.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 7.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 1, ch. 50; Orator, bk. 3, ch. 7; Academica bk. 1, ch. 4; De Officiis, bk. 3; Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bks. 1 & 4, &c.

Eurīpus, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eubœa from the coast of Bœotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable to find out the causes of that phenomenon. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 95.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Euristhenes. See: Eurysthenes.

Eurōmus, a city of Caria. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.

Eurōpa, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000 miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Ægean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Mæotis, and the Tanais in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 275.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 222.――A daughter of Agenor king of Phœnicia and Telephassa. She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants, were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back, and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the christian era. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, fable 13.—Moschus, Idylls.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.――One of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 356.――A part of Thrace near mount Hæmus. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.

Eurŏpæus, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 23.

Europs, a king of Sicyon, son of Ægialeus, who died B.C. 1993. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Eurōpus, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin, bk. 7, ch. 1.――A town of Macedonia on the Axius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Eurōtas, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sparta. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 16.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta. It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, the king of rivers, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance. Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 35, ch. 29.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6, li. 82.—Ptolemy, bk. 4.――A river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also Titaresus. It joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Etrōto, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. Apollodorus.

Eurus, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 2; Metamorphoses, bk. 11, &c.

Euryăle, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted Æetes, &c. Flaccus, bk. 4.――A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.――A daughter of Prœtus king of Argos.――One of the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 207.

Euryălus, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 80 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――An illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophocles.――A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Hercules, &c. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A Trojan who came with Æneas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal friendship with Nisus. See: Nisus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 179.――A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. Livy, bk. 25, ch. 25.――A Lacedæmonian general in the second Messenian war.

Erybătes, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 32.—Ovid, Heroides, poem 3.――A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.――One of the Argonauts.

Eurybia, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. Hesiod.――A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astræus, Pallas, and Perses by Crius.――A daughter of Thespius. Apollodorus.

Eurybiădes, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the Athenian said, “Strike me, but hear me.” Herodotus, bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.—Plutarch, Themistocles.—Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles.

Eurybius, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his countrymen and the Athenians. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 8.――A son of Nereus and Chloris. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Euryclēa, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and attention. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 19.

Eurycles, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plutarch.――A Lacedæmonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.――A soothsayer of Athens.

Eurycrătes, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurycrătĭdas, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 204.

Eurydămas, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 148.――One of Penelope’s suitors. Odyssey, bk. 22, li. 283.――A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 10, ch. 19.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus.

Eurydăme, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. Herodotus.

Eurydămĭdas, a king of Lacedæmon, of the family of the Proclidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Eury̆dĭce, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter’s husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the throne after his father’s death, and perished by the ambition of his mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates, ch. 3.――A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridæus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridæus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Aridæus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter.――The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristæus, who wished to offer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him. See: Orpheus. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 30.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 30, &c.――A daughter of Adrastus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――The wife of Lycurgus king of Nemæa in Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――A daughter of Actor. Apollodorus.――A wife of Æneas. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――A daughter of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 17.――A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A daughter of king Philip. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 17.――A daughter of Lacedæmon. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nestor. Homer, Odyssey.――A wife of Demetrius, descended from Miltiades. Plutarch, Demetrius.

Eurygania, a wife of Œdipus. Apollodorus.

Euryleon, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.

Eury̆lŏchus, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 287.――A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Eury̆măchus, a powerful Theban, who seized Platæa by treachery, &c.――One of Penelope’s suitors.――A son of Antenor.――A lover of Hippodamia. Pausanias.

Eury̆mĕde, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. Apollodorus.

Eurymĕdon, the father of Peribœa, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7.――A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.――A man who accused Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.

Eurymĕnes, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollodorus.

Eurynŏme, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod.――A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.――A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 136.――The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――One of Penelope’s female attendants. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 17, li. 515.――An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. Plutarch, Nicias.

Eurynŏmus, one of the deities of hell. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 28.

Euryŏne, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.

Eurypon, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called Eurypontidæ. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Eurypy̆le, a daughter of Thespius.

Eury̆py̆lus, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.――A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――A son of Mecisteus, who signalized himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against his father’s life. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――One of Penelope’s suitors. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A Thessalian who became delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the plunder of Troy. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.――A soothsayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 114.—Ovid.

Eurysthĕnes, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenidæ; and those of Procles, Proclidæ. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agidæ. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclidæ. The former were the more illustrious. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.

Eurysthenĭdæ. See: Eurysthenes.

Eurystheus, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be subservient to the will of the other. See: Alcmena. This natural right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation, imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules. His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. Hyginus, fables 30 & 32.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 6.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 292.

Eury̆te, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. Apollodorus.――The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. Apollodorus.

Euryteæ, a town of Achaia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 18.

Eury̆tĕle, a daughter of Thespius.――A daughter of Leucippus. Apollodorus.

Eurythĕmis, the wife of Thestius. Apollodorus.

Eury̆thion and Eurytion, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapithæ and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Hesiod, Theogony.――A herdsman of Geryon, killed by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――A king of Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. Polyænus, bk. 2.――One of the Argonauts. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 311.――A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games exhibited in Sicily by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 495.――A silversmith. Æneid, bk. 10, li. 499.――A man of Heraclea convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition of the oligarchical power there. Aristotle, bk. 5, Politics.

Eury̆tis (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, fable 11.

Eury̆tus, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 439.――A king of Œchalia, father to Iole. He offered his daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his daughter as the prize of his victory. Apollodorus, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 7.――A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and Hercules, and killed by the hero.――A son of Augias, killed by Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games. Apollodorus.――A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.――A son of Hippocoon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.

Eusebia, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360, highly and deservedly lamented.

Eusebius, a bishop of Cæsarea, in great favour with the emperor Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine, Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises, most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Præparatio and Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi, 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.

Eusebius, a surname of Bacchus.

Eusepus and Pedasus, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6.

Eustathius, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil, 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata of the present day.――A man who wrote a very foolish romance in Greek, entitled De Ismeniæ et Ismenes amoribus, edited by Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.

Eutæa, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Eutelidas, a famous statuary of Argos. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 10.

Euterpe, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed to be the production of Melpomene. See: Musæ.――The name of the mother of Themistocles according to some.

Euthycrătes, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 8.――A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.

Euthydēmus, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished himself by his eloquence, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Euthȳmus, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 6.

Eutrapĕlus, a man described as artful and fallacious by Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.――A hair-dresser. Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 82.

Eutrăpĕlus Volumnius, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 32.

Eutropius, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from the epithet of Clarissimus prefixed to his history, that he was a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, Cum notis variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1729 & 1762.――A famous eunuch at the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.

Eutychĭde, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to the grave by 20 of her children. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Eutychĭdes, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. Cicero, bk. 15, Letters to Atticus.――A sculptor.

Euxanthius, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. Apollodorus.

Euxenĭdas, a painter, &c. Pliny, bk. 35.

Euxĕnus, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.

Euxīnus Pontus, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called ἀξεινος, inhospitable, on account of the savage manners of the inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but Euxenus, hospitable. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth, except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called the Black sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 3.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.

Euxippe, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.

Exadius, one of the Lapithæ at the nuptials of Pirithous. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 264.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 266.

Exæthes, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Exagŏnus, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents. These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and harmlessly licked him with their tongues. Pliny, bk. 28, ch. 3.

Exomătræ, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 144.

F

Fabaria, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when beans (fabæ) were presented as an oblation.

Fabăris, now Farfa, a river of Italy in the territories of the Sabines, called also Farfarus, Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 715.

Fabia. See: Fabius Fabricianus.

Făbia lex, de ambitu, was to circumscribe the number of Sectatores or attendants which were allowed to candidates in canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.

Făbia, a tribe at Rome. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.――A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero’s wife.

Făbiāni, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the Fabian family.

Făbii, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name from faba, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was divided into six different branches, the Ambusti, the Maximi, the Vibulani, the Buteones, the Dorsones, and the Pictores, the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman history, but the others seldom. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 9, ch. 5.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 235.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 845.

Făbius Maximus Rullianus, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of Maximus, for lessening the power of the populace at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered himself illustrious by his patriotism.――Rusticus, an historian in the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the loss of his compositions.――Marcellinus, an historian in the second century.――A Roman lawyer whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134, ridicules as having been caught in adultery.――Quintus Maximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnamed Verrucosus from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state. In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal, not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades, for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or delayer. Such operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Cannæ, and on that occasion the Carthaginian enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio, and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the public treasury. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Livy.—Polybius.――His son bore the same name, and showed himself worthy of his noble father’s virtues. During his consulship, he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, “I wished to know whether you knew what it is to be consul.” He died before his father, and the Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. Plutarch, Fabius Maximus.――Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition.――A loquacious person mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.――A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul.――Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother’s cruelties, and when he came of age he avenged his father’s death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricide. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. Plutarch.――A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in Italy.――Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators.――A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.――A son of Paulus Æmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.――A Roman surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.――Another chosen general against the Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of Annibal. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A consul with Julius Cæsar, who conquered Pompey’s adherents in Spain.――A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spain. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 2.――Dorso. See: Dorso.

Fābrātĕria, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 398.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 24.

Fabrĭcius, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero.――Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation the offers, which might have corrupted the ♦fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 18.—Cicero, bk. 3, de Officiis.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 844.――A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius, over the Tiber. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.

Fabulla, a prostitute, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 68.

Facelina, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 9, li. 117.—Hyginus, fable 261.

Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 344.

Fæsŭlæ, now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. Cicero, For Lucius Murena, ch. 24.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 478.—Sallust, Catilinae Coniuratio, ch. 27.

Falcīdia lex, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs.

Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fallerona, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Falerii (or ium), now Palari, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. See: Falisci. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 46.—Livy, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 84; ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.—Cato, De Re Rustica, bks. 4 & 14.—Servius, Commentary on the Æneid of Vergil, bk. 7, li. 695.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Falerina, a tribe at Rome. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 23.

Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. Livy, bk. 22, ch. 14.—Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 57.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 96.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Fălisci, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation, and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they surrendered to the Romans. Plutarch, Camillus.

Faliscus Gratius. See: Gratius.

Fama (fame), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess, and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. Statius, bk. 3, Thebiad, li. 427.

Fannia, a woman of Minturnæ, who hospitably entertained Marius in his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her husband.

Fannia lex, de sumptibus, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 asses a day at the great festivals, and 30 asses on other days, and 10 at all other times.

Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in Brutus.

Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.――A person who killed himself when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 80.――Caius, an author in Trajan’s reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.

Fanum Vacūnæ, a village in the country of the Sabines. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Farfărus, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above Capena. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 330.

Fascelis, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (fascis), and placed at Aricia.

Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Panormus. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 261.

Faucŭla, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 33.

Faventia, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.――Of Italy. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 597.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 15.—Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 74.

Faveria, a town of Istria. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 11.

Faula, a mistress of Hercules.

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally called Marica. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of Fatua and Fatidica. It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as Bona Mater. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use of wine. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.—Varro.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 1.

Faunalia, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.

Fauni, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 392.

Faunus, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and was consulted to give oracles. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10, li. 55.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17.

Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 19.

Favorinus, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.

Fausta, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.――The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices.

Faustīna, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty, loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married Marcus Aurelius.――The third wife of the emperor Heliogabalus bore that name.

Faustĭtas, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over cattle. Horace, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.

Faustŭlus, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 43, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Faustus, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, satire 7, li. 12.

Februus, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.――The Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were also called Februa, whence the name of the month of February, during which the oblations were made.

Feciāles, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.

Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. Cæsar, bk. 3, Civil War.

Felix Marcus Antonius, a freedman of Claudius Cæsar, made governor of Judæa, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusillæ, one granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown. Suetonius, Divus Claudius, ch. 18.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

Feltria, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.

Fenestella, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Cumæ.――One of the gates at Rome. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 578.

Fenni, or Finni, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now considered as Finland. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 46.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Ferālia, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they enjoyed rest and liberty.

Ferentīnum, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called Ferentinates, or Ferentini. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 394.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.

Ferentum, or Forentum, a town of Apulia, now Forenza. Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.—Livy, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.

Fĕrētrius, a surname of Jupiter, a ferendo, because he had assisted the Romans, or a feriendo, because he had conquered their enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called opima were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 10.—Plutarch, Romulus.—Cornelius Nepos, Atticus, ch. 20.

Feriæ Latīnæ, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud. The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates, offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4, ch. 49.—Cicero, ltr. 6.—Livy, bk. 21, &c. The feriæ among the Romans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were either public or private. The public were of four different kinds. The feriæ stativæ were certain immovable days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The feriæ conceptivæ were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the feriæ Latinæ, which were first established by Tarquin, and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces; the Compitalia, &c. The feriæ imperativæ were appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The feriæ Nundinæ were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinæ, because kept every ninth day. The feriæ privatæ were observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the feriæ were observed were called by the Romans festi dies, because dedicated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity.

Fērōnia, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves. The name is derived a ferendo, because she gave assistance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 26.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Silius Italicus, bk. 13.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.

Fescennia (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now Galese, where the Fescennine verses were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus as of immoral tendency. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 695.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.

Fesŭlæ, or Fæsulæ, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. Cicero, Against Catiline, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Festus, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 79.――Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judæa, under Claudius.

Fibrēnus, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero’s farm at Arpinum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 400.—Cicero, De Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Ficana, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 33.

Ficaria, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now Serpentera. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Ficulea, or Ficulnea, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called Ficulnensis, afterwards Nomentana Via. Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 34.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.

Fidēna, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Fidenates. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 773.—Juvenal, satire 1, li. 44.—Livy, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17 & 21.

Fidentia, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia and Parma. Velleius Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 28.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Cicero, De Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 54.

Fides, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.

Fĭdĭcŭlæ, a place of Italy. Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.

Fidius Dius, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 2 & 9.

Fimbria, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. Plutarch, Lucullus.

Firmum, now Fermo, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of which was called Castellum Firmanum. Cicero, bk. 8, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 12.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 8.—Velleius, bk. 1, ch. 14.

Marcus Firmius, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.

Fiscellus, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar rises. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 518.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Flacilla Antonia, a Roman matron in Nero’s age, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 7.

Flaccus, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated by Fimbria. Plutarch.――A poet. See: Valerius.――A governor of Egypt, who died A.D. 39.――Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles.――A name of Horace. See: Horatius.

Ælia Flacilla, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.