A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 45)

Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines. See: Tatius.――Livius, a celebrated historian. See: Livius.――A son of Junius Brutus, put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the Tarquins.――A friend of Coriolanus.――A native of Crotona, engaged in Catiline’s conspiracy.

Tīty̆rus, a shepherd introduced in Virgil’s eclogues, &c.――A large mountain of Crete.

Tityus, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others, of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island of Eubœa. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Pindar, Pythian, ch. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.—Apollonius of Rhodes, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 525.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.—Hyginus, fable 55.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 457.—Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75.

Tium, or Tion, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the Milesians. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Tlēpŏlemus, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king, as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals established at Rhodes in his honour, called Tlepolemia, in which men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns. Homer, Iliad.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Hyginus, fable 97.――One of Alexander’s generals, who obtained Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. Diodorus, bk. 18.――An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207.

Tmarus, a Rutulian in the wars of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 685.――A mountain of Thesprotia, called Tomarus by Pliny.

Tmolus, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana’s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 4.—Hyginus, fable 191.――A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by an earthquake.――A mountain of Lydia, now Bouzdag, on which the river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and odoriferous flowers. Strabo, bk. 13, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 84, &c.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, &c.—Silius Italicus, bk. 7, li. 210.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98.

Togāta, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress. See: Gallia.

Togonius Gallus, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Tolbiacum, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers.

Tolenus, a river of Latium, now Salto, falling into the Velinus. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 9, li. 561.

Toletum, now Toledo, a town of Spain on the Tagus.

Tolistoboii, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of Gaul. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Livy, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16.

Tollentīnum, a town of Picenum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Tolmĭdes, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in Bœotia, 477 B.C. Polyænus, bk. 7.

Tolōsa, now Toulouse, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva had there a rich temple, which Cæpio the consul plundered, and as he was never after fortunate, the words aurum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cæsar, Gallic War.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 20.

Tolumnus, an augur in the army of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 429.――A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be assassinated. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 19.

Tolus, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded that their city should become the head or mistress of the world.

Tomæum, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Thucydides.

Tomărus, or Tmarus. See: Tmarus.

Tomisa, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. Strabo.

Tomos, or Tomi, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived from τεμνω, seco, because Medea, as it is said, cut to pieces the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of Lower Mœsia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.—Strabo, bk. 7.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c.

Tomyris. See: Thomyris.

Tonea, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno’s statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force.

Tongillius, an avaricious lawyer, &c. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 130.

Topāzos, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called Ophiodes from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone called topaz is found there. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 20.

Topiris, or Torpus, a town of Thrace.

Torĭni, a people of Scythia. Valerius Flaccus, bk. 6.

Torōne, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 45.――Of Epirus.

Torquāta, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 years. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 3, ch. 69.

Torquātus, a surname of Titus Manlius. See: Manlius.――Silanus, an officer put to death by Nero.――A governor of Oricum, in the interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius Cæsar, and was killed in Africa. Hirtius, Africican War, ch. 96.――An officer in Sylla’s army.――A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor of Egypt.

Tortor, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name.

Torus, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum.

Toryne, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the country signifies a ladle, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. Plutarch, Antonius.

Toxandri, a people of Gallia Belgica. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Toxaridia, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died there.

Toxeus, a son of Œneus, killed by his father. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Toxicrăte, a daughter of Thespius.

Quintus Trabea, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some fragments of his poetry remain. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 31; de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Trachălus Marcus Galerius, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding aspect. Quintilian.—Tacitus.――One of the friends and ministers of Otho.

Trachas, a town of Latium. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 717.

Trāchīnia, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea, near mount Œta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. Strabo, bk. 9.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 269.

Trachonītis, a part of Judæa, on the other side of the Jordan. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 14.

Tragurium, a town of Dalmatia on the sea.

Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Trajanopŏlis, a town of Thrace.――A name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where Trajan died.

Trajānus Marcus Ulpius Crinītus, a Roman emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His great virtues, and his private as well as public character, and his services to the empire, both as an officer, a governor, and a consul, recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted him as his son; invested him during his lifetime with the imperial purple, and gave him the name of Cæsar and of Germanicus. A little time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant throne was confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the people, and the free concurrence of the armies on the confines of Germany and the banks of the Danube. The noble and independent behaviour of Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva’s choice, and the attachment of the legions; and the new emperor seemed calculated to ensure peace and domestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince, whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which the pen of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians continued quiet, and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of a new emperor whose military abilities they distrusted, were now few. Trajan, however, could not behold with satisfaction and unconcern the insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace; but Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by violating the treaty. The emperor entered the enemy’s country, by throwing a bridge across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a battle was fought in which the slaughter was so great, that in the Roman camp linen was wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan obtained the victory, and Decebalus, despairing of success, destroyed himself, and Dacia became a province of Rome. That the ardour of the Roman soldiers in defeating their enemies might not cool, an expedition was undertaken into the east, and Parthia threatened with immediate war. Trajan passed through the submissive kingdom of Armenia, and, by his well-directed operations, made himself master of the provinces of Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests in the east, he obtained victories over unknown nations; and when on the extremities of India, he lamented that he possessed not the vigour and youth of an Alexander, that he might add unexplored provinces and kingdoms to the Roman empire. These successes in different parts of the world gained applause, and the senators were profuse in the honours they decreed to the conqueror. This, however, was but the blaze of transient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of returning to Italy, than the conquered barbarians appeared again in arms, and the Roman empire did not acquire one single acre of territory from the conquests of her sovereign in the east. The return of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by indisposition; he stopped in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwards was called Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a few days after expired, in the beginning of August, A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which he had erected a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus, and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, distinguished his palace by the inscription of the public palace. Like other emperors, he did not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He refused the statues which the flattery of favourites wished to erect to him, and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could pay adoration to cold, inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry into Rome gained him the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot, and showed himself an enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage. When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren deserts and extensive plains on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their own name; he conversed with them with great familiarity, and never retired to his tent before he had visited the camp, and by a personal attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general. He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast without form or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the good intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favourite Sura had once been accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to the house of the supposed conspirator, he went thither early. To try further the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his barber, to have a medicinal application made to his eyes by the hand of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of Trajan are also celebrated; he opened free and easy communications between the cities of his provinces, he planted many colonies, and furnished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions that the architect Apollodorus built that celebrated column which is still to be seen at Rome, under the name of Trajan’s column. The area on which it stands was made by the labours of men, and the height of the pillar proves that a large hill, 144 feet high, was removed at a great expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning prince. His persecutions of the christians were stopped by the interference of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually severe upon the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely seen through a reign of continued splendour and popularity, yet he is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgencies. He was too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation and the modest claims of an Augustus. Pliny, Panegyrics, &c.—Dio Cassius.—Eutropius.—Ammianus.—Spartian.—Josephus, Jewish Wars.—Aurelius Victor.――The father of the emperor, who likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honoured with the consulship and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian.――A general of the emperor Valens.――A son of the emperor Decius.

Trajectus Rheni, now Utrecht, the capital of one of the provinces of Holland.

Tralles, a town of Lydia, now Sultanhisar. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 70.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 45.――A people of Illyricum.

Transtiberīna, a part of the city of Rome, on one side of the Tiber. Mount Vatican was in that part of the city. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 109.

Trapēzus, a city of Pontus, built by the people of Sinope, now called Trebizond. It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, and became famous under the emperors of the eastern empire, of which it was for some time the magnificent capital. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, ch. 47.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 4.――A town of Arcadia near the Alpheus. It received its name from a son of Lycaon. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Trasimenus. See: Thrasymenus.

Trasullus, a man who taught Tiberius astrology at Rhodes, &c.

Traulus Montānus, a Roman knight, one of Messalina’s favourites, put to death by Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 36.

Treba, a town of the Æqui. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Caius Trebātius Testas, a man banished by Julius Cæsar for following the interest of Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero. He was afterwards reconciled to Cæsar. Trebatius was not less distinguished for his learning than for his integrity, his military experience, and knowledge of law. He wrote nine books on religious ceremonies, and treatises on civil law; and the verses that he composed proved him a poet of no inferior consequence. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 4.

Trebelliānus Caius Annius, a pirate who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, A.D. 264. He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the lieutenants of Gallienus.

Trebelliēnus Rufus, a pretor appointed governor of the children of king Cotys, by Tiberius.――A tribune who opposed the Gabinian law.――A Roman who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made governor of Britain. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 39.

Trebellius Pollio, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the lives of the emperors. The beginning of this history is lost; part of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gallieni, with the 30 tyrants, are the only fragments remaining. He flourished A.D. 305.

Trĕbia, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Apennines, and falling into the Po, at the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for the victory which Annibal obtained there over the forces of Lucius Sempronius the Roman consul. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 486.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 46.—Livy, bk. 21, chs. 54 & 56.――A town of Latium. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 39.――Of Campania. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 14.――Of Umbria. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.

Trebius, an officer in Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――A parasite in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 4.

Trĕbōnia lex, de provinciis, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 698. It gave Cæsar the chief command in Gaul for five years longer than was enacted by the Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented the senators from recalling or superseding him.――Another, by the same, on the same year, conferred the command of the provinces of Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey for five years. Dio Cassius, bk. 39.――Another, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 305, which confirmed the election of the tribunes in the hands of the Roman people. Livy, bks. 3 & 5.

Trĕbōnius, a soldier remarkable for his continence, &c.――Caius, one of Cæsar’s friends, made through his interest pretor and consul. He was afterwards one of his benefactor’s murderers. He was killed by Dolabella at Smyrna. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 17.—Cicero, Philippics, bk. 11, ch. 2.—Paterculus, bks. 56 & 69.—Livy, bk. 119.—Dio Cassius, bk. 47.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 14.――Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul Clodius Macer, by Galba’s orders. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato, because he opposed it.――One of the adherents of Marius.――A man caught in adultery, and severely punished in the age of Horace.

Trebŭla, a town of the Sabines, celebrated for cheese. The inhabitants were called Trebulani. Cicero, On the Agrarian Law, bk. 2, ch. 25.—Livy, bk. 23.—Pliny, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 12.—Martial, bk. 5, ltr. 72.――Another, in Campania. Livy, bk. 23, ch. 39.

Trerus, a river of Latium, falling into the Liris.

Tres Tabernæ, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took refreshment. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 1, ltr. 13; bk. 2, ltrs. 10 & 11.

Trevĕri, a town and people of Belgium, now called Triers. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 2.

Triaria, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wife of Lucius Vitellius. Tacitus, Histories, bks. 1 & 3.

Caius Triarius, an orator commended by Cicero.――A friend of Pompey. He had for some time the care of the war in Asia against Mithridates, whom he defeated, and by whom he was afterwards beaten. He was killed in the civil wars of Pompey and Cæsar. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Triballi, a people of Thrace, or, according to some, of Lower Mœsia. They were conquered by Philip the father of Alexander; and some ages after, they maintained a long war against the Roman emperors. Pliny.

Triboci, a people of Alsace in Gaul. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 28.

Tribulium, a town of Dalmatia.

Tribūni Plebis, magistrates at Rome, created in the year ♦A.U.C. 261, when the people after a quarrel with the senators had retired to Mons Sacer. The two first were Caius Licinius and Lucius Albinius, but their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to 10, which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever after chosen for the election. Their power, though at first small, and granted by the patricians to appease the momentary seditions of the populace, soon became formidable, and the senators repented too late of having consented to elect magistrates, who not only preserved the rights of the people, but could summon assemblies, propose laws, stop the consultations of the senate, and even abolish their decrees by the word Veto. Their approbation was also necessary to confirm the senatus consulta, and this was done by affixing the letter T under it. If any irregularity happened in the state, their power was almost absolute; they criticized the conduct of all the public magistrates, and even dragged a consul to prison, if the measures he pursued were hostile to the peace of Rome. The dictator alone was their superior, but when that magistrate was elected, the office of tribune was not, like that of all other inferior magistrates, abolished while he continued at the head of the state. The people paid them so much deference, that their person was held sacred, and thence they were always called Sacrosancti. To strike them was a capital crime, and to interrupt them while they spoke in the assemblies, called for the immediate interference of power. The marks by which they were distinguished from other magistrates were not very conspicuous. They wore no particular dress, only a beadle called viator marched before them. They never sat in the senate, though, some time after, their office entitled them to the rank of senators. Yet, great as their power might appear, they received a heavy wound from their number, and as their consultations and resolutions were of no effect if they were not all unanimous, the senate often took advantage of their avarice, and by gaining one of them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended the authority of the rest. The office of tribune of the people, though at first deemed mean and servile, was afterwards one of the first steps that led to more honourable employments, and as no patrician was permitted to canvass for the tribuneship, we find many that descended among the plebeians to exercise that important office. From the power with which they were at last invested by the activity, the intrigues, and continual applications of those who were in office, they became almost absolute in the state, and it has been properly observed, that they caused far greater troubles than those which they were at first created to silence. Sylla, when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the authority of the tribunes, and by one of his decrees, they were no longer permitted to harangue and inflame the people; they could make no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such as had been tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the other offices of the state. This disgrace, however, was but momentary; at the death of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their privileges by means of Cotta and Pompey the Great. The office of tribune remained in full force till the age of Augustus, who, to make himself more absolute, and his person sacred, conferred the power and office upon himself, whence he was called tribunitiâ potestate donatus. His successors on the throne imitated his example, and as the emperor was the real and official tribune, such as were appointed to the office were merely nominal without power or privilege. Under Constantine the tribuneship was totally abolished. The tribunes were never permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the Feriæ Latinæ, when they went with other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon a mountain near Alba. Their houses were always open, and they received every complaint, and were ever ready to redress the wrongs of their constituents. Their authority was not extended beyond the walls of the city.――There were also other officers who bore the name of tribunes, such as the tribuni militum or militares, who commanded a division of the legions. They were empowered to decide all quarrels that might arise in the army; they took care of the camp, and gave the watchword. There were only three at first, chosen by Romulus, but the number was at last increased to six in every legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, they were chosen by the consuls; but afterwards the right of electing them was divided between the people and the consuls. They were generally of senatorian and equestrian families, and the former were called laticlavii, and the latter angusticlavii, from their peculiar dress. Those that were chosen by the consuls were called Rutuli, because the right of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by Rutulus, and those elected by the people were called Comitiati, because chosen in the Comitia. They wore a golden ring, and were in office no longer than six months. When the consuls were elected, it was usual to choose 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served five years in the army, and who were called juniores, and 10 from the people who had been in 10 campaigns, who were called seniores.――There were also some officers called tribuni militum consulari potestate, elected instead of consuls, A.U.C. 310. They were only three originally, but the number was afterwards increased to six or more, according to the will and pleasure of the people and the emergencies of the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the rest of patrician families. When they had subsisted for about 70 years, not without some interruption, the office was totally abolished, as the plebeians were admitted to share the consulship, and the consuls continued at the head of the state till the end of the commonwealth.――The tribuni cohortium prætorianarum were entrusted with the person of the emperor, which they guarded and protected.――The tribuni ærarii were officers chosen from among the people, who kept the money which was to be applied to defray the expenses of the army. The richest persons were always chosen, as much money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They were greatly distinguished in the state, and they shared with the senators and Roman knights the privileges of judging. They were abolished by Julius Cæsar, but Augustus re-established them, and created 200 more, to decide causes of smaller importance.――The tribuni celerum had the command of the guard which Romulus chose for the safety of his person. They were 100 in number, distinguished for their probity, their opulence, and their nobility.――The tribuni voluptatum were commissioned to take care of the amusements which were prepared for the people, and that nothing might be wanting in the exhibitions. This office was also honourable.

Tricala, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus and Agrigentum. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 271.

Tricasses, a people of Champagne in Gaul.

Tricastīni, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 466.—Livy, bk. 21, ch. 31.

Triccæ, a town of Thessaly, where Æsculapius had a temple. The inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Livy, bk. 32, ch. 13.—Homer, Iliad.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Trichonium, a town of Ætolia.

Tricipitinus. See: Lucretius.

Triclaria, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana Triclaria, whose temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the temple of the goddess. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 19.

Tricorii, a people of Gaul, now Dauphiné. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 31.

Tricorythus, a town of Attica.

Tricrēna, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was born. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 16.

Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Trent, and famous in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545.

Trieterīca, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three years. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 302.

Tripānum, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 11.

Tripolīnus, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 104.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 7.

Trigemĭna, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 16; bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51.

Trinăcria, or Trinăcris, one of the ancient names of Sicily from its triangular form. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 384, &c.

Trinium, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

Trinobantes, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 31.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 20.

Triocăla, or Triocla, a town in the southern parts of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 271.

Triŏpas, or Triops, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of Æolus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called on that account Triopeius, and his daughter Triopeia. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 754.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7.――A son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. Homer, Hymn 3 to Apollo, li. 211.――A son of Piranthus.

Triphȳlia, one of the ancient names of Elis. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 8.――A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia, whence he is called Triphylius.

Triopium, a town of Caria.

Tripŏlis, an ancient town of Phœnicia, built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.――A town of Pontus.――A district of Arcadia,――of Laconia. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 27.――Of Thessaly, Livy, bk. 42, ch. 53.――A town of Lydia or Caria.――A district of Africa between the Syrtes.

♦Trīptŏlĕmus, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Neræa, whom some have called Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by the monarch’s children, as she travelled over the country in quest of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry, when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture, and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition. Diodorus.—Hyginus, fable 147.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 5.—Callimachus, Hymn to Demeter, li. 22.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 646; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 501; Tristia, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1.

Triquĕtra, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular form. Lucretius, bk. 1, li. 78.

Trismegistus, a famous Egyptian. See: Mercurius.

Tritia, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars.――A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Tritogenia, a surname of Pallas. Hesiod.—Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons, but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men and half fishes. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 930.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 333.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, ch. 28.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148; bk. 6, li. 173.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 20.――A river of Africa falling into the lake Tritonis.――One of the names of the Nile.――A small river of Bœotia, or Thessaly.

Tritōnis, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple, whence she is surnamed Tritonis, or Tritonia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 178.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 33.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 171.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Athens is also called Tritonis, because dedicated to Minerva.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5.

Tritonon, a town of Doris. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 7.

Triventum, a town of the Samnites.

Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally distributed among the poor. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7, li. 774.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 416; Fasti, bk. 1, li. 389.

Triviæ antrum, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. Martial, bk. 6, ltr. 47.

Triviæ lucus, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumæ. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 13.

Trivīcum, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79.

Triumvĭri, reipublicæ constituendæ, were three magistrates appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power. These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate, B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony, and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.――There were also officers who were called triumviri capitales, created A.U.C. 464. They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the commands of the pretors.――The triumviri nocturni watched over the safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish it.――The triumviri agrarii had the care of colonies that were sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at Rome.――The triumviri monetales were masters of the mint, and had the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: ♦IIIVIR. A. A. A. F. F. i.e., Triumviri auro, argento, ære flando, feriendo. Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as those who were employed before them were called Denariorum flandorum curatores.――The triumviri valetudinis were chosen when Rome was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.――The triumviri senatus legendi were appointed to name those that were most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and the censors, A.U.C. 310.――The triumviri mensarii were chosen in the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange.

Triumvirorum insula, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po, where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. Dio Cassius, bk. 46, ch. 55.—Appian, Civil Wars, ch. 4.

Troădes, the inhabitants of Troas.

Troas, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called Dardania. See: Troja.

Trochois, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana were born.

Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 16.

Trœzēne a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which received its name from Trœzen the son of Pelops, who reigned there for some time. It is often called Theseis, because Theseus was born there; and Posidonia, because Neptune was worshipped there. Statius, Thebaid, bk. 4, li. 81.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 50.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.――Another town at the south of the Peloponnesus.

Trogiliæ, three small islands near Samos.

Trogilium, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

Trogilus, a harbour of Sicily. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59.

Troglody̆tæ, a people of Æthiopia, who dwelt in caves (τρωγλη specus, δυμι subeo). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common. Strabo, bk. 1.—Mela, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.—Pliny, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 37, ch. 10.

Trogus Pompeius, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius Cæsar, and his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history, which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the cause that the original of Trogus is lost. Justin, bk. 47, ch. 5.—Augustine, City of God, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Troja, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sigæum, at the distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the first king of the country built it, and called it Dardania, and from Troas, one of his successors, it was called Troja, and from Ilus, Ilion. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being 1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed. The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses, Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus, &c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and Æthiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague, and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some of the Trojans, among whom were Æneas and Antenor, betrayed the city into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets, however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men, and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night, the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors. This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30 stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small, and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that Julius Cæsar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of Æneas, and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, Justum et tenacem propositi virum, was written purposely to dissuade the emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. See: Paris, Æneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. Virgil, Æneid.—Homer.—Ovid.—Diodorus, &c.

Trojāni and Trojugĕnæ, the inhabitants of Troy.

Trojāni ludi, games instituted by Æneas, or his son Ascanius, to commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the party was called princeps juventutis, and was generally the son of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 602.—Suetonius, Cæsar & Augustus.—Plutarch, Sulla.

Troĭlus, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 474.

Tromentīna, one of the Roman tribes. Livy, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Tropæa, a town of the Brutii.――A stone monument on the Pyrenees, erected by Pompey.――Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army.

Trophonius, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos in Bœotia. He built Apollo’s temple at Delphi, with the assistance of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great drought, the Bœotians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief, and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return, and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37, &c.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Plutarch.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 45.

Tros, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas. Virgil, bk. 3, Georgics, li. 36.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 20, li. 219.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Trossŭlum, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of Trossuli to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of foot soldiers. Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.—Seneca, ltrs. 86 & 87.—Persius, bk. 1, li. 82.

Trotilum, a town of Sicily. Thucydides, bk. 6.

Truentum, or Truentinum, a river of Picenum, falling into the Adriatic. There is also a town of the same name in the neighbourhood. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 434.—Mela, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Trypherus, a celebrated cook, &c. Juvenal, bk. 11.

Tryphiodorus, a Greek poet and grammarian of Egypt in the sixth century, who wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction of Troy, from which he excluded the α in the first book, the β in the second, and the γ in the third, &c.

Tryphon, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put to death by Antiochus. Justin, bk. 36, ch. 1.――A surname of one of the Ptolemies. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, li. 31.――A grammarian of Alexander in the age of Augustus.

Tubantes, a people of Germany. Tacitus, bk. 1, ch. 51.

Tubĕro Quintus Ælius, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he seemed to glory as well as the rest of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they cultivated with their own hand. The first piece of silver plate that entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law presented to him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia.――A learned man.――A governor of Africa.――A Roman general who marched against the Germans under the emperors. He was accused of treason, and acquitted.

Tuburbo, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor.

Tucca Plautius, a friend of Horace and Virgil. He was, with Varus and Plotius, ordered by Augustus, as some report, to revise the Æneid of Virgil, which remained uncorrected on account of the premature death of the poet. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40; satire 10, li. 84.――A town of Mauritania.

Tuccia, an immodest woman in Juvenal’s age. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 64.

Tucia, a river near Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 13, li. 5.

Tuder, or Tudertia, an ancient town of Umbria. The inhabitants were called Tudertes. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 222.

Tudri, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 42.

Tugia, now Toia, a town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Tugīni, or Tugēni, a people of Germany.

Tuisto, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, and the founder of the nation. Tacitus, Germania, bk. 2.

Tulcis, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean, now Francoli.

Tulingi, a people of Germany between the Rhine and the Danube. Cæsar, bk. 1, ch. 5, Gallic War.

Tulla, one of Camilla’s attendants in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 656.

Tullia, a daughter of Servius Tullius king of Rome. She married Tarquin the Proud, after she had murdered her first husband Arunx, and consented to see Tullius assassinated, that Tarquin might be raised to the throne. It is said that she ordered her chariot to be driven over the body of her aged father, which had been thrown all mangled and bloody into one of the streets of Rome. She was afterwards banished from Rome with her husband. Ovid, Ibis, li. 363.――Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin the Proud. She was murdered by her own husband, that ♦he might marry her ambitious sister of the same name.――A daughter of Cicero. See: Tulliola.――A debauched woman. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

Tullia lex, de senatu, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 689, enacted that those who had a libera legatio granted them by the senate, should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had a libera legatio travelled through the provinces of the empire without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of the state.――Another, de ambitu, by the same, the same year. It forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office, to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of ambitu were punished with the aquæ et ignis interdictio for 10 years, and the penalty inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian law.

Tulliānum, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Servius Tullius, and added to the other called Robur, where criminals were confined. Sallust, Conspiracy of Catiline.

Tulliŏla, or Tullia, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. She married Caius Piso, and afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly Publius Cornelius Dolabella. With this last husband she had every reason to be dissatisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and consequently the cause of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed, about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this occasion, that some have accused him of an unnatural partiality for his daughter. According to a ridiculous story which some of the moderns report, in the age of Pope Paul III., a monument was discovered on the Appian road with the superscription of Tulliolæ filiæ meæ. The body of a woman was found in it, which was reduced to ashes as soon as touched; there was also a lamp burning, which was extinguished as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was supposed to have been lighted above 1500 years. Cicero.—Plutarch, Cicero.

Tullius Cimber, the son of a freedman, rose to great honours, and followed the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled to Julius Cæsar, whom he murdered with Brutus. Plutarch.――Cicero, a celebrated orator. See: Cicero.――The son of the orator Cicero. See: Cicero.――Servius, a king of Rome. See: Servius.――Senecio, a man accused of conspiracy against Nero with Piso.――A friend of Otho.――One of the kings of Rome. See: Servius.

Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome after the death of Numa. He was of a warlike and active disposition, and signalized himself by his expedition against the people of Alba, whom he conquered, and whose city he destroyed after the famous battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and the neighbouring states with success, and enforced reverence for majesty among his subjects. He died with all his family, about 640 years before the christian era, after a reign of 32 years. The manner of his death is not precisely known. Some suppose that he was killed by lightning, while he was performing some magical ceremonies in his own house; or, according to the more probable accounts of others, he was murdered by Ancus Martius, who set fire to the palace, to make it be believed that the impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 814.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 22.—Pausanias.――A consul, A.U.C. 686. Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 12.

Tunēta, or Tunis, a town of Africa, near which Regulus was defeated and taken by Xanthippus. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 9.

Tungri, a name given to some of the Germans, supposed to live on the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now Tongeren. The river of the country is now the Spaw. Tacitus, Germania, bk. 2.

Caius Turanius, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 29.

Turba, a town of Gaul.

Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 310. He was of small stature, but uncommonly courageous.――A governor of Pannonia, under the emperors.

Turdetăni, or Turduti, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bætis. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 28, ch. 39; bk. 34, ch. 17.

Turesis, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius.

Turias, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia, now the ♦Guadalquiver.

Turicum, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, in Switzerland.

Turiosa, a town of Spain.

Turius, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. Horace, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 49.

Turnus, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made war against Æneas, and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though supported with great courage and a numerous army. He was conquered, and at last killed in a single combat by Æneas. He is represented as a man of uncommon strength. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 56, &c.—Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 49.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 879; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 451.

Turŏnes, a people of Gaul, whose capital, Cæsarodunum, is the modern Tours.

Turpio. See: Ambivius.

Turrus, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.

Turullius, one of Cæsar’s murderers.

Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna.

Tuscania and Tuscia, a large country at the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. See: Etruria.

Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria.――The villa of Pliny the younger near the sources of the Tiber. Pliny, ltrs. 5 & 6.

Tusculānum, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where, among other books, the orator composed his Quæstiones, concerning the contempt of death, &c., in five books. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 1, ch. 4; Letters to Atticus, bk. 15, ltr. 2; Letters to his Friends, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Tuscŭlum, a town of Latium on the declivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It is now called Frescati, and is famous for the magnificent villas in its neighbourhood. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 23, li. 8, &c.

Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is called Tuscus Amnis, from its situation. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 199.

Tuscus vicus, a small village near Rome. It received this name from the Etrurians of Porsenna’s army that settled there. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 14.

Tuscum mare, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Etruria. See: Tyrrhenum.

Tuta, a queen of Illyricum, &c. See: Teuta.

Tutia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. She proved herself to be innocent by carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to the goddess. Livy, bk. 20.――A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp, when he retreated from the city. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Tuticum, a town of the Hirpini.

Tyăna, a town at the foot of mount Taurus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was born, whence he is called Tyaneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 719.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Tyanītis, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia.

Tybris. See: Tiberis.――A Trojan who fought in Italy with Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 124.

Tybur, a town of Latium on the Anio. See: Tibur.

Tyche, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 360.――A part of the town of Syracuse. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 53.

Tychius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in Bœotia, who made Hector’s shield, which was covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 823.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 7, li. 220.

Tyde, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 367.

Tydeus, a son of Œneus king of Calydon and Peribœa. He fled from his country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus king of Argos, whose daughter Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his officers to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an ambush to surprise him; and only one of the number was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he behaved with great courage. Many of the enemies expired under his blows, till he was at last wounded by Menalippus. Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength to dart at his enemy, and to bring him to the ground, before he was carried away from the fight by his companions. At his own request, the dead body of Menalippus was brought to him, and after he had ordered the head to be cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his teeth. The savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to bring him relief and to make him immortal, and the goddess left him to his fate, and suffered him to die. He was buried at Argos, where his monument was still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He was father to Diomedes. Some suppose that the cause of his flight to Argos was the murder of the son of Melus, or, according to others, of Alcathous his father’s brother, or perhaps his own brother Olenius. Homer, Iliad, bk. 4, lis. 365, 387.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 6.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 18.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Euripides, Suppliants.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 479.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 350, &c.

Tydīdes, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 101.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 15, li. 28.

Tylos, a town of Peloponnesus near Tænarus, now Bahrain.

Tymber, a son of Daunus, who assisted Turnus. His head was cut off in an engagement by Pallas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 391, &c.

Tymōlus, a mountain. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 15. See: Tmolus.

Tympania, an inland town of Elis.

Tynphæi, a people between Epirus and Thessaly.

Tyndărĭdæ, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor, Pollux, and Helen, &c. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8.――A people of Colchis.

Tyndăris, a patronymic of Helen daughter of Tyndarus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 569.――A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded by a Messenian colony. Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 91.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 209.――Horace gave this name to one of his mistresses, as best expressive of all female accomplishments, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 10.――A name given to Cassandra. Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 408.――A town of Colchis on the Phasis. Pliny.

Tyndărus, son of Œbalus and Gorgophone, or, according to some, of Perieres. He was king of Lacedæmon, and married the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &c., and also became mother of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. See: Leda, Castor, Pollux, Clytemnestra, &c.

Tynnĭchus, a general of Heraclea. Polyænus.

Typhœus, or Typhon, a famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra, who had 100 heads like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of devouring fire were darted from his mouth and from his eyes, and he uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks of different animals. He was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of his brothers the giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods that they fled away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, ♦Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last resumed courage, and put Typhœus to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him under mount Ætna, in the island of Sicily, or, according to some, under the island Inarime. Typhœus became father of Geryon, Cerberus, and Orthos by his union with Echidna. Hyginus, fables 152 & 196.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 325.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 820.—Homer, Hymns.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 716.

Typhon, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. Some of the poets make him the same as the famous Typhœus. See: Typhœus.――A brother of Osiris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares for his brother during his expedition, and murdered him at his return. The death of Osiris was avenged by his son Orus, and Typhon was put to death. See: Osiris. He was reckoned among the Egyptians to be the cause of every evil, and on that account generally represented as a wolf and a crocodile. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.—Diodorus, bk. 1.

Tyrannion, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, from his austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to his liberty by Muræna. He opened a school in the house of his friend Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He was extremely fond of books, and collected a library of about 30,000 volumes. To his care and industry the world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle’s works.――There was also one of his disciples called Diocles, who bore his name. He was a native of Phœnicia, and was made prisoner in the war of Augustus and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the emperors favourites, and afterwards by Terentia, who gave him his liberty. He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which he proved that the Latin tongue was derived from the Greek; and another in which Homer’s poems were corrected, &c.

Tyrannus, a son of Pterelaus.

Tyras, or Tyra, a river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Euxine sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes, and now called the Niester. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 50.

Tyres, one of the companions of Æneas in his wars against Turnus. He was brother to Teuthras. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 403.

Tyridates, a rich man in the age of Alexander, &c. Curtius.

Tyrii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Græcia.

Tyriotes, a eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander’s camp, to inform his master of the queen’s death. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmoneus king of Elis and Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in-law Sidero, and at last removed from her father’s house by her uncle Cretheus. She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often walked on the banks of the river, Neptune assumed the shape of her favourite lover, and gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the world. The children were preserved by shepherds, and when they had arrived at years of maturity, they avenged their mother’s injuries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had Amythaon, Pheres, and Æson. Tyro is often called Salmonis from her father. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 234.—Pindar, Pythian, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 13, li. 20; bk. 2, poem 30, li. 51; bk. 3, poem 19, li. 13.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 42.

Tyros, an island of Arabia.――A city of Phœnicia. See: Tyrus.

Tyrrheidæ, a patronymic given to the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of Latinus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 484.

Tyrrhēni, the inhabitants of Etruria. See: Etruria.

Tyrrhēnum mare, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called Inferum, as being at the bottom or south of Italy.

Tyrrhēnus, a son of Atys king of Lydia, who came to Italy, where part of the country was called after him. Strabo, bk. 5.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 55.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.――A friend of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 612.

Tyrrheus, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war between Æneas and the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 485.――An Egyptian general, B.C. 91.

Tyrsis, a place in the Balearides, supposed to be the palace of Saturn.

Tyrtæus, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In the second Messenian war, the Lacedæmonians were directed by the oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to finish their expedition with success, and they were contemptuously presented with Tyrtæus. The poet, though ridiculed for his many deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the Lacedæmonians with martial songs, just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so much courage, that they defeated the Messenians. For his services, he was made a citizen of Lacedæmon, and treated with great attention. Of the compositions of Tyrtæus nothing is extant but the fragments of four or five elegies. He flourished about 684 B.C. Justin, bk. 2, ch. 5.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 7.—Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 402.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 50.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.

Tyrus, or Tyros, a very ancient city of Phœnicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia from the shore, and now called Sur. There were, properly speaking, two places of that name, the old Tyros, called Palætyros, on the sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in circumference, including Palætyros, but, without it, about four miles. Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its independence till the age of Alexander, who took it with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th of August, B.C. 332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; their city was the emporium of commerce, and they were deemed the inventors of scarlet and purple colours. They founded many cities in different parts of the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c., which on that account are often distinguished by the epithet Tyria. The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and magnificent; the walls were 150 feet high, with a proportionate breadth. Hercules was the chief deity of the place. It had two large and capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet, and was built, according to some writers, about 2760 years before the christian era. Strabo, bk. 16.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 44.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 12.—Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, lis. 6, 339, &c.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, &c. Metamorphoses, bks. 5 & 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, &c.――A nymph, mother of Venus, according to some.

Tysias, a man celebrated by Cicero. See: Tisias.

U & V

Vacatione (lex de), was enacted concerning the exemption from military service, and contained this very remarkable clause, nisi bellum Gallicum exoriatur, in which case the priests themselves were not exempted from service. This can intimate how apprehensive the Romans were of the Gauls, by whom their city had once been taken.

Vacca, a town of Numidia. Sallust, Jugurthine War.――A river of Spain.

Vaccæi, a people at the north of Spain. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 35, ch. 7; bk. 46, ch. 47.

Vaccus, a general, &c. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 19.

Vacūna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over repose and leisure, as the word indicates (vacare). Her festivals were observed in the month of December. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 307.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Vadimōnis lacus, now Bassano, a lake of Etruria, whose waters were sulphureous. The Etrurians were defeated there by the Romans, and the Gauls by Dolabella. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 39.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Pliny, bk. 8, ltr. 20.

Vaga, a town of Africa. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 259.

Vagedrūsa, a river of Sicily between the towns of Camarina and Gela. Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 229.

Vagellius, an obscene lawyer of Mutina. Juvenal, satire 16, li. 23.

Vagēni, or Vagienni, a people of Liguria, at the sources of the Po, whose capital was called Augusta Vagiennorum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 606.

Vahālis, a river of modern Holland, now called the Waal. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Vala Caius Numonius, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 15.

Valens Flavius, a son of Gratian, born in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took him as his colleague on the throne, and appointed him over the eastern parts of the Roman empire. The bold measures and the threats of the rebel Procopius frightened the new emperor; and if his friends had not interfered, he would have willingly resigned all his pretensions to the empire which his brother had entrusted to his care. By perseverance, however, Valens was enabled to destroy his rival, and to distinguish himself in his wars against the northern barbarians. But his lenity to these savage intruders proved fatal to the Roman power; and by permitting some of the Goths to settle in the provinces of Thrace, and to have free access to every part of the country, Valens encouraged them to make depredations on his subjects, and to disturb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened too late; he attempted to repel them, but he failed in the attempt. A bloody battle was fought, in which the barbarians obtained some advantage, and Valens was hurried away by the obscurity of the night, and the affection of the soldiers for his person, into a lonely house, which the Goths set on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, was burnt alive in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 378. He has been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in putting to death all such of his subjects whose name began by Theod, because he had been informed by his favourite astrologers that his crown would devolve upon the head of an officer whose name began with these letters. Valens did not possess any of the great qualities which distinguish a good and powerful monarch. He was illiterate, and of a disposition naturally indolent and inactive. Yet though timorous in the highest degree, he was warlike; and though fond of ease, he was acquainted with the character of his officers, and preferred none but such as possessed merit. He was a great friend to discipline, a pattern of chastity and temperance, and he showed himself always ready to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, though he gave an attentive ear to flattery and malevolent informations. Ammianus, &c.――Valerius, a proconsul of Achaia, who proclaimed himself emperor of Rome, when Marcian, who had been invested with the purple in the east, attempted to assassinate him. He reigned only six months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 261.――Fabius, a friend of Vitellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho. He was greatly honoured by Vitellius, &c.――A general of the emperor Honorius.――The name of the second Mercury mentioned by Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 22, but considered as more properly belonging to Jupiter.

Valentia, one of the ancient names of Rome.――A town of Spain, a little below Saguntum, founded by Julius Brutus, and for some time known by the name of Julia Collonia.――A town of Italy.――Another, in Sardinia.

Valentiniānus I., a son of Gratian, raised to the imperial throne by his merit and valour. He kept the western part of the empire for himself, and appointed over the east his brother Valens. He gave the most convincing proof of his military valour in the victories which he obtained over the barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the deserts of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. The insolence of the Quadi he punished with great severity; and when these desperate and indigent barbarians had deprecated the conqueror’s mercy, Valentinian treated them with contempt, and upbraided them with every mark of resentment. While he spoke with such warmth, he broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. He was conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and soon after died, after suffering the greatest agonies, from violent fits and contortions of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375. He was then in the 55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 years. He has been represented by some as cruel and covetous in the highest degree. He was naturally of an irascible disposition, and he gratified his pride in expressing a contempt for those who were his equals in military abilities, or who shone for gracefulness or elegance of address. Ammianus.

Valentinianus II., second son of Valentinian I., was proclaimed emperor about six days after his father’s death, though only five years old. He succeeded his brother, Gratian, A.D. 383, but his youth seemed to favour dissension, and the attempts and the usurpations of rebels. He was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four years after the death of Gratian; and in this helpless situation he had recourse to Theodosius, who was then emperor of the east. He was successful in his applications; Maximus was conquered by Theodosius, and Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He was some time after strangled by one of his officers, a native of Gaul, called Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too much confidence, and from whom he expected more deference than the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. This happened the 15th of May, A.D. 392, at Vienne, one of the modern towns of France. He has been commended for his many virtues, and the applause which the populace bestowed upon him was bestowed upon real merit. He abolished the greatest part of the taxes; and because his subjects complained that he was too fond of the amusements of the circus, he ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and all the wild beasts that were kept for the entertainment of the people to be slain. He was remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, not only to his friends, but even to such as had conspired against his life; and he used to say that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was fond of imitating the virtues and exemplary life of his friend and patron Theodosius, and if he had lived longer, the Romans might have enjoyed peace and security.

Valentinianus III., was son of Constantius and Placidia the daughter of Theodosius the Great, and therefore, as related to the imperial family, he was saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly acknowledged as such at Rome, the 3rd of October, A.D. 423, about the sixth year of his age. He was at first governed by his mother, and the intrigues of his generals and courtiers; and when he came to years of discretion, he disgraced himself by violence, oppression, and incontinence. He was murdered in the midst of Rome, A.D. 454, in the 36th year of his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus, to whose wife he had offered violence. The vices of Valentinian III. were conspicuous; every passion he wished to gratify at the expense of his honour, his health, and character; and as he lived without one single act of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented by none, though pitied for his imprudence and vicious propensities. He was the last of the family of Theodosius.

Valentinianus, a son of the emperor Gratian, who died when very young.

Valeria, a sister of Publicola, who advised the Roman matrons to go and deprecate the resentment of Coriolanus. Plutarch, Coriolanus.――A daughter of Publicola, given as a hostage to Porsenna by the Romans. She fled from the enemy’s country with Clœlia, and swam across the Tiber. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutibus.――A daughter of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who married Sylla.――The wife of the emperor Valentinian.――The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c.――A road in Sicily, which led from Messana to Lilybæum.――A town of Spain. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Valeria lex, de provocatione, by Publius Valerius Poplicola the sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It permitted the appeal from a magistrate to the people, and forbade the magistrate to punish a citizen for making the appeal. It further made it a capital crime for a citizen to aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any office without the choice and approbation of the people. Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 1.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 8.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.――Another, de debitoribus, by Valerius Flaccus. It required that all creditors should discharge their debtors, on receiving a fourth part of the whole sum.――Another, by Marcus Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C. 453, which confirmed the first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola.――Another, called also Horatia, by Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius the consuls, A.U.C. 305. It revived the first Valerian law, which, under the triumvirate, had lost its force.――Another, de magistratibus, by Publius Valerius Poplicola sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It created two questors to take care of the public treasure, which was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. Plutarch, Publicola.—Livy, bk. 2.

Valeriānus Publius Licinius, a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the armies in Rhætia, A.D. 254. The virtues which shone in him when a private man, were lost when he ascended the throne. Formerly distinguished for his temperance, moderation, and many virtues, which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all Rome upon him, Valerian, invested with the purple, displayed inability and meanness. He was cowardly in his operations, and though acquainted with war, and the patron of science, he seldom acted with prudence, or favoured men of true genius and merit. He took his son Gallienus as his colleague in the empire, and showed the malevolence of his heart by persecuting the christians whom he had for a while tolerated. He also made war against the Goths and Scythians; but in an expedition which he undertook against Sapor king of Persia, his arms were attended with ill success. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished to have a private conference with Sapor, the conqueror seized his person, and carried him in triumph to his capital, where he exposed him, and in all the cities of his empire, to the ridicule and insolence of his subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian served as a footstool, and the many other insults which he suffered excited indignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. The monarch at last ordered him to be flayed alive, and salt to be thrown over his mangled body, so that he died in the greatest torments. His skin was tanned, and painted in red; and that the ignominy of the Roman empire might be lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples of Persia. Valerian died in the 71st year of his age, A.D. 260, after a reign of seven years.――A grandson of Valerian the emperor. He was put to death when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed.――One of the generals of the usurper Niger.――A worthy senator, put to death by Heliogabalus.

Valerius Publius, a celebrated Roman surnamed Poplicola, from his popularity. He was very active in assisting Brutus to expel the Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath to support the liberty and independence of his country. Though he had been refused the consulship, and had retired with great dissatisfaction from the direction of affairs, yet he regarded the public opinion; and when the jealousy of the Romans inveighed against the towering appearance of his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and in making it lower, he showed his wish to be on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not to erect what might be considered as a citadel for the oppression of his country. He was afterwards honoured with the consulship, on the expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumphed over the Etrurians, after he had gained the victory in the battle in which Brutus and the sons of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after he had been four times consul, and enjoyed the popularity, and received the thanks and the gratitude, which people redeemed from slavery and oppression usually pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was so poor, that his body was buried at the public expense. The Roman matrons mourned his death a whole year. Plutarch, Lives.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Livy, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.――Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under Camillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one of the Senones, remarkable for his strength and stature, Valerius undertook to engage him, and obtained an easy victory, by means of a crow that assisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname of Corvinus. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and the neighbouring states that made war against Rome, and was six times honoured with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age, admired and regretted for many public and private virtues. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 13.—Livy, bk. 7, ch. 27, &c.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.—Cicero, Against Catiline.――Antias, an excellent Roman historian often quoted, and particularly by Livy.――Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He distinguished himself by his learning as well as military virtues. He lost his memory about two years before his death, and according to some, he was even ignorant of his own name. Suetonius, Augustus.—Cicero, Brutus.――Soranus, a Latin poet in the age of Julius Cæsar, put to death for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no god, but the soul of the universe.――Maximus, a brother of Poplicola.――A Latin historian who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. He dedicated his time to study, and wrote an account of all the most celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, and other illustrious persons, which is still extant, and divided into nine books. It is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that he lived after the age of Tiberius, from the want of purity and elegance which so conspicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of the correctness of the golden age of the Roman literature. The best editions of Valerius are those of Torrenius, 4to, Leiden, 1726, and of Vorstius, 8vo, Berlin, 1672.――Marcus, a brother of Poplicola, who defeated the army of the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured with a triumph, and the Romans, to show the sense of his great merit, built him a house on mount Palatine, at the public expense.――Potitus, a general who stirred up the people and army against the decemvirs, and Appius Claudius in particular. He was chosen consul, and conquered the Volsci and Æqui.――Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the censor, whose friendship he honourably shared. He was consul with him, and cut off an army of 10,000 of the Insubres and Boii in Gaul, in one battle. He was also chosen censor, and prince of the senate, &c.――A Latin poet who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight books on the Argonautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on account of his premature death. The Argonauts were there left on the sea in their return home. Some critics have been lavish in their praises upon Flaccus, and have called him the second poet of Rome, after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by some frigid and languishing, and his style uncouth and inelegant. The best editions of Flaccus are those of Burman, Leiden, 1724, and 12mo, Utrecht, 1702.――Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman, accused of having murdered one of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He was condemned by the intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, and he opened his veins, and bled to death. Tacitus, Annals.――A friend of Vitellius.――Fabianus, a youth condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting the will of one of his friends, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 42.――Lævinus, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. See: Lævinus.――Præconius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul, slain in a skirmish.――Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, &c.

Valerus, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 752.

Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the Augustan age, celebrated for his writings. He was very intimate with Horace. Tibullus, ♦bk. 1, li. 180.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.

Vandalii, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 3.

Vangiŏnes, a people of Germany. Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called Worms. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 431.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 51.

Vannia, a town of Italy, north of the Po, now called Civita.

Vannius, a king of the Suevi, banished under Claudius, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 29.

Vapineum, a town of Gaul.

Varanes, a name common to some of the Persian monarchs, in the age of the Roman emperors.

Vardæi, a people of Dalmatia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 5, ltr. 9.

Varia, a town of Latium.

Varia lex, de majestate, by the tribune ♦Quintus Varius, A.U.C. 662. It ordained that all such as had assisted the confederates in their war against Rome, should be publicly tried.――Another, de civiate, by Quintus Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as were suspected of having assisted or supported the people of Italy in their petition to become free citizens of Rome. Cicero, For Milo, ch. 36; Brutus, chs. 56, 88, &c.

Varīni, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 40.

Varisti, a people of Germany.

Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was one of those whom Augustus appointed to revise Virgil’s Æneid. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. Besides tragedies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quintilian says, bk. 10, that his Thyestes was equal to any composition of the Greek poets. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.――A man who raised his reputation by the power of his oratory. Cicero, On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 25.――One of the friends of Antony, surnamed Cotylon.――A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his adulteries, &c.

Varro Marcus Terentius, a Roman consul defeated at Cannæ, by Annibal. See: Terentius. A Latin writer, celebrated for his great learning. He wrote no less than 500 different volumes, which are all now lost, except a treatise de Re Rusticâ, and another de Linguâ Latinâ, in five books, written in his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator Cicero. He was Pompey’s lieutenant in his piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars he was taken by Cæsar and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by Cicero for his erudition, and St. Augustin says that it cannot but be wondered how Varro, who read such a number of books, could find time to compose so many volumes; and how he who composed so many volumes, could be at leisure to peruse such a variety of books, and gain so much literary information. He died B.C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo, 1619. Cicero, Academica, &c.—Quintilian.――Atacinus, a native of Gaul, in the age of Julius Cæsar. He translated into Latin verse the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and elegance. He also wrote a poem entitled de Bello Sequanico, besides epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. He failed in his attempt to write satire. Horace, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 46.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, li. 15.—Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Varrōnis villa, now Vicovaro, was situate on the Anio, in the country of the Sabines. Cicero, Philippics, bk. 2, ltr. 41.

Varus Quintilius, a Roman proconsul, descended from an illustrious family. He was appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made commander of the armies in Germany. He was surprised by the enemy, under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army was cut to pieces. When he saw that everything was lost, he killed himself, A.D. 10, and his example was followed by some of his officers. His head was afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as also his body; and so great was the influence of this defeat upon the emperor, that he continued for whole months to show all the marks of dejection, and of deep sorrow, often exclaiming, “O Varus, restore me my legions!” The bodies of the slain were left in the field of battle, where they were found six years after by Germanicus, and buried with great pomp. Varus has been taxed with indolence and cowardice, and some have intimated, that if he had not trusted too much to the insinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might have not only escaped ruin, but awed the Germans to their duty. His avarice was also conspicuous; he went poor to Syria, whence he returned loaded with riches. Horace, bk. 1, ode 24.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 117.—Florus, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.――A son of Varus, who married a daughter of Germanicus. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 6.――The father and grandfather of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew themselves with their own swords, the one after the battle of Philippi, and the other in the plains of Pharsalia.――Quintilius, a friend of Horace, and other great men in the Augustan age. He was a good judge of poetry, and a great critic, as Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 438, seems to insinuate. The poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first book to him, and in the 24th he mourns pathetically his death. Some suppose this Varus to be the person killed in Germany, while others believe him to be a man who devoted his time more to the muses than to war. See: Varius.――Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, intimate with Julius Cæsar. Some suppose that it was to him that Virgil inscribed his sixth eclogue. He is commended by Quintilian, bk. 6, chs. 3, 78.――Alfrenus, a Roman, who, though originally a shoemaker, became consul, and distinguished himself by his abilities as an orator. He was buried at the public expense, an honour granted to few, and only to persons of merit. Horace, bk. 1, satire 3.――Accius, one of the friends of Cato in Africa, &c.――A river which falls into the Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after separating Liguria from Gallia Narbonensis. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 404.

Vasates, a people of Gaul.

Vascŏnes, a people of Spain, on the Pyrenees. They were so reduced by a famine by Metellus, that they fed on human flesh. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Ausonius, bk. 2, li. 100.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 93.

Vasio, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 10, ltr. 34.

Vaticānus, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced wine of no great esteem. It was disregarded by the Romans on account of the unwholesomeness of the air, and the continual stench of the filth that was there, and of stagnated waters. Heliogabalus was the first who cleared it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now admired for ancient monuments and pillars, for a celebrated public library, and for the palace of the pope. Horace, bk. 1, ode 20.

Vătiēnus, now Saterno, a river rising in the Alps and falling into the Po. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 67.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 16.

Vātinia lex, de provinciis, by the tribune Publius Vatinius, A.U.C. 694. It appointed Cæsar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum, for five years, without a decree of the senate, or the usual custom of casting lots. Some persons were also appointed to attend him as lieutenants without the interference of the senate. His army was to be paid out of the public treasury, and he was empowered to plant a Roman colony in the town of Novocomum in Gaul.――Another by Publius Vatinius the tribune, A.U.C. 694, de repetundis, for the better management of the trial of those who were accused of extortion.