A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 13)

A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius Cæsar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes to Syria. His conquests there.

A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.

A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Muræna. Pompey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and Aristobulus.

A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.

A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Cæsar.

A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius Cæsar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. Cæsar breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years.

A.U.C. 696. ♦Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of Cyprus. Successes of Cæsar in Gaul.

A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. Cæsar’s success and victories.

A.U.C. 698. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius Philippus. The triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus.

A.U.C. 699. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2. Crassus goes against Parthia. Cæsar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.

A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Great victories of Cæsar.

A.U.C. 701. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala. Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.

A.U.C. 702. Cnæus Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Quintus Cæcilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts of the Gauls crushed by Cæsar.

A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise of the jealousy between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 704. Lucius Æmilius Paulus; ♦Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between Cæsar and Pompey.

A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Cæsar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cæsar made dictator.

A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius Cæsar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. Cæsar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of Cæsar in Egypt.

A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and influence of Cæsar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.

A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius Cæsar 3; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus. Cæsar defeats Pompey’s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.

A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius Cæsar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c.

A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius Cæsar 5; Marcus Antonius. Cæsar meditates a war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against Cæsar, and murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power. The rise of Octavius.

A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus.

A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2. Great honours paid to the memory of Julius Cæsar. Brutus and Cassius join their forces against Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.

A.U.C. 714. Cnæus Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short duration.

A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus. Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their mutual alliance.

A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext. Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Augustus.

A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of Misenum.

A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death.

A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus.

A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another division of the provinces. Cæsar obtains the west, and Antony the east.

A.U.C. 721. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.

A.U.C. 722. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions between Augustus and Antony.

A.U.C. 723. Caius Cæsar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.

Consus, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called Consualia, during the celebration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. See: Consuales ludi. Plutarch, Romulus.—Ausonius, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, on Roman festivals, li. 19.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.

Consygna, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lascivious deportment. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.

Contadesdus, a river of Thrace. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 90.

Contubia, a town in Spain. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 17.

Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer, Iliad.

Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an island of the Ægean sea. See: Co.

Copæ, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 7.

Copais lacus, now Limne, a lake of Bœotia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent eels. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Cophas, a son of Artabazus. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 11.――A river of India. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cophontis, a burning mountain of Bactriana. Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 106.

Copia, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.

Copillus, a general of the Tectosagæ, taken by the Romans. Plutarch, Sulla.

C. Coponius, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. Cicero, bk. 1, de Divinatione, ch. 8.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 83.

Coprates, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Copreus, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenæ at the death of Iphitus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 5.

Coptus and Coptos, now Kypt, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.—Strabo, bk. 16.—Juvenal, satire 15, li. 28.

Cora, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. Lucan, bk. 7, li. 392.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 775.

Coracēsium and Coracensium, a maritime town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 20.

Coraconāsus, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Coraletæ, a people of Scythia. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 81.

Coralli, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 2, li. 37.

Coranus, a miser. See: ♦Nascia.

Coras, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 672.

Corax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 12; On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 20.—Aulus Gellius, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A king of Sicyon.――A mountain of Ætolia. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 30.

Coraxi, a people of Colchis. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 5.

Corbeus, a Gaul, &c. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 8, ch. 6.

Corbis and Orsua, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 21.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 11.

Corbŭlo Domitius, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, “I have well deserved this!” A.D. 66. His name was given to a place (Monumentum) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern Groningen. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 11, ch. 18.

Corcȳra, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively Drepane, Scheria, and Phæacia, and now bears the name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was called Corcyrean, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death. Ovid, Ibis, li. 512.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 5, &c.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 32.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Cordŭba, now Cordova, a famous city of Hispania Bætica, the native place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 62.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.—Cæsar, Alexandrine War, ch. 57.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cordyla, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cordylæ). Pliny, bk. 9, ch. 15.—Martial, bk. 13, ltr. 1.

Core, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called Coreia were instituted to her honour in Greece.

Coressus, a hill near Ephesus. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 100.

Corĕsus, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bœotia, who was deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which afterwards bore her name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 21.

Corētas, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. Plutarch, de Defectu Oraculorum.

Corfinium, now San Ferino, the capital of the Peligni, three miles from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 16.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 478.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 522.

Coria, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.

Corinna, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to Myrtis. Her father’s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 3.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 22.――A woman of Thespis, celebrated for her beauty.――Ovid’s mistress was also called Corinna. Amores, bk. 2, poem 6.

Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus.

Corinthiăcus sinus, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.

Corinthus, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corito, situated on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of Æolus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. Its original name was Ephyre; and it is called Bimaris, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since been known by the name of Corinthium Æs. This, however, appears improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of Corinthian brass afterwards stamped an extraordinary value on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the proverb of

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian,

to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much expense. Julius Cæsar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received the name of Corinthian war, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedæmon. Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the Lacedæmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power. Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 58.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 70.—Livy, bk. 45, ch. 28.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 16.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 240.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.—Pliny, bk. 34, ch. 2.—Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7, li. 106.—Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8, &c.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 15.—Cicero, Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 4, ch. 14; Against Verres, bk. 4, ch. 44; de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.――An actor at Rome. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 197.

Coriŏlānus, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward, the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily, Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators, and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia, and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their sense of Volumnia’s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female Fortune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however, displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plutarch, Parallel Lives.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 22.

Coriŏli and Coriolla, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence Coriolanus. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.—Plutarch.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Corissus, a town of Ionia.

Coritus. See: Corytus.

Cormasa, a town of Pamphylia. Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Cormus, a river near Assyria. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 14.

Cornēlia lex, de Civitate, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided among the 35 ancient tribes.――Another, de Judiciis, A.U.C. 673, by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process should not depend upon his will.――Another, de Sumptibus, by the same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests, which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people.――Another, de Municipiis, by the same, which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil wars.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, which gave the power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the state.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no person should exercise the same office within 10 years’ distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year.――Another, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law.――Another, de Majestate, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave. The punishment was, aquæ et ignis interdictio.――Another, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should give their verdict clam or palam, vivâ voce or by ballot.――Another, by the same, which made it aquæ et ignis interdictio to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence were deemed as guilty as the offender.――Another, de pecuniis repetundis, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the aquæ et ignis interdictio.――Another, by the same, which gave the power to such as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate, as was before observed.――Another, by the same, which ordained that the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those about Volaterræ and Fesulæ in Etruria, which Sylla divided among his soldiers.――Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people, A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their concurrence.――Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper satisfaction to the Roman people.

Cornēlia, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius Cæsar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey’s wife, and was so affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced a funeral oration over her body. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues. When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection with her. Plutarch, Pompey.――A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus, and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at Cornelia’s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, “These are the only jewels of which I can boast.” In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her, with this inscription, Cornelia mater Gracchorum. Some of her epistles are preserved. Plutarch, Gracchus.—Juvenal, satire 6, li. 167.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 4, ch. 4.—Cicero, Brutus, ch. 58; de Claris Oratoribus, ch. 58.――A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian’s age, as guilty of incontinence. Suetonius, Domitian.

Cornēlii, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.――Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had retired.――An officer of Sylla, whom Julius Cæsar bribed to escape the proscription which threatened his life.――Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention.――Cnæus, a man chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.――Balbus, a man who hindered Julius Cæsar from rising up at the arrival of the senators.――Cossus, a military tribune during the time that there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 19.――Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when accused.――A freedman of Sylla the dictator.――Scipio, a man appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.――Gallus, an elegiac poet. See: Gallus.――Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in the room of Cinna.――Marcellus, a man killed in Spain by Galba.――Cornelius Nepos, an historian. See: Nepos.――Merula, a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.――Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 12.――Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount Ætna, and on the death of Cicero. Quintilian, bk. 10, li. 1.――Thuscus, a mischievous person.――Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.――Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.――Cnæus and Publius Scipio. See: Scipio.――Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Livy.—Plutarch.—Valerius Maximus.—Tacitus.—Suetonius.—Polybius.—Cornelius Nepos, &c.

Cornicŭlum, a town of Latium. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cornificius, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with a poetical genius. Plutarch, Brutus.――A lieutenant of Julius Cæsar. Plutarch, Cæsar.――A friend of Cicero, and his colleague in the office of augur.

Cornĭger, a surname of Bacchus.

Cornūtus, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Persius, bk. 5, li. 36.――A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero. Cicero, bk. 10, ltr. 12.――A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and said it was their master. Plutarch, Marius.

Corœbus, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 37.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.――A courier of Elis, killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year has generally been called the first olympiad. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.――A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called Pœne, sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 43.

Corōna, a town of Messenia. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 5.

Coronēa, a town of Bœotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth, and Argos, B.C. 394. Cornelius Nepos, Agesilaus.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 34.—Diodorus, bk. 12.――A town of Peloponnesus,――of Corinth,――of Cyprus,――of Ambracia,――of Phthiotis.

Corōnis, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father’s resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called Æsculapius; and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a statue at Sicyon, in her son’s temple, which was never exposed to public view. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 26.――The daughter of Coronæus king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Neptune. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 543.――One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione.

Coronia, a town of Acarnania. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 102.

Corōnus, a son of Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 5.――A son of Phoroneus king of the Lapithæ. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corrhāgium, a town of Macedonia. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 27.

Corsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.

Corsia, a town of Bœotia. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 24.

Corsīca, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans, B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.—Strabo.—Martial, bk. 9, ltr. 27.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.—Ovid, Amores, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 9, li. 30.

Corsote, a town of Armenia.

Corsūra, an island in the bay of Carthage.

Cortōna, an ancient town of Etruria, called Corytum by Virgil. It was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.—Livy, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.

Corvīnus, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a crow, which assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.――An orator. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 36.――Messala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name.――One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 108.

Tiberius Coruncānius, the first plebeian who was made high priest at Rome.――The family of the Coruncanii was famous for the number of great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman republic. Cicero, On his House.

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 9.

Corybantes, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and ♦secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called Corybantica, in commemoration of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 37.—Diodorus, bk. 5.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.

Cory̆bas, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diodorus, bk. 5.――A painter, disciple to Nicomachus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Corybassa, a city of Mysia.

Cory̆bus, a promontory of Crete.

Corycia, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cōry̆cĭdes, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 320.

Corycius, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word Corycius implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had settled in Italy.

Cory̆cus, now Curco, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced excellent saffron. Horace, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.—Lucan, bk. 9, li. 809.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 12, ltr. 13.—Strabo, bk. 14.――Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.――Another at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. Statius, Thebiad, bk. 7.—Strabo, bk. 9.

Cory̆don, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.

Coryla and Coryleum, a village of Paphlagonia.

Cory̆na, a town of Ionia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 17.

Corymbĭfer, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 393.

Coryneta and Corynetes, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Plutarch, Theseus.

Coryphasium, a promontory of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 36.

Coryphe, a daughter of Oceanus. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Corythenes, a place of Tegea. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.

Corythus, a king of Corinth. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Corytus, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cortona, near which Dardanus was born. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.—Silius Italicus, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.

Cos, an island. See: Co.

Cosa and Cossa, or Cŏsæ, a town of Etruria. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 168.—Livy, bk. 22, ch. 11.—Cicero, bk. 9, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 6.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 1, ch. 34.

Cosconius, a Latin writer. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.――A wretched epigram writer. Martial, bk. 2, ltr. 77.

Cosingas, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. Polyænus, bk. 7, ch. 22.

Cosis, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. Plutarch, Pompey.

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Juvenal, satire 8.

Cossea, a part of Persia. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.――A Roman who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the Spolia Opima, A.U.C. 317. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 841.

Cossutii, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Cæsar’s wife, was descended. Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 1. One of the family was distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.

Costobœi, robbers in Galatia. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 34.

Cosȳra, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 567.

Cotes and Cottes, a promontory of Mauritania.

Cothon, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. Servius on Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 431.—Diodorus, bk. 3.

Cothonea, the mother of Triptolemus. Hyginus, fable 147.

Cŏtĭso, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 63.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.

Cotōnis, an island near the Echinades. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cotta Marcus Aurelius, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by Mithridates. He was surnamed Ponticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treachery. Plutarch, Lucullus.――An orator, greatly commended by Cicero, On Oratory.――A governor of Paphlagonia, very faithful to Sardanapalus. Diodorus, bk. 2.――A spendthrift in the age of Nero, &c. Tacitus.――An officer of Cæsar in Gaul.――A poet mentioned by ♦Ovid, Epistulæ ex Ponto.

Cottiæ Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Suetonius, Tiberius, ch. 37; Nero, ch. 18.

Cottus, a giant, son of Cœlus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 147.――A man among the Ædui. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Cotyæum, a town of Galatia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 32.――Of Phrygia.

Cotyæus, a surname of Æsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 19.

Cotylius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 41.

Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cotys, the father of Asia. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 45.――A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of Mæonia.――A king of Thrace. Cornelius Nepos, Iphicrates.――Another, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. Lucan, bk. 5, li. 54.――Another, king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to whom Ovid writes from his banishment. Tacitus, bk. 2, Annals, ch. 64.—Ovid, bk. 2, Epistulæ ex Ponto, ltr. 9.――A king of the Odrysæ. Livy, bk. 42, ch. 29.――A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bks. 11 & 13.――Another, who imagined he should marry Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent. Athenæus, bk. 12.

Cotytto, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called Cotyttia, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration. A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess ♦Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proserpine or Ceres. Horace, epode 17, li. 58.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 91.

Cragus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 645.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 21.

Crambūsa, a town of Lycia.

Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cranapes, a Persian, &c. Herodotus.

Cranaus, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 2.――A city of Caria. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Crane, a nymph. See: ♦Cara.――A town of Arcadia.

Craneum, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Diogenes Laërtius.

Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 30.

Cranon and Crannon, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia, where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander’s death. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.

Crantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. Diogenes Laërtius.――An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Demoleon. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 361.

Crassĭpes, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married Tullia, Cicero’s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 5.—Livy, bk. 38, ch. 42.

Lucius Crassitius, a man who opened a school at Rome. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians, ch. 18.

Crassus, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 19.――Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.――Marcus Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinna’s death he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour. When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon put an end to the war, and was honoured with an ovatio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cæsar. As his love of riches was more predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth. With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son’s death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army. Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive. Plutarch has written his life. Florus, bk. 3, ch. 11.――Publius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians. Plutarch, Crassus.――Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator, commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book On Oratory as the principal speaker.――A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæsar’s death.

Crastīnus, a man in Cæsar’s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3, ch. 29.

Cratais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 12, li. 124.

Cratæus, conspired against Archelaus, &c. Aristotle.

Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus.

Cratĕrus, one of Alexander’s generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the field, and wrote the history of Alexander’s life. He was greatly respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander’s death he subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321. He had received for his share of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes, ch. 2.—Justin, bks. 12 & 13.—Curtius, bk. 3.—Arrian.—Plutarch, Alexander.――A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cicero, bk. 12, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 13.—Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.――A painter whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.――An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.――A famous sculptor.

Crates, a philosopher of Bœotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters, whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetonius.――A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C. 165. Ælian, de Natura Animalium, bk. 17, ch. 9.――A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.――An Athenian comic poet.

Cratesiclēa, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. Plutarch, Cleomenes.

Cratesipŏlis, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8, ch. 58.

Cratesippĭdas, a commander of the Lacedæmonian fleet against the Athenians, &c. Diodorus, bk. 13.

Cratēvas, a general of Cassander. Diodorus, bk. 19.

Crateus, a son of Minos.

Crathis, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strabo, bk. 8.――Another in Magna Græcia, whose waters were supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that drank them. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 315.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.—Pliny, bk. 31, ch. 2.

Cratīnus, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of ♦97 years, B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4.—Quintilian.――A wrestler of an uncommon beauty. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 25.――A river of Asia. Pliny, bk. 37, ch. 2.

Cratippus, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught Cicero’s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher defended. Plutarch, Pompey.—Cicero, De Officiis, bk. 1.――An historian contemporary with Thucydides. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Craty̆les, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.

Crausiæ, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.

Crausis, the father of Philopœmen.

Crauxĭdas, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 8.

Crĕmĕra, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, li. 205.—Juvenal, satire 2, li. 155.

Cremides, a place of Bithynia. Diodorus, bk. 14.

Cremma, a town of Lycia.

Cremmyon and Crommyon, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a sow of uncommon bigness. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 435.

Cremni and Cremnos, a commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 2.

Cremōna, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 56.—Tacitus, Histories, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.

Cremōnis Jugum, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose, Annibal passed to enter Italy. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.

Cremutius Cordus, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of the Romans. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.—Suetonius, Augustus, ch. 35; Tiberius, ch. 60, Caligula, ch. 16.

Crenis, a nymph mentioned by Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 313.

Creon, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison. Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce’s fate. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.—Euripides, Medea.—Hyginus, fable 25.—Diodorus, bk. 4.――A son of Menœtius father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of Œdipus. At the death of Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [See: Sphinx] were intolerable, Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. Œdipus was happy in his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed, after their father’s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Hæmon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives. See: Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, Œdipus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 56, &c.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.—Statius, Thebiad.—Sophocles, Antigone.—Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes.—Hyginus, fables 67 & 76.—Diodorus, bks. 1 & 4.――The first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 8.

Creontiădes, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus.

Creŏphĭlus, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet’s master, &c. Strabo, bk. 14.――An historian. Athenæus, bk. 8.

Creperius Pollio, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debauchery. Juvenal, satire 9, li. 6.

Cres, an inhabitant of Crete.――The first king of Crete. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 53.

Cresa and Cressa, a town of Caria.

Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 44.

Cresphontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.

Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 70; bk. 8, li. 294.

Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 5.

Cresus and Ephesus, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Crēta, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that established themselves there. The island, after groaning under the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked their lucky days in their calendar. Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 10; epode 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 444; Epistles, bk. 10, li. 106.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 184.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 104.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cretæus, a poet mentioned by Propertius, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.

Crete, the wife of Minos. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A daughter of Deucalion. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 3.

Cretea, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some traditions. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 38.

Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 146.

Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed Æneas, and was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 774.――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 538.

Cretheis, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with Peleus son of Æacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar, Nemean, ch. 4.

Cretheus, a son of ♦Æolus father of ♥Æson, by Tyro his brother’s daughter. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.

Crethon, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by ♦Æneas. Homer, Iliad, bk. 5, li. 540.

Cretĭcus, a certain orator. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 67.――A surname of Marcus Antony’s father.

Cressas, a famous boxer. Pausanias, bk. 2.

Creūsa, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 335.――A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married Æneas, by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and Æneas could not recover her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to Æneas the calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the country. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 16.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, li. 562, &c.――A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was mother of Janus by Apollo.――A town of Bœotia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Creusis, a naval station of the Thespians. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 32.

Criăsus, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crinippus, a general of Dionysius the elder.

Crinis, a stoic philosopher. Diogenes Laërtius.――A priest of Apollo.

Crinīsus and Crimīsus, now Caltabellota, a river on the western parts of ♦Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated the Carthaginian forces. Cornelius Nepos, Timoleon.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus, Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon. See: Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring nymphs.

Crino, a daughter of Antenor. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 27.――One of the Danaides. Apollodorus.

Crison, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 23.

Crispīna, a Roman matron, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories, ch. 47.

Crispīnus, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt, was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman knighthood by Domitian. Juvenal, satire 1, li. 26.――A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.

Crispus Sallustius. See: Sallustius.――Virio, a famous orator. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.――The second husband of Agrippina.――Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made Cæsar by his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused, she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.

Crissæus sinus, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now the bay of Salona. It received its name from Crissa, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.

Critāla, a town of Cappadocia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 26.

Crithēis, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Herodotus, Life of Homer.

Crithōte, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Cornelius Nepos.

Critias, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished. He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.――A philosopher.――A man who wrote on republics.――Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.

Crito, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now lost. Diogenes Laërtius.――A physician in the age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.――An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight particular years of his life.――A Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia, of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Getæ, &c.

Critobūlus, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopylæ, between Antiochus and the Romans. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 20.――A physician in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 37.――A son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diogenes Laërtius, Crito.

Critodēmus, an ancient historian. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 76.

Critognātus, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when Cæsar was in Gaul. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Critolāus, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Achæans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, because he had been conquered at Thermopylæ by the Romans. Cicero, de Natura Deorum.――A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. Cicero, bk. 2, On Oratory.――An historian who wrote about Epirus.

Crius, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 13.――A man of Ægina, &c. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 50.――A river of Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 27.

Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia.

Crobyzi, a people of Thrace.

Crŏcăle, one of Diana’s attendants. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 3.

Croceæ, a town of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 21.

Crocodilopŏ1is, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 69.—Strabo, bk. 17.

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 283.

Crœsus, the fifth and last of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was the asylum of learning; and Æsop the famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crœsus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Crœsus undertook a war against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000 men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated, B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror’s hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, “Solon!” with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Crœsus repeated the conversation which he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he ordered Crœsus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Crœsus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.—Plutarch, Solon, bk. 8, ch. 24.—Justin, bk. 1, ch. 7.

Cromi, a people of Arcadia.

Cromītis, a country of Arcadia.

Crommyon and Cromyon, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7.—Xenophon.――A town near Corinth. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Cromna, a town of Bithyna.

Cromus, a son of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 1.――A son of Lycaon. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 3.

Cronia, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor.

Cronium, a town of Elis,――of Sicily.

Crophi, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 28.

Crossæa, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Crotălus, a navigable river of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honoured. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Crŏtōna, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great wrestlers. Democedes, Alcmæon, Milo, &c., were natives of this place. It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in being the place where Pythagoras established his school. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 47.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 96.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.—Justin, bk. 20, ch. 2.

Crotoniatæ, the inhabitants of Crotona. Cicero, de Inventione, bk. 2, ch. 1.

Crotoniatis, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital. Thucydides, bk. 7, ch. 35.

Crotopiădes, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.

Crotōpias, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotōpus, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Ovid, Ibis, li. 480.

Crotus, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 29.

Crunos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 2.

Crusis, a place near Olynthos.

Crustŭmĕrium and Crustumeria, a town of the Sabines. Livy, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 631.

Crustūmīnum, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence the adjective Crustumia. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 88.

Crustŭmium, Crustunus, and Crusturnenius, now Conca, a river flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 406.

Crynis, a river of Bithynia.

Crypta, a passage through mount Pausilypus. See: Pausilypus.

Cteătus, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. Pausanias, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Ctemene, a town of Thessaly.

Ctenos, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.

Ctesias, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king’s wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling’s edition of Herodotus. Strabo, bk. 1.—Athenæus, bk. 12.—Plutarch, Artaxerxes.――A sycophant of Athens.――An historian of Ephesus.

Ctesibius, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135 years B.C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsydra, or water clock. This invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which, by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra of Ctesibius. Vitruvius, On Architecture, bk. 9, ch. 9.――A cynic philosopher.――An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C., and died in his 104th year. Plutarch, Demosthenes.

Ctesĭcle, a general of Zacynthos.

Ctesidēmus, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 10.

Ctesilŏchus, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 11.

Ctesĭphon, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator Æschines, the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views. Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated oration still extant, and Æschines was banished. Demosthenes & Æschines, On the Crown.――A Greek architect, who made the plan of Diana’s temple at Ephesus.――An elegiac poet, whom king Attalus sat over his possessions in Æolia. Athenæus, bk. 13.――A Greek historian, who wrote a history of Bœotia, besides a treatise on trees and plants. ♦Plutarch, Theseus.――A large village of Assyria, now Elmodain, on the banks of the Tigris, where the kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the climate. Strabo, bk. 15.—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 26.

Ctesippus, a son of Chabrias. After his father’s death he was received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies. Plutarch, Phocion.――A man who wrote a history of Scythia.――One of the descendants of Hercules.

Ctimĕne, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 334.

Cularo, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopolis, and now Grenoble. Cicero, Letters to his Friends.

Cuma and Cumæ, a town of Æolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called Cumani. Strabo, bk. 13.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.――A city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cumæ, of Æolia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called Cumæi and Cumani. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the Cumæan Sibyl. See: Sibyllæ.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 712; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 158; Ex Ponto, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.—Cicero, De Lege Agraria contra Rullum, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 441.—Livy, bk. 4.—Ptolemy, bk. 3.—Strabo, bk. 5.

Cumānum, a country house of Pompey, near Cumæ. Cicero, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 10.――Another of Varro. Cicero, Academica, bk. 1, ch. 1.

Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,000 men, and the former’s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal care of the retreat. Plutarch, Artaxerxes.—Ctesias.

Cuneus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in the form of a wedge. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 22.

Capāvo, a son of Cycnus, who assisted Æneas against Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 186.

Cupentus, a friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 539.

Cupīdo, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes; and we find him in the Æneid putting on, at the request of his mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido’s court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, fable 10.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 121, &c.—Oppian, Halieutica, bk. 4.—Cynegetica, bk. 2.—Bion, Idylls, bk. 3.—Moschus.—Euripides, Hippolytus.—Theocritus, Idylls, poems 3, 11, &c.

Cupiennius, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 36.

Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8, li. 638.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 13.—Macrobius, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.

Curētes, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 151.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 282; Fasti, bk. 4, li. 210.

Curētis, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 136.

Curia, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curiæ. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called Curionia and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiones were elected by their respective Curiæ, and above them was a superior priest called Curio maximus, chosen by all the Curiæ in a public assembly.――The word Curia was also applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome, which more particularly claim our attention: Curia Hostilia, built by king Tullus Hostilius: Curia Pompeii, where Julius Cæsar was murdered; and Curia Augusti, the palace and court of the emperor Augustus.――A town of the Rhœti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons.

Curia lex, de Comitiis, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comitia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.

Curias. See: Curium.

Curiatii, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Florus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 24.

♦Caius Curio, an excellent orator, who called Cæsar in full senate, Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 21, ch. 7.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 49.—Cicero, Brutus.――His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Cæsar. He saved Cæsar’s life as he returned from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Florus, bk. 4, ch. 2.—Plutarch, Pompey & Cæsar, ch. 49.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 9, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 4, li. 268.

Curiosolitæ, a people among the Celtæ, who inhabited the country which now forms Lower Brittany. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 11.

Curium, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of Curias. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 113.

Curius Dentātus Marcus Annius, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers with contempt, and said. “I prefer my earthen pots to all your vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in poverty.” Plutarch, Marcus Cato.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 12, li. 41.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 15.――A lieutenant of Cæsar’s cavalry, to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, ♦bk. 1, ch. 24.

Curtia, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.

Curtīllus, a celebrated epicure, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 52.

Marcus Curtius, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods’ manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap, called afterwards Curtius lacus, had suddenly opened in the forum, and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself, mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which immediately closed over his head. Livy, bk. 7, ch. 6.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――Quintus Rufus. See: Quintus.――Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suetonius, Lives of the Grammarians.――Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4.――Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped. See: Marcus Curtius.――Fons, a stream which conveyed water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the city. Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Curūlis magistratus, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator, the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and therefore were called curules magistratus. The senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants of curule magistrates were called nobiles, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of notii, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles.

Cussæi, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephæstion. Plutarch, Alexander.

Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag.

Cutilium, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.—Seneca, Naturales quaestiones, bk. 3, ch. 25.—Livy, bk. 26, ch. 11.

Cyamosōrus, a river of Sicily.

Cyăne, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country. Plutarch, Parallela minora――A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Syracuse. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 5, li. 112.――A town of Lycia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 27.――An inn-keeper, &c. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 162.

Cyăneæ, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were sometimes called Symplegades and Planetæ. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 12.—Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 85.—Apollonius, bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.—Lycophron, li. 1285.—Strabo, bks. 1 & 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.

Cyanee and Cyanea, a daughter of the Mæander, mother of Byblis and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo’s son. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 9, li. 451.

Cyaneus, a large river of Colchis.

Cyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus.

Cyanippus, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. Plutarch, Parallela minora.――A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Cyaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B.C. 585. Diodorus, bk. 2.—Herodotus, bk. 1, chs. 73 & 103.――Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father’s dominions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. Xenophon, Cyropædia, bk. 1.

Cybēbe, a name of Cybele, from ♦κυβηβειν, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness.

Cybĕle, a goddess, daughter of Cœlus and Terra, and wife of Saturn. She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her father’s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation. In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears. This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions. See: Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. Augustine, City of God, &c.—Lactantius.—Lucian, De Syria Dea.—Diodorus, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 252.—Lucan, bk. 1, li. 566.—Ovid, Tristia, bk. 4, lis. 210 & 361.—Plutarch, de Garrulitate.—Cicero, Letters to Atticus.—Cælius, Rhodiginus, ♦bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.

Cybĕle and Cybela, a town of Phrygia. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Cybĕlus, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.

Cy̆bĭra, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.

Cybistria, a town of Cappadocia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15.

Cycesium, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.

Cychreus, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous serpent. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35.—Plutarch, Theseus.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 12.

Cyclădes, a name given to certain islands of the Ægean sea, those particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name (κυκλος, circulus). They were about 53 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their ancient and natural allies. Cornelius Nepos, Miltiades, ch. 2.—Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Ptolemy, bk. 3, ch. 15.—Strabo, bk. 10.—Dionysius Periegeta.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 64.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.—Silius Italicus, bk. 4, li. 247.

Cyclōpes, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of Cœlus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of the forehead; whence their name (κυκλος, circulus, ὠψ, oculus). They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king. See: Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity to mount Ætna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son Æsculapius had been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people, to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction or mythology. Apollodorus, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.—Homer, Odyssey, bks. 1 & 9.—Hesiod, Theogony, li. 140.—Theocritus, Idylls, poem 1, &c.—Strabo, bk. 8.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 170; Æneid, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.――A people of Asia.

Cycnus, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Hyginus, fables 31 & 261.—Hesiod, Shield of Heracles.――A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, fable 3.――A son of Hyrie, changed into a swan.――A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed into a swan. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 2, li. 367.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 189.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 30.――A horse’s name. Statius, bk. 6, Thebiad li. 524.

Cydas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. Cicero, Philippics, speeches 5 & 8.

Cydias, an Athenian of great valour, &c. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 21.――A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. Pliny, bk. 34.

Cydippe, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 165.――The mother of Cleobis and Biton. See: Cleobis.――A girl beloved by Acontius. See: Acontius.――One of Cyrene’s attendants. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 329.

Cydnus, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to the monarch. Curtius, bk. 3, ch. 4.—Justin, bk. 11, ch. 8.

Cydon, a friend of Turnus against Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 335.

Cydon and Cydonia, now Canea, a town of Crete, built by a colony from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 22.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 12, li. 858.—Silius Italicus, bk. 2, li. 109.—Livy, bk. 37, ch. 60.—Lucan, bk. 7, li. 229.

Cydonia, an island opposite Lesbos. Pliny, bks. 2 & 4.

Cydrara, a city of Phrygia. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 30.

Cydrolāus, a man who led a colony to Samos. Diodorus, bk. 5.

Cygnus. See: Cycnus.

Cylabus, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. ♦Plutarch, Pyrrhus.

Cylbiani, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cylices, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a monument in honour of Cadmus. Athenæus.

Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.

Cyllabaris, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Pausanias, Corinthia.

Cyllabărus, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.

Cyllărus, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 408.――A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castor, according to Seneca. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 90.

Cyllen, a son of Elatus. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.

Cyllēne, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8.――A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 23.――A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born there; hence his surname of Cylleneius, which is indiscriminately applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. Lucan, bk. 1, li. 663.—Horace, epode 13, li. 13.—Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 17.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 139.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 146; Ars Amatoria, bk. 3, li. 147.

Cyllēnēius, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain of Cyllene.

Cyllyrii, certain slaves at Syracuse. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 155.

Cylon, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 71.

Cyma, or Cymæ, the largest and most beautiful town of Æolia, called also Phriconis, and Phricontis, and Cumæ. See: Cumæ. Livy, bk. 37, ch. 11.—Cicero, Flaccus, ch. 20.—Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 149.

Cymodŏce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the Nereides. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 255.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 388.

Cymōlus and Cimōlus, an island of the Cretan sea. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 463.

Cymŏthoe, one of the Nereides, represented by Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which Æolus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.

Cynara, one of Horace’s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.

Cynægīrus, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet Æschylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth. Herodotus, bk. 6, ch. 114.—Justin, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Cynæthium, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Cynāne, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cynāpes, a river falling into the Euxine. Ovid, bk. 4, ex Ponto, ltr. 10, li. 49.

Cynaxa. See: Cunaxa.

Cyneas. See: Cineas.

Cynesii and Cynetæ, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 33.

Cynethussa, an island in the Ægean sea. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.

Cynia, a lake of Acarcania. Strabo, bk. 16.

Cynĭci, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian. They received this name à caninâ mordacitate, from their canine propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because, like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. Cicero, bk. 1, De Officiis, chs. 35 & 41.

Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 8.

Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 110.

Cynocephăle, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian war, B.C. 197. Livy, bk. 33, ch. 7.

Cynocephăli, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some traditions. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Cynophontis, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name ἀπο του κυνας φονειν, killing dogs, because they used to kill all the dogs they met.

Cynortas, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and Diomede. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Cynortion, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 27.

Cynos, a town of Locris.――Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion’s wife, was buried.

Cynosargres, a surname of Hercules.――A small village of Attica of the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their school. Herodotus, bks. 5 & 6.

Cynossēma (a dog’s tomb), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus, where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. Ovid, bk. 13, Metamorphoses, li. 569.