APPENDIX. (continued 4)
Reading edition
Nebek-tree (zizyphus), ferkénnish.
Nebek-fruit, tabákkat; pl. tibakkáten.
Siwák, ⎱ ⎰ Capparis sodata, téshak. El irák,
Root of siwák, éke-n-téshak.
Dúm-bush (sgillem), akōf.
Dúm-palm, tagait.
Fruits of dúm-palm, tibélkukawēn.
Seed of dúm-palm, tibargárrarēn.
Date-tree, tashdait.
Date, téheni.
Date-stone, egeft.
Deléb (Borassus flabelliformis?), tekúkat; pl. tekúkatēn.
Herbage, ⎰ ⎱ fresh, téshe. dry, téshe yekōr.
Pennisetum distichum (eníti) úzak.
Hád, tashăret.
Talubbút, teliggít.
Bú rékkeba (Panicum colonum), arárfasú.
Young, tender herbage, ínghalas.
Reed, kógeri.
Knot of reed, tekárdofēn-n-kógeri.
Pennisetum typhoïdeum (héni), éneli.
Sorghum (sába), ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ white, abórak. red, kelénki. black, síbi.
Bran, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ tellúmt. dú. ábid.
Ear of the corn, tégenit.
Seeds of the corn, tezawēn.
The large seeds (?), igénshiten.
The small seeds (?), isemaráten.
Crops about to come forth from the ground, sibbergábelagh áfagh.
Corn of all kinds, alūn.
Various species of kréb (Pòa), ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ asáka. asralt (asghalt?). táshit. téjebalt.
Rice, táfakat.
Wheat, elkáme. (Arab.)
Barley, farkasúbu.
Cucurbita melopepo (el hadésh), beráberá.
Water-melon, kaukáune.
Onion, takhfar; pl. tékhfaren.
Cotton, takerókerit; pl. tíkurukarēn.
Indigo, síggeni.
Nymphæa lotus, kalókaló.
Endairi, tikíndi.
Senna (fálajít), abellenját.
Saffron, tenármet.
Æsclepias gigantea (turja), túrsha; pl. túrshawēn.
Colocynth, lému.
Bundle (bawíye), bánguru; pl. bangurúten.
Two small bundles, ákas.
Tame animals, erezégen.
Camel, ámenis; pl. ímmenās.
She-camel, tólamt.
Herd of camels, tólemīn.
An active camel (ʿomali), errígga.
Old camel, ʿamál.
Young camel, ⎰ ⎱ áwara. álagód.
Herd of 100 head of camels or cattle ⎰ ⎱ wuásigen. témedent.
Ox, asau; pl. eswanen (Hausa, sah, pl. sanu).
Cow, tas; pl. ⎰ ⎱ híwan. (Tademekket.) shítan. (Awelimmid.)
Fattened cow, not bearing young, tamzak.
Ox of burden, audis; pl. audísen. (pl. sanu).
Bullock, amáke.
Calf, ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ ések. éhedel. alóki; pl. ilókian. abárkau. ilíngeya; pl. ilingéyaten.
All kinds of animals for riding, sawát; pl. sawáten.
Horse (common good horse), aïs; pl. íyesan.
Horse of excellent qualities, (aïs) anákfōr (brave?).
Horse of inferior qualities, ibégge.
A favourite horse, tásenit (well known?).
This is my favourite horse; I do not allow anybody to mount it, wādagh tásenítin; war ikbélagh ateténne awādem.
Nag, ⎰ ⎱ afákkarem. kókorō.
Horse of peculiar colour, ashúlag.
Grey horse, with spots of brown, amúlas.
Other variety, áderi.
Grey, ágelán.
Grey, with a shade of green, idémmi.
Brown horse, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ áharas. átelak. aïs neggōr.
Horse with white feet, aïs wá-n-ásabōr.
Mare, tábagōt (fem. of ibegge?).
Foal, áhogi.
Filly, táhogít.
Ass, íshed; pl. íshedan. [Ghad., azīd; Ben Mūsa’s Temght, ahīd.]
Female ass, teshéd.
Full grown ass, ázar [azagh?] Hausa, saki.
Full grown female ass, tázaut, tézaght.
Old male ass, adánki.
Young of ass, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ temainúk. ahólil; fem. tahólilt. tamay.
Sheep, tekhse, pl. ⎰ ⎱ tíhatēn. téheli.
Sheep with long wool, tikíndemēn.
Young of sheep, ⎰ ⎱ kíruwan; pl. kíruwatēn. ajaímara; pl. ajaímarátin.
Ram, ábbegug; pl. íbbegān.
He-goat, ashólak.
She-goat, tághat; pl. ulli.
Dog, édi; pl. íyedan.
Cat, mús.
Mice, akōr.
Field-mice, adō.
Fáret el khél, araránga.
Rat, irállen.
Wild animals, ⎰ ⎱ temáregesht. tiwaksēn, táwakast.
Lion, ⎰ ⎱ éher; pl. éheran. éwukshan.
Young of lion, aledásh.
Surnames of lion, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ bubánti. budegaye. intende.
Leopard, awáshit, elwáshil.
Surnames of leopard, ⎰ ⎱ ashebógel. gérrier.
Hyena, arídal.
Surnames of hyena, ⎰ ⎱ énadár. erkínni.
Jackal, ebég; pl. ebeggán.
Surnames of jackal, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ intainót. intaine sóso. intangrén.
Elephant, élu; pl. éluan.
Giraffe, amdar; pl. imídderen.
Erkemím (buffalo), asaráke.
Lymhe, Leucoryx, ashamál; pl. íshemál.
Úrik, antelope, ésham.
Urkíye, the female, tésham; túrik.
Ar, other antelope, agíngara.
Oryx, téderít; pl. tederáten.
Other species of antelope, ábeshaw; pl. tebeshawen.
Gazella mohor, énhar; fem. ténhar; pl. ténharén.
Young of mohor, alímmu.
Gazelle, ashínkat.
Young of gazelle, aushím.
Resting-place of gazelle, abatōl-n-ashínkat; pl. ibtál.
Wild sheep, ulli-n-arúk.
Porcupine, hedgehog (dhurbán), támarait.
Gamfúd (squirrel?), tekenésit.
Hare, temáruwelt.
Small animal like the hare, áshan ábarōm.
Bú el gedemāt, akazáse.
Monkey, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ haya. fonóten. ibíddawen, pl. abárdawil. (?)
River-horse, (called banga in Timbúktu), agámba.
Crocodile (ákaray), ⎰ ⎱ aráta. akátel.
Smaller species (سقنقور Lacerta monitor?), zangway.
Chameleon, tahau.
Frog, égar.
Manatus, ayū.
Fish, ámen.
Largest species of fish (Perca Nilotica?), tehéddelt-n-áman.
Large black fish, déshir.
Other species, ⎰ ⎱ tashéllin. tagónit.
A species, of white colour, and great thickness, tagursíyat.
Other species, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ tagúndirit. tehéddadash. saríya.
A fish with four large teeth and red tail, zawegíru.
Cyprinus Niloticus, dá.
Mormyrus oxyrinchus, wusí.
Other species of fish, ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ horá. ejíjra. marámbana. hánjerít.
Malapterurus electricus? tarlíbambó.
Smallest species of fish, íshenrá.
Snake, táshilt.
Large species of snake which devours the gazelle, tanároët.
A large snake, between green and black, tagíber.
Tabelénke, tajébdaret.
Other kinds of snake, ⎰ ⎱ iméggel. emellel katetúngu.
Scorpion, tezérdemt.
Lizard, magédar; pl. imegédaren.
Bú-néna (small black lizard), agaráyan.
Turtle, ⎰ ⎱ large, yúma. small, akéyun.
Bird, agadíd; pl. íggedád.
Young bird, ákirt; pl. íkirtán.
Cock, ákes; pl. íkesan.
Hen, tákeshít.
Chicken, íkirtán-n-tákeshít.
Pigeon, teddebérat; pl. idebíren.
Egg, tésadalt; pl. tesadálen.
Ostrich, énnehe (énnehel?); pl. énhal.
Empty egg of ostrich, placed on the top of the huts, átakís-n-énnehe; pl. itkás.
Vulture, ágadīr; pl. ígderān.
Hadaya, tegardímmat.
Rahme, tarálgi.
Guinea-hen (called in Timbúktu el kabésh), tailelt; pl. taílalēn.
Young of guinea-hen, isuwíten.
Kumarén, tének.
Crow, pl. tíbkakēn.
Stork, walíya.
Spoonbill (ádanay), gelgútta; pl. gelguttíten.
Sparrow, ákabōr.
Little red bird, sheterjénne.
Fly, pl. éshan.
Horse-fly, azarúwal.
Bee, isimbo; pl. isimboën.
Mosquito, tadést.
Small black ant, téatuf.
Large red ant, ádehik.
Large black ant (el kós), kíldekó.
White ant, temmédhe.
Ant-hill, arámmin.
Worm, ibékkebék.
Worm whose bite is painful, ekímdal.
Mukhét el ardh (venomous), agaraye.
Earwigs (amaroës), asís.
A white worm that penetrates into the nose of the camel, tózera.
Corn worm, mulúl.
Leather worm, túkemat.
Beetle, ákhshinshēr; pl. takhshínsharēn.
Lice, télik; pl. tilkīn.
Camel lice, teselúfet; pl. téselfīn.
Caterpillar, tázelit.
Tail of horse, cow, camel, &c., tedémbut.
Hair on the front of horse, täunshut.
Mane, azak.
End of mane, tul-azák.
White spot on the front of horse, tesénnit.
Hoof, éskar; pl. éskaren.
Trot, teréggit.
Peculiar kind of trot, tághala.
Gallop, asháwenk.
Various kinds of diseases of horses, ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ táhaja. tikínkarēn. árashād. tillík.
Ulcer of horse, &c., tefédit.
Dry scab, áshiyūt.
El mebbár, amsérarágh.
Sudden death, rárat.
Place where the horses usually lie down, ásabel-n-bal.
Chest of camel, tásgint.
Horn of ox, ésok; pl. ískawen.
Hoofs of ox, tínsawen.
Udder, tezé.
Teat, ifáffar.
Footprint, ésem; pl. ísmawen.
Place of former cattle-pen, adánda.
Dead body, makhsúlj. (Arab.)
Bill of bird, ákamkōm.
Wing, pl. aferéwen.
Feather, tesággad; pl. tesággadēn.
Nest, ásakōk.
Crest of cock, arárkob wá-n-akés.
Gills of cock, tilághlaghēn.
Fins of fish, sasángun-n-ámen; pl. sasánguten-n-ámen.
Man, husband, ális, hális; pl. méden.
People, ⎰ ⎱ ídinet. ítidim.
Woman, ⎰ ⎱ tamṭut, ⎱ ⎰ pl. tídedén. támat,
Wife, partner, hannis.
Mongrel, shankōt.
Father, ⎰ ⎱ ti, shi. oba, aba.
Mother, amma.
Grandfather, tís-n-tís.
Grandmother, ammas-n-mas.
Ancestor, ámaren; pl. emárrawen.
Brother, ⎰ ⎱ elder, ámakār. younger, amádaray.
Twins, ⎰ ⎱ íknewen. imakkerésen.
Sister, ⎰ ⎱ elder, támakart. younger, tamádarait.
Maternal uncle, ⎰ ⎱ shitmás. (?) téshikkár.
Paternal uncle, ⎰ ⎱ más. angathmán.
Sister’s son, tagéshe, tagése.
(His) aunt, ⎰ ⎱ from father’s side, ulátemas-n-ti(s). from mother’s side, ulátemas-n-ma(s).
Elder sister of father, támakart-n-aba.
Cousin, ábubásh.
Son of aunt, ará-n-dedén.
Niece, ará-n-medenét?
Mother of family (múla el khéme), mesís-n-éha.
Family, ágadish, égedesh.
Widow (during the first three months), támat tetáf alhuddet. (Half Arab.)
Embryo, ára.
Child, ⎰ ⎱ róri, ⎱ ⎰ pl. ilíaden. áliad,
Son, ⎰ ⎱ ínek. róri, rúri.
Boy, ⎰ ⎱ ábarad. alaróren?
Lad (adult), amáwad; pl. imáwaden.
Daughter, weleṭ.
Girl, táliad; pl. tilíaden.
Full-grown (handsome girl), tamásroït; pl. timísroiyáti.
Old man, ámaghār (pronounced amrār).
Elderly woman, támaghast.
Orphan, (?) ⎱ ⎰ agóhil; pl. ijóhelēn. Heir,
Son whose father is unknown, ⎧ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎩ inemádas. ákasay. anákharám. (Arab.) anóbe.
Grandson, rúri-n-rúri.
Father-in-law, ádegal.
Mother-in-law, tádegalt.
Son-in-law, áleges.
Daughter-in-law (?), ahánnis.
Brother of wife, tílusīn.
Brethren-in-law, ilúsanén.
Bridegroom, ⎰ ⎱ amázelay. Young husband, amáselay? Kab., isli.
Bride, temázelait, temáselait? Kab., tislit.
Foster-brothers, animáttaden.
Chief, amanókal.
Great chief, liege lord, amanōkal imakóren.
Commander-in-chief, amáway-n-égehen.
Great warrior, champion, ehé-eshār; pl. wuīn eshār.
Chief counsellor, ú-tánhad; pl. méden wuī-n-tánhad.
Followers, party of chief, kél-tamanókala.
Freeman, ⎰ ⎱ amáshigh; pl. imóshagh, alíl; pl. ilíllal.
Degraded man, serf, ámghi; pl. imghād (irreg. for imghān).
Slave, ákeli; pl. íkelān.
Female slave, tákelit.
Concubine, tawéhat; pl. tawéhaten.
Son of a female slave, rúris-n-tákelit.
Son of a slave and a free woman, abógheli; pl. abóghelíte.
Freed slave, áderif; pl. ídirfān.
Son of a freed slave (hartáni), inedérfi; pl. inedúrfa.
Eunuch, agōr; pl. igórawen.
Countryman, man of the same tribe, hális nának (prop. our man, the pron. accordingly to be changed).
Their countrymen, halis nissen.
Stranger, young man who goes abroad to study, el moʿaza; pl. kél [96]-el-moʿaza.
Guest, ámaghár; pl. imágharen.
Friend, imīdi.
Fellow, ámandén.
Enemy, eshínge; pl. íshinge.
Neighbour, ímharāg.
Rivals, pl. anírkeben.
Learned, holy man, aníslim.
Scholar, ettáli (ettálib), ettálaba.
Herdsman, shepherd, ámadān.
Sportsman, amaháyen; pl. imáhoyen.
Townspeople, kél-ágherim (the final m is sometimes changed to b).
Boatman, ⎰ ⎱ azímsur; pl. azímsera. isakkayúmmo.
Fisherman, ⎰ ⎱ ásurka. (Surk.) íkorungáyenan. (Kórongoy.)
Husbandman, anásdamu; pl. inísdumā.
Smith, a man of a great variety of occupations (mʿallem), énhad; pl. ínhaden.
Female smith (mʿallema), ténhad; pl. ténhaden.
Saddler, bámbarō.
Shoemaker, ⎰ ⎱ way sanne ebúshege. way kannen ebúshege.
Sandal-maker, way rággeden tífedélen.
Merchant, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ imashénshit; pl. imíshinshān. e’ Shillúkh (prop. a Berber from the North). pl. kél-innezan.
Retail dealer, pl efoforéten.
Broker, amsíttig.
Traveller, amasókal.
Tailor, anázemmaye.
Weaver, akaikay.
Barber, wai-zarzén.
Medical man, ⎰ ⎱ wai essanna ássafar (he who knows a remedy). inéssafar.
Drummer, ajatítkart e’ thobl.
Horseman, ⎰ ⎱ ag-áís; pl. kél-íyesan. ennamenne; sing. amnay?
Cavalry, ashírgish.
A body of horsemen, áberig.
Footman, ameríggish; pl. immeríggisen.
Camel rider, ag-ámenis; pl. kél-immenás.
Singing beggar, ásahak.
Rich man, anésbarōgh.
Thief, amákarād.
Highway robber, amáktas-n-abárraka, from ktas = secare, just as ḳtʿa el ṭriḳ.
Swindler, arrabakherrabákh.
Outcast, ark-méden.
Whore, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ tin-ámedist. tin-asbakkad. tin-ázena. (Half Arab.)
Witness, tagóhi; pl. tigóharen.
Hostage, ádamán. (Arab.)
Messenger, anemáshal; pl. inemíshalen.
A body of people, temágelait.
(Great) army, tábu.
Tribe, tausit; pl. tiúsi.
Nation, terērt.
Pagan, akáfar. (Arab.)
Pullo, Fullán, Afúl; pl. Ifúlan.
Songhay, Ehet; pl. Ehétane.
Arab, ʿArab, Gharab; pl. Ghárabe.
People of the North, Kél-afélle.
Kunta, Kél-borásse.
Berabísh, Kél-jaberíye.
Kél-geres, Aréwan.
Awelímmiden wēn Bodhāl, Dinnik.
Gúndam, Sasáweli.
Árawán, Eshíggaren.
Head, ⎰ ⎱ ákaf, éraf, éghaf. kárkore.
Eye, tēt; pl. títtawén.
Eyelid, abílhad.
Eyebrows, íleggān.
Eyelashes, ínharen.
Small hair in eyelashes, élewen.
The pupil, eríbbe; pl. íraben.
Eye-water, tahéri; pl. tihéretīn.
Tears, iméthawen.
Corner of eye, óreg.
Ear, temázug.
Earlaps, tilághlaghēn.
Earhole, téseli.
Earwax, téltak.
Nostrils, atínsherīt; pl. shínshar.
Nosebone, ánjur.
Mouth, ēm.
Lip, ádalōl.
Dimple over the lips, ábatōl-n-ádalōl.
Mustachios, améssowān.
Whiskers, ikáraren.
Tonsils, izílmas.
Dimple, ámader; pl. imódal.
Grain de beauté, áhalu.
(Dog tooth?), taghūmest.
Tooth, teeth, ésen; pl. ísinen. (Arab.)
Cheek tooth, tar-ésen.
Palate, tewallakáten.
Gum, ⎰ ⎱ tesákkent. tehaináwi.
Space between the teeth, timezíyen.
Tongue, élis.
Chin, ⎱ ⎰ támart. Beard,
Forehead, tímin.
Back of the head, takardáwit, terjadáwit.
Crown of head, tekárkorit.
Temples, elékalék.
Region near the temples, ikílmamák.
Hair of man, tegawét.
Hairpad, ábagōr.
Grey hair, tishóshoën.
Bald pate, tétarait.
Curls of women’s hair, téshikkāt.
Neck, erí.
Throat, ⎰ ⎱ akúrs. takúrsit.
Breast, tigírges.
Nipples, imgígaren.
Female breast, efef; pl. ifíffan.
Full female breast, taguráffaft.
Heart, úlhi.
Flesh of heart, chiktēn.
Lung, turawén.
Spleen, tíggezan.
Liver, amálakīs.
Soul, íman.
Breath, únfas (Arab. Sem.).
Bowels, tessa.
Stomach, tabútut.
Paunch (?), abárkōt.
Kidneys (?), aféddaren.
Pericardium, tékafénkafōk.
Navel, tezítān.
Bones, éghas; pl. éghasān.
Marrow, adūf.
Nerve, árinmīn.
Blood, ásheni.
Veins, ázaren.
Pudenda, mul., ánabāk.
—— fem., táboka.
Womb, ígillān.
Shoulder, tegírgest; pl. tigírgas.
Arm ⎰ ⎱ upper, ákshar. lower, ámazar.
Flesh on arm, akshál.
Armpit, tídirdāgh.
Hair of the armpits, ámzaden-n-tídirdāgh.
Elbow, tághemirt; pl. tíghamār.
Joint of hand, tesíndert.
Hand, afūs.
Palm of hand, adíke.
Fist, tímzogōt.
Finger, asúkkod; pl. ískad.
Thumb, ikmésh, égemesh.
Forefinger, asúkkod-n-átarak.
Middle finger, síkkerit benna.
Little finger, mádera benna.
Nail, éskar; pl. ískaren.
Skin on nail, téllegest; pl. tellégesen.
Back, arúri.
Backbone, taneshrómi.
Ribs, irrédishān.
Haunch, tásege; pl. tísseguwīn.
Hind-quarters, téz.
Fat backside of woman, tebúllodēn.
Fundament, tágheme.
Rectum, ámesi.
Knee, afōd.
Fetlock-joint, tagár-n-afōd.
Lower part of leg ⎱ ⎰ ádar. Foot,
Sole of foot, itéffar.
Heel, tauzézit.
Ankle-bone, agōsh.
Toe, tinsa; pl. tínsawen.
Skin, élim.
Perspiration, ímzelhā.
Dirt, irda.[97]
Mucus of nose, ínsherán.
Spittle, tisóta.
Vomiting, íbesan.
Urine, áwas.
Excrements, éder.
—— of child, tarshat.
Fart, ⎰ ⎱ torēt. tákharast.
Sleep, éṭis.
Snoring, asakhādu.
Sleeping of limbs of body, élbabésh.
Hunger, lās. Enák ahe lās, I am hungry.
Thirst, fād.
Dream, táhorgēt.
Fatigue, ellíddish.
Exhaustion, temankīt.
Hearing, tísseli.
Seeing, áhanay.
Taste, tembe (temde? yumdi, he tasted.)
Life, tamúddere.
Maturity, taghad, tawad.
Virginity, talbákkart.
Death, tamántant (sic, irregular).
Burial, tímmittāl.
Agony, íneshan.
Health, éssahāt. (Arab.)
Sickness, tolhínne.
Fever, tókos.
(Merár), tehánefīt.
A cold, tesúmde.
Catarrh, gobórit.
Cold in the chest, áhegim.
Liver complaint, ausa.
Itch, amágheras.
Swollen belly, kikkar.
Diarrhœa, ⎰ ⎱ tókhma. tufīt.
Dysentery, tághenaut.
Swollen eye, tehádadait.
Swollen face, azelálam.
Worms, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ aíbonen. ikanákanén. izolíten.
Guinea-worm, íkewen.
Syphilis, náni.
Wound, ábuyís.
Fainting, ákates.
Medicine, éssafar.
Purge, alawa.
Poison, essim. (Arab.)
Old age, tágerist (prop. winter).
Intellect, tëite.
Intelligence, temósne.
Knowledge, úgerē.
Science, tisúnet.
Anxiety, terimmēgh (termágha?).
Mirth, ease, tedawit.
Happiness, smile, tebégsit.
Sorrow, anásgom.
Meditation, imindúden.
Love, tarha.
Goodness, tináharēn.
Compassion, tehanínet.
Wrath, átkegh.
Bashfulness, ⎰ ⎱ awan. tekeráket.
Shame (envy?), alrār. (Arab.)
Slight, insult, tezemíten.
Humbleness (shyness?) amagéwat.
Tradition, tardart (tahdart? Newman; teghádart, H. B.).
Valour, akfōr.
Cowardice, amútso.
Word, méggedhed, méggered.
Voice, amísli.
Eloquence, erkōd.
Slowness of tongue, tílist.
Tale, tánfost; pl. tínfosen.
Gossiping, tehadéndan.
Business, tahōre.
Thing, harret.
Object, tetūk.
The multitude, ⎰ ⎱ áyakīn. tabídisht.
Manners, custom, algháda. (Arab.)
Tattooing, tegías.
Mark by burning on arm, tédi.
Circumcision, tamánkad.
Salary, téfertēn.
Tribute, té̈usit.
Present, takōt.
Government, temanókalen.
Empire, sovereignty, atkēl.
Protection, ⎰ ⎱ tigímshen. tináharēn (goodness).
Imána, ⎰ ⎱ árkewel. álkawel. (Arab.)
Peace, el muslékh. (Arab.)
Feud, ágezár.
Expedition, war, égehen; pl. íg-hanen.
Fighting, ⎰ ⎱ ánemángh. énikmás.
Line of battle, afōd.
Victory, sár-hu.
Attack (?), afti.
Ransom, ⎰ ⎱ téffedaut. (Half Arab.) ʿadíyet.
Occupation, eshshughl. (Arab.)
Trade, essibbáb. (Arab.)
Deposit, tagaléfet.
Profit, alfaidet. (Arab.)
Debt, ⎰ ⎱ amáruwás (of goods). áserdāl (of a money loan).
Wealth, money, éheri.
Expense, tettūk.
Journey, essíkel.
Departure in the afternoon, tádwit.
Promenade (search?), úmak.
Stay, tarémet, taghémet. (Arab.?)
(Teríke), takásit.
Wedding, áshel nedúbu.
Play, eddil.
Dance, adellūl.
Danger, tamúttis.
On this road there is danger, tábarak tídagh éhe tamúttis.
Clapping of hands, tékast.
Snapping with the fingers, asissárakē.
Humming of women, tarlíllit; pl. tírlelāk.
Great holiday, tesúbbadár.
Birthday of Mohammed, áshel wa díwen e’ nebi.
Prayer, ʿamúd. (Arab.)
Religious bow, edúnket.
Prostration, asíjet. (Arab.)
Call to prayer, akóra.
Charity, ⎰ ⎱ temáséddega. (Arab.) takōt (a present).
Charity on occasion of the death of a person, tíkkefrēn.
God’s will, ítus Mesí-nak.
Divine power, égi Mesí-nak.
Divine permission (prop. supremacy, from irna), tarna Mesí-nak.
Unity of God, tísit.
Sorcery, ashérik.
Charm, talisman, tekárdi.
Talisman against wounds in battle, gurūken.
Food, ashékshu.
Breakfast, segímgim.
Supper, ámansi.
A drink, tésis.
Dakno (the favourite Songhay drink), tedaknōt.
Rejíra (a drink made of cheese and dates), aré̈ire.
Common hasty pudding, asínk. ashínk.
Pudding of Indian corn, ashínk-n-sába.
Boiled rice, tárarī.
Rice boiled with a profusion of butter, abílolō.
Rice boiled together with meat, markhfé.
Mohamsa, tekhámmezīn. (Half Arab.)
Soup, ⎰ ⎱ aliwan. ábid.
Bread (tákelit in Songhay), tegílle; pl. tígilwīn.
Meat, ísan.
Bit (a cut) of meat, tamínkēt.
Megatta, a celebrated dish of meat, ⎰ ⎱ taléfakét. alabégge.
Dried meat, ísan yeḳór.
White fat, tádhont.
Broth, esīn.
Honey, táraut.
Milk, akh.
All sorts of milk, ékhawen.
Sweet milk, akh wá kafayen.
Scum of milk, takāfit.
Cream, áfarār.
Sour milk, silla.
Very sour milk, esillay isýmmen.
Sour milk mixed with water, akraihéme.
Curds, ⎰ ⎱ áftentēn. áboshit.
Butter, údi.
Fresh butter, tésedūt.
Cheese, chikómaren.
Vegetable butter, bulánga.
Salt, tésemīṭ.
Salt incrustation, ahárrar.
Pepper, ijékembē.
Black pepper, íli.
Cayenne pepper (zózet e’ sherk), tishúshatēn.
Kamún, akāmil.
Sweetmeats, tasódin.
Kola nut, étafat goro.
Tobacco, tába.
Snuff, ísarak.
Kohol, tazólt temellelt.
Cotton strips (tári), tábeduk.
Beníge (one strip of a shirt), tásuwit; pl. tísuwat.
Dress, ísilse.
Small shirt, rishāba.
Small white shirt, rishāba emellen.
Small black shirt, rishāba esáttefen.
Shirt of divers colours, áwi yáwi.
Large shirt (derrʿa), tekátkat.
Chequered tobe called filfil, or shaharíye, tekátkat tailelt.
Sort of shawl thrown over the shoulder, (feruwál) ⎰ ⎱ arásuwē. tesíggebist.
Long, black, narrow shawl wrapped round the face, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ átel. ánagūd. tesílgemíst.
Túrkedí, or mélhafa, áleshūk.
Shawl of divers colours, átel lejen tamáwet.
Shroud, tamarzēt.
Silhám, abernūsh.
Caftan, tekárbas.
Buttons, ibónien.
Trowsers, breeches, kírtebe.
Red cap, takúmbut.
Girdle, timíntke.
Belt, tágebist.
Outside of shirt, afélle-n-rishāba.
Backside of shirt, édin rishāba.
Sleeve, shanfas.
Fringed border, tibekaukawēn.
Embroidery with silk, timkárrawen.
Pocket, alshīb. (Arab.)
Embroidery on the pocket, tekárdi-n-alshīb.
Other sort of embroidery, idígon.
A peculiar embroidery on the shoulder, tiljām.
—— on the back, telejúmet.
Rags, tabárde.
Small leather pocket (bét) for tobacco, worn round the neck, énnefe.
The covering of the same, abóshig.
Lace to support it, t¨éulil.
Firestone, tefarráset.
Firesteel, énnefet-n-éfëu.
Tinder, tásgirt.
Bowl, ebēn.
Tube of a pipe, tellak.
Bone for smoking, adūf-n-tába.
Mouthpiece, ⎰ ⎱ tísdant. asikárkar.
Dirt in the pipe, tídi.
Snuffbox, ⎰ ⎱ tákebat. tahatīnet.
Tweezers, irúmmedān.
Kohol box, akōk.
Brush for the kohol, emárruwet.
Grinding stone, tásit.
Knife, absar.
Razor, ⎰ ⎱ absar-n-azárres. ismáhil azúrdum.
Needle, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ anázemay. ístanfōs. elmintúl. (Kél e’ Súk.)
Twist, tenelūk.
Scissors, timáldash.
Looking-glass, tísit.
Key, ⎰ ⎱ teserárift. ásayār.
Lock, tasúgfilt.
Rosary, isédanen (pl. of tasédit, a single bean).
Pen, áranīb.
Ink, amídde.
Paper, elkát. (Arab.)
Sheet of paper, táswilt.
Writing table, aséllun.
Book, elkittāb.
Ornament on book, tarítten.
Talisman, ⎱ ⎰ tekárdi. Letter,
Writing, ákatab.
Writing with large letters, izaurawáten.
Writing with small letters, ⎰ ⎱ tekarmátet. atóren.
Line, essúdder; pl. essúdderen. (Arab.)
Alphabet, ágamek.
Single letter of alphabet, elkharf. (Arab.)
Dot on or under the letter, tidebákka.
Arm-ring worn by the men, áshebe.
Arm-ring worn by the females, ⎰ ⎱ ishínkotēn. ishibga.
Foot-ring of females, ázabōr.
Finger-ring, tád-hot.
Ring worn in the hair of females, tebellauten; pl. tubellawēn.
Ear-ring, tesábboten; pl. ísabān.
Necklace, tasghált.
String of beads hanging down from the head of the females, tesíggort.
Khallála, a ring used by the (Arab) females to fasten their robe, tesákkanast.
A sort of small cover, or umbrella, worn occasionally by females to protect the head, áhennēk.
Shoe, ebúshege; pl. búshegan.
Sandal, tefédele; pl. tifedélen.
Weapons, tazóli.
Sword, tákoba.
Long sword, ebéru.
Dagger, télak.
Long dagger, gózema.
Sheath, títar.
Handle, áraf- (aghaf-) n-tákoba.
Spear, agōr.
Iron spear, ⎰ ⎱ asgar. ésar.
Spear with many barbs, kákarak.
Small barbs, timsínnaren.
Barb of spear, tamaya.
Shield, ághere.
Bad sort of shield, ágheressíl.
Bow, taraya.
Bowstring, aságim.
Arrow, assím.
Quiver, tatánghot.
Barrel of gun, éman.
Gun, elbarūd.
Pan, ánabāg.
Covering of gun, élis-n-elbarūd.
Cock, astel-n-elbarūd.
Bayonet, shabúle.
Ramrod, asetáktik.
Powder, égil.
Shot, tesawat.
The sound of firing, tezággatēn.
Pistol (kabús), temághedart. (Arab.)
Saddle, elakīf.
Tershe of the saddle, timóldash.
Saddle-cloth, élis-n-elakīf.
Girth, asháshif.
The buckle of girth, táwinist.
Cord in the buckle, tafillwit.
Stirrup, inérkeb.
Bridle, ⎰ ⎱ aljam. (Arab.) errába. (Awel.)
Mouthpiece, ⎰ ⎱ télakāt. tésirsān.
(Shkála), ázanis.
(Derket), simdi.
(El haske), tefárrwit.
Footcord, téfart.
Nosebag, tágerik.
Spur, mími; pl. mimítan.
Camel-saddle, étterīk.
Small piece of leather under the saddle, ashebótbot.
Leather tassels ornamenting the camel-saddle, agárruwēn.
Nosecord of camel, ⎰ ⎱ sheríhet. teríhet.
Head-ornament of camel, ádelák.
A broad camel-saddle for mounting, takhawít. (Arab.)
Camel-saddle for luggage, arúku.
Nosecord of ox of burden, áshau.
Saddle of pack-ox, ádafōr.
Donkey-saddle, ástik.
Whip, abárteg.
Stick, tabórit.
Shepherd’s hook, ajékar.
Rope, írrivi.
Rope from dúm-leaves, írrivi-n-ákōf.
Rope for securing the calves during the night, asíddi.
Leather rope, áran; pl. éronan.
Small leather rope, tárant.
Hoe, itédimūt; pl. itídimun.
Hoe for sowing, akōn.
Axe, tútale.
Hammer, afáddis.
Iron hammer, asáwa.
Bellows, táshart.
Anvil, tahōnt.
Any sort of support whereupon to beat anything, abarésha.
Tongs, ⎰ ⎱ irámmedān. assessawen.
Nail, ástel; pl. ístelen.
Peg, oegárar.
Iron ring, tazóbut.
Chain, tasúggenist.
Guitar, tehárdenīt.
Horn, tesínsak.
Drum, attibbel.
Drumstick, itkar.
A kind of flute, árarīb.
Boat, tóraft; pl. tórefi.
Small boat, takarámbet.
Oar, ⎰ ⎱ tinezámmar. asálte.
Pole for the boat, ágit; pl. ígetān.
Prow of boat, akarankōn.
Covering of boat, girrim tóraft.
Bench, karbíndu.
Net, tétart; pl. tétaren.
Large net, tétart amákkarit.
Harpoon, zú (not prop. Temght).
Harpoon furnished with a barb, dama.
Harpoon with three or four points, hargíta.
Long thin iron chain for catching fish, tegérgerīt.
Trap for catching the gazelle, tendírbat.
Mat ⎰ ⎱ of reed, tausīt. of grass, tesélat.
Matting round the tent, tedáwanet.
Carpet ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ afákkos. ahwar. asóso.
Other carpet, called el getífa, tagedúnfist.
Bed, asífter.
Bargó, or coarse woollen blanket, áberūk.
Pillow, ádafōr; pl. ídefrān.
Sort of diwan of reeds, tawidarát.
Portable bedstead, teshégit.
Poles forming the teshégit, isegūge.
Supports of teshégit, tigíttewēn.
Mortar, tínder.
Pounder, áshakal.
Cooking-place, ésid.
Stones for cooking, ihankarayen.
Coalpan, féma.
Cooking-pot, telékkenit.
Water-pot for making the ablution before prayer, ebēn wá-n-el walla.
Water-bottle (of gourd), ákasīs.
Water-skin, ⎰ ⎱ édid. tasúferit.
Skin for victuals, anwar.
—— for sour milk, tanwart.
—— for butter, tarassalúmet.
—— for luggage, ⎰ ⎱ ágerik. tebawent.
Small skin, tamshit.
Purse, bag, ábelbōt.
Bag with a separate bottom, teshélbakás.
Dish, akūs.
Drinking vessel, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ takūst. terazzūt. árajūt. (Awel.)
Copper cup, ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ tíkeröast. terért-n-darūr. temánnas.
Wooden vessel covered with leather for containing butter, teságenit.
Bucket, agē, ája.
Large dish, watering trough, azáwa; pl. izáwaten.
Funnel, asíggefi.
Spoon, tasókalt.
Drinking spoon, asílko.
Large stirring spoon, asérwi.
Forked stick for stirring the sour milk, efaránfar.
Pole for suspending the skins of milk, tasískart.
Plaited dish of straw (tebek), tísit.
Basket, faránfo.
Suníye, large basket, tasówanīt.
Large vessel for honey, faránfarō.
Wax candle, tabórit-n-táfetelt.
Leather tent, éhé[98]; pl. ehénnan.
New leather tent, éhé naina.
Leather tent, worn, éhé kít.
Middle pole, temankait; pl. temánkayen.
The smaller poles on the two sides, tigíttewēn.
Rope passing over the poles, áharak.
Double cord, téronin-n-áhak.
Forked pole, ⎰ ⎱ afísk, aserámserám.
Interior of tent, búgu.
Exterior of tent, kekke.
Awéba, teshéhat.
A particular space of the tent called gherára, tágharīt.
Tent of cotton, éhé mellen.
Tent pole, ágit; pl. ígetān.
Village of tents, encampment (rehála), ámazagh; pl. imézaghen.
Place of former encampment, tímshagh.
Hurdle ⎰ ⎱ of cattle, ásgin, of sheep, áfarak-n-ulli.
Place of pasturage, ámadōl.
House, tárashām; pl. tárishmēn.
Courtyard, ammas-n-éhé.
Upper room, tikrórien.
Staircase, ⎰ ⎱ íbtalen-n-sorō. isíwiwan-n-sorō.
Terrace, afélle-n-tárashāmt.
Ceiling, iwursákka.
Store room, teshka.[99]
Watercloset, idér-n-aha.
Wall of courtyard, arálle.
Door, tifálwat; pl. tifalwáten.
Window, inabágen tárashāmt.
Hut, éhé; pl. ehénnan.
Hamlet (ádabay), tádabay.
Town, ágherim; pl. íghirmān.
Town wall, ághadōr.
Street (tíjerīt; pl. tijeráten), tesharrōt.
Market, éwuit.
Shop (tenda), bugō; pl. bugóten.
Mosque, tamizgída.
Nave of mosque, ássaf; pl. ássafen.
Tower of mosque, sorō-n-tamizgída.
Place of meeting, réme-n-méden.
Tomb, ásikkē (azikke, Kabail).
Place, dihāl (?).
Region, eljihálet.
Angle, ⎰ ⎱ terámmert. tidínnekt; pl. tidínnek.
Cowry, tamgellít; pl. tímgel.
Caravan (ʿakabár; pl. ʿakwabír), térrekeft (rékeba); pl. ikéberān.
Provisions, ázad. (Arab.)
Luggage, ílalā.
Merchandise, áshed. (?)
Packet, ghadíle.
Calico (shigge), masr.
Figured cotton, talazíggi (formed from the word shigge).
Silk, el kharír. (Arab.)
Atlas, birribírri.
Swordcord (el hamíle), el mejdúl. (Arab.)
Red cloth, elbūsh.
Cotton, takerókerit.
Bullock’s leather, erēd.
Spices, adúwa zéden.
Elghálie, tíltek.
Beads, timarrowáni.
Red beads, sarēr.
Amber, timistúkatēn.
Iron, tazóli.
Sound of iron, temsárakat.
Silver, ázeref.
Gold, úragh.
Copper, darúgh.
Lead, tezáwaten.
Solder (tezemímet), ahellūn.
Iron-thread, ítali.
Ivory, tusk of elephant, teshálat-n-élu.
Ostrich feathers, tesággadēn-n-énnehe.
Gum, tainúst.
Wax, ékese.
Price, ēm.
Yard, agél (aghel? arm?)
Fathom, tíhid. A measure of four fathoms, akōs át-hid.
A mouthful, téhak.
A quantity that may be taken by two fingers, takedímmit.
A handful, tagebúzzit.
What may be grasped by an outspread hand, tébart.
What may be grasped by both hands, íbsuten.
THE STORY OF THE PRODIGAL SON IN TEMASHIGHT.
(Luke, xv. 11.)
Tánfost:
Tale:
Áliad
The youth
enne mákhshaṭ n
who (was) wasteful of
éhĕri.
substance.
11.
Kalay
Once
illen
was
awādem
a man
íyen
one
ilarōris,
having children,
ile essīn ilíaden.
having two youths.
12.
Inne
Said
aw
the
entukke
younger
n dersen
of them
y obannis:
to his father:
Ikfāhi
Give me
adegger-eni
my portion (?)
dare éhĕri wa n nek.
of the substance which (is) thine.
Yenker tēsan,
Arose their sire,
yezon
weighed out
gerēsan
between them
eherinnis.
his substance.
13.
Har darretādi s
Until afterwards in
eshīlan
days
madróïni,
a few,
yenker
arose
áliad
son
ennin,
younger (?)
yessinte
gathered (?)
eherinnis
his substance
ikétenes
all of it,
isōkal
returned
yikka
passed
(to)
ákal
land
íyen
one
ogúgen;
distant;
yeḳīm dars;
dwelt in it;
ekhsheṭ eherinnis
wasted his substance
ger tídedēn.
among women.
14.
Darret
After
ákhashaṭ-n-eherinnis,
the wasting of his substance,
azūet
a heavy
tetūk
thing
egel
bread (?)
ghalle
dearth
dar
in
ákal
land
ídagh:
that:
ebhās harret.
failed? to him a thing.
15.
Enker yikka
He arose passed
(to)
hālis
man
íyen,
one,
isúfure
hired
imannis
himself
ghōris
to him
dar
in
ágherim
district
ídagh:
that:
hak
he took?
irdĕmás
sent? him (to)
shekărásh
field
enis,
of him,
edānas
he fed for him
immĕnās enis.
his camels.
16.
Hūn tŭlis oles
But again?
war
he ate
iksha,
not,
asal
save
ālan-n-ehishkan
leaves of bushes
wuidagh
which
tāten
eat
immĕnās.
camels.
17.
Enta
He
isíggĕre
contemplated
dar
in
imannis,
his soul,
inne
said
ye
to
imannis:
his soul:
Nek,
As for me,
obāni
my father
illē
(is) having
’klan
servants
agōteni;
many;
erētusé
each
daghsen
of them
ila wa ikshe:
having what he eats:
hun
but
nek
I
amarádagh
now
enákahē
kills me
lās;
famine;
behăhē harret
fails (?) to me a thing.
(or igafélli
khōr ez zémen).
18.
Amarádagh,
Instantly
tátăragh denkar(agh)
I will seek (that I) arise,
geligh
I go
gher
towards
obānin(i),
my father,
ahas innēgh:
I may to him say:
Obāni,
My father,
nek
I
egēgh
have done
irk
evil
harret
thing
gērit Mesínak gērit ke.
between? our God, between thee.
19.
Nek
I
war
not
issimmemáhalagh
am worthy
damūsagh
I be called
áliad
son
innek.
of thee.
Amarádagh!
Now!
ágăhe
make me
ghas
only
dar
in
ikĕlánnak.
thy servants.
20.
Hun
But
inker,
he arose,
óse
came
as
to (?)
obānis.
his father.
Obānis
His father
yenhēt
saw him
har
until
agūde
very
yugíg;
far;
egas
made for
tehanīnet
him mercy
ghas;
only;
yúshel sirs ghas;
hastened upon him only;
yūdar fel erinnis,
fell upon his neck,
[20]ahās
that to him
i-timullut.
he-may kiss?
21.
Hun innas rōris:
But said to him his child:
Obāni,
My father,
hun
but
nek
I
egēgh
have done
irk-n-harret
evil of thing
gerit
between
Mesínak
our God
ed
and
ke
thee
dar tulís.
in repetition.
Hun
But
amarádagh
now
nek
I
war
not
issimmáhălagh
am worthy
damūsagh
I be called
áliad
son
innak:
of thee:
aṭafāhi,
take me,
udef ijēl ikĕlánnak.
(like one of?) thy servants.
22.
Inne tis y ikĕlannis:
Said his-sire to his servants:
Ahauyet
Ho! bring-ye
tekatkat
a robe
tehōsken,
beautiful,
selsem-as-tet;
ye have clad to him it;
tauyem
Ye have brought
tāthod
a ring
tehōsken,
beautiful,
tegem-as-tet
ye-have-made-to-him-it
degh
on
asukkot enis;
finger of him;
tejīmas
ye-have-made-to-him
búshĕgan
shoes
ihóskatnēn
beautiful
degh
on
ítĕfrannis.
feet of him.
23.
Et wuayamas
Ye have brought-for him
áhĕdel
calf
eddĕrín
fat
tághĕrésămás,
(that) ye butcher for him,
tekénfămás,
ye roast for him,
adenekshít
(that) we eat it
néllewat.
(and) be merry.
24.
Măshān róri yemmūt, tulís ahōne:
Because my child was dead, again (is) alive?
ábaṭ,
he was lost,
nōlis tehănait.
we have repeated a finding.
Entenet
They
íllewen imanassen.
réjoiced their soul.
25.
Ewa
He who (was)
amakár ennis
the elder (son) of him
ihe shekărash-n-issen
fields of them
ekánneten,
to work them
he made them?
har
until he
iggel
went
éhennis,
(to) his tent,
har
until he
ennĕhaz
approached
éhé
tent
n
of
tis,
his-sire,
ísle amísli
he heard a hearing
n
of
tesínsan
cymbals?
d
and
araníb
timbrels?
de
and
tékhast.
dancing?
26.
Eghăre
He called
íyen
one
dar
of
ikĕlan,
the servants,
isísten-t,
asked-him
innas:
said to him:
Wādagh mamūs?
This what-is-it?
27.
Innas ákĕli:
Said to him the servant:
Amadarainek
Thy younger (brother)
adosenit
arrives
(to)
tik;
thy sire;
tik
thy sire
egherisas
has-butchered-for him
áhĕdel
calf
iddĕrín,
fat
fel
upon
amōye
cause (?)
n
of
amōkes enis,
meeting of him,
en tadro enis
of receiving (?) of him
sel-rafiet.
in safety.
28.
Iggish atkar
Entered anger
[atkahh]
amakár enis,
elder (brother) of him,
yunge
he refused(?)
adíggesh
he should enter
éhé
tent
n
of
tis.
his-sire.
Igmat
Came-out
obánnis éhennis,
his father (from) his tent,
erārit.
entreated (?) him.
29.
Isókalas méghĕred,
He returned to him harangue,
inne ye obannis:
he said to his father:
Enhe,
See,
legh
I am (?)
these (?)
aütian
years
agóteni
many
nek
I
khadámaghak:
have served thee:
kălā war
once-not
ikhshe agh
I have wasted
ulhi n nek:
heart of thee:
hun
but
kay
thou
kalá
once
war
not
tikfāhi
givest me
’shel
day
iyen
one
taghat
she-goat
íyet,
one
sagarrassagh,
I caused to butcher,
hanagh-teslawit,
(that) thou to us cause to rejoice,
nek d imidáweni.
me and my friends.
30.
Hun
But
áliad
son
innek
of thee
wādagh,
this,
awayikhsheṭ
who wasted
éhĕri-n-nek
substance of thee
ikétĕnes
all of it
ger dēden,
among loves (?),
tézar
the afternoon
íkal,
he came,
tegharassas
thou hast butchered for him
áhĕdel
calf
eddĕrín.
fat.
31.
Innas tis:
Said to him his sire:
Ke tekēme
Thou dwellest
derí
with me
sedēs-en(i)
at side of me
harkūk;
always;
eherí ni
my substance
ikétĕnes
all of it
(is)
eherí-n-nek.
thy substance.
32.
Măshān
Because
essímmemĕhél
it is worthy
ahas-nigge
(that) to him we make
tarha-n-nis
joy of him
asemusínten
because from?
fel
upon
tamūsne
the-name
innīt
of-this-that
enta
he
amadaray-innek
thy-younger (brother)
wa indúrren
the little (one)
yamūt
was dead
tŭlís
again
ídar;
lives;
abaṭ,
was lost,
nenhēt.
we have found him.
13. Tidedēn, women, may seem to mean דוּדים, “loves,” as deden, verse 30.
14. Tegĕlet, is a loaf: qu. egel, bread? Ibha, deficit; elsewhere, fallit.
17. Amarādar, or amar adagh of vv. 18, 19, 21. seems to be = imir enni of Kab. “that time,” or, “this time.”
19. Damūsagh = ad-amūs-agh. The root amus seems to represent ism, (name) of Arabic, which is also used as substantive.
20. Or, ahaz itimullut, he approached for the kiss. Timullut is a substantive elsewhere.
APPENDIX V.
EL BAKÁY’S LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION.
TRANSLATED BY DR. NICHOLSON.
In a preface in rhymed prose, Áhmed el Bakáy, having enumerated ten generations of his ancestors, addresses his letter to all into whose hands it should fall, of his brethren and friends among the Arabs, the Tawárek, the Fullán, and the Sudán, in the land of El Islám, and especially in the land of Ála Fódíye, the noblest of the sons of ʿAbdallah and ʿOthmán the Imám, among whom the Imám ʿAlí ben Mohammed Bello is distinguished: next, to those in the land of the faithful and humane, his brethren of the people of Bórnu, and especially their excellent Sheikh ʿOmár: and lastly, to all Moslims in the land. He then enters on his subject of recommending to them the Christian traveller in the following terms:
“Our and your guest, ʿAbd el Kerím Barth, the English Christian, has visited us from your part, and we honoured him suitably, and were not wanting to him in anything, and befriended him openly and privately, and defended him from nomadic wanderers and settlers, until we restored him to you in safety, just as he came from you in respect. Now there is no fault to find with our present reception of him, nor with your treatment of him in time past; for the guest of the munificent is munificently treated, and injury to the good is forbidden; and it is the nature of the good and pure to be helpful, just as malice is the disposition of the wicked; and kind acts and intentions are acceptable both to men and to God. But you require to be urgently admonished to treat our and your guest with honour, beneficence, and equity. And do not be deluded by those who say, ‘Behold, he is a Christian! let no kindness be shown to him! let it be counted acceptable to God to hurt him!’ For such sentiments are contrary to the Kurán and the Sunna, and are repudiated by men of intelligence. It is written, ‘God does not forbid your showing kindness and equity to those who do not wage war with you on account of your religion, nor expel you from your abodes, for God loves the equitable.’[100] And God says (in reply to those who say ‘we are not bound to deal equitably with the heathen,’)—‘Nay: with whoever is faithful to his pledges, and fears God, for God loves those that fear him.’[101] And we have heard from the saints about the dispositions of the prophets, and their inculcation of beneficence to all men. The Prophet used to say, ‘Whenever honourable persons come to you, receive them with honour!’ and he used to show respect to all that came to him, whether they were Moslims, or Kitábis[102], or infidels. And he gave injunctions concerning those among them who were on terms of compact, and those who were on terms of tribute; so that he said: ‘Whoever kills a companion[103], shall not smell the odour of Paradise; and its odour can be perceived at a distance of 500 years’ journey.’ And his forefather, Abraham, was kind to everybody, so that God mentions him in his book with reference to his generous conduct to guests, and extols his mildness in his altercation with the angels sent on account of the unbelievers; for he says,—‘He disputed with us about the people of Lot; lo, Abraham is humane!’[104] And an embassy from the Christians of Najrán came to the Prophet, and he received them with honour, and did them justice, as it was his disposition and his custom to do; then he made a treaty with them on terms of tribute, and did not molest them or their religion after he had invited them to accept El Islám, and they had received his missives: and he kept faith with them. This, too, was the way he treated the Jews of Medína, before he went to war with them. Thus God says: ‘Thou wilt not cease to discover deceivers among them, with few exceptions; but forgive them, and pardon them, for God loves the beneficent!’[105] And they used to salute him by saying, ‘Assilám ʿalaika!’[106] with Kesra of the Sín; but he used to make no other answer but ‘And on you!’ At last ʿAísha observed it, and reproached them, and cursed them; but he reproved her. So she said, ‘Did you not hear what they said?’ And he replied, ‘But did not you hear how I returned their salutation? Now, what I wished them will be granted, but what they wished me will not be granted!’ And it was only as respects the enemies of God—persons fighting against God and his Prophet, and waging war with the adherents of El Islám for the sake of their religion—that the Prophet forbids what he forbade as to this mode of treatment. The injunction with regard to such is what God says: ‘O Prophet, persecute the unbelievers and hypocrites, and be severe with them!’[107] Thus every believer has a special statute. There came to me, one day, a man of the Fullán, of the Fullán of the West, who pretended to be learned, but who had no learning, who said to me, ‘Does not God say, “You will not find any people who believe in God and the last day, loving those who resist God and his Prophet,”[108] (and the rest of that verse), and yet you love this Christian unbeliever?’ I replied, ‘Do not you, too, obey this other word of God? “God does not forbid you to show kindness and equity to those who have not borne arms against you on account of religion, and have not expelled you from your dwellings, for God loves those that deal justly; God only forbids your being friends with those who bore arms against you for the sake of religion, and who expelled you from your abode, or who aided in expelling you.”’[109] Then he held his tongue. So I said to him, ‘Speak! do you think that one of these verses abrogates the other? If so, you lie, and are made a liar. Or, do you think that one is contradictory to the other, and that the contradiction is in the mind of God? If so, you are a fool, and are made a fool of, and lead astray, and are led astray. Or do you believe a part of the book and disbelieve a part? If so, you are one of those of whom it is said, “Do ye believe one part of the book and disbelieve the other?”[110] If so, you are an unbeliever, crying out against unbelief.’ Then he asked me to explain to him. So I said, ‘Let it suffice you as to this mystery and difficulty, that your head is sprinkled with grey, but that you are ignorant of the book of your Lord which has been revealed to you, and about the Sunna of your Prophet. For the ordinance about the hostile unbeliever[111], and the unbeliever who is not hostile, is well known in the book and in the Sunna. As for the unbeliever who is not hostile, there is no prohibition to treat him kindly; whereas to deal justly with him is a positive duty. As for the hostile one, nothing is said about his being treated with kindness, therefore kindness to him is not expressly enjoined; but God has only prohibited friendship with him in preference to Moslims, or helping him against Moslims. But kindness and equity towards an unbeliever who is not hostile, is manifestly lawful; whereas friendship with a hostile unbeliever is expressly unlawful, and kindness and equity towards him are among doubtful duties; and the unbelievers who are hostile, or hinderers, or contumacious, belong to one class, and are subject to one ordinance; and with such, affection—whatever belongs to intimate friendship—is forbidden. This is the law with regard to unbelievers. As for Kitábis, they are under special laws, whether they be hostile, or under covenant of peace, or under tribute. We may marry the women of the Kitábis of any description. Now, if any one asserts that it is not lawful to show kindness to a Kitábi, let him tell me what he would do with a Kitábi wife, seeing that God has commanded us to treat our wives with kindness and beneficence, and the prophet has enjoined it. Therefore, if this were true with regard to the Kitábi wife of a Moslim, there would absolutely be no difference, but that of sex, between her, and her father, and brothers: so that whatever kindness and beneficence are due to his wife, the daughter of his connections by marriage, are undoubtedly due to those connections themselves. And the Emír of Másiná the Fulláni spoke to me both ignorantly and inhumanely about this Englishman, and insisted on absurd and frivolous postulates. And he—nay, his doctors, without learning, piety, or religion—adduced as evidence certain verses from the book of God, which were revealed about hypocrites, about ʿAbdallah ben Obbai Ébn Salúl[112] and his compeers; and they disgraced themselves by the display of their ignorance of the Kurán and Sunna. Nay, they could not adduce a single word out of the Sunna, nor a sentence from the Canon Law[113], which is their learning, notwithstanding their ignorance of it! Since they did not find either in the Sunna or Canon Law anything that agrees with their aims, but only what is merely contrary to them, they had recourse to the Kurán, and they perverted it violently, iniquitously, ignorantly, carelessly, derisively, and sportively. But woe to them for what their hands have written; and woe to them for the reward they will reap! Among what I said to them was this:—If what you aim at were a part of the Mohammedan religion either theoretically or practically, I would have outrun you in receiving it; and Khalíl ben ʿAbdallah, and ʿOthmán ben Mohammed Bello, the two descendants of Fódíye, would have outrun you. Nay, the great Sultan, our lord ʿAbd e’ Rahmán, the son of your lord, Hishám, and the Khakán of the two lands and seas, the Sultan ʿAbd el Mejíd, the son of the Sultan Mahmúd, the son of the Sultan ʿAbd el Hamíd, would have anticipated you. As for your postulate[114], that you have inherited the duty of doing battle with the infidels, and of hating them, from the time of our fathers and grandfathers, we are more nearly related to them than you; for you have no ancestry in it, since you have only adopted your present opinions about thirty years ago; and a man only inherits from his father and grandfather. Whose guest is this Christian? And again, in whose alliance and safe-conduct is this Christian? He is the guest and protégé of the Sultan of the Faithful, ʿAbd el Mejíd, and of the Imám of the Moslims, our lord ʿAbd e’ Rahmán. Lo, he inherited the duty of warring with the infidels from his fathers and grandfathers; and he possesses his religion from the earliest of the fathers, from the time of the prophets. But as for the people of Núkkuma[115], they have neither religion, nor learning, nor understanding, nor humanity. What then gives them any superiority or pre-eminence over those eminent persons, seeing that they are the tail of mankind, living in the tail of the world, and that, up to this date, the invitation of the Sunna and of indispensible duties[116] has not reached them? But there is no need to dilate on what they say in their perversity, nor on what is said to them in disputation. The main thing is, that you should know, oh! you body of believers! that God has sent us prophets with His book and His ordinances, and has elucidated them, and made them plain; and that whoever wishes to add to them in what He has enjoined, is accursed and cast out; and whoever diminishes aught therefrom, is condemned and punished. Therefore treat the Moslim according to the treatment ordered for him in the Book of God and in the Sunna of the Prophet, whether the Moslem be an upright or a careless one; treat the Kitábis as they are to be treated, whether they be hostile, or under compact, or under tribute; and treat the Infidel generally as he is to be treated, whether he be hostile or not hostile: ‘For all are His servants; His will is irresistible by them; His ordinance sticks close to them; His knowledge comprehends them.’[117] Whoever treats these different classes with any other treatment than what He has appointed, errs in his judgment, and is wicked. And this Christian is to-day the guest of the Moslims, under their protection, their covenant, and safe-conduct. No Moslim can lawfully hurt him. On the contrary, to injure him is a burning shame. Nay, he has the rights of a guest; for the guest of the munificent is munificently treated; and every believer is munificent, and every hypocrite is sordid. And does that munificence which is not imprinted in the disposition, make a believer? The recompense of kindness is by kindness, in imitation of the character of the merciful Lord. God says, ‘Is there any recompense of kindness except kindness?’[118] And behold, this man’s nation, the English, have done us services which are neither doubted nor denied: which are their friendship to our brethren the Moslims, and their sincerity to them, and their cordiality with them, and their helpfulness to our two Sultans, ʿAbd e’ Rahmán and ʿAbd el Mejíd. This is publicly known and acknowledged about the English. It is, therefore, our right and duty to show gratitude for their kindness, and to strengthen whatever covenant and confidence there is between us and them. And I particularly apply this to you, my brethren! Therefore, whoever belongs to the jurisdiction of our Tawárek, the people of Karidénne, the kingdom of Alkúttabu ben Kawa ben Imma ben Ig e’ Sheikh ben Karidénne; and then whoever is behind them of my companions and friends, Dinnik, the kingdom of my brother, and nephew, and pupil, Músa ben Bodhál ben Katim[119]; then those behind them of our partisans the people of Aïr, the Kél-gerés and the Kél-owí; then our darlings, Ála Fódíye, their learned men, the intelligent and humane, who have the ordinances and the right of decision, on them be my salutation and el Islám! the people of the Imám, the high-minded, the son of Bello, the Imám ben ʿOthmân, the perfect. For, lo! my guest is a guest of theirs, who has nothing to fear among them, since they profess obedience to God[120], and know that He protects the ordinances. And especially as their lord, the Imám Mohammed Bello—God favour him!—said to me, and wrote to me, with his own hand, that he and his kingdom were at my disposal so long as it was strung on his string[121]; therefore I have authority, and I admonish you about my and your guest, indeed about whatever Englishman shall come after him, whether he come to me, or pass near you, or abide among you for a time and then return. And what I demand and charge you, the same injunction I lay on my brethren (though I have not seen them with my eyes, I have seen them by my faith, and I count kindred with them by the ties of religion), the people of Bórnu, especially the Sheikh ʿOmár ben Mohammed the Emír, the Just. Then let not that which is dreaded hinder you![122] Lo, he is a distinguished man among the Christians.[123] However there are between us and them such protectors of El Islám, and champions[124] of the peoples (the Christians), that if they break through them to get at us, and attack us, there is no good of life, and no sufficiency in a host. But God is our reliance: surely He outwits every deceiver, betrays every traitor, and makes every unbeliever a liar. For He says, in his book, to us, and to his Prophet, ‘God is your stay, and those of the believers that follow you.’[125] ‘If they try to deceive you, then God is your support. It is He that has strengthened you with His help, and with the faithful, and has united their hearts.[126] It is, then, by the religion of God that we are exalted, and are victorious. Religion is weak only through its professors[127]. The blessing of the Book of God, and the blessing of his Prophet, be on us and with us! So let not fear seize any Moslim that they should deceive him and cheat him, on the ground that there is rebellion against the cause of God among them, and that the Sunna of His Prophet is violated among them. And whatever there is of slaughter and battle with him, let him suppress it for its day; for the weakest of men in sense, and the mightiest of them in ignorance, is he who rushes to evil when its season has not come, and who is no match for it on the day when it arrives. And as for me, brethren! I have written for the Englishman specially a general safe-conduct, in which I have included every one in my land, and have added thereto your land, in reliance on your religion and your sure conviction, and in dependence on your intelligence and humanity. Do you then write for him as I have written, on the condition of our being subject to our Imám, our Lord, ʿAbd e’ Rahmán, and our Sultan, ʿAbd el Mejíd; and be not like the people of Núkkuma, for they are like the deaf and dumb, since they are offensive to me. Lo, I love my guest the Christian! Be careful that he be not hindered in anything; for the Prophet used to love the Kuraish in spite of their unbelief in him and their hostility to him. God says, ‘There has come to you a Prophet from yourselves; grievous to him is your wickedness; he is anxious about you.’[128] And he said to him, ‘Thou wilt not direct whomsoever thou lovest.’[129] And he used to love his uncles, and to delight in their conversion to El Islám, especially Ábú Táleb; except that he knew the decrees of God about the community, and was liable to them together with the community. The most ignorant of men is he who is ignorant of the Book of his Lord and the Sunna of his Prophet, so that he licenses for himself what is unlawful, and forbids what is lawful, and draws near to Him with that which removes him to a distance from Him, and keeps aloof from that which brings him near to Him; who fancies that he does well as to his actions, while he does evil as to what is enjoined. God is not worshipped by any act (or rite) but what he has ordered, and is not approached by a worshipper that he should remit anything but what is remitted. Now salutation is what is reiterated to you, and honour is what is wished to you! Farewell!
APPENDIX VI.
CHIEF TOWNS AND RESIDENCES OF THE INDEPENDENT SONGHAY, BETWEEN THE NIGER AND MY ROUTE BY YÁGHA AND LIBTÁKO.
Kúlman, a large place, the name of which has already become known in Europe through the information of other travellers, in consequence of its great importance as a well inhabited and strong town, as also as a frequented market. The chief part of the inhabitants belong to the tribe of the Kóizé, with the chief (koy) Foní, the son of Árkosú (Árkosú izze), or, as the Tawárek call him, ag Árkosú. It may now be laid down in the map with tolerable accuracy, being said to be distant from Tongi (see p. 245.) thirty miles to the west.
Téra, the town mentioned already by Áhmed Bába, said to be even larger than Kúlman, and the very largest of the ksúr of the free Songhay, equalling the city of Timbúktu in size, four days from Tongi S.W., two from Dóre E.N.E. The inhabitants wear their hair in long tresses, and possess a good many horses; they are totally independent.
Darghol, residence of the Songhay princes, the descendants of the Áskíá, or Síkkíá, the chief of whom, at the present day, is koy Kálmia; the inhabitants very warlike, armed with shield, spear, and sword, like the Tawárek. But the energy of these Songhay is counterpoised and baffled by the disunion which prevails among themselves, the inhabitants of Darghol waging war with those of Téra, who do not acknowledge their supremacy. The position of this important town, I am sorry to say, I am not able to determine even approximately. It is very desirable that a European traveller should explore this whole region.
The most important of the other towns of the Songhay are:—
Kósa.
Tákala, ruled by Hawa, a woman. Even in Timbúktu, before the conquest of the town by the Fúlbe, a woman is said to have exercised the chief influence.
Dorógun.
Kánseka-koira, ⎱ ⎰ both called after their chiefs.
Bókar-koira,
Kúrchi, with the chief, Hemma.
Tézi.
Góroshí.
Karta.
Kákaru, or Bámbelokoire, called from the chief, Bámbelo; a powerful community, dominating the neighbouring towns and villages.
Bangúm.
Kerégu.
Fómbiten, with the chief, Hamma Fómbit.
Kánfulí.
Hammakoire.
Syrbi.
Larba, the town mentioned in the preceding volume, said to be as large as Say, with which and Támkala it was intimately allied at the time of the rising of the Reformer ʿOthmán, and offered the most determined resistance.
Sífada.
Bargúl.
Kasánni.
Alikónchi.
Garubánda.
Kongozekoire.
Wozebángo.
Sátumen.
Wósolo.
Badduléji.
Barrobónghala.
Kalobánda.
APPENDIX VII.
FRAGMENTS OF A METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
Date. Hour of Day. Degrees in scale of Fahrenheit. Remarks.
1854.
Jan.
1 Cold.
2 sunrise 62·2
2 p.m. 88·5
3 sunrise 61 Clear sky.
1.30 p.m. 87·5
4 sunrise 66 Sky overcast; cleared up towards sunset.
5 sunrise 60 Clear sky; cold.
sunset 77·5
6 Clear sky; cold.
sunset 77·5
7 sunrise 59·5
2 p.m. 85
sunset 87
8 sunrise 61·5 A fine day. Both these days warmer at sunset than in the afternoon.
2 p.m. 75
sunset 77·5
9 2 p.m. 85 Sky overcast.
10 sunrise 64
11 sunrise 64
2 p.m. 85
sunset 80
12 sunrise 66
13 sunrise 55 Very cold day.
14 Not quite so cold.
15 Sky overcast in the morning; about noon clearer, then again overcast; thunder in the distance. Towards evening heat lightning; only a few drops of rain after midnight.
16 Cold wind.
17 No observation.
18 Tolerably cold. Sky somewhat clearer.
19 sunrise 60
sunset 76
20 Sky overcast; very cold and cheerless.
2 p.m. 66 2.30 p.m. a few drops of rain.
sunset 62
sunrise 51
21 2.30 p.m. 77 Sky clear.
sunset 69
22 sunrise 48 Sky clear. (Broke this day in reality my last thermometer.)
23 Clear.
24 Tolerably clear.
25 Fine day. Morning delightful.
26 Morning clear.
27 Forenoon not quite clear.
28 No observation.
29 Cold and windy.
30 Clear and cold.
31 Clear.
Feb.
1 Not quite clear. In this month very few particular observations, but in general the mornings proved colder than those in January.
March In the first days of March a very heavy gale in the forenoon.
3 In the morning clear, then overcast.
4 Clear.
5 Clear morning.
6 Heavy northerly gale the whole day long, carrying much sand.
7 Clear.
8 Clear.
9 Sky not clear.
10 Overcast; the sun scarcely ever came forth. A few drops of rain.
11 Overcast.
12 Windy, not clear. Heavy gale during the night.
13 Cloudy. In the course of the day a very heavy gale arose.
14 Overcast; no wind; evening clear.
15 Clear.
16 Clear in the forenoon, then dull.
17 Overcast.
18 Clear.
19 In the afternoon sky dull.
20 Sky clear in the morning.
21 Sky overcast with clouds, a dropping continued during the whole of the morning. At 8½ in the evening moderate rain. A more regular rain at 11 o’clock, lasting till 1 o’clock. After midnight, followed by a heavy tornado.
22 The dropping continued in the morning. Sky thickly overcast, drops of rain falling now and then.
23 A warm sunny day.
24 Dull sky.
25 The sky the greater part of the day overcast; towards evening a little sunshine. About 11 o’clock at night some dropping.
26 Sky dull; some dropping the whole of the day. About 11 o’clock at night a regular rain began to fall, lasting till about 2 o’clock in the morning.
27 Dull and cool; dropping continued the whole day long, and dark clouds had been collecting about noon; a regular rain set in about 2 o’clock p.m., lasting till 5 o’clock.[130]
28 Between 1 and 2 o’clock in the morning again a light rain, lasting about an hour. After sunrise the sky became clearer, and at 9 o’clock a.m. the sun burst forth; heavy gale the whole day long.
29 Day clear, but windy; not too warm.
30 Sunny, but strong gale blowing.
31 At times sunny, then dull, rather windy.
April
1 Dull; a little dropping in the afternoon.
2 Clearer. About sunset a heavy gale sprang up.
3 A warm day.
4 Fine cool morning, with the usual northerly gale; in the afternoon quiet.
5 Warm day.
6 Morning cool.
7 Fresh wind.
8 Very cool night.
9 Warm day; no wind. About sunset overcast.
10 Night not so cool. About 1 o’clock p.m. heavy gust of wind.
11 Warm. About 2 o’clock p.m. violent gusts of wind.
12 A warm day.
13 No observation.
14 About noon a southerly gale.
15-18 No observation.
19 The sun very troublesome.
21 Sky dull; windy.
27 Night very warm. Sky in the morning not clear.
28 Fine morning; day very warm.
30 Very warm day. At 9.30 p.m. a light and short fall of rain, followed by a breeze.
May
1 The sky in the evening thickly overcast with clouds.
2 Cloudy; the sun burst forth about 3 o’clock p.m. All this time along the Niger a heavy dew in the evening and during the night.
3 A clear day.
4 A clear day. 3 o’clock p.m. thunder in the distance, towards S. and S.E. 3.45 a regular rain, lasting 10 m. Round about us thunder and rain, lasting till evening. At 5 o’clock p.m. another light rain and dropping till sunset.
5 Morning tolerably clear. At 3 p.m. clouds gathered in the east; thunder in that direction. Gradually a storm ascended from the south like a battery, breaking forth with a tremendous gust of wind. At 7 o’clock p.m. the thunder clouds returned from the N., whither they had withdrawn, and a most violent shower of rain came down, lasting for an hour with unabated violence, then more moderate till 9 o’clock p.m. At 1 p.m. temperature constantly between 104° and 108°.
6 Sky still overcast, the sun bursting forth about 8 o’clock a.m. Evening clear.
7 The whole day sky overcast, the atmosphere about sunset very oppressive.
8 Sky dull.
9 Sky still dull; in the afternoon clearer.
10 Day dull and cloudy, evening clear.
11 A hot wind from the desert in the afternoon.
12 Hazy and overcast in the afternoon.
13 14 Clear.
15 Clear in the morning; hot wind from the desert in the afternoon. About 1 p.m. temperature between 105° and 108°.
16 Strong north-easterly wind, called “erífe.”
22 Very cold morning.
23 Cold morning.
24 (Bamba.)—Sky thickly overcast, a heavy rain towards the S., beyond the Niger. Gradually a heavy gale came up; rainy. Even with us a few drops of rain fell. 9½ o’clock a.m. a heavy shower, lasting a quarter of an hour. The sun broke through the clouds about 3 o’clock p.m.
25 Sky in the morning tolerably clear, since noon overcast with clouds. About 2 p.m. a light rain of short duration. About 3 p.m. another thunder-storm arose, but passed by without rain, only the thunder-claps being heard. 5 o’clock another thunder-storm, with a powerful sand-storm, but no rain.
26 Sky overcast. At 2 o’clock p.m. a light shower, followed by a second. On the southern side of the Niger a great deal more rain fell. Later in the afternoon the sky became clearer, but the whole of the evening much heat lightning, towards N. & N.E.
27 2½ p.m. a heavy thunder-storm rose from the E., but passed by without rain, carrying with it an immense quantity of sand.
28 Warm day; a thunder-storm in Áribínda.
29 Clear day.
30 Rainy day; in the earlier part of the day twice a little rain. At 3.30 p.m. a very heavy gale arose, but bringing us only sand. Rain in Áribínda.
June
1 The air became much cooler. Several thunderstorms in the afternoon, the second approaching from the N. at 6 o’clock p.m., followed by a light fall of rain at 6.15, continuing, with a short interruption, till 10 o’clock at night, and cooling the hot sandy soil.
2 Cool and fresh; fine day.
3 Fine warm day.
4 In the morning a thunder-storm towards the W.; at 8 o’clock a heavy gale.
5 A clear day, afterwards windy. At 5 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm arose, but without rain near us.
6 Very warm day.
7 Exceedingly warm; in the evening heat-lightning in every direction.
8 2.30 after midnight a thunder-storm rose, followed by light rain, lasting from 3.30 to 8.30 a.m. Then followed a heavy gale.
9 10 Fine.
12 Cloudy in the afternoon; heat lightning in the evening.
13 A thunder-storm gathered at 2 o’clock after midnight, accompanied by a heavy gale, but no rain. Sky the whole day hazy.
14
15 At 3 o’clock in the morning a thunder-storm approached from the N., but only a few drops of rain fell.
16 About 4 o’clock in the morning a thunder-storm gathered, without thunder and lightning, but considerable rain, lasting till 8.30.
17 Fine.
18 About sunset a threatening thunder-storm arose, but passed by without any rain. In the night, however, tolerable rain without much wind.
19 Fine.
20 Clear.
21 About 9 o’clock a.m. the sun broke through the cloudy sky. In the evening heat lightning; no rain.
22 A little cloudy; very hot; heat lightning in the evening.
23 Warm.
24 A little cooler.
25 Cloudy; several times a few drops of rain, with thunder towards the W. 3.30 p.m. a heavy thunder-storm approached, passed by towards the N., where much rain fell.
26 About 5 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm passed over our heads without rain, but accompanied by a heavy gale of wind.
27 Clear and fine morning, about noon very warm, in the evening heat lightning. About 8 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm without rain; after midnight a second, gathering from S.W., with a little rain.
28 Fine day; clouds and heat lightning in the evening.
29 Clear morning; afterwards very warm. About 2 p.m. a storm gathered from the E., and brought a light rain of short continuance; returned afterwards from the W., and approached with a heavy rain at 4.30 p.m.; lasting half an hour.
30 Fine clear morning; no rain.
July
1 About 8 o’clock a.m. a strong gale.
2 Clear.
3 Fine cool morning.
4 About sunset a thunder-storm approached gradually from the E., but without rain.
5 3 p.m. rain, in the beginning lighter, then more considerable, coming from the N. At 5 o’clock another heavy fall of rain, lasting about 20 minutes.
6 Clear.
7 Early in the morning a thunder-storm passed by without any rain.
8 About sunset a thunder-storm from the E., accompanied by a light rain, lasting till late at night.
9 Clear.
10 A fine clear morning.
11 About 10 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm, which had long been gathering, broke forth with heavy rain, which with less vehemence continued the whole night long, accompanied by a heavy gale.
12
13 About 10 o’clock thick clouds overcast the sky, but were scattered by a heavy gale. At 2.30 in the morning a heavy rain broke forth, not accompanied by thunder, lasting about 20 m.
14 The sky thickly overcast in the morning, in the afternoon clear.
15 About 6 o’clock in the morning a heavy thunder-storm gathered, breaking forth with a heavy rain at 6.30, lasting with equal violence till about 8 o’clock, then gentler till 10.30.
16 The sky beautifully clear in the morning, in the afternoon occasionally overcast with clouds.
17 Clear. At 10 o’clock in the evening a thunder-storm gathered from S.E., but brought us only moderate rain.
18 19 Clear.
20 5 o’clock in the morning a very black battery of thunder-clouds approached from the S.E., bringing a heavy tornado, but only a few drops of rain.
21 In the night, from 21st to 22nd, a moderate rain.
22 Cool morning, great humidity.
23 Clear.
24 In the morning heavy rain-clouds, but no rain. In the afternoon a thunder-storm gathered from the E., but the clouds were scattered.
25 Clear.
26 3.30 p.m. a thunder-storm in the E., beyond the river.
27 Warm day. About 4 o’clock p.m. a heavy thunder-storm gathered from W., but was scattered; then a second one from the N., with violent rain, lasting from 6.30 till 8 o’clock. After half an hour’s respite another thunder-storm broke forth, with heavy wind and rain, the dropping continuing till near morning.
28 The sky overcast, the sun breaking through the clouds at 4 o’clock p.m.
29
30 At 9.30 p. m. a heavy thunder-storm arose, although it had been clear before, and a violent rain followed.
31 Sky the whole day overcast, cleared up in the afternoon.
Aug.
1 Clear.
2 Day dark and cloudy, the sun breaking through the clouds about noon. Fine evening.
3 Drops of rain continued to fall the whole morning, the sun breaking through the clouds at 2.30 p.m.
4 8 o’clock a.m. the sky thickly overcast, rainy. Rain set in at 8.45, continued with interruption; at 3.30 p.m. a very heavy shower, lasting half an hour with great violence, afterwards more gentle.
5 Day rainy.
6 4.50 p.m. a light rain.
7 Lightning early in the morning, followed at 5.45 by a moderate rain without wind, lasting till 7.10; then single drops of rain. The sun broke through the clouds at noon; a fine afternoon.
8 A fine day; no rain.
9 Sky the whole day overcast; after 3 p.m. threatening thunder-clouds gathered, discharging a violent rain, lasting till 5 o’clock; then more moderate, but setting in with fresh violence at 6 and lasting till 7 o’clock.
10 Dry.
11 Clear in the morning, overcast at noon, and drops of rain. At 3 o’clock heavy thunder-clouds, but without rain.
12 At 3.5 p.m. a thunder-storm, but only moderate rain, lasting half an hour.
13 Clear.
14 The whole day sky overcast, but no rain.
15 A few drops of rain in the morning, during the afternoon sunshine.
16 Sky thickly overcast. The rain commenced at 6.30 a.m., lasting almost the whole of the day, at times light, at others violent.
17 (Gando.)—In the course of the morning the sun broke through the clouds. In the afternoon rain with interruption, after sunset a heavy rain lasting almost the whole of the night.
18 The rain began towards morning with increased violence; a little rain in the course of the following night.
19 A heavy rain in the morning, lasting half an hour, then dropping till 9 a.m.; afterwards the sun broke through the clouds.
20 Tolerably clear in the morning, at times a few drops of rain, a thunder-storm in the afternoon; regular rain from 4 p.m. till 8 p.m.
21 Tolerably clear; from 11.30 a.m. drops of rain till about 2 p.m. Afterwards the sun broke through the clouds. The afternoon clear.
22 2 o’clock a.m. a heavy shower, lasting till 4.30, then a little rain occasionally. At 3 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm from N.W. with rain at intervals, more continuous from 4 o’clock p.m. till about sunset.
23 About noon a thunder-storm in the distance; 1.50 p.m. a light rain till 3 o’clock; at 4 p.m. the sun broke through the clouds.
24 Sky cloudy. About 9 o’clock p.m. a few drops of rain, lightning and thunder.
25 Overcast. At 7 o’clock the sun broke forth, fine and genial. 1 o’clock p.m. a light shower of rain; from 2 to 4 o’clock another light shower.
26 Fine day. At sunset a thunder-storm gathered; at 8 o’clock p.m. a light rain; then repeatedly in the course of the night.
27 Rain in the morning till 7 o’clock a.m. Just after sunset a thunder-storm, with moderate rain; then at 9 o’clock a second one excessively violent, lasting about an hour and a half.
28 6.45 a.m. a light thunder storm, with moderate rain, lasting till 8 o’clock, then the weather tolerably clear. At midnight a violent shower.
29 Day tolerably clear.
30 2 p.m. heavy rain.
Sept.
1 In the evening violent thunder-storm, but without any rain.
2 In the night heavy rain, lasting almost till morning.
3 Dry.
4 At 4.30 p.m. heavy storm, little rain.
5 Clear. In the afternoon and evening a thunder-storm, with much heat-lightning, but only a few drops of rain.
6 At 11 o’clock p.m. a heavy thunder-storm with heavy rain, but only of short duration.
7 Dry.
8 In the latter part of the night, towards morning, heavy rain; then after a little interruption another shower till 8.30 a.m.
9 At sunset a thunder-storm from the S. passed by towards the W., bringing us but little rain.
10 Weather clear. At 10 p.m. thunder-storm with but little rain.
11 Cloudy. About 9 o’clock p.m. a heavy shower.
12 In the evening heat-lightning in the S.W.; no rain.
13 At 7 o’clock p.m. rain of long continuance.
14 In the evening thunder-storm, but no rain.
15 No rain.
16 In the evening heat-lightning; no rain.
17 Thunder-storm, but no rain, in the evening.
18 Very warm day; in the evening again dry.
19 No rain.
20 Very fine morning.
21 In the afternoon heavy thunder-clouds passed by with a few drops of rain.
22 About 7 o’clock a.m. a little dropping; afterwards the dark clouds were scattered. About 9 o’clock p.m. a thunder-storm gathered; only a few drops of rain.
23 24 Dry.
25 Heat-lightning in the evening.
26 Heat-lightning in the evening.
27 In the evening cloudy; heat lightning. After 9 o’clock a thunder-storm gathered with a heavy gale, but little rain about 10 o’clock.
28 Heat-lightning in the evening.
29 Dry.
Oct.
1-4 No observation. No rain.
5 At 10 o’clock p.m. a heavy gale, followed by a tolerable fall of rain, lasting till 3 o’clock.
6-8 No rain.
9 (Moríki).—In the night from the 8th to 9th, heavy fall of dew, like rain.
10-30 No observation.
1855.
Jan. to Ap. 15 No observation.
April
15 12.30 p.m. 103 (Kúkawa).—Rainclouds.
Repeated thunder. A few drops of rain.
17 2 p.m. 103
18 Not clear.
19 2 p.m. 107
20-24 No observation.
25 2.15 p.m. 108 Warm day, with southerly wind.
26 2 p.m. 112·5
27 2 p.m. 113
28 No observation.
29 sunrise 82
2 p.m. 113
30 2 p.m. 112·5
May
1-3 No observation.
4 In the evening heat-lightning towards the S. and S.E.
7 2 p.m. 106
10 3.30 p.m. a tempest, with a sand-storm, a few drops of rain, more towards the N.E. A heavy gale. After sunset a heavy thunder-storm, but without rain.
11 In the night a thunder-storm, with much lightning, and a heavy gale.
15 A hot day. Heat-lightning in the evening.
16 2.30 p.m. a thunder-storm from N., passing to the W. Thunder and lightning, but no rain.
17 Heat-lightning in the evening.
18 From 4 o’clock till 7 o’clock a.m. a light rain with interruption, accompanied by a strong gale.
19 Early in the morning a light rain.
June
5 At noon a thunder-storm gathering; 12.30 p.m. a light rain; 4 p.m. another light rain.
6 2 p.m. 104
7 2 p.m. 109
9 2.30 p.m. 108
10 No observation.
11 2.15 p.m. 108
12 2.30 p.m. 110
13 1.45 p.m. 107·5 (Kalála, near Bilma.)—A little after midnight a heavy gale arose; 1.45 p.m. a little rain.
14 No observation.
15 2.30 p.m. 110
16 2 p.m. 112
17 sunrise 73
sunset 83
18 sunrise 69
2 p.m. 109
19 sunrise 76·5
20 sunrise 79
2 p.m. 109
21 2.30 p.m. 111·5
24 2.30 p.m. 109
25 2.30 p.m. 109
sunset 101·5
26 sunrise 86
27 Warm day.
2.30 p.m. 114 Heavy gale in the night.
29 Very heavy sand-storm early in the morning.
2 p.m. 109 A heavy gale.
30 sunrise 81
July
2 sunrise 68
5 sunrise 68
22 1 p.m. 111
24 2 p.m. 112
27 2.30 p.m. 108
APPENDIX VIII.
A FEW REMARKS WITH REGARD TO THE MAPS.
By Dr. A. Petermann.
It was originally intended to compose a full memoir on the subject of the construction of the maps showing Dr. Barth’s travels and researches; but the preparation of the drawings themselves has, up to the last moment, occupied so much time that, in order not still further to delay the publication of these volumes, an apology only for a memoir can be offered. Besides, all the native information and the itineraries, which form the substance of so considerable a portion of the two general maps, have been given at full length in the Appendices to the five volumes. It was also felt that, better than all the most elaborate disquisitions and discussions that could be advanced in such a memoir, will be the test applied to the maps by the Niger Expeditions, which for a period of five years are to proceed both up the Kwára and the Bénuwé by means of steamboats, commanded by experienced naval officers, who will set at rest the true positions of such of Dr. Barth’s points as they may be able to reach. The first expedition which was sent out to follow up Dr. Barth’s discoveries, namely the expedition up the Bénuwé in 1854, commanded by Dr. Baikie, did not, it is true, reach the point where Dr. Barth crossed that river in 1851[131]; but a second expedition will, no doubt, penetrate further. Meanwhile, the present expedition up the Kwára will, it is hoped, reach Say during the present year, and, by fixing the position of that place accurately, will offer an important point of comparison with the results of Dr. Barth’s labours.
After the foregoing remarks, it must at once be distinctly stated that Dr. Barth himself has made no astronomical observations either of latitude or longitude. The best established of Dr. Vogel’s positions, therefore, were made use of in constructing the maps, and consequently they form the basis of most of the routes connected with Múrzuk, Kúkawa, Zínder, and Yákoba. Beyond these points the routes were almost wholly laid down from dead reckoning, with the exception of those from Tripoli to Múrzuk, viâ Mizda, and from Múrzuk to Ghát and Aïr, where Dr. Overweg’s observations of latitude were made available, as well as the only observation of longitude that could be made out from the fragmentary and torn remains of his papers, namely, that of the island of Belárigo in Lake Tsád.[132] It will be seen, therefore, that by far the greater portion of the countries over which Dr. Barth’s labours extend, was laid down either from dead reckoning or from computations of native routes and native information. Thus the whole route from Zínder to Timbúktu, for example, a distance by Dr. Barth’s travelling lines of upwards of 1200 English miles, had to be laid down solely from dead reckoning taken from a very accurately kept journal; and the magnetic variation had to be guessed at. Yet, despite of these shortcomings, the writer hopes that in the construction of these maps, in several of which he was greatly assisted by the original maps laid down by the traveller himself, he has not departed very widely from the truth; and he looks confidently forward to their being tested by the Niger expeditions.
A great deal has been said of late on astronomical observations in connection with African exploration, and it has—in some instances—been represented as if only those travels and explorations which were based on such observations were valuable, while all others were of no value. Assertions made thus indiscriminately are most objectionable, as a careful noting of the bearings and distances of each day’s journey, such as Dr. Barth has made, is far preferable to many astronomical observations which cannot be implicitly relied on; it is only the accurate astronomical observations which deserve to be regarded as well established points in a traveller’s route. In our own case we could adduce many striking instances of the uncertainty of occasional observations. Thus, although Dr. Vogel was an astronomer by profession, fully competent to make observations with care and accuracy; yet, in the construction of Dr. Barth’s own routes, south, south-east, and east from Kúkawa to Ádamáwa, Músgu, and Bagírmi, we saw good reason to reject all Dr. Vogel’s positions bearing upon these routes, as Ujé, Díkowa, Dilhé, Wáza, Kadé (Ádishén), &c. &c., and to prefer simply Dr. Barth’s itineraries of dead reckoning.
Note by Dr. Barth.—In constructing the western sheet of the general maps, no notice has been taken of the fact of Major Laing having entered the desert of Tanezrúfet in 23° 56′ N. (Quarterly Review, 1828, vol. xxxviii. p. 101.) But we do not know whether Laing proceeded by way of Inzíze or by some other route. It is, however, not improbable that Aúlef, the starting point of those routes, lies about twenty miles further south.
The identification of Bot-hadíye with Bakel on the Senegal, is not quite certain; but at all events it is a place at no great distance to the N.W. of it.