A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 11)

Cestrīna, a part of Epirus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Cestrīnus, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father’s death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the country Cestrina. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 11.

Cetes, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Cethēgus, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.――Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. Cicero, Brutus.――A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. Plutarch, Cicero, &c.――A Trojan, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 513.――Publius Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against Mithridates.――A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.

Cetii, a people of Cilicia.

Cetius, a river of Mysia.――A mountain which separates Noricum from Pannonia.

Ceto, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 237.—Lucian, bk. 9, li. 646.

Ceus and Cæus, a son of Cœlus and Terra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had Latona and Asteria. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 135.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 179.――The father of Trœzen. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2, li. 354.

Cēyx, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone. He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called Alcyons. See: Alcyone. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 587.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia were two different persons.

Chea, a town of Peloponnesus.

Chabinus, a mountain of Arabia Felix. Diodorus, bk. 3.

Chabria, a village of Egypt.

Chabrias, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized himself when he assisted the Bœotians against Agesilaus. In this celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy, and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Diodorus, bk. 16.—Plutarch, Phocion.

Chabryis, a king of Egypt. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chæanitæ, a people at the foot of ♦Caucasus.

Chæreas, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.――An officer who murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was prepared against himself.――An Athenian, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 74, &c.

Chæredemus, a brother of Epicurus, &c. Diogenes Laërtius.

Chærēmon, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.――A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests.

Chærĕphon, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.

Chærestrăta, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.

Chærinthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.

Chærippus, an extortioner, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 96.

Chæro, the founder of Chæronea. Plutarch, Sulla.

Chæronia, Chæronea, and Cherronea, a city of Bœotia, on the Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the Bœotians, B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 40.—Plutarch, Pelopidas, &c.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Chalæon, a city of Locris.――A port of Bœotia.

Chales, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Chalcæa, a town of Caria,――of Phœnicia.

Chalcea, an island with a town near Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 3.――A festival at Athens. See: Panathenæa.

Chalcēdon and Chalcēdŏnia, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan of the founders. Strabo, bk. 7.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Chalcidēne, a part of Syria, very fruitful. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Chalcidenses, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and Erythræ.――A people near the Phasis.

Chalcideus, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet killed by the Athenians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 8.

Chalcidĭca, a country of Thrace,――of Syria.

Chalcidĭcus (of Chalcis), an epithet applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a colony from Chalcis. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 17.

Chalciœus, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis in Eubœa. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.

Chalciŏpe, a daughter of Æetes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled to her father’s court for protection. She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband to obtain the golden fleece. See: Phryxus. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 232.—Hyginus, fable 14, &c.――The mother of Thessalus by Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――The daughter of Rhexenor, who married Ægeus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chalcis, now Egripo, the chief city of Eubœa, in that part which is nearest to Bœotia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the Corinthians. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Chalcītis, a country of Ionia. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 5.

Chalcŏdon, a son of Ægyptus by Arabia. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 7.――The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.――A man who assisted Hercules in his war against Augias. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 15.

Chalcon, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be aware of the Æthiopians, by whom he was to perish.

Chalcus, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. Polyænus.

Chaldæa, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris. Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their knowledge of astrology, Cicero, de Divinatione, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Diodorus, bk. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 28.

Chaldæi, the inhabitants of Chaldæa.

Chalestra, a town of Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Chalonītis, a country of Media.

Chaly̆bes and Caly̆bes, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus, once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country, abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Crœsus king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation of Spain. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 421.—Strabo, bk. 12, &c.—Apollonius, bk. 2, li. 375.—Xenophon, Anabasis, bk. 4, &c.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 28.—Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3.

Chalybon, now supposed to be Aleppo, a town of Syria, which gave the name of Chalybonitis to the neighbouring country.

Chalybonītis, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the king of Persia drank no other.

Chalybs, a river of Spain, where Justin, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the people called Calybes.

Chamani and Chamaviri, a people of Germany. Tacitus, Germania.

Chane, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian sea.

Chaon, a mountain of Peloponnesus.――A son of Priam. See: Chaonia.

Chaŏnes, a people of Epirus.

Chaŏnia, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus. There was a wood near, where doves (Chaoniæ aves) were said to deliver oracles. The words Chaonius victus are by ancient authors applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 426.—Claudian, de Raptu Proserpinæ, bk. 3, li. 47.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 335.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 9.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 1.

Chaonitis, a country of Assyria.

Chaos, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it; and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal deities. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 510.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 1.

Charădra, a town of Phocis. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 33.

Charadros, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 4, li. 46.

Charădrus, a place of Argos where military causes were tried. Thucydides, bk. 5, ch. 60.

Choræadas, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 86.

Charandæi, a people near Pontus.

Charax, a town of Armenia.――A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a history of Greece in 40 books.

Charaxes and Charaxus, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the necessity of piratical excursions. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 117.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.

Charuxus, one of the centaurs. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 272.

Chares, an Athenian general.――A statuary of Lindus, who was 12 years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 7.――A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his brother Artaxerxes.――An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of Alexander.――An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 5.――A river of Peloponnesus. Plutarch, Aratus.

Charĭcles, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenophon, Memorabilia, bk. 1.—Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A famous physician under Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 6, ch. 50.

Chariclīdes, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone the tyrant. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Charĭclo, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 6.――A daughter of Apollo, who married the centaur Chiron. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 635.

Charidēmus, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 44.――An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.

Charĭla, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants. He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle. The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila’s image was brought before the king, who struck it with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plutarch, Quæstiones Græcæ.

Charilāus and Charillus, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta, educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.――A Spartan who changed the monarchical power into an aristocracy. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.

Charillus, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 131.

Charīni and Carīni, a people of Germany. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.

Charis, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures, graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. Homer, Iliad, bk. 18, li. 382.

Charisia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.――A festival in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.

Charisius, an orator at Athens. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 83.

Charistia, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February, by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of reconciling friends and relations. Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 1.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2.

Charĭtes and Gratiæ, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, are three in number—Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices, and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked, because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined, by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two Graces.

Charĭton, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth century. He composed a Greek romance called The Loves of Chæreas and Callirhoe, which has been much admired for its elegance, and the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D’Orville’s notes, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.

Charmădas, a philosopher of uncommon memory. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.

Charme and Carme, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.

Charmides, a Lacedæmonian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in Crete. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 2.――A boxer. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 7.――A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.

Charmīnus, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians. Thucydides, bk. 8, ch. 42.

Charmione, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after the example of her mistress. Plutarch, Antonius.

Charmis, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero’s age, who used cold baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those of his cotemporaries. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 1.

Charmosy̆na, a festival in Egypt. Plutarch, de Iside et Osiride.

Charmotas, a part of Arabia.

Charmus, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found scattered in Athenæus.

Charon, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. Plutarch, Pelopidas.――An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.――An historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of Egypt.――A Carthaginian writer, &c.――A god of hell, son of Erebus and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years. If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules, without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. See: Acherusia. Diodorus, bk. 1.—Seneca, Hercules Furens, li. 765.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.

Charondas, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, li. 5.

Charonea, a place of Asia, &c.

Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.

Charops and Charŏpes, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Homer, Iliad.――A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plutarch, Titus Flamininus.――The first decennial archon at Athens. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,

Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim,

became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. Lycophron, Cassandra.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 11.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14.—Ovid, Ex Ponto, bk. 4, ltr. 10; Amores, bk. 2, poem 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 420.

Chaubi and Chauci, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the country now called Friesland and Bremen.

Chaula, a village of Egypt.

Chauros. See: Caurus.

Chelæ, a Greek word (χηλη), signifying claws, which is applied to the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 33.

Cheles, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.

Chelĭdon, a mistress of Verres. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1, ch. 40.

Chelīdŏnia, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. Athenæus.――The wind Favonius was called also Chelidonia, from the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 47.

Chelīdoniæ, now Kelidoni, small islands opposite the promontory of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionysius Periegetes, li. 506.—Pliny, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.—Livy, bk. 33, ch. 41.

Chelĭdŏnis, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Chelidŏnium, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian sea.

Chelŏne, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.

Chelōnis, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband, who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.

Chelonophăgi, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the shells. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 24.

Chelydoria, a mountain of Arcadia.

Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 156.

Chena, a town of Laconia.

Chenæ, a village on mount Œta. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.

Chenion, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Chenius, a mountain near Colchis.

Cheops and Cheospes, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other vegetables. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 124.

Chephren, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been erected by a shepherd. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 127.

Cheremocrătes, an artist who built Diana’s temple at Ephesus, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.

Cherisŏphus, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cheronæa. See:Chæronea.

Cherŏphon, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. Philostratus, Lives.

Cherronēsus. See: Chersonesus.

Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Pausanias praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.

Chersidămas, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 259.

Chersiphro, an architect, &c. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chersonēsus, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated: one called Peloponnesus; one called Thracian, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called Taurica, now Crim Tartary, was situate near the Palus Mæotis. The fourth, called Cimbrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.—Livy, bk. 31, ch. 16.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 2.――Also a peninsula near Alexandria in Egypt. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 10.

Cherusci, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe. Tacitus.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 9.

Chidnæi, a people near Pontus.

Chidōrus, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 127.

Chiliarchus, a great officer of state at the court of Persia. Cornelius Nepos, Conon.

Chilius and Chileus, an Arcadian, who advised the Lacedæmonians, when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their country. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 9.

Chilo, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was “Know thyself.” He died through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 33.—Diogenes Laërtius.――One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.

Chilonis, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Chimæra, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon, which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon, and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia, called Chimæra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chimæra, because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of the Chimæra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nemæa. Homer, Iliad, bk. 6, li. 181.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 322.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.—Lucretius, bk. 5, li. 903.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 646.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 288.――One of the ships in the fleet of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 118.

Chimarus, a river of Argolis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Chimerium, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chiomara, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.

Chion, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.

Chiŏne, a daughter of Dædalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, fable 8.――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 38.――A famous prostitute. Martial, bk. 3, ltr. 34.

Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy.

Chionis, a victor at Olympia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 13.

Chios, now Scio, an island in the Ægean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from χιων, snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Plutarch, de Mulierum Virtutes.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 2.

Chiron, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, Æsculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, Æneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 11.—Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 676.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.—Horace, epode 13.

Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear the same signification as Flava, so often applied to the goddess of corn. The name, from its signification (χλοη, herba virens), has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of simplicity.

Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with Æneas into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 768.――Another, &c.

Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5.――A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 280.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.――A prostitute, &c. Horace, bk. 3, ode 15.

Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Constantine, one of the Cæsars, in Diocletian’s age, who reigned two years after the emperor’s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.

Choarīna, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.

Choaspes, a son of Phasis, &c. Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 585.――An Indian river. Curtius, bk. 5, ch. 2.――A river of Media, flowing into the Tigris, and now called Karun. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 188.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 12, ch. 40.—Tibullus, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 27.

Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian.

Chœrades and Pharos, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 33.―― Others in the Euxine sea.――An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocritus, Idylls, poem 13.

Chœrĭlus, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize.――An historian of Samos.――Two other poets, one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander’s flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with castigation. Plutarch, Alexander.—Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.

Chœreæ, a place of Bœotia.

Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Trœzene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Plutarch, Theseus.

Chonūphis, an Egyptian prophet. Plutarch, de Genio Socratis.

Chorasmi, a people of Asia near the Oxus. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93.

Chorineus, a man killed in the Rutulian war. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 571.――Another. Æneid, bk. 12, li. 298.――A priest with Æneas. Æneid.

Chorœbus, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad. See: Corœbus.――A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of Cassandra. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341.

Choromnæi, a people subdued by Ninus. Diodorus, bk. 1.

Chosroes, a king of Persia, in Justinian’s reign.

Chremes, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence’s Andria. Horace, Art of Poetry, li. 94.

Chremĕtes, a river of Libya.

Chresiphon, an architect of Diana’s temple in Ephesus. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 14.

Chresphontes, a son of Aristomachus. See: Aristodemus.

Chrestus, an approved writer of Athens, &c. Columella, bk. 1, de Res Rustica, ch. 1.

Chromia, a daughter of Itonus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 1.

Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers, was killed in a battle by Hercules.――A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Chromis, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A young shepherd. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 6.――A Phrygian killed by Camilla. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 675.――A son of Hercules. Statius, bk. 6, li. 346.

Chromius, a son of Pterilaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.――An Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 82.

Chronius, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 48.

Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of the Greeks.

Chryasus, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.

Chrysa and Chryse, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 37.—Strabo, bk. 13.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.――A daughter of Halmus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Chrysăme, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the flesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polyænus.

Chrysantas, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plutarch, Quæstiones Romanæ.

Chrysanthius, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the great number of volumes which he wrote.

Chrysantis, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. Pausanias, bk. 1.

Chrysaor, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from the blood of Medusa, armed with a golden sword, whence his name, χρυσος ἀορ. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimæra. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 295.――A rich king of Iberia. Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Glaucus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 21.

Chrysaoreus, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. Strabo, bk. 4.

Chrysaŏris, a town of Cilicia. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.

Crysas, a river of Sicily, falling into the Simæthus, and worshipped as a deity. Cicero, Against Verres, Speech 4, ch. 44.

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses. See: Chryses.

Chrysermus, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Chryses, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him Chryseis. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter’s restoration; and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore Chryseis. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.――A daughter of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Chrysippe, a daughter of Danaus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chrysippus, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father, for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia’s sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Hippodamia killed him. Hyginus, fable 85.—Plato, de Leges, bk. 6.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 20.――A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises. Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent’s marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 7.—Diodorus.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 40. There were also others of the same name. Diogenes Laërtius.――A freedman of Cicero.

Chrysis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plutarch, Demetrius.――A priestess of Juno at Mycenæ. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Chrysoaspĭdes, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 7.

Chrysogŏnus, a freedman of Sylla. Cicero, pro Sexto Roscio Amerino.――A celebrated singer in Domitian’s reign. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 74.

Chrysolāus, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.

Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Polybius, bk. 5.

Chrysopŏlis, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari.

Chrysorhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 31.

Chrysorrhōæ, a people in whose country are golden streams.

Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom’s works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Etonæ, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols., folio, 1718

Chrysothĕmis, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.――A Cretan, who first obtained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 7.

Chryxus, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome. Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 148.

Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all fell on the same side. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.

Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 441.――One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon’s teeth sown by Cadmus. Hyginus, fable 178.――A son of Ægyptus and Calliadne. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Chitrium, a name given to part of the town of Clazomenæ.

Cibalæ, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. Eutropius, bk. 10, ch. 4.—Marcellinus, bk. 30, ch. 24.

Cibarītis, a country of Asia, near the Mæander.

Cibyra, now Burun, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 13.—Letters to Atticus, bk. 5, ltr. 2.――Of Caria.

Caius Cicereius, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a triumph over the Corsicans. Livy, bks. 41 & 42.

Marcus Tullius Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother’s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius Scævola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital punishment, though inveighed against by Julius Cæsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled The father of his country, and a second founder of Rome. The vehemence with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence; and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months’ absence, he entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much hesitation during the civil commotions between Cæsar and Pompey, he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When victory had declared in favour of Cæsar, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the country, and seldom visited Rome. When Cæsar had been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cæsar’s murderers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina, Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony’s hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir’s wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more revengeful than a woman. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur poeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial, Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose Cæsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet, 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to, 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Quintilian.—Dio Cassius.—Appian.—Florus.—Cornelius Nepo, Atticus.—Eutropius.—Cicero, &c.――Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father’s death, by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced his father’s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. Plutarch, Cicero.――Quintus, the brother of the orator, was Cæsar’s lieutenant in Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with his son at the same time as his brother Tully.—Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian.

Cicerōnis villa, a place near Puteoli in Campania. Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cichyris, a town of Epirus.

Cicŏnes, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 520, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Cilūta, an old avaricious usurer. Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.

Cĭlĭcia, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul. It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Varro, Re Rustica, bk. 2, ch. 11.—Suetonius, Vespasian, ch. 8.—Herodotus, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 11.—Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――Part of the country between Æolia and Troas is also called Cilicia. Strabo, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from the other Cilicia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.

Cilissa, a town of Phrygia.

Cilix, a son of Phœnix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who, after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to which he gave the name of Cilicia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 91.

Cilla, a town of Africa Propria. Diodorus, bk. 20.――A town of Æolia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.――Of Troas, which received its name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia’s suitors, and was killed by Œnomaus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 1, li. 38.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 174.

Cilles, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Cillus, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built. Strabo, bk. 13.

Cilnius, the surname of Mæcenas.

Cilo, Junius, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said, he was told by one of Cilo’s friends that they returned thanks for his good administration; upon which the emperor said, “Let Cilo be continued two years longer in his province.” Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Cimber, Tillius, one of Cæsar’s murderers. He laid hold of the dictator’s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike. Plutarch, Cæsar.

Cimberius, a chief of the Suevi.

Cimbri, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a large army, and were conquered by Marius. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cimbrīcum bellum, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpo. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in triumph. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch. 1.—Mela, bk. 3, ch. 3.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 12.—Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cimĭnus, now Viterbe, a lake and mountain of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 697.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 36.

Cimmĕrii, a people near the Palus Mœotis, who invaded Asia Minor, and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes king of Lydia. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.――Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of Cimmerian darkness has proverbially been used. Homer, according to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx, the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 13.—Virgil, Æneid bk. 6.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cimmĕris, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 30.

Cimmĕrium, now Crim, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose inhabitants are called Cimmerii. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19.

Cimōlis and Cinolis, a town of Paphlagonia.

Cimōlus, now Argentiera, an island in the Cretan sea, producing chalk and fuller’s earth. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.—Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 16.

Cimon, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and wife Elpinice. See: Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians, who declared war against the Lacedæmonians. He was recalled from his exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Lacedæmon and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power, that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within a day’s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. Thucydides, bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Diodorus, bk. 11.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Lives.――An Athenian, father of Miltiades. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 34.――A Roman, supported in prison by the milk of his daughter.――An Athenian, who wrote an account of the war of the Amazons against his country.

Cinæthon, an ancient poet of Lacedæmon, &c. See: Cinethon.

Cinaradas, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Cincia lex, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. Livy, bk. 34, ch. 4.

Lucius Quinctius Cincinnātus, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by the Volsci and Æqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office, and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned against Præneste as dictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate. He flourished about 460 years before Christ. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 26.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 4.—Pliny, bk. 18, ch. 3.

Lucius Cincius Alimentus, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.――Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia lex.

Cineas, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every senator and knight by his name. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 24.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 9, ltr. 25.――A king of Thessaly. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 63.――An Athenian, &c. Polyænus, bk. 2, ch. 32.

Cinesias, a Greek poet of Thebes in Bœotia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athenæus.

Cinethon, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 18.

Cinga, now Cinea, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean mountains into the Iberus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 21.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 1, ch. 48.

Cingetŏrix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 3.――A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæsar’s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 5, ch. 22.

Cingŭlum, now Cingoli, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingulani. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 13.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Silius Italicus, bk. 10, li. 34.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 7, ltr. 11.

Ciniātā, a place of Galatia.

Cinithii, a people of Africa.

Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him, at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Cæsar, and became mother of Julia. Plutarch, Caius Marius, Pompey, & Sulla.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 822.—Appian, Civil Wars, bk. 1.—Florus, bk. 3, ch. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.—Plutarch, Cæsar.――One of Cæsar’s murderers.――Caius Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with Cæsar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cæsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of Cinyras. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio Cassius.—Seneca, de Clementia, ch. 9.――A town of Italy, taken by the Romans from the Samnites.

Cinnadon, a Lacedæmonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristotle.

Cinnămus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 63.

Cinniana, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens. Valerius Maximus, bk. 6, ch. 4.

Cinxia, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.

Cinyps and Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 312.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 198.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Martial, bk. 7, ltr. 94.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15, li. 755.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 787.

Ciny̆ras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Crœsus, became proverbial. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 10, fable 9.—Plutarch, Parallela minora—Hyginus, fables 242, 248, &c.――A son of Laodice. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 9.――A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A Ligurian, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cios, a river of Thrace. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――A commercial place of Phrygia.――The name of three cities in Bithynia.

Cippus, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 565.

Circæum, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people were called Circeienses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 248.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 799.—Livy, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to Æetes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called Ææa. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe’s potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by a herb called moly, which he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot his glory in Circe’s arms, and at his departure the nymph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. See: Scylla and Picus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 2; bk. 1, ode 17.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 8, li. 70; Æneid, bk. 3, li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.—Hyginus, fable 125.—Apollonius, bk. 4, Argonautica.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 956.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Circenses ludi, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days, beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 636.

Circius, a part of mount Taurus. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――A rapid and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in any other country. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 408.

Circum padani agri, the country around the river Po. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 35.

Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators. It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and Julius Cæsar introduced in it large canals of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.

Ciris, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 151.

Cirræatum, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young. Plutarch, Caius Marius.

Cirrha and Cyrrha, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus, where Apollo was worshipped. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 172.

Cirtha and Cirta, a town of Numidia. Strabo, bk. 7.

Cisalpīna Gallia, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side.

Cispadāna Gallia, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.

Cisrhenāni, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west of the Rhine. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 6, ch. 2.

Cissa, a river of Pontus.――An island near Istria.

Cissēis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.

Cissēus, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some authors. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 320.――A son of Melampus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 317.――A son of Ægyptus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cissia, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 49.

Cissiæ, some gates in Babylon. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 155.

Cissides, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist the Spartans, &c. Diodorus, bk. 15.

Cissoessa, a fountain of Bœotia. Plutarch.

Cissus, a mountain of Macedonia.――A city of Thrace.――A man who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cissusa, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. Plutarch, Lysander.

Cistenæ, a town of Æolia.――A town of Lycia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 18.

Cithæron, a king who gave his name to a mountain of Bœotia, situate at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses. Actæon was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 303.—Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Citharista, a promontory of Gaul.

Citium, now Chitti, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt Plutarch, Cimon.—Thucydides, bk. 1, ch. 112.

Cius, a town of Mysia. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Julius Civīlis, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 59.

Cizycum, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus. See: ♦Cyzicus.

Cladeus, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 7.

Clanes, a river falling into the Ister.

Clanis, a centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 379.

Clanius, or Clanis, a river of Campania. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 225.――Of Etruria, now Chiana. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 454.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1, ch. 79.

Clarus, or Claros, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes, after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 516.――An island of the Ægean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thucydides, bk. 3, ch. 33.――One of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 126.

Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strabo, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 32, ch. 29.――A village of Gaul. Plutarch, Marcellus.

Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides the honour of six triumphs. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 1.

Claudia, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honourably acquitted. Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Propertius, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.—Silius Italicus, bk. 17, li. 34.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 315; ex Ponto, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.――A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 62.――The wife of the poet Statius. Statius, bk. 3, Sylvæ, poem 5.――A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.――The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.――An inconsiderable town of Noricum. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 14.――A Roman road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid, bk. 1, ex Ponto, poem 8, li. 44.――A tribe which received its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.――Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cæcus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele’s temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, ch. 8.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 64.――Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 52.――Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.

Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus, A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.――Another, de usurâ, which forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.――Another, de negotiatione, by Quintus Claudius the tribune, A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have any vessel containing above 300 amphoræ, for fear of their engaging themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state.――Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. Livy, bk. 41, ch. 9.――Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Cæsar had carried to Novicomum. Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.

Claudiæ aquæ, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441. Eutropius, bk. 2, ch. 4.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Claudiānus, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman, 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1758.

Claudiopŏlis, a town of Cappadocia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 24.

Claudius I. (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia’s second son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, &c.—Dio Cassius, bk. 60.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 619.—Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.――The second emperor of that name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery, and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these words of the senate, addressed to him: Claudi Auguste, tu frater, tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps.――Nero, a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal, near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. Livy, bk. 27, &c.—Horace, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.—Suetonius, Tiberias.――The father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to Cæsar in the wars of Alexandria.――Pollos, an historian. Pliny the Younger, bk. 7, ltr. 51.――Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made them pass under the yoke. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.――Appius, an orator. Cicero, Brutus. See: Appius.――Appius Cæcus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was called Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. See: Appius. Livy, bk. 9, ch. 29.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 203.—Cicero, de Senectute, ch. 6.――A pretor of Sicily.――Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. See: Clodius.――Marcellus. See: Marcellus.――Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not eat. Livy, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.――Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He married Livia, the emperor’s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded in the empire by the name of Tiberius. See: Tiberius. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.――The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Livy.

Claviēnus, an obscure poet in Juvenal’s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.

Clavĭger, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a key. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 228.――Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 284.

Clausius, or Clusius, a surname of Janus.

Clausus, or Claudius, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.

Clazŏmĕnæ and Clazŏmĕna, now Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of the Ægean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 39.

Cleadas, a man of Platæa, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in the battle against Mardonius. Herodotus, bk. 9, ch. 85.

Cleander, one of Alexander’s officers, who killed Parmenio by the king’s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.――The first tyrant of Gela. Aristotle, Politics, bk. 5, ch. 12.――A soothsayer of Arcadia. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 83.――A favourite of the emperor Commodus, who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master’s confidence.

Cleandridas, a Spartan general, &c.――A man punished with death for bribing two of the Ephori.

Cleanthes, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. Strabo, bk. 13.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4, ch. 7.

Clearchus, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato’s pupils, during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power during 12 years, 353 B.C. Justin, bk. 16, ch. 4.—Diodorus, bk. 15.――The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.――A Lacedæmonian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes, who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate death. Diodorus, bk. 14.――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a treatise on tactics, &c. Xenophon.

Clearides, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. Thucydides, bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.

Clemens Romanus, one of the fathers of the church, said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.――Another of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various, elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is Potter’s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.――A senator who favoured the party of Niger against Severus.

Clementia, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.

Cleo, a Sicilian among Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.

Cleŏbis and Biton, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother’s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 47.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 4.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 31.—Plutarch, de Consolatio ad Apollonium.

Cleobūla, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phœnix.――A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 15.――A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.――Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to Ægeus.――The mother of Pithus. Hyginus, fables 14, 97, &c.

Cleobūlīna, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: “A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.” In this there is no need of an Œdipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cleobūlus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.—Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium.――An historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.――One of the Ephori. Thucydides.

Cleochares, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 13.

Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Cleodæus, a son of Hyllus. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7, ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus after his father’s death, but to no purpose.

Cleodamus, a Roman general under Gallienus.

Cleodēmus, a physician. Plutarch, de Convivium Septem Sapientium.

Cleodōra, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 6.――One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother’s pride. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cleogĕnes, a son of Silenus, &c. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 1.

Cleolāus, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who, upon the ill success of the Heraclidæ in Peloponnesus, retired to Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollodorus, bk. 2.

Cleomăchus, a boxer of Magnesia.

Cleomantes, a Lacedæmonian soothsayer. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cleombrŏtus, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother Agesipolis I. He made war against the Bœotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place. He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371. Diodorus, bk. 15.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 13.—Xenophon.――A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Agis & Cleomenes.――A youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato’s treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputations, bk. 1, ch. 34.—Ovid, Ibis, li. 493.

Cleomēdes, a famous athlete of Astypalæa, above Crete. In a combat at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypalæa, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, Ultimus heroum Cleomedes Astypalæus. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 9.—Plutarch, Romulus.

Cleomĕnes I., king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of Ægina, who had deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C. Herodotus, bks. 5, 6, & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.

Cleomĕnes II., succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 6.

Cleomĕnes III., succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance. He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achæans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Achæans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. Polybius, bk. 6.—Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Justin, bk. 28, ch. 4.

Cleomĕnes, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa. Curtius, bk. 4, ch. 8.――A man placed as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.――An historian.――A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.――A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was fond of gratifying. Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 12.――A Lacedæmonian general.

Cleon, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. Thucydides, bks. 3, 4, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――A general of Messenia, who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereignty.――A statuary. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 8.――A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.――An orator of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective. Cornelius Nepos & Plutarch, Lysander.――A Magnesian, who wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 4.――A Sicilian, one of Alexander’s flatterers. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 5.――A tyrant of Sicyon.――A friend of Phocion.

Cleōnæ and Cleona, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cleonæus. It was made a constellation. Statius, bk. 4, Sylvæ, poem 4, li. 28.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 417.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 32.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 15.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5.――A town of Phocis.

Cleōne, a daughter of Asopus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cleonīca, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 17.—Plutarch, Cimon, &c.

Cleonīcus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 45.

Cleonnis, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign power of his country. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 10.

Cleony̆mus, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his assistance, because Areus his brother’s son had been preferred to him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. Plutarch, Pyrrhus.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 3.――A general who assisted the Tarentines, and was conquered by Æmilius the Roman consul. Strabo, bk. 6.――A person so cowardly that Cleonymo timidior became proverbial.

Cleŏpăter, an officer of Aratus.

Cleŏpātra, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put to death. Diodorus, bk. 16.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 7.—Plutarch, Pyrrhus.――A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas, and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diodorus, bks. 16 & 20.—Justin, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13, ch. 6.――A harlot of Claudius Cæsar.――A daughter of Boreas. See: Cleobula.――A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus king of Ætolia. She married Meleager son of king Œneus. Homer, Iliad, bk. 9, li. 552.—Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 2.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A daughter of Amyntas of Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 44.――A wife of Tigranes king of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. Justin, bk. 38, ch. 3.――A daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.――A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor’s son, because he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink it herself, B.C. 120.――A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes, who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard it, he put her to death. Justin, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.――A queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted Cæsar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by him called Cæsarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded; Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony; and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into the conqueror’s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself, and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries. Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony’s absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, De medicamene faciei epistolæ eroticæ, and De morbis mulierum, have been falsely attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years, aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 11.—Appian, bk. 5, Civil Wars.—Plutarch, Pompey & Antonius.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.—Strabo, bk. 17.――A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.