A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 44)

Thermum, a town of Ætolia on the Evenus. Polybius, bk. 5.

Thermus, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.――A man put to death by Nero.――A town of Ætolia, the capital of the country.

Therodămas, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with human blood, that they might be more cruel. Ovid, Ibis, li. 383.

Theron, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of Bœotia, and son of Ænesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. Herodotus, bk. 7.—Pindar, Olympian, ch. 2.――One of Actæon’s dogs. Ovid.――A Rutulian who attempted to kill Æneas. He perished in the attempt. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 312.――A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c. Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 149.――A Theban descended from the Spartæ. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 2, li. 572.――A daughter of Phylas, beloved by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.

Therpander, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. See: Terpander.

Thersander, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before the confederate army reached the enemy’s country. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 261.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 7.――A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth.――A musician of Ionia.

Thersĭlŏchus, a leader of the Pæonians in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 483.――A friend of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 363.――An athlete at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Thersippus, a son of Agrius, who drove Œneus from the throne of Calydon.――A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius. Curtius.――An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C.

Thersītes, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 212, &c.

Theseidæ, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of their kings. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 383.

Theseis, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life and actions of Theseus, and now lost. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 2.

Theseus, a king of Athens, and son of Ægeus by Æthra the daughter of Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity. He was educated at Trœzene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity, he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him, by which he might make himself known to Ægeus in a private manner. See: Ægeus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led from Trœzene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by the courageous son of Ægeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron, Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Phæa. At Athens, however, his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with Ægeus, and as she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was received in his father’s house, she attempted to destroy him before his arrival was made public. Ægeus was himself to give the cup of poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with Æthra. He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who expected to succeed their uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus. The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him, and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread, and killed the Minotaur [See: Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of Ægeus, who threw himself into the sea when he saw his son’s ship return with black sails, which was the signal of ill success. See: Ægeus. His ascension on his father’s throne was universally applauded, B.C. 1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the Lapithæ, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and was the most eager and courageous of the Lapithæ, in the defence of Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phædra was also dead, to carry away some of the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize, they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother Æthra, at Aphidnæ, till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his epistles, saying, Excepto redii passa timore nihil. Some time after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto, apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on his father’s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words of Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos. Apollodorus, however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell; when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind. The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus, ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes, either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus, carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes. The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time of Jason’s expedition to Colchis. Plutarch, Lives.—Apollodorus, bk. 3.—Hyginus, fables 14 & 79.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 433; Ibis, li. 412; Fasti, bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; Heroides.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 612.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 21, li. 293.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 5, li. 432—Propertius, bk. 3.—Lactantius, on Thebaid of Statius.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 1.—Flaccus, bk. 2.—Apollonius, bk. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 617.—Seneca, Hippolytus.—Statius, Achilles, bk. 1.

Thesīdæ, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were governed by Theseus.

Thesĭdes, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 4, li. 65.

Thesmophŏra, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour festivals were instituted called Thesmophoria. The Thesmophoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus, or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest called στεφανοφορος, because he carried a crown on his head. There were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration, and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was usual for them to strew their bed with agnus castus, fleabane, and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity, without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria. The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 431; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 619.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 58.—Sophocles, Œdipus at Colonus.—Clement of Alexandria.

Thesmothĕtæ, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians, because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in number.

Thespia, now Neocorio, a town of Bœotia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus, or from Thespius. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Thespiădæ, the sons of Thespiades. See: Thespius.

Thespiădes, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. See: Thespius. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Seneca, Hercules Œtaeus, li. 369.――Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in great veneration in Thespia. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 368.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 310.

Thespis, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 276.—Diogenes Laërtius.

Thespius, a king of Thespia, in Bœotia, son of Erechtheus, according to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the arcana arcanissima indicate:

Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, unâ

Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas.

All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world, and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called Thespiadæ, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Pausanias, bk. 9, chs. 26 & 27.—Plutarch.

Thesprōtia, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus, which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 14, li. 315.—Strabo, bk. 7, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 179.

Thesprōtus, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Thessălia, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the south by the northern parts of Greece, or Græcia propria; east, by the Ægean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces, Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Istiæotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been severally called Æmonia, Pelasgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, Pelasgia, Pyrrhæa, Æmathia, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now called Janna. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.—Dionysius Periegetes,li. 219.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Thessălion, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes Ochus, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Thessaliotis, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.

Thessalonīca, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called Therma, and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues to be a place of note. Strabo, bk. 7.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—Cicero, Against Piso, ch. 17.—Livy, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.――A daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to death. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 7.

Thessălus, a son of Æmon.――A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these. Apollodorus, bk. 2.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2.――A physician who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.――A physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought himself superior to all his predecessors.――A son of Cimon, who accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.――A son of Pisicratus.――A player in the age of Alexander.

Thestălus, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Theste, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.

Thestia, a town of Ætolia, between the Evenus and Achelous. Polybius, bk. 5.

Thestiădæ and Thestiădes. See: Thespiadæ and Thespiades.

Thestiădæ, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 286.

Thestias, a patronymic of Althæa, daughter of Thestius. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.

Thestis, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.

Thestius, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to Toxeus, Plexippus, and Althæa.――A king of Thespia. See: Thespius. The sons of Thestius, called Thestiadæ, were killed by Meleager at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Thestor, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him Calchas is often called Thestorides. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 19.—Statius, bk. 1, Achilleis, li. 497.—Apollonius, bk. 1, li. 239.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 69.

Thesty̆lis, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.

Thetis, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses were stopped, and Peleus the son of Œacus was permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. See: Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks. The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his honour. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 244, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Hyginus, fable 54.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, &c.; Odyssey, bk. 24, li. 55.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 18, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.

Theutis, or Teuthis, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia, who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 28.

Thia, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. See: Thea. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 371.――One of the Sporades, that rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Pliny, bk. 27, ch. 12.

Thias, a king of Assyria.

Thimbron, a Lacedæmonian, chosen general to conduct a war against Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A friend of Harpalus.

Thiodamas, the father of Hylas. See: ♦Theodamas.

Thirmidia, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. Sallust, Jugurthine War, ch. 2.

Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. See: Pyramus.――A town of Bœotia, between two mountains. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Thisias, a Sicilian writer.

Thiosa, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which bore her name in Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Thistie, a town of Bœotia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Thoantium, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.

Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on Diana’s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country, had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. See: Iphigenia. According to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 3, poem 2.――A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by his only daughter ♦Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the crown. ♦Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man. According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where he settled. Flaccus, bk. 8, li. 208.—Hyginus, fables 74, 120.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 384; Heroides, poem 6, li. 114.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.—Apollonius of Rhodes, bk. 1, lis. 209 & 615.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Euripides, Iphigeneia.――A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of Œneus. He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, &c.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 1.—Hyginus, fable 97.――A famous huntsman. Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Icarius. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.――A son of Jason and ♦Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 6, li. 342.――A son of Ornytion, grandson of Sisyphus.――A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, according to Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A man who made himself master of Miletus.――An officer of Ætolia, who strongly opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of Antiochus, B.C. 193.――One of the friends of Æneas in Italy, killed by Halesus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 415.

Thoe, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 245.――One of the horses of Admetus.――One of the Amazons, &c. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 376.

Tholus, a town of Africa.

Thomȳris, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen of the Massagetæ. After her husband’s death, she marched against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human blood, with the insulting words of satia te sanguine quem sitisti. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself at the head of her armies. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 205.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.

Thon, an Egyptian physician, &c.

Thonis, a courtesan of Egypt.

Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.――One of the giants who made war against Jupiter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.

Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by Neptune. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 236.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 1, li. 71.

Thoōtes, one of the Grecian heralds.

Thoranius, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. Plutarch.

Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb cave a Thorace. Strabo, bk. 14.――A Lacedæmonian officer who served under Lysander, and was put to death by the Ephori. Plutarch, Lysander.――A man of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. Plutarch, Lysander, &c.

Thoria lex, agraria, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed. It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. Cicero, Brutus.

Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax, a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was afterwards called Coccygia, because Jupiter changed himself there into a cuckoo. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 27.

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.

Thous, a Trojan chief, &c.――One of Actæon’s dogs.

Thrāce, a daughter of Titan.――A name of Thrace. See: Thracia.

Thrāces, the inhabitants of Thrace. See: Thracia.

Thrācia, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded by mount Hæmus. It had the Ægean sea on the south, on the west Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical, and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder, and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of Romania. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 1, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.—Cornelius Nepos, Alcibiades, ch. 11.

Thracidæ, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus because they opposed his views. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Thracis, a town of Phocis. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 3.

Thrăseas, or Thrasius, a soothsayer. See: Thrasius.――Pætus, a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. Juvenal, satire 5, li. 36.—Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 19.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 16.

Thrasideus, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. Diodorus, bk. 11.

Thrasimenus. See: Thrasymenus.

Thrasius, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a sedition against Timoleon. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A spendthrift at Rome, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.

Thraso, a painter. Strabo, bk. 14.――A favourite of Hieronymus, who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the tyrant.――The character of a captain in Terence.

Thrasybūlus, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30 of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401, and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so ♦conspicuous, and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their lost power in the Ægean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his knowledge, B.C. 391. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Cornelius Nepos, Lives.—Cicero.—Philostratus.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.――A tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.――A soothsayer descended from Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 2.――A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse, of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.――An Athenian in the army of the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.

Thrasydæus, a king of Thessaly, &c.

Thrasyllus, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he believed all the ships which entered the Piræus to be his own. He was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 4, ch. 25.――A general of the Athenians in the age of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians. Thucydides, bk. 8.――A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus and Tiberius. Suetonius, Tiberius.

Thrasy̆măchus, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 204.――A man who abolished democracy at Cumæ. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Thrasymēdes, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. Hyginus, fable 27.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.――A son of Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he married. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Thrăsy̆mēnus, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C. 217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle, and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius, 15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called the lake of Perugia. Strabo, bk. 5.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 765.—Plutarch.

Threicius, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence, Threicius Sacerdos. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 645.

Threissa, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 310.

Threpsippas, a son of Hercules and Panope. Apollodorus.

Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.

Thronium, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus Malicus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 20.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.――Another of Thesprotia.

Thryon, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. Strabo, bk. 8.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.

Thryus, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.

Thūcy̆dĭdes, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His father’s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Lacedæmonian general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment the general began to write an impartial history of the important events which had happened during his administration, and which still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter. The character of this interesting history is well known, and the noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects; and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired, that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker, folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson, folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibrücken, 1788. Cicero, On Oratory, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Thucydides.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.—Quintilian.――A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.

Thuisto, one of the deities of the Germans. Tacitus.

Thūle, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean, to which, on account of its great distance from the continent, the ancients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situation was never accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5, li. 20.—Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 10.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 75; bk. 4, ch. 16.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 30.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 112.

Thuriæ, Thurii, or Thurium, a town of Lucania in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 12, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.――A town of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.—Strabo, bk. 8.

Thurīnus, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had distinguished themselves there. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 7.

Thuscia, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. See: Etruria.

Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus.――A place near Delphi.

Thyădes (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas daughter of Castalius, and mother of Delphus by Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 302.—Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.

Thyămis, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 7, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 2.

Thyana, a town of Cappadocia. Strabo.

Thyatira, a town of Lydia, now Akisar. Livy, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.

Thybarni, a people near Sardes. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Thyesta, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.

Thyestes, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus, debauched Ærope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no sooner known, than Atreus divorced Ærope, and banished Thyestes from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son’s body. This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was. This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child was preserved by goats; he was called Ægysthus, and presented to his mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years of maturity, the mother gave her son Ægysthus a sword, which she had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a close prison. Ægysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had committed incest with her father, she asked Ægysthus to examine the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. Ægysthus rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes was placed on his brother’s throne by Ægysthus, from which he was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos, and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he died. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Sophocles, Ajax.—Hyginus, fable 86, &c.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 359.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 544; bk. 7, li. 451.—Seneca, Thyestes.

Thymbra, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between Cyrus and Crœsus, in which the latter was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides chariots, and those of Crœsus were twice as numerous.――A plain in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from thence he is called Thymbræus. Achilles was killed there by Paris, according to some. Strabo, bk. 13.—Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 7, li. 22.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.

Thymbræus, a surname of Apollo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 323; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 85. See: Thymbra.

Thymbris, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan. Apollodorus.――A fountain and river of Sicily. Theocritus, poem 1, li. 100.

Thymbron. See: Thimbron.

Thymĕle, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 36.—Statius, bk. 6, li. 36.

Thymiathis, a river of Epirus. Strabo, bk. 7.

Thymochăres, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Lacedæmonians.

Thymœtes, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of Bœotia, and was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of Athens by fighting the Bœotian king. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.――A Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam. It was to revenge the king’s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon, according to some. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 32.—Dictys Cretensis, bk. 4, ch. 4.――A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364.

Thyni, or Bythyni, a people of Bithynia, hence the word Thyna merx applied to their commodities. Horace, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Thyodămas. See: ♦Theodamas.

Thyōne, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with immortality by her son Bacchus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Thyōneus, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called Thyone. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 23.—Ovid, bk. 4, Metamorphoses, li. 13.

Thyotes, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. Flaccus, bk. 2, li. 438.

Thyre, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there between the Argives and the Lacedæmonians. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 48.

Thyrea, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 76.

Thyreum, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called Thyrienses. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9.

Thyreus, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.――A son of Œneus king of Calydon. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Thyrĭdes, three small islands at the point of Tænarus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Thyrsagĕtæ, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Thyrsus, a river of Sardinia, now Oristagni.

Thysos, a town near mount Athos.

Thyus, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was seized by Datames. Cornelius Nepos, Datames.

Tiasa, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Tibarēni, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon.――A people of Pontus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 20.

Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same name, and called after Tiberius. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 16.—Josephus, Antiquities, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Tiberīnus, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed the name of Tiberis, of which he became the protecting god. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 20.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47.

Tibĕris, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called Albula, from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named Tyrrhenus, because it watered Etruria, and Lydius, because the inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; Ibis, li. 514.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 381, &c.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 30.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Tibērius Claudius Drusus Nero, a Roman emperor after the death of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father, though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards, in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile, till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves, the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger. He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that, in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants. Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of Capreæ, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age, as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own. The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man, Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite, he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant. He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker, and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, “A Complaint on the death of Lucius Cæsar,” as also some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity, it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake, A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. “No,” said Tiberius; “a good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.” The senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born, by his name, in imitation of Julius Cæsar and Augustus, in the months of July and August; but this he refused, saying, “What will you do, conscript fathers, if you have thirteen Cæsars?” Like the rest of the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till the last moment of his life. Suetonius, Lives, &c.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, &c.—Dio Cassius.――A friend of Julius Cæsar, whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated, he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.――One of the Gracchi. See: Gracchus.――Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.――A son of Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.――A Thracian made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire.

Tibēsis, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount Hæmus into the Ister. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Tibiscus, now Teisse, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same name, now Temeswar. It falls into the Danube.

Tibris. See: Tiberis.

Tibŭla, a town of Sardinia, now Lango Sardo.

Tibullus Aulus Albius, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neæra, and in these elegant effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755; and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. Ovid, bk. 3, Amores, poem 9; Tristia, bk. 2, li. 487.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33, li. 1.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Tibur, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place, from which circumstance it has been called Herculei muri. In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air, had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles higher. Strabo, bk. 5.—Cicero, bk. 2, Orations, ch. 65.—Suetonius, Caligula, ch. 21.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 630.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 61, &c.

Lucius Tiburtius, a centurion in Cæsar’s army, wounded by Pompey’s soldiers.

Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, often called Tiburtia mænia. He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 670.

Tichis, now Tech, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean.

Tichius, a name given to the top of mount Œta. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 16.

Ticĭda, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name of Petilla. Ovid, Tristia, bk. 2, li. 433.

Ticīnus, now Tesino, a river near Ticinum, a small town of Italy, where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ticinus falls into the Po. Strabo, bk. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 81.

Tidius, a man who joined Pompey, &c.

Tiessa, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Tifāta, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. Statius, Sylvæ, bk. 4.

Tifernum, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for distinction’s sake, is called Metaurense, near the Metaurus, in Umbria; the other, Tiberinum, on the Tiber; and the third, Samniticum, in the country of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 14.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.—Pliny, Sect. 4, ltr. 1.

Tifernus, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.—Livy, bk. 10, ch. 30.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 4.

Tigasis, a son of Hercules.

Tigellīnus, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 72.—Plutarch.—Juvenal, satire 1.

Tigellius, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius Cæsar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness. He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 et seq. insinuates.

Tigrānes, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans. He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace, and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey, the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents, insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital, and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married. This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. Cicero, On Pompey’s Command.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Paterculus, bk. 2, chs. 33 & 37.—Justin, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.—Plutarch, Lucullus, Pompey, &c.――A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 40.――One of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne of Armenia.――A general of the Medes.――A man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 26.――A prince of Armenia in the age of Theodosius.

Tigranocerta, now Sered, the capital of Armenia, was built by Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war, took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less than 8000 talents in ready money. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Tigres, a river of Peloponnesus, called also Harpys, from a person of the same name drowned in it. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Tigris, now Basilensa, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers could be easily traced. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.—Justin, bk. 42, ch. 3.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 256.

Tigurīni, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern cantons of Switz, Zurich, Schaffhausen, and St. Gall. Their capital was Tigurnum. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Tilatæi, a people of Thrace. Thucydides, bk. 2.

Tilavemptus, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west of Aquileia.

Tilfossius, a mountain of Bœotia.――Also a fountain at the tomb of Tiresias. Pausanias, Bœotia, ch. 33.

Tilium, a town of Sardinia, now Argentera.

Tillius Cimber. See: Tullius.

Tilox, a north-west cape of Corsica.

Tilphussus, a mountain of Bœotia.

Timachus, a river of Mœsia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring people were called Timachi. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 26.

Timæ, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be legitimate. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Timæus, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he was alone surrounded by the Oxydracæ. He was killed in the encounter. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.――An historian of Sicily, who flourished about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father’s name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles. His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus, were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. Plutarch, Nicias.—Cicero, On Oratory.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Cornelius Nepos.――A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient philosophers. Diogenes Laërtius, Empedocles.――A Pythagorean philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. Plato, Timæus.—Plutarch.――An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. Plutarch.――A sophist, who wrote a book called Lexicon vocum Platonicarum.

Timagĕnes, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron, burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign. Plutarch.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.—Quintilian.――An historian and rhetorician of Miletus.――A man who wrote an account of the life of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.――A general, killed at Cheronæa.

Timagŏras, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground, when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 3.—Suidas.――Another. See: Meles.

Timandra, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of Arcadi. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A mistress of Alcibiades.

Timandrĭdes, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 32.

Timanthes, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of Achilles. Cicero, On Oratory.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 11.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 9, ch. 11.――An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 8.

Timarchus, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles the disciple of Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius.――A rhetorician, who hung himself when accused of licentiousness by Æschines.――A Cretan, accused before Nero of oppression. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 20.――An officer in Ætolia, who burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory. Polyænus, bk. 5.――A king of Salamis.――A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of Antiochus, &c.

Timareta, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 94.

Timasion, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c.

Timasitheus, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to his descendants in the island. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Plutarch, Camillus.

Tĭmāvus, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 6; Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 44 & 248.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Timesius, a native of Clazomenæ, who began to build Abdera. He was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 168.

Timochăris, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. See: Aristillus.

Timoclēa, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at Cheronæa. One of Alexander’s soldiers offered her violence, after which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plutarch, Alexander.

Timŏcles, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces, the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant. Athenæus, bk. 6.――A statuary of Athens. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Timocrătes, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.――A Syracusan who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant.

Timocreon, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ, distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his grave:

Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens

Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius.

Timodēmus, the father of Timoleon.

Timolāus, a Spartan, intimate with Philopœmen, &c.――A son of the celebrated Zenobia.――A general of Alexander, put to death by the Thebans.

Timoleon, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the sense of natural liberty. “Timoleon,” says he, “if you accept of the command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother’s murderer.” This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships, accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general. This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection; and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for 1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans; and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance, and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon, and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father, whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini. Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true. Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era. His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called from him Timoleonteum; but the tears of a grateful nation were more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his death. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lives.—Polyænus, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 16.

Timōlus. See: Tmolus.

Timomăchus, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius. His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were purchased for 80 talents by Julius Cæsar, and deposited in the temple of Venus at Rome. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――A general of Athens, sent to assist the Thebans. Xenophon.

Timon, a native of Athens, called Misanthrope, for his unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own, and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he was one day to be his country’s ruin. Once he went into the public assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang themselves in his garden. Plutarch, Alcibiades, &c.—Lucan, Timon.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 12.――A Greek poet, son of Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age. Diogenes Laërtius.—Athenæus, bks. 6 & 13.――An athlete of Elis. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 12.

Timophănes, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.――A man of Mitylene, celebrated for his riches, &c.

Timotheus, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of 1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another musician of Bœtia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of Darius. Cicero, de Legibus, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Plutarch, de Musica, de Fortuna, &c.――An Athenian general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned temperance and moderation. Athenæus, bk. 10, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 29.—Plutarch, Sulla, &c.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.—Cornelius Nepos.――A Greek statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32.――A tyrant of Heraclea, who murdered his father. Diodorus, bk. 16.――A king of the Sapæi.

Timoxĕnus, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c. Polyænus.――A general of the Achæans.

Tingis, now Tangiers, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant Antæus. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the people for their founder. Plutarch, Sertorius.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 1.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 258.

Tinia, a river of Umbria, now Topino, falling into the Clitumnus. Strabo, bk. 5.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.

Tipha, a town of Bœtia, where Hercules had a temple. Ovid, ltr. 6, li. 48.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus was chosen in his place. Orphica.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Apollonius.—Valerius Flaccus.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.—Hyginus, fables 14 & 18.

Tiphysa, a daughter of Thestius. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.

Tīrĕsias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo. He lived to a great age, which some authors have called as long as seven generations of men, others six, and others nine, during the time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, Œdipus, and his sons sat on the throne of Thebes. It is said that in his youth he found two serpents in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and that when he had struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly changed into a girl. Seven years after he found again some serpents together in the same manner, and he recovered his original sex, by striking them a second time with his wand. When he was a woman, Tiresias had married, and it was from those reasons, according to some of the ancients, that Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision, a dispute in which the deities wished to know which of the sexes received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, who could speak from actual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter, and declared, that the pleasure which the female received was 10 times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different opinion, and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished Tiresias by depriving him of his eyesight. But this dreadful loss was in some measure repaired by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon him the gift of prophecy, and permitted him to live seven times more than the rest of men. These causes of the blindness of Tiresias, which are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others, are contradicted by Apollodorus, Callimachus, Propertius, &c., who declare that this was inflicted upon him as a punishment, because he had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon. Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complained of the severity with which her son was treated; but the goddess, who well knew that this was the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such mortals as fix their eyes upon a goddess without her consent, alleviated the misfortunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted with futurity, and giving him a staff which could conduct his steps with as much safety as if he had the use of his eye-sight. During his lifetime, Tiresias was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The generals, during the Theban war, consulted him, and found his predictions verified. He drew his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the language of birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes he drew the manes from the infernal regions to know futurity, with mystical ceremonies. He at last died, after drinking the waters of a cold fountain, which froze his blood. He was buried with great pomp by the Thebans on mount Tilphusses, and honoured as a god. His oracle at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning his return to Ithaca. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 24, li. 70.—Statius, Thebaid, bk. 2, li. 96.—Hyginus, fable 75.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus.—Pindar, Nemean, poem 1.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 33.

Tiribāses, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by the guards for conspiring against the king’s life, B.C. 394. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.

Tirida, a town of Thrace where Diomedes lived. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 11.

Tiridātes, a king of Parthia, after the expulsion of Phraates by his subjects. He was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus in Spain. Horace, bk. 1, ode 26.――A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, &c.――A keeper of the royal treasures at Persepolis, who offered to surrender to Alexander the Great. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 5, &c.――A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.――A son of Phraates, &c.

Tiris, a general of the Thracians, who opposed Antiochus. Polyænus, bk. 4.

Tiro Tullius, a freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by his master for his learning and good qualities. It is said that he invented shorthand writing among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero and other treatises now lost. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, &c.

Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tirynthus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6.

Tirynthus, a town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx son of Argus. Hercules generally resided there, whence he is called Tirynthius heros. Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 25.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, chs. 15 & 49.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 662.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 217.

Tisæum, a mountain of Thessaly. Polybius.

Tisagŏras, a brother of Miltiades, called also Stesagoras. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades.

Tisamĕnes, or Tisamĕnus, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Lacedæmon. The Heraclidæ entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians, near Helice. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.――A king of Thebes, son of Thersander and grandson of Polynices. The Furies, who continually persecuted the house of Œdipus, permitted him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented his son and successor Autesion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 9, ch. 6.――A native of Elis, crowned twice at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Tisandrus, one of the Greeks concealed with Ulysses in the wooden horse. Some suppose him to be the same as Thersander the son of Polynices. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 261.

Tisarchus, a friend of Agathocles, by whom he was murdered, &c. Polyænus, bk. 5.

Tisdra, a town of Africa. Cæsar, African War, ch. 76.

Tisiarus, a town of Africa.

Tisias, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, considered by some as the inventor of rhetoric, &c. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 2; Orations, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Tīsĭphŏne, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron, who was the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them with plagues and diseases, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was represented with a whip in her hand, serpents hung from her head, and were wreathed round her arms instead of bracelets. By Juno’s direction she attempted to prevent the landing of Io in Egypt, but the god of the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to retire to hell. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 1, li. 59.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 552; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 555.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 34.――A daughter of Alcmæon and Manto.

Tisiphŏnus, a man who conspired against Alexander tyrant of Pheræ, and seized the sovereign power, &c. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Tissa, now Randazzo, a town of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 268.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 3, ch. 38.

Tissamĕnus. See: Tisamenus.

Tissaphernes, an officer of Darius.――A satrap of Persia, commander of the forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxa, against Cyrus. It was by his valour and intrepidity that the king’s forces gained the victory, and for this he obtained the daughter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to be put to death when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B.C. Cornelius Nepos.――An officer in the army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at the battle of Cunaxa. Plutarch.

Titæa, the mother of the Titans. She is supposed to be the same as Thea, Rhea, Terra, &c.

Titan, or Titānus, a son of Cœlus and Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of Cœlus; but he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, provided he raised no male children. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, Titan made war against Saturn, and with the assistance of his brothers the Titans, he imprisoned him till he was replaced on the throne by his son Jupiter. This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a christian writer, who took it from the dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. None of the ancient mythologists, such as Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus, &c., have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by Orpheus and Lucian, to the sun by Virgil and Ovid, and to Prometheus by Juvenal. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 10.—Juvenal, satire 14, li. 35.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Orpheus, hymn 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 119.

Titāna, a town of Sicyonia in Peloponnesus. Titanus reigned there.――A man skilled in astronomy. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 11.

Titānes, a name given to the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They were 45 in number, according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13, Hyginus six, and Hesiod 20, among whom are the Titanides. The most known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus, and Briareus, to whom Horace adds Typhœus, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rhœtus, and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists reckoned among the giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, and with proportionable strength. They were treated with great cruelty by Cœlus, and confined in the bowels of the earth, till their mother pitied their misfortunes, and armed them against their father. Saturn, with a scythe, cut off the genitals of his father, as he was going to unite himself to Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from the froth sprang a new deity, called Venus; as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megæra, according to Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded his father, he married Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often confounded with that of the giants; but it is to be observed, that the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants against Jupiter. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 135, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound.—Callimachus, Hymn to Delos, li. 17.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Hyginus, preface to fables.

Titānia, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as granddaughter of Titan, and likewise to Diana. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 395; bk. 2, &c.

Titanīdes, the daughters of Cœlus and Terra; reduced in number to six, according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phœbe, and Rhea. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 145, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Titānus, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the same name.

Titaresus, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into the Teneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with the transparent stream. From the unwholesomeness of its water, it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 376.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 751.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 18.

Titēnus, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine sea. Apollonius, bk. 4.

Tithenidia, a festival of Sparta, in which nurses, τθηναι, conveyed male infants entrusted to their charge to the temple of Diana, where they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; there were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents were erected. Each had a separate portion allotted him, together with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats.

Tithōnus, a son of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter of the Scamander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and Æmathion. He begged of Aurora to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and beauty which he then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and ♦decrepit; and as life became insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a cicada, or grasshopper. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 447; Æneid, bk. 4, li. 585; bk. 8, li. 384.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 984.—Diodorus, bk. 1.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 461; ♠bk. 3, li. 403.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 28; bk. 2, ode 16.

Tithorea, one of the tops of Parnassus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 32.

Tithraustes, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered to murder Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the Athenians under Cimon.――An officer in the Persian court, &c.――The name was common to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes. Plutarch.—Cornelius Nepos, Datames & Conon.

Titia, a deity among the Milesians.

Titia lex, de magistratibus, by Publius Titius the tribune, A.U.C. 710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The persons chosen were Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus.――Another, de provinciis, which required that the provincial questors, like the consuls and pretors, should receive their provinces by lot.

Titiāna Flavia, the wife of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself by her debaucheries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an obscure retreat.

Titiānus Atilius, a noble Roman put to death, A.D. 156, by the senate for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one proscribed during the reign of Antoninus Pius.――A brother of Otho.

Titii, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves, and drew omens from it. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 45.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 602.

Titinius, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic.――A friend of Cassius, who killed himself.――One of the slaves who revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals.

Titius Proculus, a Roman knight, appointed to watch Messalina. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 35.――A tribune of the people who enacted the Titian law.――An orator of a very dissolute character.――One of Pompey’s murderers.――One of Antony’s officers.――A man who foretold a victory to Sylla.――Septimus, a poet in the Augustan age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions, now lost. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 9.

Titormus, a shepherd of Ætolia, called another Hercules, on account of his prodigious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the Crotonian moved with difficulty. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 22.—Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 127.

Titurius, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13.――A lieutenant of Cæsar in Gaul, killed by Ambiorix.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 29, &c.

Titus Vespasianus, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire, and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father, what could be expected but tyranny and ♦oppression? Yet Titus became a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps, the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power, bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia, and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words of “My friends, I have lost a day!” A continual wish to be benevolent and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor’s benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his father’s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever. He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young, where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers. After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the suspicion of having hastened his brother’s end, by ordering him to be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired. Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character, we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence, exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people. Josephus, Jewish War, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.—Suetonius.—Dio Cassius, &c.