A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, ETC., ETC. (continued 12)

Cleopatris, or Arsinoe, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf.

Cleophănes, an orator.

Cleophanthus, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.

Cleŏphes, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as some suppose, she had a son. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 10.

Cleophŏlus, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.

Cleŏphon, a tragic poet of Athens.

Cleophȳlus, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer. Plutarch.

Cleopompus, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the Locrians, &c. Thucydides, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.――A man who married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 6.

Cleoptolĕmus, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage to Antiochus. Livy, bk. 36, ch. 11.

Cleŏpus, a son of Codrus. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Cleora, the wife of Agesilaus. Plutarch, Agesilaus.

Cleostrătus, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the Thespians, &c. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 26.――An ancient philosopher and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek calendar.

Cleoxĕnus, wrote a history of Persia.

Clepsy̆dra, a fountain of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Cleri, a people of Attica.

Clesides, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the artist.

Cleta and Phaenna, two of the Graces, according to some. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 18.

Clidēmus, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. Vossius, historicis græcis, bk. 3.

Climax, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow into the Mediterranean sea. Strabo, bk. 14.

Climĕnus, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.

Clinias, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before the christian era. Plutarch, Convivium Septem Sapientium—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 14, ch. 23.――A son of Alcibiades, the bravest man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 17.――The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of Coronea. Plutarch, Alcibiades.――The father of Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B.C. 263. Plutarch, Aratus.――A friend of Solon. Plutarch, Solon.

Clinippĭdes, an Athenian general in Lesbos. Diodorus, bk. 12.

Clinus of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. Diodorus, bk. 16.

Clio, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes she holds a plectrum or quill with a lute. Her name signifies honour and reputation (κλεος, gloria); and it was her office faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes. She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of Hymenæus and Ialemus, according to others. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 75.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.—Strabo, bk. 14.――One of Cyrene’s nymphs. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 4, li. 341.

Clisithera, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus, by whom she was murdered.

Clisthĕnes, the last tyrant of Sicyon. Aristotle.――An Athenian of the family of Alcmæon. It is said that he first established ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after restored. Plutarch, Aristotle.—Herodotus, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.――A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. Aristotle.――An orator. Cicero, Brutus, ch. 7.

Clitæ, a people of Cilicia. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 55.――A place near mount Athos. Livy, bk. 44, ch. 11.

Clitarchus, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.――An historian, who accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 5.

Clite, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband dead. Apollonius, bk. 1.—Orpheus.

Cliternia, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Clitodēmus, an ancient writer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 15.

Clitomăchus, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.――An athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 3, ch. 30.

Clitonymus, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.

Clitophon, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.

Clitor, a son of Lycaon.――A son of Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called after his name. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 4.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, Æsculapius, Ilythia, the Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is also in this town a fountain called Clitorium, whose waters gave a dislike for wine. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 15, li. 322.—Pliny, bk. 32, ch. 2.――A river of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 12.

Clitoria, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.

Clitumnus, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen white. Propertius, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 2, li. 146.—Pliny, bk. 2, ch. 103.

Clitus, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he had saved the king’s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. Justin, bk. 12, ch. 6.—Plutarch, Alexander.—Curtius, bk. 4, &c.――A commander of Polyperchon’s ships, defeated by Antigonus. Diodorus, bk. 18.――An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. Diodorus, bk. 18.――A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.――A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus.

Cloacīna, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloacæ. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the Cloacæ, whence the name. The Cloacæ were large receptacles for the filth and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacæ, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 48.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas, from whom the family of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.

Clodia, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness. Plutarch, Lucullus.――An opulent matron at Rome, mother of Decimus Brutus. Cicero, Letters to Atticus.――A vestal virgin. See: Claudia.――Another of the same family who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. Cicero, For Marcus Cælius.――A woman who married Quintus Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cœlius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. For Marcus Cælius.

Clodia lex, de Cypro, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king’s goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.――Another, de Magistratibus, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.――Another, de Religione, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.――Another, de Provinciis, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power. It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the public treasury.――Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gratis, as had been given them before at six asses and a triens the bushel.――Another, A.U.C. 695 by the same, de Judiciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people, and all the formalities of a trial.――Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people.――Another, to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws.――Another, to re-establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since his time abolished.

Clodii forum, a town of Italy. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Publius Clōdius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women’s clothes into the house of Julius Cæsar, whilst Pompeia, Cæsar’s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero’s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Plutarch, Cicero.—Appian on Cicero, bk. 2.—Cicero, for Milo & On his House.—Dio Cassius.――A certain author, quoted by Plutarch.――Licinius, wrote a history of Rome. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 22.――Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero’s age. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 1, ch. 7.――Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suetonius, Lives of the Rhetoricians.—Cicero, Philippics.

Clœlia, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 651.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.—Juvenal, satire 8, li. 265.――A patrician family descended from Clœlius, one of the companions of Æneas. Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Clœliæ fossæ, a place near Rome. Plutarch, Coriolanus.

Clœlius Gracchus, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.――Tullus, a Roman ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.

Clonas, a musician. Plutarch, de Musica.

Clonia, the mother of Nycteus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.

Clonius, a Bœotian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war. Homer, Iliad, bk. 2.――A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 749.――Another, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 574.

Clotho, the youngest of the three Parcæ, daughter of Jupiter and Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand, and spun the thread of life, whence her name (κλωθειν, to spin). She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered with a variegated robe. See: Parcæ. Hesiod, Theogony, li. 218.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Cluacīna, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape of the virgins. See: Cloacina.

Cluentius, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from Cloanthus, one of the companions of Æneas. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 122.—Cicero, For Aulus Cluentius.

Cluilia fossa, a place five miles distant from Rome. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.

Clŭpea and Cly̆pea, now Aklibia, a town of Africa Propria, 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact resemblance to a shield, clypeus. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 586.—Strabo, bk. 17.—Livy, bk. 27, ch. 29.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Clusia, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the ground unhurt. Plutarch, Parallela minora.

Clusīni fontes, baths in Etruria. Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.

Clusium, now Chiusi, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was a lake called Clusina lacus, which extended northward as far as Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into the sea at Pisa. Diodorus, bk. 14.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, lis. 167 & 655.

Clusius, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. Polybius, bk. 2.――The surname of Janus, when his temple was shut. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 130.

Cluvia, a noted debauchee, &c. Juvenal, satire 2, li. 49.

Cluvius Rufus, a questor, A.U.C. 693. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 56.――A man of Puteoli appointed by Cæsar to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ch. 7.

Clymĕne, a daughter of Oceanus and ♦Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Menœtius, and Epimetheus. Hesiod, Theogony.――One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter. Hyginus.――The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenopæus. Hyginus, fable 71.――A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus. Apollodorus, bk. 3.――A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius. Apollodorus, bk. 2.――The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 1, li. 756.――A Trojan woman. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 26.――The mother of Homer. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.――A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy, when she eloped with Paris. Ovid, Heroides, poem 17, li. 267.—Homer, Iliad, bk. 3, li. 144.

Clymeneĭdes, a patronymic given to Phaeton’s sisters, who were daughters of Clymene.

Clymĕnus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus, Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him, made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. Pausanias, bk. 9, ch. 37.――One of the descendants of Hercules, who built a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 21.――A son of Phoroneus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 35.――A king of Elis. Pausanias.――A son of Œneus king of Calydon.

Clysony̆mus, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 13.

Clytemnestra, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos. She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin Ægysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, Ægysthus made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy, and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution; Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra, whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra. After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married Ægysthus, and he ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven years, returned to Mycenæ, resolved to avenge his father’s murder. He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when Ægysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes, who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand. They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. See: Ægysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. Diodorus, bk. 4.—Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11.—Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 10.—Pausanias, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.—Euripides, Iphigeneia in Aulis.—Hyginus, fables 117 & 140.—Propertius, bk. 3, poem 19.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 4, li. 471.—Philostratus, Imagines, bk. 2, ch. 9.

Clytia, or Clytie, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole intrigue to her rival’s father. Apollo despised her the more for this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun in his course, as in pledge of her love. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, fable 3, &c.――A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by Tantalus.――A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Phœnix.――A daughter of Pandarus.

Clytius, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. Homer, Iliad, bk. 10.――A youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 325.――A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against the gods. Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 6.――The father of Pireus, who faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 15, li. 251.――A son of Æolus, who followed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 9, li. 744.――A son of Alcmæon the son of Amphiaraus. Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 17.

Clytus, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 11, li. 302.

Cnacadium, a mountain of Laconia. Pausanias, bk. 3, ch. 24.

Cnacălis, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in honour of Diana. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cnagia, a surname of Diana.

Cnemus, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against the Acarnanians. Diodorus, bk. 12.—Thucydides, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.

Cneus, or Cnæus, a prænomen common to many Romans.

Cnidinium, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.

Cnidus and Gnidus, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made by Praxiteles. Horace, bk. 1, ode 30.—Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 15.

Cnopus, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a colony, &c. Polyænus, bk. 8.

Cnossia, a mistress of Menelaus. Apollodorus, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Cnossus, or Gnossus, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 27.

Co, Coos, and Cos, now Zia, one of the Cyclades, situate near the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus. Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypalæa. It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen through, according to Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, fable 9. The women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon’s flocks through their territories. Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 101.—Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 11, ch. 23.—Propertius, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4, poem 2, li. 23.—Ovid, Ars Amatoria, bk. 2, li. 298.

Coamani, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Coastræ, and Coactræ, a people of Asia near the Palus Mæotis. Lucan, bk. 3, li. 246.

Cobares, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander. Curtius, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Cōcălus, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received Dædalus, when he fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of Cocalus destroyed him. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 8, li. 261.—Diodorus, bk. 4.

Cocceius Nerva, a friend of Horace and Mecænas, and grandfather to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.—Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 27.――An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still in being, the present cathedral of Naples.――A nephew of Otho. Plutarch.――A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 15, ch. 72.

Coccygius, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Pausanias, bk. 2, ch. 36.

Cocintum, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape Stilo.

Cocles Publius Horatius, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services. He had the use only of one eye, as Cocles signifies. Livy, bk. 2, ch. 10.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 650.

Coctiæ and Cottiæ, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus. Tacitus, Histories.

Cocȳtus, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from κωκυειν, to weep and to lament. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 38; bk. 4, li. 479; Æneid, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 17.――A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake.

Codanus sinus, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 13.

Codomănus, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.

Codrĭdæ, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head of several colonies. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 2.

Codropŏlis, a town of Illyricum.

Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclidæ made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 2.—Justin, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 7.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 6.――A man who, with his brothers, killed Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polyænus, bk. 6, ch. 49.――A Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. Virgil, Eclogues, poem 7.――Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb. Juvenal, satire 3, li. 203.

Cœcilus, a centurion. Cæsar, Civil War.

Cœla, a place in the bay of Eubœa. Livy, bk. 31, ch. 47.――A part of Attica. Strabo, bk. 10.

Cœlaletæ, a people of Thrace.

Cœlesyria and Cœlosyria, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was Damascus.――Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria which he obtained as his share when he divided his father’s dominions with Grypus, B.C. 112. Dionysius Periegetes.

Cœlia, the wife of Sylla. Plutarch, Sulla. The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended from Vibenna Cœles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus.

Cœlius, a Roman, defended by Cicero.――Two brothers of Tarracina accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the time of the murder. Valerius Maximus, bk. 8, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Cicero.――A general of Carbo.――An orator. Plutarch, Pompey.――A lieutenant of Antony’s.――Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Ticerius.――A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 69.――A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.――A hill of Rome. See: Cælius.

Cœlus, or Urānus, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of beauty. Hesiod, &c.

Cœnus, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 3.—Diodorus, bk. 17.

Cœrănus, a stoic philosopher. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 14, ch. 52.――A person slain by Ulysses. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 157.――A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. Homer, Iliad, bk. 17, li. 610.

Coes, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. Herodotus, bk. 5, chs. 11 & 38.

Coeus, a son of Cœlus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria, &c., by Phœbe. Hesiod, Theogony, lis. 135 & 405.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 279.――A river of Messenia, flowing by Electra. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 33.

Cogamus, a river of Lydia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Cogidūnus, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. Tacitus, Agricola, ch. 14.

Cohibus, a river of Asia, near Pontus.

Cohors, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men. It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes more and sometimes less.

Colænus, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 31.

Colaxias, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herodotus, bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.

Colaxes, a son of Jupiter and Ora. Flaccus, bk. 6, li. 48.

Colchi, the inhabitants of Colchis.

Colchis and Colchos, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arises the epithets of Colchus, Colchicus, Colchiachus, and Medea receives the name of Colchis. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 640.—Flaccus, bk. 5, li. 418.—Horace, bk. 2, ode 13, li. 8.—Strabo, bk. 11.—Ptolemy, bk. 5, ch. 10.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 13, li. 24; Amores, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.—Mela, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.

Colenda, a town of Spain.

Colias, now Agio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man’s foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 96.

Collatia, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 774.

Lucius Tarquinius Collatīnus, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banishment. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 9.――One of the seven hills of Rome.

Collīna, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 4, li. 871.――A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.

Collucia, a lascivious woman, &c. Juvenal, satire 6, li. 306.

Junius Colo, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 21.

Colōnæ, a place of Troas. Cornelius Nepos, bk. 4, ch. 3.

Colōne, a city of Phocis,――of Erythræa,――of Thessaly,――of Messenia.――A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.

Colōnia Agrippina, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne.――Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon.――Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Terrouen, in Artois.――Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara.――Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves.――Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.

Colōnos, an eminence near Athens, where Œdipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of Œdipus Coloneus to one of his tragedies.

Colŏphon, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strabo, bk. 14.—Pliny, bk. 14, ch. 20.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 3.—Tacitus, Annals, bk. 2, ch. 54.—Cicero, For Archias, ch. 8.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 6, li. 8.

Colosse and Colossis, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul’s epistles was addressed to it. Pliny, bk. 21, ch. 9.

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000l. English money.

Colotes, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. Pliny, bk. 35, ch. 8.――A disciple of Epictetus.――A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Plutarch.――A sculptor who made a statue of Æsculapius. Strabo, bk. 8.

Colpe, a city of Ionia. Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 29.

Colubraria, now Monte Colubre, a small island at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Columbra, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Tibullus, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 17.—Ælian, Varia Historia, bk. 1, ch. 15.

Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus, a native of Gades, who wrote, among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.

Columnæ Hercŭlis, a name given to two mountains on the extremest parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean. They were called Calpe and Abyla, the former on the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas.――Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. Odyssey, bk. 4, li. 351.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 11, li. 262.

Colūthus, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.

Colyttus, a tribe of Athens.

Comagēna, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the birthplace of Lucian. Strabo, bks. 11 & 17.

Comāna (a and orum), a town of Pontus. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 34.――Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona, where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred upon one of the royal family. Hirtius, Alexandrine War, ch. 66.—Flaccus, bk. 7, li. 636.—Strabo, bk. 12.

Comania, a country of Asia.

Comarea, the ancient name of Cape Comorin in India.

Comări, a people of Asia. Mela, bk. 1, ch. 2.

Comărus, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.

Comastus, a place of Persia.

Combabus, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.

Combe, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children, who had conspired to murder her. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 7, li. 382.

Combi, or Ombi, a city of Egypt on the Nile. Juvenal, satire 15, li. 35.

Combrēa, a town near Pallene. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 123.

Combutis, a general under Brennus. Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 22.

Comētes, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. Flaccus, bk. 1, li. 356.――One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 12, li. 284.――A son of Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 45.――One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of Persia. Justin, bk. 1, ch. 9.――An adulterer of Ægiale.――A son of Orestes.

Cometho, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death by Amphitryon for her perfidy. Apollodorus, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Quintus Cominius, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses against Tiberius. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 4, ch. 31.

Comitia (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived from Comitium, the place where they were convened, quasi a cum eundo. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some consularia, for the election of the consuls; others prætoria, for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally known by the name of Comitia, Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa. The Curiata was when the people gave their votes by curiæ. Centuriata were not convened in later times. See: Centuria. Another assembly was called Comitia Tributa, where the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues. If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is called morbus comitialis. After the custom of giving their votes vivâ voce had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which were the letters U. R., that is, uti rogas, be it as is required; on the other was an A., that is, antiquo, which bears the same meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid it; the old law is preferable. If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.’s, the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called majores magistratus; to whom one of the minores magistratus was added, the tribune of the people.

Comius, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius Cæsar, for his services. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 21.

Commagēne. See: Comagena.

Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus, son of Marcus Antoninus, succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature, he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion’s skin, and armed his hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate, he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. Herodian.

Commoris, a village of Cilicia. Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 15, ltr. 4.

Comon, a general of Messenia. Pausanias, bk. 4, ch. 26.

Compĭtālia, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims; but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they enjoyed their freedom. Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 5, li. 140.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 4.

Compsa, now Consa, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of Vesuvius.

Compustus, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis. Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 109.

Compusa, a town of Bithynia.

Comum, now Como, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards called Novo Comum by Julius Cæsar, who transplanted a colony there, though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the younger Pliny. Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 18.—Livy, bk. 34, chs. 36 & 37.—Suetonius, Julius, ch. 28.—Pliny the Younger, bk. 1, ltr. 3.—Cicero, Letters to his Friends, bk. 13, ltr. 35.

Comus, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments. During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other’s dress. He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling. He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side. Philostratus, bk. 2, Imagines.—Plutarch, Quæstiones romanæ.

Concăni, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed with horses’ blood. Their chief town, Concana, is now called Sanlinala, or Cangas de Onis. Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 463.—Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 361.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 34.

Concerda, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.

Concordia, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the peace and union of families and citizens. Plutarch, Camillus.—Pliny, bk. 33, ch. 1.—Cicero, On his House.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.

Condate, a town of Gaul, now Rennes (Rhedonum urbs), in Britany.

Condlaus, an avaricious officer, &c. Aristotle, Politics.

Condivicnum, a town of Gaul, now Nantes, in Britany.

Condochātes, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.

Condrūsi, a people of Belgium, now Condrotz, in Liege. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 4, ch. 6.

Condy̆lia, a town of Arcadia. Pausanias, bk. 8, ch. 23.

Cone, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the same as the insula Conopôn of Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 200.

Conetōdūnus and Cotuatus, two desperate Gauls, who raised their countrymen against Rome, &c.—Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 7, ch. 3.

Confluentes, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now Coblentz.

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.

Congēdus, a river of Spain. Martial, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.

Coniăci, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Conimbrĭca, a town of Spain, now Coimbra of Portugal.

Conisaltus, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as Priapus at Lampsacus. Strabo, bk. 3.

Coniscī, a people of Spain.

Connīdas, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians instituted a festival called Connideia. It was then usual to sacrifice to him a ram. Plutarch, Theseus.

Conon, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a naval battle by Lysander, near the Ægospotamos. He retired in voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement, where Pisander, the enemy’s admiral, was killed. By his means the Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted to recover Ionia and Æolia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus.—Plutarch, Lysander & Artaxerxes.—Isocrates.――A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen’s locks, which had been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared, were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and flourished 247 B.C. Catullus, poem 67.—Virgil, Eclogues, poem 3, li. 40.――A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius Cæsar, who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved by Photius.――There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the same name.

Consentes, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word signifies as much as consentientes, that is, who consented to the deliberations of Jupiter’s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has briefly expressed in these lines:

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,

Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.

Varro, de Re Rustica

Consentia, now Cosenza, a town in the country of the Brutii. Livy, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.—Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, bk. 1, ch. 3.

Considius Æquus, a Roman knight, &c. Tacitus.――Caius, one of Pompey’s adherents, &c. Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 2, ch. 23.

Consilinum, a town of Italy. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Constans, a son of Constantine. See: Constantius.

Constantia, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married the emperor Gratian.

Constantīna, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.――Another of the imperial family.

Constantinopŏlis, now Stamboul, formerly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great, and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, Roma nova, on account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May, 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors, and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved. This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor, munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in Europe.

Constantīnus, surnamed the Great, from the greatness of his exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius, his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this inscription, ἐν τουτῳ νικα, in hoc vince. From this circumstance he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory, ever after adopting a cross or abarum as his standard. After the death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius, who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it by his own name, Constantinopolis. Thither he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence, and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine, a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians, and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths, and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate. Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion, was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the provinces of Rhætia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius, the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D. 353, punished his brother’s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent emperor by his soldiers.――The name of Constantine was very common to the emperors of the east, in a later period.――A private soldier in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.――A general of Belisarius.

Constantius Chlorus, son of Eutropius and father of the great Constantine, merited the title of Cæsar, which he obtained by his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York, and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.――The second son of Constantine the Great. See: Constantinus.――The father of Julian and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.――A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded by his son Valentinian in the west.――One of the servants of Attila.

Consuāles Ludi, or Consuālia, festivals at Rome in honour of Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival, when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however, that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned with garlands and flowers. Ausonius, bk. 69, li. 9.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 199.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus.

Consul, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of one year. There were two consuls, a consulendo, annually chosen in the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen; but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius. It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be 43 years of age, called legitimum tempus. He was always to appear at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius, Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people, and ♦misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their office was the prætexta, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga picta or palmata. They were preceded by 12 lictors, carrying the fasces, or bundle of sticks, in the middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the fasces by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude. While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children, and he was generally called consul major or prior. As their power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors; and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the name of the consuls, and by Marcus Tullius Cicerone & L. Antonio Consulibus, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood. This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called scipio eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city, arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors. Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot, by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12 lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival of their successor. At their return they harangued the people, and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three months by Julius Cæsar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of January denominated the year, and were called ordinarii. Their successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of suffecti. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship, and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year. Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted them to be a whole year in office.――Here is annexed a list of the consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls was totally extinguished.

The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C. 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus. Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins, and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and the Capitol was dedicated.

A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and Clœlia.

A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.

A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over the Sabines.

A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the Sabines continued.

A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.

A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of Publicola.

A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.

A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of slaves at Rome.

A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.

A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus Æbutius Elva.

A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Clœlius. War with the Latins.

A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.

A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regillæ.

A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.

A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people retired to Mons Sacer.

A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.

A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.

A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.

A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2. Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.

A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make declarations of war.

A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife, and dies.

A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires to tyranny.

A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned, and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 270. Lucius Æmilius; Cæsio Fabius. The Æqui and Volsci defeated.

A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.

A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the Æqui.

A.U.C. 273. Cæsio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the Æqui and Veientes.

A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cnæus Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.

A.U.C. 275. Cæsio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii to the river Cremera.

A.U.C. 276. Lucius Æmilius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued against the neighbouring states.

A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of the 300 Fabii.

A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.

A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.

A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years granted to the Veientes.

A.U.C. 281. Lucius Æmilius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.

A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.

A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed against the Æqui.

A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius Æmilius. Appius is cited to take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.

A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.

A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 287. Tiberius Æmilius 2; Quintus Fabius.

A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.

A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens in Rome.

A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.

A.U.C. 291. Lucius Æbutius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.

A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.

A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, and seditions.

A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his farm.

A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the Romans amount to 132,049.

A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged in his camp by the Æqui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator, delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days after his election.

A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the Æqui and Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.

A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.

A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.

A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.

A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.

A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.

A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c. The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with consular power.

A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence. Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year. Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the rest of the Decemvirs are banished.

A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.

A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.

A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The Æqui and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.

A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.

A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius; Lucius Atilius; Titus Clœlius. They abdicated three months after their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.

A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus 5. The censorship instituted.

A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius Æbutius Cornicen.

A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A famine at Rome. Mælius attempts to make himself king.

A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.

A.U.C. 316. Mamercus Æmilius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal spoils called Opima.

A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.

A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.

A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the censorship limited to 18 months.

A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius Fidenas. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls. A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator Posthumius.

A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.

A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.

A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.

A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.

A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victory over the Veientes.

A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus; Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.

A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.

A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.

A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus; Caius Servilius.

A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.

A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.

A.U.C. 340. Cnæus Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army.

A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic seditions.

A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.

A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 344. Mamercus Æmilius; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time questors.

A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cnæus Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.

A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The siege of Veii begun.

A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.

A.U.C. 351. Manlius Æmilius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin to receive pay.

A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.

A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c. A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.

A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.

A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.

A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.

A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.

A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to remove to Veii.

A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the Romans.

A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected.

A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the censors dies.

A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march towards Rome.

A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls.

A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, Æqui, and Tuscans.

A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas; Lucius Julius Iulus.

A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cnæus Sergius; Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.

A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.

A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus; Marcus Furius ♦Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.

A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.

A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.

A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.

A.U.C. 375. Cnæus Manlius, &c.

A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 377. Lucius Æmilius, &c.

A.U.C. 378. For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or military tribunes elected, but only for that time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo, tribunes of the people.

A.U.C. 379.

A.U.C. 380.

A.U.C. 381.

A.U.C. 382.

A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.

A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.

A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.

A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes.

A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c. The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians.

A.U.C. 388. Lucius Æmilius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian; consuls. The offices of pretor and curule ædile granted to the senate by the people.

A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.

A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.

A.U.C. 391. Cnæus Genucius; Lucius Æmilius.

A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii manes.

A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle.

A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.

A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Manlius.

A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.

A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cnæus Manlius 2.

A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius Lænas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.

A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2; both of patrician families.

A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.

A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.

A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.

A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.

A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius Lænas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.

A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.

A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius Lænas 4. Corvus was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage.

A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius Pætilius.

A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.

A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of the Campanians. They obtained a victory.

A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.

A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus.

A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.

A.U.C. 415. Tiberius Æmilius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.

A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius Mænius. The Latins conquered.

A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius Ælius Pætus. The pretorship granted to a plebeian.

A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Cæso Duillius.

A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.

A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius Pætilius Libo.

A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cnæus Domitius.

A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.

A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 425. Lucius Æmilius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.

A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.

A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.

A.U.C. 428. Caius Pætilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.

A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Scæva. The dictator Papirius ♦Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him.

A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.

A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.

A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2. Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade at Caudium.

A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.

A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.

A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.

A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius Æmilius Barbula.

A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.

A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.

A.U.C. 440. Marcus Pætilius; Caius Sulpicius.

A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.

A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.

A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus Æmilius Barbula 2.

A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.

A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.

A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.

A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.

A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.

A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.

A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The Æqui conquered.

A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.

A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus Æmilius.

A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.

A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood made common to the plebeians.

A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius Pætinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cnæus Fulvius.

A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars against the Samnites.

A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etrurians and Samnites.

A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the Romans obtain a victory.

A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.

A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Scæva. Victory over the Samnites.

A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. Æsculapius brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.

A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.

A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus Cædicius Noctua.

A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.

A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.

A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius Ælius Pætus.

A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius Cænina; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus.

A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; Cæcilius Metellus. War with the Senones.

A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cnæus Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated.

A.U.C. 472. Qelius Æmilius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.

A.U.C. 473. Lucius Æmilius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum.

A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius Lævinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers the consul Lævinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found.

A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus.

A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus Æmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage renewed.

A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken.

A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.

A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.

A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.

A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius Cænina 2. An embassy from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.

A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum surrenders.

A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.

A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cnæus Cornelius.

A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time.

A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.

A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally.

A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.

A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The number of the questors doubled to eight.

A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first instituted.

A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana.

A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.

A.U.C. 494. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius.

A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.

A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus. The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.

A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cnæus Cornelius Blasio.

A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus Cædicius. At the death of Cædicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa.

A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius Pætinus Nobilior; Marcus Æmilius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 500. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.

A.U.C. 501. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Sempronius Blæsus. The Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas.

A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.

A.U.C. 503. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover their power by sea.

A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most excruciating torments.

A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.

A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.

A.U.C. 507. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252,222.

A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.

A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.

A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Blæsus.

A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by individuals at Rome.

A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Ægates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.

A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount to 260,000.

A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.

A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.

A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto. The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.

A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against Antiochus Theos.

A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.

A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa, about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.

A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.

A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.

A.U.C. 522. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.

A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The first divorce known at Rome.

A.U.C. 524. Marcus Æmilius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the Illyrians.

A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. The building of new Carthage.

A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.

A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two new pretors added to the other pretors.

A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of battle 770,000 men.

A.U.C. 529. Lucius Æmilius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near Telamon.

A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2. The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.

A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.

A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called opima.

A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.

A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.

A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. War with Illyricum.

A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus. Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Trebia, by Annibal.

A.U.C. 537. Cnæus Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of Cnæus Scipio in Spain.

A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannæ. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.

A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio.

A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.

A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3. The siege of Syracuse continued.

A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province. Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain.

A.U.C. 543. Cnæus Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain with proconsular power.

A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius Lævinus 2. The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young Scipio.

A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated.

A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into Annibal’s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.

A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus Cæcilius. Scipio obtains a victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans.

A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.

A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome.

A.U.C. 551. Cnæus Servilius Cæpio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate.

A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.

A.U.C. 553. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Ælius Pætus. Peace granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.

A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedonians.

A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The Macedonian war continued.

A.U.C. 556. Sextus Ælius Pætus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius.

A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.

A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian games.

A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato’s victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.

A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal flies to Antiochus.

A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.

A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cnæus Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them.

A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio. The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.

A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Lælius. The fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated by Scipio.

A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cnæus Manlius Vulso. War with the Gallogrecians.

A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator. Antiochus dies.

A.U.C. 567. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians reduced.

A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus. The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.

A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.

A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.

A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. Gauls invade Italy.

A.U.C. 572. ♦Cnæus Bæbius Tamphilus; Lucius Æmilius Paulus. Death of Philip.

A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus Bæbius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.

A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Celtiberians defeated.

A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.

A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.

A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The Istrians defeated.

A.U.C. 578. Cnæus Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius Spurinus.

A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus Æmilius Lepidus 2.

A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Scævola.

A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius Lænas; Publius Ælius Ligur. War declared against Perseus.

A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.

A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio. The campaign in Macedonia.

A.U.C. 586. Lucius Æmilius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.

A.U.C. 587. Quintus Ælius Pætus; Marcus Junius Pennus.

A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.

A.U.C. 589. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.

A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.

A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.

A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus. Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.

A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.

A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.

A.U.C. 595. Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.

A.U.C. 596. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Popilius Lænas.

A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius Cæsar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalmatians.

A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.

A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.

A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain.

A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.

A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.

A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. Carthage besieged.

A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.

A.U.C. 608. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.

A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius Æmilianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.

A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.

A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus.

A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cnæus Servilius Cæpio.

A.U.C. 614. Caius Lælius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. The wars with Viriatus.

A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius Lænas; Cnæus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus. The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.

A.U.C. 617. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars against Numantia.

A.U.C. 618. ♦Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.

A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.

A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Scævola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi. Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.

A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius Lænas; Publius Rupillus.

A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census are found 313,823 citizens.

A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.

A.U.C. 626. Cnæus Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.

A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt of slaves in Sicily.

A.U.C. 628. ♦Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.

A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hypsæus; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.

A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; ♦Caius Sextius Calvinus.

A.U.C. 631. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.

A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus. The seditions of Caius Gracchus.

A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.

A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 635. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.

A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.

A.U.C. 637. Lucius Cæcilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Scævola.

A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.

A.U.C. 639. Marcus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Æmilius Scaurus.

A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.

A.U.C. 641. Caius Cæcilius Metellus; Cnæus Papirius Carbo.

A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans declare war against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by ♦Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.

A.U.C. 645. Quintus Cæcilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.

A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus. Metellus continues the war.

A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigour by Marius.

A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius Cæpio. Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the lieutenant of Marius.

A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; ♦Cnæus Mallius Maximus. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones.

A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain.

A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri defeated in Spain.

A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius.

A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.

A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus.

A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously recalled.

A.U.C. 656. ♦Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.

A.U.C. 657. Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.

A.U.C. 658. Cnæus Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.

A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Scævola. Seditions of Norbanus.

A.U.C. 660. Caius Cœlius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.

A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.

A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome.

A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius Cæsar. The allies prepare to revolt.

A.U.C. 664. ♦Lucius Julius Cæsar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with the Marsi.

A.U.C. 665. Cnæus Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.

A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.

A.U.C. 667. Cnæus Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.

A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cnæus Papirius Carbo. The Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.

A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithridates.

A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.

A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cnæus Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla, who makes himself dictator.

A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cnæus Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa.

A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus Pius. War against Mithridates.

A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dictatorship.

A.U.C. 676. Marcus Æmilius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla dies.

A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus Æmilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain.

A.U.C. 678. Cnæus Octavius; ♦Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius defeated.

A.U.C. 679. ♦Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered by Perpenna.

A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.

A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius ♦Longinus. The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.

A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cnæus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.

A.U.C. 683. Cnæus Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.

A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cnæus Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to above 900,000.

A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of Parthia.

A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius Cæcilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.

A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates.

A.U.C. 688. Manius Æmilius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the enemy.

A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success of Pompey in Asia.